CN101733058A - 用于聚合的环流型反应器 - Google Patents
用于聚合的环流型反应器 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101733058A CN101733058A CN200910258756A CN200910258756A CN101733058A CN 101733058 A CN101733058 A CN 101733058A CN 200910258756 A CN200910258756 A CN 200910258756A CN 200910258756 A CN200910258756 A CN 200910258756A CN 101733058 A CN101733058 A CN 101733058A
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- Other Resins Obtained By Reactions Not Involving Carbon-To-Carbon Unsaturated Bonds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种方法,其包括在多反应器系统的至少一个连续管状环流反应器中,在稀释剂中、在存在聚合催化剂的情况下,将烯烃单体聚合,任选地将烯烃单体与烯烃共聚单体一起聚合,以产生包含固体粒状烯烃聚合物和稀释剂的淤浆,其中所述连续管状环流反应器总长的至少50%的平均内径为至少700mm。
Description
本申请是申请日为2007年5月18日,申请号为200780028638.4(国际申请号为PCT/GB2007/001862),发明名称为“用于聚合的环流型反应器”的专利申请的分案申请。
本发明涉及在淤浆相环流反应器中、特别是在多反应器系统中的烯烃聚合。
烯烃的淤浆相聚合是众所周知的,其中烯烃单体和任选的烯烃共聚单体,在稀释剂中、在存在催化剂的情况下被聚合,其中固体聚合物产物在所述稀释剂中被悬浮和被转移。
本发明具体涉及在多反应器系统的至少一个环流反应器中的聚合,其中淤浆在反应器中通常通过泵或搅拌器而被循环。充满液体的环流反应器(liquid full loop reactor)在本领域中是尤其众所周知的,且在例如美国专利第3,152,872号、第3,242,150号和第4,613,484号中被描述。
聚合反应通常在50-125℃的温度和在1-100绝对巴(bara)的压力下进行。所用的催化剂可以是任何通常用于烯烃聚合的催化剂,例如氧化铬催化剂、Ziegler-Natta催化剂或金属茂型催化剂。包含聚合物和稀释剂(且在大多数情况下包含催化剂、烯烃单体和共聚单体)的产物淤浆,可被间歇地或连续地排出,任选地使用浓缩装置,例如水力旋流器或沉降柱(settling legs),来使得随聚合物一起被回收(withdrawn)的流体的数量最小化。
多反应器系统的所述至少一个环流反应器是连续管状结构,其包括至少两个(例如四个)垂直部分和至少两个(例如四个)水平部分。通常利用与围绕至少部分管状环流反应器的套管中的冷却介质(优选水)的间接交换来除去聚合的热。多反应器系统的至少一个环流反应器的体积可变化,但通常在10至120m3的范围,本发明的环流反应器即是这种普通的类型。
最大的工业规模环流反应器工厂设备生产能力每年稳定地增长。最近几十年不断增长的操作经验已使得能在反应环流中操作越来越高的淤浆和单体浓度。如EP 432555和EP 891990所阐述的,淤浆浓度的增加通常是由增加的循环速度来实现的,而循环速度的增加是由例如更高的反应器循环泵压头或多个循环泵来实现的。对于固定反应器体积来说,固体载量的增加对于增加反应器停留时间是有利的,且对于降低下游稀释剂处理和再循环的要求也是有利的。但是,环流的增加的速度和压头(head)要求,导致随着淤浆浓度增加,泵设计尺寸和复杂性,和能量消耗的增加。这暗示着资本成本和操作成本的增加。
以前,通常在反应环流中维持较高的循环速度,以确保整个反应器横截面上的良好的热分布、组成分布和粒子分布,特别是确保避免固体沉淀、稳定的流动特征或在管壁处的过高固体浓度,而不是减小循环速度以使聚合环流中的压降/功率最小化。
不充分的横截面分布可导致污垢增加、传热减少和聚合物产率和均一性减小。构建和投产新的商业设备非常昂贵,所以新设计试图避免或最小化对操作参数的改变,操作参数的改变被看作是增加新设备成功操作的风险。
根据本发明,其提供一种方法,该方法包括在多反应器系统的连续管状结构的至少一个环流反应器中,在稀释剂中、在存在聚合催化剂的情况下,将烯烃单体聚合,任选地将烯烃单体与烯烃共聚单体一起聚合,以产生包含固体粒状烯烃聚合物和稀释剂的淤浆,其中反应器总长的至少50%的平均内径为至少700毫米,且反应器中的固体浓度为至少20体积%,优选25体积%,任选地其中所述至少一个环流反应器的体积为至少10m3,优选至少25m3。优选至少30wt%的,最优选多于40wt%的在多反应器系统中生成的聚合物,是在至少一个环流反应器中制造的,其中反应器总长的至少50%的平均内径为至少700毫米。
本发明的一个优点是,环流反应器的比能量消耗(specific energyconsumption)(即,每产生单位重量的聚合物所消耗的能量)被减小,同时维持特定的反应器停留时间并防止产生不可接受的反应器污垢。当想要设计和操作高固体载量的反应器时(之前被认为需要使用现在认为是过高的环流循环速度),本发明特别有优势。
本发明涉及在伸长的管状闭合环流反应区内连续聚合烯烃(优选阿尔法单烯烃)的方法和仪器。烯烃被连续地加入到在烃类稀释剂(hydrocarbon diluent)中的催化剂中并与催化剂接触。单体聚合以形成固体粒状聚合物的淤浆,所述固体粒状聚合物被悬浮在聚合介质或稀释剂中。
通常,在聚乙烯的淤浆聚合法中,反应器中的淤浆将包含粒状聚合物、烃类稀释剂、(共聚)单体、催化剂、链终止剂(例如氢)和其他反应器添加剂。特别地,淤浆将包含占淤浆总重量的20-75,优选30-70重量百分数的粒状聚合物和占淤浆总重量的80-25,优选70-30重量百分数的悬浮介质,其中悬浮介质是在反应器中的所有流体成分(fluidcomponents)的总和,且将包含稀释剂、烯烃单体和任何的添加剂;稀释剂可以是惰性稀释剂或者它可以是活性稀释剂(特别是液体烯烃单体);其中主要的稀释剂是惰性稀释剂,烯烃单体通常将占淤浆的2-20,优选4-10重量百分数。
以足以(i)保持聚合物悬浮在淤浆中和(ii)保持可接受的横截面浓度和固体加载梯度的流体速度,围绕相对平滑的、路径无尽的(path-endless)环流反应系统泵入淤浆。
已发现,对于高固体载量,横截面淤浆浓度分布(由污垢、流动变化和/或传热所证实)可被维持在可接受的操作限度内,同时增加管状反应器的内径,使其大于通常被认为在操作上是可靠的内径(对于多反应器系统的至少一个反应器而言)。这与本领域技术人员根据常规方法条件所认为的情况(反应器的内径不大于600毫米且通常为约500毫米)相反。
在至少一个环流反应器中的淤浆中的固体浓度优选至少为20体积%,更优选为至少25体积%,且最优选为至少30体积%,其中体积%是[(淤浆总体积-悬浮介质的体积)/(淤浆总体积)]×100。以重量百分数形式测定的固体浓度(其与以体积百分数形式测定的固体浓度相等)将根据所产生的聚合物变化,但更特别地,将根据所用的稀释剂变化。当所产生的聚合物是聚乙烯且稀释剂是烷烃(例如异丁烷)时,优选地,固体浓度为大于淤浆总重量的30重量%、特别优选大于40重量%,例如在40-60重量%的范围,优选45%-55重量%。
我们已发现,在其中至少一个反应器具有超过700毫米的内径的多反应器系统(即比在淤浆聚合中常规使用的反应器更大直径的反应器)中操作聚合过程没有任何重大问题,特别是没有任何关于在反应器壁上的污垢的问题。
优选大于50%的环流反应器的总长具有超过750mm的内径,例如超过850mm,且优选在700至800毫米之间。优选地,大于50%,特别是大于70%,例如大于85%的反应器总长具有超过700毫米的内径,特别是超过750毫米,例如在700至800毫米之间。
本发明的特殊的优点在于,可在相对低循环速度和相对高的反应器环流直径条件下使用高淤浆浓度。因此,反应器中的夫劳德(Froude)数优选被维持在30或以下,例如在24至0.5的范围,更优选在20至1的范围,特别地是在15至2的范围,最优选的范围是10至3或9至2。夫劳德数是无因次参数,其指示淤浆中颗粒的悬浮倾向和沉淀倾向之间的平衡。其提供了与流体相比,由颗粒向管壁的动量传递过程的相对测量。较低数值的夫劳德数显示较强的颗粒-壁(相对于流体-壁)相互作用。夫劳德数(Fr)被定义为v2/(g(s-1)D),其中V是淤浆的平均速度,g是万有引力常数,s是稀释剂中固体的比重,而D是管的内径。固体聚合物的比重(聚合物的密度与水的密度的比率)是基于在被充分脱挥(devolatilised)之后并在即将进行任何挤压之前的脱气聚合物的退火密度,使用方法ISO 1183A测定。
已发现,可以每单位反应器长度和每单位聚合物质量特定的压降,和小于教导所要求的环流总压降来设计和操作反应器,特别是在高固体载量和大反应器直径时。甚至对于聚合物生产率为大于每小时25公吨,甚至大于每小时45公吨,本发明也允许小于1.3绝对巴的总环流压降,特别是小于1绝对巴。可在环流中使用一个或不止一个泵,优选位于一个或多个水平部分上;这些可位于相同的水平部分或不同的部分上。泵或多个泵可具有与所述泵或多个泵所在的反应器部分的内径相同的直径,或较大的或较小的直径,优选具有相同的直径。优选使用单个泵,且本发明的特点在于,对于泵的数量和功率的要求没有常规方法那样麻烦(onerous)。
反应器尺寸通常超过10m3,经常超过25m3,尤其是超过50m3,例如75-200m3,优选在100-175m3的范围。
将更高的内径的反应器用于本文以上所述的多反应器系统的至少一个环流反应器,使得建造出的反应器,例如体积大于80m3的反应器,其反应器长度与直径的比率小于500,优选小于400,更优选小于250。反应器长度与直径的比率的减小使得围绕反应环流的成分梯度最小化,并使得对于每种试剂,围绕反应器环流只使用单个引入点即可达到大于每小时(每个反应器)25公吨的生产率。或者,对于反应物(例如烯烃)、催化剂或其他添加剂,可具有多个进入环流反应器的入口。
当反应器系统被设计成操作不同催化剂类型(例如Ziegler-Natta、铬和/或金属茂)或操作其中在不同操作模式(regime)下不同反应器之间所需的活性或生产比率(production ratio)变化很大的催化剂系统时,通常使用具有相等体积的反应器,以最大的灵活性(flexibility)适应整个级别范围(grade range)。这样的外部强加的(externally imposed)反应器尺寸的存在约束了每个反应器可利用的操作窗口,因而约束了在每个反应器中的反应器活性、产物质量、产量和冷却的平衡能力。通常,优选这样反应器具有相同的平均内径,最优选地,反应器被建造成相同的尺寸。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,优选地,环流反应器具有水平部分和垂直部分,且垂直部分占反应器总长的至少50%,优选至少60%,更优选至少70%。
还优选的是,聚合物粉末颗粒的密度跨度(density span)(被定义为排出反应器的粒度大于D90的聚合物颗粒的平均密度与粒度小于D10的物质的平均密度之间密度差(g/cm3)的绝对值)为小于0.005,优选小于0.003,更优选小于0.0026,最优选小于0.0023。
因此,本发明的另一独立方面提供在存在聚合催化剂的情况下,控制淤浆相(共)聚合过程的方法,特征在于所述方法包括将聚合物粉末颗粒的密度跨度维持在0.005以下,优选0.003以下,更优选0.0026以下,最优选0.0023以下。
D值是通过筛分粒度测定法(sieving granulometry)来测定的,并以μm表示,且可被定义如下:
D5:5%重量的被收集颗粒低于此值;
D10:10%重量的被收集颗粒低于此值;
D50:50%重量的被收集颗粒低于此值;
D90:90%重量的被收集颗粒低于此值;
D95:95%重量的被收集颗粒低于此值。
优选的实施方式还维持这样的粒度分布,其使得(D90-D10)/D50小于2,优选小于1.5,更优选小于1.2。还优选的是,D95小于2000μm,优选小于1500μm,更优选小于1000μm,最优选小于355μm,其中D95、D90、D50和D10是这样被定义的:其使得95wt%、90wt%、50wt%或10wt%的聚合物颗粒分别具有小于D95、D90、D50和D10的直径。平均粒度D50优选在100至1500微米之间,最优选在150至1000微米之间。
特别优选的实施方式具有的粒度分布为D95小于355μm,且(D90-D10)/D50小于1.2,其中D95、D90、D50和D10如上所述。
本发明的另一独立方面提供一种方法,其包括在连续管状结构的环流反应器中,在稀释剂中、在存在聚合催化剂的情况下,将烯烃单体聚合,任选地将烯烃单体与烯烃共聚单体一起聚合,以产生包含固体粒状烯烃聚合物和稀释剂的淤浆,其中反应器总长的至少50%的平均内径至少为650毫米,反应器中的固体浓度至少为15体积%且粒度分布使得(D90-D10)/D50小于2。
本发明的又一独立方面提供一种在聚合反应器中聚合烯烃的方法,特征在于从反应器中回收的聚合物粉末的粒度分布使得D95小于1500μm且(D90-D10)/D50小于1.5。
根据本发明的另一优选实施方式,已发现所述的控制,即将密度跨度维持在特定值以下,对于金属茂催化剂非常关键。
本发明的另一益处在于提高了与启动(start-ups)和等级转变(gradetransitions)有关的速度和安全性。当改变等级时,氢和单体的组成和产物性质可连续地改变,聚合物中单体的吸收数量又将被变化的产物性质(主要是密度)和气体成分改变。
根据本发明的跨度的控制使得提高了启动和转变的速度,并使得宽泛规格的(wide-specification)物质的生产最小化。
特别是已发现,高容量反应器的、特别是大直径环流反应器的稳定操作,可通过严格控制反应器内或从反应器回收的粉末的密度跨度来优化。
使用许多催化剂系统,密度跨度可随粒度和/或粒度分布而显著改变。粉末的平均粒度的主要决定因素是在反应器中的停留时间和催化剂产率。粉末的粒度分布可受许多因素影响,包括加入到反应器中的催化剂的类型和粒度分布、初始的和平均的催化剂活性、催化剂载体的坚固性(robustness)和在反应条件下粉末对碎片(fragment)的敏感性。固体分离装置(例如水力旋流器)可被用于从反应器中回收的淤浆,以辅助控制反应器中粉末的平均粒度和粒度分布。浓缩装置的回收位点的位置和浓缩装置系统(优选至少一个水力旋流器再循环环流)的设计和操作条件,也使得反应器内的粒度和粒度分布被控制。
或者,选择已被发现提供想要的粒度分布的特定催化剂。提供想要的粒度分布的催化剂系统的优点在于,它们可以高产率被使用:通常产率(以每g催化剂聚合物的克数测定)越高,所形成的单个聚合物颗粒越大。所以,本发明允许使用产率为至少5000g聚烯烃/g催化剂,且通常为至少10000g聚烯烃/g催化剂,最优选为大于15000g聚烯烃/g催化剂的催化剂系统。
使用任何上述催化剂制造的具有受控粒度分布的预聚物也可被引入到聚合反应器中。聚合可通过任何适合的方法进行,例如,利用分批法、半连续法或连续法,在液态烃类稀释剂中或在气相中的聚合。向预聚物的转化通常通过将催化剂与一种或多种阿尔法烯烃接触而进行,阿尔法烯烃的量使得每克预聚物含有0.002至10毫摩尔的过渡金属。预聚物粒度可通过筛分、水力旋流器或精细或大颗粒的淘析分离,或其他已知技术来控制。
在这些和其他包含多反应器系统(其中一个反应器是环流反应器)的本发明的实施方式中,环流反应器可具有一个或多个如本文以上所述的环流反应器的特点。多反应器系统的第二个或任何后续的反应器可以是另一个环流反应器或任何用于烯烃聚合的反应器,例如流化床反应器。但是,优选地,多反应器系统的第二个或任何后续的反应器是另一个环流反应器,其可具有或不具有一个或多个如本文以上所述的环流反应器的特点。例如,本发明的环流反应器其长度的至少50%可具有大于700毫米的内径,同时第二个或任何后续的环流反应器可具有大于500毫米,例如大于600毫米,优选大于700毫米的内径。
多反应器系统可被用来制造单峰(monomodal)聚合物或多峰(multimodal)聚合物,优选多峰聚合物。优选地,本发明的方法包括制造多峰乙烯聚合物,特别是双峰乙烯聚合物,其中低分子量(LMW)聚合物在一个反应器中被制造,而高分子量(HMW)聚合物在另一个反应器中被制造,聚合物可以任何顺序被制造,且第二种聚合物在存在第一种聚合物的情况下被制造。其中一个反应器或两个反应器沿其长度的至少50%具有至少700mm的内径。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,在多反应器系统中的方法包括制造密度大于940kg/m3且熔体流动指数MI5为0.05至50g/10分钟的多峰乙烯聚合物,所述乙烯聚合物包含:
占乙烯聚合物总重量的30至70wt%的、密度至少为950kg/m3且熔体流动指数MI2至少为10g/10分钟的第一种聚乙烯部分(fraction),和
占多峰乙烯聚合物总重量的70至30wt%的第二种聚乙烯部分,所述第二种聚乙烯部分包含乙烯单元和任选地至多5摩尔%的至少一种含有3至12个碳原子的其他阿尔法烯烃,且熔体流动指数MI2小于10g/10分钟。
另一种聚合物是密度在900至930kg/m3且熔体流动指数MI2为0.1至20g/10分钟的多峰乙烯聚合物,所述乙烯聚合物包含:
占乙烯聚合物总重量30至70wt%的、密度至少为950kg/m3且熔体流动指数MI2至少为10g/10分钟的第一种聚乙烯部分,和
占多峰乙烯聚合物总重量的70至30wt%的第二种聚乙烯部分,所述第二种聚乙烯部分包含乙烯单元和0.1至20摩尔%的含有3至12个碳原子的阿尔法烯烃,且熔体流动指数MI2小于10g/10分钟。
本发明中使用的环流反应器即是在其中制造上述第一种或第二种聚烯烃部分的反应器。
虽然可在不止两个反应器中制造,但最优选地,聚合物是在连续的两个串接的反应器中制造的双峰聚合物。一个或两个反应器沿其长度的至少50%可具有至少700mm的内径。在第一个反应器中制造的第一种聚合物可以是低分子量(LMW)聚合物,而在第二个反应器中制造的第二种聚合物可以是高分子量(HMW)聚合物。在一个实施方式中,30-70wt%且更优选40-60wt%的低分子量(LMW)聚合物是在第一个反应器中制造的,而70-30wt%且更优选60-40wt%的高分子量(HMW)聚合物是在第二个反应器中制造的。HMW聚合物和LMW聚合物的比率的最优选范围是45-55wt%比55-45wt%。
在另一实施方式中,HMW聚合物是在第一个反应器中制造的,而LMW聚合物是在第二个反应器中制造的,优选如以上所述的相同比率。以下的要求只适用于此实施方式。在这种情况下,第一种(HMW)反应器优选具有大于100kg/m3/h、更优选大于150kg/m3/h,且最优选大于250kg/m3/h的时空产率(被定义为每单位体积反应器的聚合物生产(kg/h))。在这种情况下还优选的是,第一个(HMW)反应器中的时空产率与第二个(LMW)反应器中的时空产率的比率大于1,更优选大于1.2,最优选大于1.5。这可通过将第一个(HMW)反应器的体积设计成不大于第二个(LMW)反应器体积的90%,优选在30-70%,且更优选约40-60%来实现。在上述情况下,优选地,第一个反应器的长度与直径(L/D)比大于350,更有选在500至3000之间,最优选大于750。或者或并且,第一个反应器的L/D与第二个反应器的L/D的比率也优选大于1.5,最优选大于2。
在本发明的HMW-LMW实施方式中,当反应器的体积差别不大于10%时,优选地,通过将第一个反应器的温度维持在60℃至80℃之间,优选不高于75℃,来平衡反应器之间的活性和各自的冷却能力。还优选的是,第一个反应器中的固体浓度与第二个反应器中的固体浓度的比率被维持在小于1.0,优选在0.6至0.8之间,因为这也帮助将两个反应器之间的活性平衡维持在想要的范围。通常,在最后的反应器中的固体浓度至少为35wt%,最优选在45wt%至60wt%之间,而在HMW反应器中的固体浓度在20wt%至50wt%之间,更优选在25wt%至35wt%之间。在这些情况下,优选使用沉降区和/或水力旋流器浓缩从第一个反应器转移至第二个反应器的固体,以浓缩固体浓度。最优选将无共聚单体的稀释剂流体在水力旋流器的上游引入,以使得被转移至下游反应器的共聚单体最小化,从而使LMW反应器中的密度潜能(density potential)最大化。固体浓度基于聚合物在粒状聚合物淤浆总重量中的重量。
如果HMW聚合物是在LMW聚合物反应器的上游的反应器中产生的,则优选HMW反应器的平均内径与LMW反应器的平均内径的比率在0.8至1.4之间,通常小于1,优选小于1.2,最优选小于1.4。在此构造中,优选地,LMW反应器总长的至少50%为至少700mm,而HMW反应器的平均内径小于700毫米,优选小于600毫米。
如果LMW聚合物是在HMW聚合物反应器的上游的反应器中产生的,则优选HMW反应器的平均内径与HMW反应器的平均内径的比率在0.6至1.4之间,通常在0.8至1.2之间,最优选在0.9至1.1之间。优选地,反应器具有相同的平均内径,最优选地,两个反应器被建造成相同的尺寸。
总体地参考本发明,当多反应器系统包括两个环流反应器时,优选地,在至少一个环流反应器中的夫劳德数不大于30,且在那个反应器中的夫劳德数与在另一个环流反应器中的夫劳德数的比率在0.1至10、优选0.2至5的范围。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,含有聚合物的淤浆被从第二个反应器中回收并被转移至闪蒸罐中,所述闪蒸罐在一定压力P和温度下操作,使得至少50摩尔%的淤浆的液体成分作为蒸气被从闪蒸罐回收。优选地,上述方法使得至少98摩尔%、更优选98.5摩尔%、最优选98.5摩尔%的从闪蒸罐中回收的蒸气在没有压缩的情况下被冷凝。还优选地,至少80摩尔%、优选90摩尔%、最优选95摩尔%的淤浆的液体成分作为蒸气被从闪蒸罐回收。
在环流或多个环流中使用的压力优选足以保持反应系统“充满液体”,即基本没有气相。通常使用的压力在1-100绝对巴,优选在30至50绝对巴之间。在乙烯聚合中,乙烯分压通常在0.1至5MPa的范围,优选为0.2至2MPa,最具体地是0.4至1.5MPa。所选择的温度使得基本上所有产生的聚合物基本上(i)是非粘性的和非结块的固体颗粒形式和(ii)在稀释剂中是不溶的。聚合温度取决于所选择的烃类稀释剂和所产生的聚合物。在乙烯聚合中,温度通常低于130℃,通常在50至125℃之间,优选在75至115℃之间。例如,在乙烯聚合中,在异丁烷稀释剂中,环流中使用的压力优选在30-50绝对巴的范围,乙烯分压优选在0.2-2MPa的范围,且聚合温度在75-115℃的范围。本发明方法的时空产率(每单位环流反应器体积的聚合物生产率)在0.1-0.4、优选为0.2-0.35吨(ton)/小时/m3的范围。当有两个或更多环流时,在不同环流中,反应条件可能相同或不同。
本发明的方法适用于制备含有烯烃(优选乙烯)聚合物的组合物,所述烯烃聚合物可包括一种或多种烯烃均聚物和/或一种或多种共聚物。它特别适合于乙烯聚合物或丙烯聚合物的制造。乙烯共聚物通常包含的阿尔法-烯烃含量是可变的,其可达到12%重量,优选为0.5至6%重量,例如约1%重量。
通常用于这样的反应中的阿尔法单烯烃单体是一种或多种每分子具有至多8个碳原子且在比4位更接近双键处没有分支的1-烯烃。典型的例子包括乙烯、丙烯、丁烯-1、戊烯-1、己烯-1和辛烯-1,以及混合物(例如乙烯和丁烯-1或乙烯和己烯-1)。丁烯-1、戊烯-1和己烯-1是特别优选的用于乙烯共聚合的共聚单体。
通常用于这样的反应中的稀释剂包括每分子具有2至12个、优选3至8个碳原子的烃,例如线性烷烃(例如丙烷、正丁烷、正己烷和正庚烷)或支链烷烃(例如异丁烷、异戊烷、异辛烷和2,2-二甲基丙烷),或环烷(例如环戊烷和环己烷)或它们的混合物。在乙烯聚合的情况下,在使至少50%(优选至少70%)的所形成的聚合物不溶于稀释剂的温度下,稀释剂通常对于催化剂、助催化剂和所产生的聚合物(例如液体脂族烃、脂环烃和芳烃)是惰性的。异丁烷是特别优选的用于乙烯聚合的稀释剂。
操作条件也可以是使得单体(例如乙烯、丙烯)用作稀释剂,就像在所谓的本体聚合法中那样。已发现,能够独立于稀释剂的分子量以及稀释剂是否为惰性的或活性的、液态的或超临界的,使用淤浆浓度极限(体积百分数)。丙烯单体是丙烯聚合的特别优选的稀释剂。
分子量调节的方法在本领域是已知的。当使用Ziegler-Natta型催化剂、金属茂型催化剂和三齿新近(tridentate late)过渡金属型催化剂时,优选使用氢,较高的氢压力导致产生较低的平均分子量。当使用铬型催化剂时,优选使用聚合温度来调节分子量。
在商业性工厂中,粒状聚合物以稀释剂不受污染的方式与稀释剂分离,以允许利用最低限度(如果有的话)的纯化,将稀释剂再循环至聚合区。将本发明方法生产的粒状聚合物与稀释剂分离通常可通过本领域任何已知的方法进行,例如该方法可包括:(i)使用不连续立式沉降柱,使得经过其开口的淤浆流提供聚合物颗粒可从稀释剂沉降至一定程度的区域,或者(ii)通过单个或多个回收口的连续产物回收,回收口的位置可以是在环流反应器上的任何地方,但优选邻近环流的水平部分的下游末端。任何连续的回收口通常具有2-25、优选4-15、特别是5-10cm范围的内径。本发明可操作大规模聚合反应器,且稀释剂回收方面的要求低。以淤浆中的高固体浓度操作大直径反应器使得从聚合环流中回收的主要稀释剂的量最小化。对回收的聚合物淤浆使用浓缩装置,优选水力旋流器(单个的,或在多个水力旋流器的情况下,并列的或串接的),可进一步以能量有效的方式促进稀释剂的回收,因为避免了显著的减压和回收的稀释剂的汽化。
已发现,通过控制反应器环流中粉末的平均粒度和/或粒度分布,可优化反应器环流中的淤浆浓度。粉末的平均粒度的主要决定因素是在反应器中的停留时间。粉末的粒度分布可受许多因素影响,包括加入至反应器中的催化剂的粒度分布、初始的和平均的催化剂活性、催化剂载体的坚固性和在反应条件下粉末对碎片的敏感性。固体分离装置(例如水力旋流器)可被用于从反应器环流中回收的淤浆,以进一步辅助控制反应器中粉末的平均粒度和粒度分布。浓缩装置的回收位点的位置和浓缩装置系统(优选至少一个水力旋流器再循环环流)的设计和操作条件,也使得反应器内的粒度和粒度分布被控制。平均粒度优选在100至1500微米之间,最优选在250至1000微米之间。
当多反应器系统的最后的反应器是环流反应器时,在引入至主闪蒸器之前,所回收的(且优选被浓缩的)聚合物淤浆被减压,且任选地被加热。流体优选在减压后被加热。
在主闪蒸器中回收的稀释剂和任何单体蒸气通常被冷凝(优选没有再次压缩)且被再用于聚合过程中。主闪蒸器的压力优选被控制,以使得在任何再次压缩之前,用可容易获得的冷却介质(例如,冷却水)来冷凝基本上所有的闪蒸蒸气,通常在所述主闪蒸器中的这样的压力将是4-25绝对巴,例如10-20绝对巴,优选15-17绝对巴。从主闪蒸器中回收的固体优选被转到次级闪蒸器中,以除去残留的挥发物。或者,淤浆可被转到具有比上述主闪蒸器更低压力的闪蒸器中,因而需要再次压缩以冷凝回收的稀释剂。优选使用高压闪蒸器。
本发明的方法可被用来生产比重在890至930kg/m3(低密度)、930至940kg/m3(中等密度)或940至970kg/m3(高密度)范围内的树脂。
本发明的方法与所有的烯烃聚合催化剂系统有关,特别是选自Ziegler型催化剂(特别是来自钛、锆或钒的催化剂)、热活化二氧化硅或无机物负载的氧化铬催化剂和金属茂型催化剂的系统(金属茂是过渡金属元素(特别是钛或锆)的环戊二烯基衍生物)。
Ziegler型催化剂的非限制性例子是,通过将镁化合物与过渡金属化合物和卤代化合物混合而获得的包含选自元素周期表的IIIB族、IVB族、V B族或VIB族的过渡金属、镁和卤素的化合物。卤素可任选地形成镁化合物的组成部分或形成过渡金属化合物的组成部分。
金属茂型催化剂可以是由茂氧烷(alumoxane)或由例如专利申请EP-500,944-A1(Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals)中描述的电离剂活化的金属茂。
Ziegler型催化剂是最优选的。其中,特别的例子包括至少一种选自IIIB族、IV B族、V B族或VI B族的过渡金属、镁和至少一种卤素。使用包含以下元素的催化剂会获得良好的效果:
10至30%重量的过渡金属,优选15至20%重量,
20至60%重量的卤素,优选30至50%重量,
0.5至20%重量的镁,通常为1至10%重量,
0.1至10%重量的铝,通常为0.5至5%重量,
其余通常由来源于用于制备它们的产物的元素组成,例如碳、氢和氧。过渡金属和卤素优选为钛和氯。
聚合反应,特别是Ziegler催化的聚合反应,通常是在存在助催化剂的情况下进行的。可能使用本领域已知的任何助催化剂,特别是包含至少一个铝-碳化学键的化合物,例如任选地卤代的有机铝化合物(其可包含氧或来自元素周期表的I族的元素)和铝氧烷(aluminoxanes)。特别的例子可能是以下的有机铝化合物:三烷基铝,例如三乙基铝;三链烯基铝,例如三异丙烯基铝;铝单醇盐和铝二醇盐,例如二乙基铝乙醇盐;一卤代的和二卤代的烷基铝,例如氯化二乙基铝;烷基铝一氢化物和烷基铝二氢化物,例如二丁基铝氢化物;和含锂的有机铝化合物,例如LiAl(C2H5)4。有机铝化合物,特别是那些未被卤化的,是非常适合的。三乙基铝和三异丁基铝是特别有利的。
基于铬的催化剂优选包括具有含二氧化钛的载体的负载的氧化铬催化剂,所述含二氧化钛的载体例如是复合的二氧化硅和二氧化钛载体。特别优选的基于铬的催化剂可包含占含铬催化剂重量的0.5至5wt%的铬,优选约1wt%的铬,例如0.9wt%的铬。载体包含占含铬催化剂重量的至少2wt%的钛,优选约2至3wt%的钛,更优选约2.3wt%的钛。基于铬的催化剂可具有200至700m2/g的比表面积,优选为400至550m2/g,和大于2cc/g的体积孔隙度,优选为2至3cc/g。
由二氧化硅负载的铬催化剂通常要在空气中、在升高的活化温度下经受初始活化步骤。活化温度优选在500至850℃的范围,更优选为600至750℃。
反应器系统可包括一个或多个串接或并列连接的环流反应器,优选为串接的。
如果是串接反应器,则反应器串的第一个反应器除稀释剂和单体外,还被供应催化剂和助催化剂,且每个后续的反应器至少被供应单体(特别是乙烯)和来源于反应器串的在前反应器的淤浆,此混合物包含催化剂、助催化剂和在反应器串的在前反应器中产生的聚合物的混合物。任选地,可能向第二个反应器和/或,如果合适,至少一个其后的反应器供应未使用过的催化剂和/或助催化剂。但是,优选只将催化剂和助催化剂引入至第一个反应器中。
如果至少两个反应器串接,具有最高熔体指数的聚合物和具有最低熔体指数的聚合物可在反应器串中的两个相邻的或不相邻的反应器中产生。氢(i)在制造高分子量成分的反应器中被保持在低(或零)浓度,例如包括0-0.1体积%的氢百分数,和(ii)在制造低分子量成分的反应器中被保持在非常高的浓度,例如0.5-2.4体积%的氢百分数。反应器可被同等地操作,以在连续的反应器中产生基本上相同的聚合物熔体指数。
但是,对于在大直径反应器中操作的特别的灵敏度(和相关的横截面成分梯度、热梯度或颗粒梯度)与聚合物树脂的生产有关,其中已知高分子量或低分子量的聚合物树脂导致增加对污垢的顾虑,特别是当生产分子量小于50k道尔顿或大于150k道尔顿的聚合物时。特别被证实的是,在反应器环流中聚合物固体浓度低时,这些顾虑被加重。但是,当在大直径反应器中生产分子量小于50k道尔顿或大于200k道尔顿(或熔体指数小于0.1和大于50)的聚合物时,惊讶地发现,当固体载量被增加至大于20体积%,特别是大于30体积%时,污垢减少了。
实施例
如前所述,本发明的一个优点在于,横截面淤浆浓度分布在高反应器直径,甚至高固体载量时,可被维持在可接受的操作限度内。实际的横截面淤浆浓度分布不可被直接测量,但可测量其他参数作为淤浆均一性的标示。
实施例1
在以下实施例中,乙烯被在两个串接的反应器中聚合。第一个反应器的体积为96m3且沿着超过其98%的长度具有730mm的内径。固体含量为27-28体积%。体积固体含量被定义为(体积PE生产率/排出反应器的淤浆体积),其中:体积PE生产率=(加入的乙烯质量-流出反应器的乙烯质量)/PE的密度]
排出反应器的淤浆的体积=排出的液体体积+体积PE生产率
排出反应器的液体的体积=[加入的质量总和-生成的PE质量]/液体密度。
PE密度是对干燥和脱气粉末测定的。
液体密度是基于任何合适的模型(model)(利用组分、温度和压力)而计算的。
循环泵功率要求
环流反应器中的循环泵的功率要求不仅受流体的压力影响,而且受淤浆浓度梯度影响。它对浓度梯度特别敏感,因为它位于环流反应器的弯曲处,在这里最可能有流体隔离(segregation),这导致被泵送的淤浆的密度的改变。当具有很少的污垢和良好的循环时,观察到功率需量(power demand)随时间变化而相对恒定。图1显示对于实施例1的聚合反应,在一个小时的时间内,泵的功率和电流要求的图表(以相对值而非绝对值绘制)。此处显示出的变化大于对于纯溶剂所预期的变化,但对于含聚合物的淤浆来说是小的,显示出发生很小的或没有发生淤浆隔离。
反应器温度
反应器中不同位点的温度也受淤浆浓度梯度的影响。在反应器中不同位点测定的温度间的绝对差别可能归因于热电偶的刻度的差异,因此为了确定温度的“真正”差异,测定了温度转变期间的变化。在不均一的淤浆中,这种温度转变的趋势会改变。图2显示实施例1的聚合反应的这样的转变。图2显示出,在实施例1中,温度转变趋势在整个反应器中是不变的,显示出良好的均一性。
反应器壁的传热系数
反应器污垢的重要影响在于改变经反应器壁的传热系数。传热系数可通过很长的时间(多个月)来测定,没有任何减小即显示在此时间内没有形成污垢物质。图3显示实施例1在250天内的传热系数,从它可看出,没有出现系数的长期减小(long-term reduction)。
Claims (13)
1.一种在存在聚合催化剂的情况下控制淤浆相(共)聚合过程的方法,所述方法包括维持聚合物粉末颗粒的密度SPAN(被定义为排出反应器的、粒度大于D90的聚合物颗粒的平均密度与粒度小于D10的物质的平均密度之间以g/cm3为单位的密度差的绝对值)小于0.005,优选小于0.003,更优选小于0.0026,最优选小于0.0023。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中聚合物颗粒的粒度分布使得(D90-D10)/D50小于2,优选小于1.5,更优选小于1.2,其中D10、D50和D90分别是这样的直径:10%、50%和90%重量被收集的颗粒的直径小于此直径。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其中D95小于2000μm,优选小于1500μm,更优选小于1000μm,最优选小于355μm,其中D95是这样的直径:95%重量被收集的颗粒的直径小于此直径。
4.任何前述权利要求的方法,其中在多反应器系统的至少一个连续管状环流反应器中,在稀释剂中、在存在聚合催化剂的情况下,将烯烃单体聚合,任选地将烯烃单体与烯烃共聚单体一起聚合,以产生包含固体粒状烯烃聚合物和稀释剂的淤浆,其中所述连续管状环流反应器总长的至少50%的平均内径为至少700mm。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中在所述连续管状环流反应器中的固体浓度为至少20体积%,优选为至少25体积%,最优选为至少30体积%。
6.权利要求4的方法,其中所述连续管状环流反应器总长的至少50%的平均内径为至少750mm,优选至少850mm。
7.权利要求4-6中任一项的方法,其中所述连续管状环流反应器的大于70%,优选大于85%的总长具有至少700mm的内径。
8.权利要求4-7中任一项的方法,其中所述连续管状环流反应器的大于70%,优选大于85%的总长具有至少750mm的、优选至少850mm的内径。
9.权利要求4-8中任一项的方法,其中在所述多反应器系统中的至少一个反应器中,夫劳德数优选被维持在30或30以下,优选在1至20之间,且更优选在2至15之间。
10.权利要求4-9中任一项的方法,其中在反应器的环流中的总压降小于1.3巴,优选小于1巴,且聚合物生产率大于每小时25公吨,优选大于每小时45公吨。
11.权利要求4-10中任一项的方法,其中在所述多反应器系统中产生的全部聚合物的至少30wt%、优选40wt%以上是在所述连续管状环流反应器中制造的。
12.任何前述权利要求的方法,其包括制造多峰乙烯聚合物,其中低分子量(LMW)聚合物在一个反应器中被制造,而高分子量(HMW)聚合物在另一个反应器中被制造,聚合物以任一顺序被制造且第二种聚合物在存在第一种聚合物的情况下被制造。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中:
多峰乙烯聚合物的密度大于940kg/m3且熔体流动指数MI5为0.05至50g/10分钟,所述乙烯聚合物包含:
占乙烯聚合物总重量30至70wt%的、密度至少为950kg/m3且熔体流动指数MI2至少为10g/10分钟的第一种聚乙烯部分,和
占多峰乙烯聚合物总重量70至30wt%的第二种聚乙烯部分,所述第二种聚乙烯部分包含乙烯单元和任选的至多5摩尔%的含有3至12个碳原子的至少一种其他阿尔法烯烃,且熔体流动指数MI2小于10g/10分钟;或者
多峰乙烯聚合物的密度在900至930kg/m3之间且熔体流动指数MI2为0.1至20g/10分钟,所述乙烯聚合物包含:
占乙烯聚合物总重量30至70wt%的、密度小于950kg/m3且熔体流动指数MI2至少为10g/10分钟的第一种聚乙烯部分,和
占所述多峰乙烯聚合物总重量70至30wt%的第二种聚乙烯部分,所述第二种聚乙烯部分包含乙烯单元和0.1至20摩尔%的含有3至12个碳原子的阿尔法烯烃,且熔体流动指数MI2小于10g/10分钟。
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