CN110249949B - Open field arched shed onion and Hami melon crop rotation drip irrigation planting method - Google Patents
Open field arched shed onion and Hami melon crop rotation drip irrigation planting method Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protection of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/35—Bulbs; Alliums, e.g. onions or leeks
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Abstract
An open field arched shed onion and Hami melon rotation drip irrigation planting method is characterized in that the open field arched shed onion is planted in spring, and the Hami melon is directly planted in autumn. The invention can adjust the planting structure, realize crop rotation and stubble rotation within one year, improve the soil structure, prevent the occurrence of the continuous cropping obstacle of the Hami melons, reduce the use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers and irrigation water, reduce the production cost and improve the quality of the Hami melons; the cultivation in two seasons in one year is realized through rotation, and compared with the rotation furrow (flood) irrigation cultivation of interplanting the Hami melons in cotton, spring and autumn, and the Hami melons and sorghum, the cultivation method has the advantages of high economic benefit, low incidence of plant diseases and insect pests, high land utilization rate, easy popularization of technology and obvious ecological benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a vegetable and melon and fruit rotation planting technology, in particular to an open field shed onion and Hami melon rotation drip irrigation planting method.
Background
The greenhouse vegetable cultivation in China has made great development and is the first major country of greenhouse gardening in the world on a scale at present, but compared with the foreign countries with early greenhouse vegetable development and developed production management technologies, the greenhouse vegetable cultivation has a large gap, advanced planting technologies and quantitative management indexes based on the environment conditions of the greenhouse vegetable are lacked, and a standardized production technology system is not formed. The low utilization rate of the water and the fertilizer is the most common problem in the production of the facility vegetables, and the ' large water and large fertilizer ' which is historically transmitted is consistently used in the production of the facility vegetables at present, people do not need to be asked, the ' fertilizer is carried along with water, and a ' water and fertilizer ' blind water and fertilizer management mode is adopted.
Onion, belonging to liliaceae, belonging to biennial herbaceous plants, is known as 'queen in vegetable', is rich in nutrient components, potassium, vitamin C, folic acid, zinc, selenium, cellulose, quercetin, prostaglandin A and the like. The onion contains phytoncide such as allicin, and has strong bactericidal ability. Hami melon belongs to cucurbitaceae, and a perennial trailing herbaceous plant has a long history in Turpan cultivation and unique photo-thermal resources, so that Turpan becomes a national pre-mature Hami melon dominant production area.
The Hami melon has been cultivated in Turpan for many years, relay intercropping and continuous cropping for many years, the water and fertilizer are large, the plant diseases and insect pests are serious, farmers use pesticides and biological regulators too much to prevent premature senility, and prevent and treat virus diseases, bemisia tabaci and other plant diseases and insect pests, the current Hami melon has advanced premature senility, large-area outbreak occurs, the quality of the Hami melon is reduced, the economic benefit is reduced, even the Hami melon is harvested absolutely, and the local economic income is seriously influenced.
The existing Hami melon planting method has the defects of continuous cropping for many years, serious soil caking and frequent occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests; and the planted Hami melon is easy to senilism, small in size when harvested, poor in quality, low in acre yield, general in fresh taste and not beneficial to commodity sales.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide the open field arched shed onion and Hami melon rotation drip irrigation planting method which can overcome the perennial continuous cropping obstacles of Hami melons, adjust the planting structure, rotate crop and reverse crop, improve the soil structure, and avoid premature senility and diseases and insect pests of the Hami melons.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: an open field arched shed onion and Hami melon crop rotation drip irrigation planting method comprises the following steps:
(1) spring open field arched shed onion drip irrigation planting method
Cultivating seedlings in open field: after the seedling raising land is selected, the seedling raising land is 666.7m in each time2Applying decomposed organic fertilizer 3-6 m320-30 kg of diammonium phosphate, uniformly turning, finely raking, leveling and making beds, wherein the width of each bed is 3-4 m, and the width of each bed ridge is 0.3-0.5 m;
laying drip irrigation equipment: installing branch pipes along two sides of a seedling culture ground, straightening and leveling the branch pipes, punching the branch pipes, installing bypass connecting capillary pipes, vertically installing the capillary pipes and the branch pipes, straightening the seedling row, installing 8-10 drip irrigation pipes in each ridge, wherein the pipe diameter is 15mm, the distance between drippers is 30cm, the distance between drip irrigation belts is 30-40 cm, and discharging seedling water in a dripping mode;
management in seedling stage: dripping water for 1 time every 5-7 days after seedling emergence, dripping fertilizer with water after 2 leaves grow, and every 666.7m23-5 kg of urea to obtain strong seedlings;
fourthly, temporary planting of shallot seedlings: in 11, in the middle ten days of the month, seedling raising is carried out, the green onion seedlings with the same seedling quality are bundled into small bundles, the small and unrooted seedlings are removed, the bundled green onion bundles are placed in the shade for airing for 7-15 d, the base parts to the middle parts of the green onion seedlings are buried by dry sand, the green onion seedlings are temporarily planted for overwintering, and cold-proof objects are covered;
fifthly, applying base fertilizer on the soil: deep ploughing and freezing cutting before freezing, ploughing depth is 35-45 cm, and each 666.7m is planted in spring next year2Decomposed organic fertilizer of 5-8 m335-40 kg of diammonium phosphate, and carrying out rotary tillage and leveling;
sixthly, film covering and drip irrigation: in the middle ten days of the next 2 months, film is covered, a drip irrigation tape is laid, film pressing is carried out, soil moisture is preserved, and temperature is raised;
seventhly, transplanting and planting: and (5) fixedly planting the onions in late ten months. Drilling holes according to the row spacing of 20cm multiplied by 15cm before field planting, wherein the field planting depth is 2-3 cm, core leaves are not buried, seedlings are not fallen, and enough water is dripped after field planting. Covering an arch film with the inserted bamboo chips on the planting day, wherein the width of the arch film is 2.5-3 m, and the periphery of the arch film is compacted;
management of water and fertilizer: when the seedlings slowly grow new leaves, the water is dripped for 1 time, when the 6 leaves have 1 heart, the water is dripped for 1 time every 5-7 days, and the fertilizer is dripped for 1 time along with the water, and the water is dripped for every 666 times.7m25-8 kg of urea and 10-15 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer; the expansion period of the bulb is every 666.7m23-5 kg of urea and 20-25 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer;
(2) autumn open field Hami melon drip irrigation planting method
Deeply turning over and exposing: after the onion is harvested, deeply ploughing the field by 35-45 cm, and sunning upturned soil for 15-25 days after deeply ploughing;
land preparation and fertilization: 150 kg-300 kg of biological organic fertilizer and 20 kg-30 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of land, the land is evenly spread, the land is deeply turned for 25 cm-35 cm, the land is leveled,
thirdly, laying drip irrigation equipment: the branch pipe is connected with the main pipe, a hole is punched in the branch pipe, a bypass connecting capillary is installed on the branch pipe, the capillary and the branch pipe are vertically installed, two drip irrigation pipes are installed on each film, the distance between the drip irrigation pipes is 35-45 cm, and mulching films are covered and compacted to be sown; fourthly, autumn sowing: 3-5 days before sowing, dripping water, irrigating enough water for bottom soil moisture, punching holes on the mulching film for 25-7 months and 20 days after 6 months, directly sowing, wherein the planting distance is 35-45 cm, 2-3 seeds are planted in each hole, and covering with fine soil or sawdust or covering the film surface with soil;
managing fertilizer and water: dripping water for 2-3 hours in the morning or evening after emergence, dripping water for 1 time every 4-6 days after 3-5-leaf stage squat seedlings for 15-20 days, dripping water for 1 time every 3-5 days in the fruit expansion stage, and dripping water for 666.7m every 666.2Applying 5-6 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and 8-10 kg of potassium sulfate, reducing the amount of water and fertilizer in the reticulate pattern formation period, dripping water for 1 time every 4-6 days, and not dripping water 8-10 days before harvesting;
sixthly, field management: and (3) changing single vine pruning into double vine pruning, selecting the melons when the young melons grow to the size of eggs, and filling and covering the melons at the initial stage of surfing the net.
Further, in the step of sixthly, the width of the film covered by the film is 1.2m, the film covering distance is 40-50 cm, and 3 drip irrigation tapes are laid in the drip irrigation mode and are spaced at 30-35 cm.
Further, in the third step, the strong seedlings have the standard of 50-60 days of seedling age, the height of the seedlings is 20-25 cm, 4-5 leaves and the thickness of false stems is 0.6-0.9 cm, and no diseases or insect pests exist.
Further, in the step eight, the prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds are carried out while water and fertilizer management: spray-controlling downy mildew, rust disease or herba Alii Fistulosi with chlorothalonil, triazolone or imidacloprid; weeding in time after dripping.
The principle of the invention is as follows: the open field arched shed onion and the Hami melon are planted by rotation drip irrigation, namely, the outdoor spring arched shed onion is planted with the Hami melon by direct seeding in autumn, so that the soil structure can be improved, the occurrence of continuous cropping obstacles of the Hami melon can be prevented, the use of pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation water can be reduced, the production cost can be reduced, and the quality of the Hami melon can be improved; the two-season cultivation in one year is realized through rotation, compared with the two-season Hami melon planting in spring and autumn, the two-season Hami melon planting method has the advantages that the comparison benefit is high, the pest and disease damage incidence rate is reduced, the land utilization rate is improved, and the economic benefit is increased more obviously.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: (1) the planting structure is adjusted, so that crop rotation and stubble rotation are facilitated: the open field arched shed onion and the Hami melon are planted by crop rotation and drip irrigation, the planting structure for planting crops such as Hami melon, cotton and sorghum for many years is adjusted, crop rotation and stubble rotation are facilitated, plant diseases and insect pests are inhibited, resources are saved, the environment is protected, the technology is easy to popularize, and the ecological benefit is obvious; (2) improve vegetables melon and fruit quality, improve economic income: compared with the mode of interplanting the hami melons in cotton, the two-season hami melons in spring and autumn and the ditch (overflowing) irrigation planting of the hami melons, the rotation of the hami melons and the sorghum, the harvest of the arched greenhouse onions starts within 5 months and 25 days, the onion is early on the market, the fallow and sun-cutting time is prolonged to 25-45 days, the number of days is increased by 20-25 days compared with the conventional mode, labor cost is saved by 300-500 yuan per 666.7m2 one year, irrigation amount is reduced by 250-500 m3, fertilizer and pesticide cost is reduced by 200-540 yuan, and economic benefit is increased by 1500-2800 yuan; (3) water economy resource optimizes the soil structure: performing rotary drip irrigation planting on the onions and the Hami melons in an open field by arched shed, covering by adopting double films, and appearing on the market early; drip irrigation under the film, save water and save fertilizer; the pruning mode is improved, the stress resistance of plants is enhanced, organic fertilizer is applied additionally, and the using amount of the fertilizer is reduced. The high-temperature upturned soil drying time is sufficient in 6-7 months, and the soil is disinfected at high temperature, so that continuous cropping obstacles are reduced, pest and disease damage is reduced, the quality of the Hami melons is improved, and economic benefits are increased. (4) Film covering and water dripping in autumn, high-temperature sterilization and disinsection: 3-5 days before autumn sowing, water drops, the high-temperature sterilization and insect killing eggs are utilized, the film surface is covered with soil after sowing, the soil moisture is good, the seedling emergence and the seedling preservation are facilitated, and the effect is good.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the drip irrigation planting of spring open field onion in arched shed;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of a drop irrigation planting method of cantaloupes in open field in autumn.
In the figure, 1, an arch film; 2. a bamboo chip support; 3. a drip irrigation tape; 4. onion; 5. mulching films; 6. hami melon.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following figures and examples.
The chemical reagents used in the examples of the present invention, unless otherwise specified, are commercially available in a conventional manner.
Example 1
(1) Spring open field arched shed onion drip irrigation planting method
Seedling growing in open field
1) Land preparation and fertilization: the seedling growing land is 666.7m per land2Applying decomposed organic fertilizer for 3m3And 20kg of diammonium phosphate, uniformly turning, finely raking, leveling and making ridges, and adopting flat ridges to cultivate seedlings, wherein the width of the ridge surface is 3m, and the width of the ridge is 0.3 m.
2) Sowing: and (5) sowing after 8 months and 15 days, uniformly sowing, and uniformly covering fine soil with the thickness of 1 cm.
3) And laying a drip irrigation tape. The distance between the drip irrigation belts is 30cm, the branch pipes are connected, and seedling water is dripped thoroughly.
4) And (5) seedling stage management. Dripping water for 1 time every 5 days after seedling emergence, and dripping fertilizer with water every 666.7m after 2 leaves grow23kg of urea.
Strong seedling standard: the seedlings are 50 days old, the height of the seedlings is 20-25 cm, 4-5 leaves are planted, the thickness of the false stem is 0.6-0.9 cm, and no diseases or insect pests exist.
5) And (5) heeling in the shallot seedlings. And (3) lifting seedlings in 10 days after 11 months, bundling the scallion seedlings with the same seedling quality into small bundles, removing rootless and weak seedlings, placing the bundled scallion bundles in a shade place for airing for 8 days, burying the base parts to the middle parts of the scallion seedlings by using dry sand, heeling in for overwintering, and covering cold-proof objects.
6) Soil preparation and fertilization. Deep ploughing and freezing before freezing, ploughing depth is 35cm, and each 666.7m is needed in spring next year2Decomposed organic fertilizer of 5m335kg of diammonium phosphate, and carrying out rotary tillage and leveling.
7) And (5) film covering and drip irrigation. And (5) mechanically covering a film, laying a drip irrigation tape, pressing the film, preserving soil moisture and raising the temperature in 10 days in 2 months next year. The width of the film is 1.2m, the film covering distance is 40cm, and 3 drip irrigation tapes are laid at the distance of 32 cm.
8) Transplanting and planting as shown in figure 1. And (5) planting the onions in 16 days in 2 months. Drilling holes with row spacing of 20cm multiplied by 15cm before planting, planting depth of 2cm, no burying core leaf and no falling seedling, and dripping enough water after planting. And (3) covering an arch film with the width of 2.5m by inserting bamboo chips on the planting day, and compacting the periphery of the arch film. Each 667m22.3 ten thousand plants were established.
9) And (5) managing water and fertilizer. Dripping water for 1 time when new leaf grows after seedling is delayed, dripping water for 1 time every 5 days when 6 leaves have 1 heart, and dripping fertilizer for 1 time with water, and each time is 666.7m25kg of urea and 10kg of nitrogen phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer. In the bulb expansion period, 3kg of urea and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer are added in each 666.7m 2.
10) Preventing and controlling diseases, pests and weeds. The main diseases and pests include downy mildew, rust disease, onion and thistle, and are controlled by chlorothalonil, triazolone and imidacloprid spray. Weeding in time after dripping.
11) Harvesting in time. No water drops 7 days before harvesting, and the tea is packaged and sold on the market in grades.
(2) Autumn open field Hami melon drip irrigation planting method
And (5) deep turning and insolation. After the onion is harvested, cleaning the field, recovering the mulching film, deeply turning for 35cm, and sunning the upturned soil for 15 days.
And (5) preparing soil and opening a fertilizing ditch. 150kg of biological organic fertilizer and 20kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of land, uniformly spread into the ditches, turned over deeply by 25cm, leveled, laid with 2 drip pipe belts at intervals of 35cm, and covered with mulching film and compacted for sowing.
As shown in figure 2, in autumn sowing, 3-5 days before sowing, dripping water, irrigating enough water for bottom soil moisture, perforating and directly sowing on the mulching film in 25 days after 6 months, the plant spacing is 35cm, 2-3 seeds are planted in each hole, and covering with fine soil or sawdust or covering soil on the film surface. Each 667m2Planting 1200 plants.
And (5) managing fertilizer and water. Dripping water for 2-3 hours in the morning or evening after seedling emergence, dripping water for 1 time every 4-6 days after squatting seedlings in the 3-5 leaf stage for 15 days, dripping water for 1 time in the fruit expansion stage, dripping water for 1 time every 3-5 days, applying 5kg of nitrogen phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer and 8kg of potassium sulfate at 666.7m2, reducing the water and fertilizer amount in the reticulate pattern formation stage, dripping water for 1 time every 4-6 days, and not dripping water for 8-10 days before harvesting.
And (5) field management. And (3) changing single vine pruning into double vine pruning, selecting the melons when the young melons grow to the size of eggs, and filling and sleeving the melons at the initial stage of surfing the net. The main pests and diseases include virus diseases, powdery mildew, bemisia tabaci and the like, and the diseases and the pests are prevented by alternately using the moroxydine, the acetamiprid, the Acetat, the matrine and the like.
Harvesting until the soluble solid in the center of the Hami melon reaches more than 14 percent.
Example 2
(1) Spring open field arched shed onion drip irrigation planting method
Seedling growing in open field
1) Land preparation and fertilization: the seedling growing land is 666.7m per land2Applying decomposed organic fertilizer of 5m330kg of diammonium phosphate, uniformly turning, finely raking, leveling and making ridges, and adopting flat ridges to cultivate seedlings, wherein the width of the ridge surface is 3.5m, and the width of the ridge is 0.4 m.
2) Sowing: and (4) sowing in a drill or in a broadcast manner after 8 months and 25 days, uniformly covering fine soil with the thickness of 1 cm.
3) And laying a drip irrigation tape. The distance between the drip irrigation belts is 35cm, the branch pipes are connected, and seedling water is dripped thoroughly.
4) And (5) seedling stage management. Dripping water for 1 time every 6 days after seedling emergence, and dripping 4kg of urea of 2m at a rate of 666.7m with water and fertilizer after 2 leaves grow.
Strong seedling standard: the seedling age is 60 days, the plant height is 20-25 cm, 4-5 leaves and the false stem thickness is 0.6-0.9 cm, and the seedlings are free of diseases and insect pests.
5) And (5) heeling in the shallot seedlings. And (3) lifting seedlings within 11 months and 20 days, binding the scallion seedlings with the same seedling quality into small bundles, removing rootless and weak seedlings, placing the bound scallion bundles in a shade place for airing for 8 days, burying the base parts to the middle parts of the scallion seedlings by using dry sand, heeling in for overwintering, and covering with a cold-proof object.
6) Soil preparation and fertilization. Deep ploughing, freezing and cutting before freezing, ploughing depth is 40cm, and applying decomposed organic fertilizer 6m for every 666.7m 2m in spring next year335kg of diammonium phosphate, and carrying out rotary tillage and leveling.
7) And (5) film covering and drip irrigation. And (5) mechanically covering a film, laying a drip irrigation tape, pressing the film, preserving soil moisture and raising the temperature in 15 days in the next 2 months. The width of the film is 1.2m, the film covering distance is 45cm, and 3 drip irrigation tapes are laid at a distance of 33 cm.
8) As shown in FIG. 1And (5) transplanting and planting. And (4) planting the onions in 2 months and 18 days. Drilling holes with row spacing of 20cm multiplied by 15cm before planting, planting depth of 2.5cm, no burying core leaf and no falling seedling, and dripping enough water after planting. And (3) covering an arch film with the width of 2.5m by inserting bamboo chips on the planting day, and compacting the periphery of the arch film. Each 667m22.3 ten thousand plants were established.
9) And (5) managing water and fertilizer. When the seedlings grow new leaves after being released, the water drops for 1 time, when the leaves grow to have 1 heart with 6 leaves, the water drops for 1 time every 5-7 days, the water drops for 1 time along with the water, 6kg of urea is 2m every 666.7m, and 10kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is added. In the bulb expansion period, 4kg of urea and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer are added in each 666.7m 2.
10) Preventing and controlling diseases, pests and weeds. The main diseases and pests include downy mildew, rust disease, onion and thistle, and are controlled by chlorothalonil, triazolone and imidacloprid spray. Weeding in time after dripping.
11) Harvesting in time. No water drops 8 days before harvesting, and the tea is packaged and sold on the market in grades.
(2) Autumn open field Hami melon drip irrigation planting method
And (5) deep turning and insolation. After the onion is harvested, cleaning the field and recovering the mulching film, deeply turning for 40cm, and sunning the upturned soil for 20 days.
And (5) preparing soil and opening a fertilizing ditch. Applying 200kg of bio-organic fertilizer and 25kg of compound fertilizer to each mu of land, uniformly spreading the bio-organic fertilizer and the compound fertilizer into the ditch, deeply turning for 30cm, leveling, laying 2 dropper belts with the spacing of 40cm, covering a mulching film, compacting and waiting for sowing.
As shown in figure 2, in autumn, 3 days before sowing, water drops, irrigation is carried out, the mulching film is punched for direct sowing in 5 days after 7 months, the planting distance is 40cm, 2 to 3 seeds are planted in each hole, and fine soil or saw dust is used for covering or the film surface is covered with soil. Each 667m2Planting 1100 plants.
And (5) managing fertilizer and water. Dripping water for 2 hours in the morning or at the evening after seedling emergence, dripping water for 20 days after 3-leaf stage squatting, dripping water for 1 time every 4-6 days, ensuring the maximum water and fertilizer quantity required in the fruit expansion stage, dripping water for 1 time every 3 days, applying 6kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer and 9kg of potassium sulfate to 2 every 666.7m, reducing the water and fertilizer quantity in the reticulate pattern formation stage, dripping water for 1 time every 4 days, and not dripping water for 8 days before harvesting.
And (5) field management. And (3) changing single vine pruning into double vine pruning, selecting the melons when the young melons grow to the size of eggs, and filling and covering the melons at the initial stage of surfing the net. The main pests and diseases include virus diseases, powdery mildew, bemisia tabaci and the like, and the diseases and the pests are prevented by alternately using the moroxydine, the acetamiprid, the Acetat, the matrine and the like.
Harvesting until the soluble solid in the center of the Hami melon reaches more than 14 percent.
Example 3
(1) Spring open field arched shed onion drip irrigation planting method
Seedling growing in open field
1) Land preparation and fertilization: the seedling growing land is 666.7m per land2Applying decomposed organic fertilizer of 6m340kg of diammonium phosphate, uniformly turning, finely raking, leveling and making ridges, and adopting flat ridges to cultivate seedlings, wherein the width of the ridge surface is 4m, and the width of the ridge is 0.4 m.
2) Sowing: and (5) 9 months and 5 days, drilling or broadcasting, uniformly sowing, and uniformly covering fine soil with the thickness of 1 cm.
3) And laying a drip irrigation tape. The distance between the drip irrigation belts is 40cm, the branch pipes are connected, and seedling water is dripped thoroughly.
4) And (5) seedling stage management. Dripping water for 1 time every 7 days after seedling emergence, and dripping 5kg of 2 urea at a dose of 666.7m with water and fertilizer after 2 leaves grow.
Strong seedling standard: the seedling age is 50 days, the plant height is 20cm, 4 leaves and pseudostem are 0.6-0.9 cm thick, and no plant diseases or insect pests exist.
5) And (5) heeling in the shallot seedlings. And (3) lifting seedlings in 25 days in 11 months, bundling the onion seedlings with the same seedling quality into small bundles, removing rootless and weak seedlings, placing the bundled onion bundles in a shade place for airing for 10 days, burying the base parts to the middle parts of the onion seedlings by using dry sand, temporarily planting the onion seedlings for overwintering, and covering cold-proof objects.
6) Soil preparation and fertilization. Deep ploughing, freezing and cutting before freezing, ploughing depth is 45cm, and applying decomposed organic fertilizer 6m for every 666.7m 2m in spring next year340kg of diammonium phosphate, and rotary tillage and leveling.
7) And (5) film covering and drip irrigation. And (5) mechanically covering a film, laying a drip irrigation tape, pressing the film, preserving soil moisture and raising the temperature in 15 days in the next 2 months. The width of the film is 1.2m, the film covering distance is 50cm, 3 drip irrigation tapes are laid, and the distance is 35 cm.
8) Transplanting and planting as shown in figure 1. And (5) planting the onions in 2 months and 20 days. Drilling holes according to the row spacing of 20cm multiplied by 15cm before field planting, wherein the field planting depth is 2-3 cm, core leaves are not buried, seedlings are not fallen, and enough water is dripped after field planting. The planting day is finished to cover the bamboo chips with arch film and archThe width of the film is 3m, and the periphery of the arch film is compacted. Each 667m22.3 ten thousand plants were established.
9) And (5) managing water and fertilizer. When the seedlings are delayed and new leaves grow, the water drops for 1 time, when the leaves grow to have 1 heart 6, the water drops for 1 time every 5 days, the water drops for 1 time along with the water, 8kg of 2 urea with the thickness of 666.7m, and 15kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer. In the bulb expansion period, 5kg of urea and 25kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer are added in each 666.7m 2.
10) Preventing and controlling diseases, pests and weeds. The main diseases and pests include downy mildew, rust disease, onion and thistle, and are controlled by chlorothalonil, triazolone and imidacloprid spray. Weeding in time after dripping.
11) Harvesting in time. No water drops 10 days before harvesting, and the products are packaged in grades and put on the market.
(2) Autumn open field Hami melon drip irrigation planting method
And (5) deep turning and insolation. After the onion is harvested, cleaning the field and recovering the mulching film, deeply turning for 45cm, and sunning the upturned soil for 25 days.
And (5) preparing soil and opening a fertilizing ditch. 300kg of biological organic fertilizer and 30kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of land, uniformly spread into the ditches, deeply turned over for 35cm, leveled, laid with 2 dropper belts with the distance of 45cm, covered with a mulching film and compacted for sowing.
As shown in figure 2, in autumn, 3 days before sowing, water drops, irrigation is carried out, the mulching film is punched for direct sowing in 20 days after 7 months, the planting distance is 45cm, 2 to 3 seeds are planted in each hole, and fine soil or saw dust is used for covering or the film surface is covered with soil. Each 667m21000 plants were planted.
And (5) managing fertilizer and water. Dripping water for 2 hours in the morning or at the evening after seedling emergence, dripping water for 20 days after 3-leaf stage squatting, dripping water for 1 time every 4-6 days, ensuring the maximum water and fertilizer quantity required in the fruit expansion stage, dripping water for 1 time every 3 days, applying 6kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer and 10kg of potassium sulfate to 2 every 666.7m, reducing the water and fertilizer quantity in the reticulate pattern formation stage, dripping water for 1 time every 4 days, and not dripping water for 8 days before harvesting.
And (5) field management. And (3) changing single vine pruning into double vine pruning, selecting the melons when the young melons grow to the size of eggs, and filling and covering the melons at the initial stage of surfing the net. The main pests and diseases include virus diseases, powdery mildew, bemisia tabaci and the like, and the diseases and the pests are prevented by alternately using the moroxydine, the acetamiprid, the Acetat, the matrine and the like.
Harvesting until the soluble solid in the center of the Hami melon reaches more than 14 percent.
TABLE 1 quality (average) of onions and Hami melons grown in examples 1 to 3
| Treatment of | Crops | Single weight (g) | Central refractive index | Rate of commodity |
| Continuous cropping flood irrigation | Onion (onion) | 210 | 81％ | |
| Continuous cropping furrow irrigation | Hami melon | 1530 | 14.1 | 82％ |
| Drip irrigation by crop rotation | Onion (onion) | 280 | 86％ | |
| Drip irrigation by crop rotation | Hami melon | 1940 | 16.3 | 91％ |
TABLE 2 yield, economic benefits (mean) of onions and hami melons grown in examples 1 to 3
As can be seen from the table 1, the average single weight gain rate of the onion is 33.3% and the commodity rate is increased by 5% by adopting the crop rotation drip irrigation method; the average single weight gain rate of the Hami melons is 26.8%, and the commodity rate is increased by 9%. Meanwhile, the labor for irrigation, fertilization, pesticide application, soil preparation and the like can be obviously reduced by performing drip irrigation in turn, and each 667m2The labor cost is reduced by 300-500 yuan each year.
As can be seen from Table 2, the water saving amount of the drip irrigation by rotation can reach 400m in one year compared with the continuous flood irrigation3/667m2Saving water by 34.78 percent and saving fertilizer cost by 360 yuan/667 m2Saving 15.65% of fertilizer and increasing the yield value 2320 yuan/667 m2Total increase in income 1620 yuan/667 m2The cost is saved and the efficiency is improved obviously.
Claims (3)
1. An open field arched shed onion and Hami melon rotation drip irrigation planting method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) spring open field arched shed onion drip irrigation planting method
Cultivating seedlings in open field: after the seedling raising land is selected, the seedling raising land is 666.7m in each time2Applying decomposed organic fertilizer of 3-5 m320-30 kg of diammonium phosphate, uniformly turning, finely raking, leveling and making beds, wherein the width of each bed is 3-4 m, and the width of each bed ridge is 0.3-0.4 m;
laying drip irrigation equipment: installing branch pipes along two sides of a seedling culture ground, straightening and leveling the branch pipes, punching the branch pipes, installing bypass connecting capillary pipes, vertically installing the capillary pipes and the branch pipes, straightening the branch seedlings along the seedling rows, installing 8-10 drip irrigation pipes in each furrow, wherein the pipe diameter is 15mm, the distance between drippers is 30cm, the distance between the drip irrigation pipes is 30-40 cm, and discharging seedling water in a dripping mode;
management in seedling stage: dripping water for 1 time every 5-7 days after seedling emergence, dripping fertilizer with water after 2 leaves grow, and every 666.7m23-5 kg of urea to obtain strong seedlings; the standard of the strong seedlings is that the seedlings are 50-60 days old, the plant height is 20-25 cm, 4-5 leaves, the false stem thickness is 0.6-0.9 cm, and no plant diseases or insect pests exist;
fourthly, temporary planting of shallot seedlings: in 11, in the middle ten days of the month, seedling raising is carried out, the green onion seedlings with the same seedling quality are bundled into small bundles, the small and unrooted seedlings are removed, the bundled green onion bundles are placed in the shade for airing for 7-15 d, the base parts to the middle parts of the green onion seedlings are buried by dry sand, the green onion seedlings are temporarily planted for overwintering, and cold-proof objects are covered;
fifthly, applying base fertilizer on the soil: deep ploughing and freezing cutting before freezing, ploughing depth is 35-45 cm, and each 666.7m is planted in spring next year2Decomposed organic fertilizer of 5-8 m335-40 kg of diammonium phosphate, and carrying out rotary tillage and leveling;
sixthly, film covering and drip irrigation: in the middle ten days of the next 2 months, film is covered, a drip irrigation tape is laid, film pressing is carried out, soil moisture is preserved, and temperature is raised;
seventhly, transplanting and planting: planting the onions in the last ten days of 2 months, drilling holes according to row spacing of 20cm multiplied by 15cm before planting, planting the onions with the depth of 2-3 cm, not burying heart leaves and falling seedlings, and dripping enough water after planting;
covering an arch film with the inserted bamboo chips on the planting day, wherein the width of the arch film is 2.5-3 m, and the periphery of the arch film is compacted;
management of water and fertilizer: dripping water for 1 time when new leaves grow after seedlings are delayed, dripping water for 1 time every 5-7 days when 1 heart of 6 leaves grows, dripping fertilizer for 1 time along with water, and dripping water for 666.7m25-8 kg of urea and 10-15 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer; the expansion period of the bulb is every 666.7m23-5 kg of urea and 20-25 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer;
(2) autumn open field Hami melon drip irrigation planting method
Deeply turning over and exposing: after the onion is harvested, deeply ploughing the field by 35-45 cm, and sunning upturned soil for 15-25 days after deeply ploughing;
land preparation and fertilization: 150 kg-300 kg of biological organic fertilizer and 20 kg-30 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of land, the land is evenly spread, the land is deeply turned for 25 cm-35 cm, the land is leveled,
thirdly, laying drip irrigation equipment: the branch pipe is connected with the main pipe, a hole is punched in the branch pipe, a bypass connecting capillary is installed on the branch pipe, the capillary and the branch pipe are vertically installed, two drip irrigation pipes are installed on each film, the distance between the drip irrigation pipes is 35-45 cm, and mulching films are covered and compacted to be sown;
fourthly, autumn sowing: 3-5 days before sowing, dripping water, irrigating enough water for bottom soil moisture, punching holes on the mulching film for 25-7-20 days after 6 months for direct sowing, wherein the planting distance is 35-45 cm, 2-3 seeds are planted in each hole, and fine soil or sawdust is used for covering;
managing fertilizer and water: dripping water for 2-3 hours in the morning or evening after emergence, dripping water for 1 time every 4-6 days after 3-5-leaf stage squat seedlings for 15-20 days, dripping water for 1 time every 3-5 days in the fruit expansion stage, and dripping water for 666.7m every 666.2Applying 5-6 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and 8-10 kg of potassium sulfate, reducing the amount of water and fertilizer in the reticulate pattern formation period, dripping water for 1 time every 4-6 days, and not dripping water 8-10 days before harvesting;
sixthly, field management: and (3) changing single vine pruning into double vine pruning, selecting the melons when the young melons grow to the size of eggs, and filling and covering the melons at the initial stage of surfing the net.
2. The open field greenhouse onion and Hami melon rotation drip irrigation planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), the width of the coated film is 1.2m, the coated film interval is 40-50 cm, and 3 drip irrigation tapes are laid in the drip irrigation mode and the interval is 30-35 cm.
3. The open field greenhouse onion and Hami melon rotation drip irrigation planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step eight, the prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds are carried out while the water and fertilizer management is carried out: spray-controlling downy mildew, rust disease or herba Alii Fistulosi with chlorothalonil, triazolone or imidacloprid; weeding in time after dripping.
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| CN113273452B (en) * | 2021-01-29 | 2023-06-13 | 中海石油化学股份有限公司 | Hami melon fertilizer-saving and efficiency-enhancing planting method suitable for Hami melon |
| CN113229066A (en) * | 2021-06-03 | 2021-08-10 | 吐鲁番市农业技术推广中心 | No-tillage drip irrigation planting method for Hami melons in autumn |
| CN113711879B (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2022-11-15 | 吐鲁番市农业技术推广中心 | Onion-forage grass sorghum-turnip one-year-triple-cropping crop rotation planting method |
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