CN101048853A - 用于膜形成的前驱体和用于形成含钌膜的方法 - Google Patents
用于膜形成的前驱体和用于形成含钌膜的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101048853A CN101048853A CNA2005800370258A CN200580037025A CN101048853A CN 101048853 A CN101048853 A CN 101048853A CN A2005800370258 A CNA2005800370258 A CN A2005800370258A CN 200580037025 A CN200580037025 A CN 200580037025A CN 101048853 A CN101048853 A CN 101048853A
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- film
- ruthenium
- reative cell
- substrate
- presoma
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- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 54
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title description 27
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
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- 229910001927 ruthenium tetroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 79
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 30
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- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 12
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- YRAJNWYBUCUFBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C(=O)CC(=O)C(C)(C)C YRAJNWYBUCUFBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 241000872931 Myoporum sandwicense Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100023111 Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972 / ATCC 24843) mfc1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- KJNGJIPPQOFCSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [H][Sr][H] Chemical compound [H][Sr][H] KJNGJIPPQOFCSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQCCZSBUXOQGIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [La].[Pb] Chemical compound [La].[Pb] PQCCZSBUXOQGIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
- C23C16/45519—Inert gas curtains
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/06—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of metallic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
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- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
- H01L21/283—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current
- H01L21/285—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation
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- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
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- H01L21/285—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation
- H01L21/28506—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers
- H01L21/28512—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers on semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
- H01L21/28556—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers on semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table by chemical means, e.g. CVD, LPCVD, PECVD, laser CVD
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
用于沉积钌膜的前驱体,其包含溶于至少一种非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂中的四氧化钌,所述溶剂具有通式CxHyFzOtNu,式中:2x+2≤y+z且2≤x≤15且z>y且t+u≥1(t+u优选等于1),x、y、z、t和u为正整数。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于在衬底上形成或沉积含钌膜的前驱体(下文中称为含钌膜形成前驱体)以及用于形成含钌膜的方法。
背景技术
钌和钌化合物(例如氧化钌)被认为是用于下一代DRAM的电容器电极材料的最具前景的材料。这些电容器电极目前采用高介电常数材料,例如氧化铝、五氧化二钽、氧化铪和钛酸锶钡(BST)。然而,这些材料是在高600℃的温度下制备的,这导致多晶硅、硅和铝氧化,并造成电容损失。另一方面,钌和氧化钌均具有高抗氧化性和高电导率,并且适合用作电容器电极材料。它们还可以有效地阻挡氧扩散。还已提出将钌用作镧系氧化物的栅极金属。此外,与铂和其它贵金属化合物相比,钌更容易通过臭氧蚀刻和使用氧的等离子体蚀刻。近来,钌用作隔开低k材料与镀铜的阻挡层以及用作晶种层也已经引起关注。
本发明人已发现,可以在适宜条件下由高纯度四氧化钌(RuO4)的前驱体来沉积高品质的钌和氧化钌(RuO2)膜。此前驱体也可用于沉积(形成膜)钙钛矿型材料,例如锶钌氧化物,其具有优异的电导率以及与钛酸锶钡和锶钛氧化物十分相似的三维结构。
然而,此高纯度四氧化钌是强氧化剂,并被认为具有高毒性。此外,高纯度四氧化钌的沸点约为130℃,并在高的温度(高于约108℃)下具有爆炸风险。因此,建议在低温下保存纯四氧化钌以防潜在的分解(爆炸)。
由于四氧化钌(RuO4)具有这些性质(特别是静置时的爆炸风险),所以当将其用作反应物时,将其稀释在合适的溶剂中。这种溶剂的已知例子是水、四氯化碳和链烷烃。
然而,如果溶剂是水,则必须添加例如NaIO4的稳定剂,以防止RuO4在静置过程中发生反应和分解。使用这样的RuO4水溶液作为用于制备目标膜的膜形成前驱体,这会将杂质引入膜和设备(例如反应室)中。
电子工业由于四氯化碳的高毒性而弃之不用。
例如戊烷和辛烷的链烷烃是RuO4的良好溶剂,但在膜制备中使用含有已溶解RuO4的链烷烃作为膜形成前驱体时,溶剂(例如戊烷)与RuO4之间的反应引入了碳。碳造成钌型膜的电阻增大,因此膜制备过程中碳的存在是关键问题。
发明概述
本发明提供了一种膜形成前驱体,其特别适用于制备含钌膜,在储存或静置过程中没有爆炸风险,并且没有稳定剂下也不会分解。
本发明还提供了膜形成方法,该方法通过安全且简单的工序实现了高度可重复地将含钌膜(例如钌膜、氧化钌膜、钌酸盐膜)沉积在衬底上,在所述工序中,将至少前述膜形成前驱体以气态形式送入装有所述衬底的反应室中。
本发明提供了一种用于形成含钌膜的前驱体,所述前驱体包含溶解于至少一种非可燃性溶剂中的四氧化钌,所述溶剂优选通式CxHyFzOtNu的氟化溶剂,式中:2x+2≤y+z且2≤x≤15且z>y且t+u≥1,x、y、z、t和u为等于或大于1的正整数。优选地,所述非可燃性氟化溶剂选自3-乙氧基全氟(2-甲基己烷)和三(七氟丙基)胺。
本发明还提供了一种用于形成含钌膜的方法,所述方法包括步骤:
·通过将至少上文公开的用于形成膜的前驱体引入包括至少一个衬底的反应室,在衬底上沉积含钌膜,其中所述前驱体以气态形式引入。
优选地,本方法还包括步骤:
·将气态还原剂引入所述反应室,由此通过使所述气态前驱体与所述气态还原剂反应,将钌沉积在至少一个衬底上。
所述还原剂优选为氢。
反应室中的压力优选保持在0.01-1000torr,同时膜沉积步骤在50-800℃的衬底温度下进行。
优选地,将还原剂和钌前驱体同时引入反应室。
本发明的方法还可以包括步骤:
·将气态前驱体引入反应室;
·向反应室中注入惰性气体以对其进行清洗;
·然后,将气态还原剂引入反应室;
·向反应室中注入惰性气体以对其进行清洗;
·由此还原衬底上的氧化钌。
本发明的方法还可包括步骤:
·重复气态前驱体的引入步骤,直到达到所需的膜厚度;
优选地,钌在衬底上的沉积应当在保持衬底温度为100-600℃的同时进行。
根据另一方面,本发明可包括热分解气态前驱体,从而在衬底上沉积氧化钌膜的步骤。
反应室中的总压力应当优选保持在0.01-1000torr,同时衬底温度应当优选保持在至少150℃以上。
本发明的另一种实施方式还提供了一种用于形成钌酸盐膜的方法,所述方法包括步骤:
·将气态前驱体、气态有机金属化合物和含氧气体同时或以独立脉冲引入装有衬底的反应室;
·使所述前驱体、有机金属化合物和所述含氧气体反应,从而将钌酸盐膜沉积在衬底表面上。
根据本发明,优选使用非可燃性溶剂,因为当在高于室温的环境中使用混合物时,优选非可燃性溶剂。然而,当在较低温度下进行的工艺中使用这些前驱体时,可以使用可燃性溶剂,但所用的可燃性溶剂通常不是高度可燃性的溶剂,而仅为弱可燃性溶剂。
根据本发明,非可燃性溶剂是闪点为至少40℃、优选至少80℃的溶剂。
对于某些应用,未氟化的溶剂可能是合适的,只要它们是非可燃性的。
特别是当通过鼓泡分布产物时,溶剂选择对于本发明可能(不一定)是关键。
优选地,所用的溶剂应当是非可燃性的,以避免任何将碳带入沉积在衬底上的膜中的风险。这就是优选使用氟化溶剂的原因,因为分子中存在氟使其通常为非可燃性,而同时在大多数应用中也不会遭遇氟的负面影响。
还优选的是,除了非可燃性之外,所用溶剂还具有与前驱体(即钌前驱体)的蒸汽压基本相同的蒸汽压,特别是当通过使“电学”纯度的惰性干气体(例如氮、氩、氦等)鼓泡穿过液态的前驱体及其溶剂而将其供给反应器,其中前驱体和溶剂或多或少地使惰性气体饱和。如果这两种液体的蒸汽压差别大,则可能造成更具挥发性的组分逐步消耗,从而随时间改变了前驱体与溶剂的比例。
“基本相等”是指在0-80℃、优选0-50℃的温度范围内,前驱体与溶剂的蒸汽压之差不大于20%,优选不大于5%。理想地,这俩蒸汽压相同。
关于其上可以沉积钌膜、氧化钌膜或钌酸盐膜的衬底,它们可以具有不同的性质和形状:
它们可以是半导体衬底(无论已经覆盖或未覆盖不同的材料层,如目前在半导体制造过程中完成的那样)、陶瓷衬底(例如二氧化硅等)、金属衬底、聚合物衬底等。
它们还可以具有不同的形状,例如扁平表面(晶圆、混合电路的陶瓷衬底等等)和/或凸起表面和/或球形表面,包括纳米颗粒,以及任何类型的具有大比表面的材料。
下面详细描述本发明的膜形成前驱体以及形成含钌膜(例如,钌膜、氧化钌膜或钌酸盐膜)的方法。
1)膜形成前驱体
膜形成前驱体是溶于优选非可燃性溶剂的四氧化钌(RuO4),所述溶剂优选为通式CxHyFzOtNu(1)的氟化溶剂,式中:2x+2≤y+z且2≤x≤15且z>y且t+u≥1,x、y、z、t和u为正整数。
非可燃性溶剂,优选上述通式的氟化溶剂的例子可以有3-乙氧基全氟(2-甲基己烷)。特别优选的这种氟化溶剂是3-乙氧基-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-十二氟-2-三氟甲基己烷(C3F7CF(OC2H5)CF(CF3)2)。这种具体的氟化溶剂氟醚可例如从3M Company按商标Novec HFE-7500购得。此3-乙氧基-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-十二氟-2-三氟甲基己烷是优选的,因为它不会消耗臭氧层,并且不形成烟雾。
非可燃性溶剂,优选上述通式的氟化溶剂的另一个例子为三(七氟丙基)胺。特别优选的这种氟化溶剂是三(七氟丙基)胺((C3F7)3N)。这种特定氟化溶剂也可从3M Company按商标Fluorinert FC-3283购得,其对环境的负面影响十分有限。
作为膜形成条件和膜在其上形成的衬底材料的函数,适当地选择本发明的膜形成前驱体的RuO4浓度。
本发明的膜形成前驱体具有以下优点:
(a)纯RuO4具有爆炸风险,或本发明前驱体中RuO4溶解在氟化溶剂中使得能够以稳定形式处理RuO4,而在储存或静置期间没有爆炸风险。
(b)本发明的膜形成前驱体中的非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂不与RuO4反应,因此可以避免使用水时发生RuO4分解。这使得能够长期稳定地静置(储存)膜形成前驱体。
此外,由于此膜形成前驱体在UV-可见区不具有吸收光谱,因此可以容易地通过视觉或通过吸收光谱分析评测RuO4浓度。
(c)本发明的膜形成前驱体中的非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂(例如,可从3M Company按商标Novec HFE-7500购得的3-乙氧基-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-十二氟-2-三氟甲基己烷或商品名为FluorinertFC-3283的三(七氟丙基)胺)的蒸汽压在宽温度范围内与RuO4的蒸汽压十分接近,如图1所示。这意味着,可以通过将本发明的膜形成前驱体转化为气态形式,并且通过热CVD或ALD进行膜形成,形成在膜厚上没有块与块(lot-to-lot)差异的具有均匀厚度的含钌膜。
换言之,如果对于通过将RuO4溶解于溶剂中所形成的膜形成前驱体,该溶剂与RuO4的蒸汽压存在明显不同(例如,如果RuO4的蒸汽压低于溶剂的蒸汽压),并且如果在这些情况下,通过用载气鼓泡来将这样的前驱体以气态形式输送至指定的反应室,则在前驱体气化的初始阶段,溶剂(更具挥发性)优先蒸发,输送的载气会包含较低浓度的RuO4。在后续阶段,输送的载气包含较高浓度的RuO4气体。例如,如果使用恒定热CVD处理时间通过单晶圆过程将含钌膜形成在多个处理衬底上,这将导致初始阶段在衬底表面上形成较薄的含钌膜,而在后续阶段在衬底表面形成较厚的含钌膜,膜厚值形成块到块的分散。
对于本发明的膜形成前驱体,通过使RuO4和非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂在宽温度范围中具有十分接近的蒸汽压,通过用载气鼓泡向反应室供应此前驱体,这使得输送至反应室的载气所含的RuO4气体浓度从初始阶段到后续阶段保持不变。结果,即使如上所述通过单晶圆过程在多个处理衬底上形成膜时,所制备的含钌膜的厚度在块与块之间仍可均匀。此外,对于含RuO4气体载气的输送,不再需要对前驱体浓度进行复杂的管理。
(d)当以气态形式使用本发明的膜形成前驱体以通过热CVD来制备膜时,由于此前驱体中的非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂不与RuO4反应,因此实际上可以制备出所需的含钌膜。
因此,当通过将RuO4溶解于水来形成膜形成前驱体,然后通过将这样的前驱体以气态形式输送至反应室来通过热CVD形成膜时,RuO4分解,并生成活性Ru,而此活性Ru与水反应生成不期望的氧化物。这使得制备所需的含钌膜十分困难。
在本发明的膜形成前驱体情况下,非可燃性溶剂不会与当RuO4在反应室中分解时所生成的活性Ru化合物反应,并与未反应的气体一起从反应室排出。由此可以获得未被不期望化合物,例如氧化物改性的目标含钌膜。
(e)本发明的膜形成前驱体中的非可燃性溶剂优选不具有毒性。这使得当使用气态形式的本发明的膜形成前驱体通过热CVD制备含钌膜时,可以在安全的环境中进行膜制备。
(f)本发明的膜形成前驱体中的氟化溶剂优选不可燃且热稳定性高,这使得当使用气态形式的此膜形成前驱体通过热CVD来制备含钌膜时,可以避免将碳结合到膜中,也可以避免溶剂分解、燃烧或爆炸。
通过以下试验来验证本发明的膜形成前驱体在静置(储存)过程中的稳定性。
将RuCl3·nH2O溶液和Ce(NO3)4·2NH4NO3混合以提供8倍摩尔浓度的Ru,并使其反应;然后用分液漏斗以3-乙氧基-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-十二氟-2-三氟甲基己烷(3M Company商品Novec HFE-7500)在室温下萃取。在水相与HFE-7500相分离之后,将在一定试验温度下的HFE-7500溶液静置在40℃的黑暗中,并通过UV-可见光谱周期性测定RuO4浓度。通过将1mol/L的NaSCN混入周期性取样的HFE-7500溶液来进行UV-可见光谱分析(590nm)。结果示于图2。图2示出了RuO4浓度与包含已溶解RuO4的HFE-7500溶液的储存时间(40℃的黑暗中)之间的关系。
图2中的结果证实,HFE-7500溶液能够在40℃的黑暗中长期稳定储存,该HFE-7500溶液包含以0.12wt%(0.3mol%)的浓度溶解的RuO4,即相当于本发明的膜形成前驱体的溶液。
此外,在使用包含溶解于HFE-7500的RuO4的膜形成前驱体的过程中,对于使用氮载气在室温和85torr下从鼓泡器排出的RuO4气体,在不同的日期(例如8、18、24、39和45天)测量其UV信号强度。结果不同的测量日期均得到相同的紫外信号强度,这证实此膜形成前驱体能够长期稳定输送。
(2)形成含钌膜的方法
通过将至少本发明的膜形成前驱体以气态形式引入装有衬底的反应室中,将含钌膜沉积在所述衬底上,由此形成含钌膜。
在可能的含钌膜中,下面具体描述以下几种:
2-1)形成钌膜的方法;
2-2)形成氧化钌膜(RuO2膜)的方法;和
2-3)形成钌酸盐膜的方法。
2-1)形成钌膜的方法
通过以下方法形成钌膜:将本发明的气态形式的膜形成前驱体和气态还原剂引入装有衬底的反应室,然后通过使所述前驱体与所述还原剂反应而将钌沉积在所述衬底上。
可以使用鼓泡器系统将本发明的膜形成前驱体引入反应室。即,可将本发明的膜形成前驱体(如上所述为液体)装在容器中,然后可用惰性气体鼓泡管将惰性气体(例如氮、氩、氦等)鼓泡进入此(可能被温控的)容器,从而将夹带在惰性气体中的本发明的前驱体输送至反应室中。本发明并不一定限于鼓泡器系统,也可以使用液体质量流量控制器/蒸发器组合。
所述还原剂将氧化钌还原成钌金属。此还原剂的具体例子可以是但不限于氢(H2)。可以使用单一还原剂或两种或更多种还原剂的组合。氢是特别优选的还原剂。
可以使用化学气相沉积(CVD)和原子层沉积(ALD)来形成钌膜。
当使用CVD时,将本发明的气态还原剂和气体膜形成前驱体同时引入反应室。在此情况下,还原剂与前驱体中的RuO4在气相中反应,从而将RuO4还原成钌,而钌则沉积在衬底上。在此钌沉积过程中,与气态前驱体中的RuO4共存的上文指定的非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂不会分解,因此也避免了其结合在钌膜中。
在此膜制备过程中,反应室中的总压力优选保持在0.01-1000torr,更优选保持在0.1-10torr。优选将衬底加热至50-800℃,更优选加热至100-400℃。向反应室中加入足够量的还原剂以将前驱体中的RuO4还原成钌金属。当例如使用氢作为还原剂时,对于前驱体中的每1摩尔RuO4,至少使用4摩尔氢。此时的副产物是H2O。
当使用ALD时,最初只将气体膜形成前驱体(作为反应性化合物,即前驱体中的RuO4和还原剂)引入反应室,并且通过前驱体的吸附和分解而将很薄的氧化钌层(单原子层)形成在衬底上。然后用惰性气体(例如氮、氦)来清洗反应室的内部,以去除未反应(未吸附)的膜形成前驱体,包括与气态前驱体中的RuO4共存的上文指定的非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂。清洗之后,仅将气态还原剂引入反应室。进入的还原剂与形成在衬底上的氧化钌单原子层反应,并将氧化钌还原成钌金属。这导致在衬底上形成钌单原子层。当需要制造较厚的钌膜时,可以在将未反应的还原剂和由还原剂生成的气体反应产物从反应室清除后,重复以下步骤:引入本发明的气体膜形成前驱体;清洗/去除残余的膜形成前驱体;引入还原剂;清洗/去除还原剂和气体反应产物。
对于ALD,气体膜形成前驱体和还原剂的引入可以通过脉冲输送进行。例如,可以用0.01-10秒以0.1-10sccm的流率引入气体膜形成前驱体。例如,可以用0.01秒以0.5-100sccm的流率引入还原剂。例如,可用0.01-10秒以100-5000sccm的流率引入清洗气体。
在ALD过程中,反应室中的总压力优选保持在0.1-10torr,同时衬底温度优选保持在100-600℃。
2-2)形成氧化钌膜(RuO2膜)的方法
将气态形式的本发明的膜形成前驱体引入装有衬底的反应室。可以通过如上所述的鼓泡器系统将此膜形成前驱体以气态形式引入反应室。在此情况下,将衬底加热至前驱体中的RuO4分解并且固体氧化钌(RuO2)形成的温度。RuO4分解所生成的固体氧化钌沉积在衬底上。在此氧化钌沉积过程中,与气态前驱体中的RuO4共存的上文指定的氟化溶剂没有进行分解,因此也避免了其结合在氧化钌膜中。固体氧化钌(RuO2)充当气态RuO4的分解催化剂。结果,一旦气态RuO4已经受热分解,并且经分解所产生的固体氧化钌已沉积在衬底上,即使加热温度降低,气态RuO4也可以令人满意地分解。
在此氧化钌沉积过程中,反应室内的总压力优选设定为0.01-1000torr,更优选设定为0.1-5torr。优选将衬底加热至至少150℃,更优选加热至350-400℃。
按上面2-1)和2-2)所述的膜形成方法的衬底的示例可以为半导体衬底,例如硅衬底。例如,可在此半导体衬底上形成下列膜:低k膜、高k膜、掺杂C的二氧化硅膜、氮化钛膜、铜膜、氮化钽膜、钼膜、钨膜和铁电膜。本发明提供的钌膜和氧化钌膜具有对上述膜的优异粘附性,并且甚至在经受化学机械抛光(CMP)时也不会剥离。而且,这些钌膜、氧化钌或含钌膜中完全不含杂质,例如碳和卤素(如氟)。此外,在本发明中不需要培养期(incubation period),或培养期很短,这相应地缩短了钌膜和氧化钌膜的沉积(生长)时间(对于ALD从最初的早期阶段开始,对于CVD为数分钟)。
图3是表示可用于通过CVD实施方法2-1)和2-2)的装置的一个实例的示意图。
图3所示装置具有反应室11、膜形成前驱体原料源12、还原剂气体原料源13和惰性气体(通常用作载气和/或稀释气体)原料源14。如果是单晶圆设备,则在反应室11中设置基座(未示出),并且在所述基座上安装单个半导体衬底(未示出),例如硅衬底。基座内部具有加热器,用于将半导体衬底加热至规定的反应温度。如果是批量设备,则在反应室11中装有5-200个半导体衬底。批量设备用的加热器的结构可以不同于单晶圆设备用的加热器的结构。
膜形成前驱体原料源12使用上文已描述的鼓泡器系统将膜形成前驱体引入反应室11,并且通过管线L1与惰性气体原料源14连接。管线L1设有截止阀V1,并在其下游设有流率控制器,例如质量流量控制器MFC1。将膜形成前驱体从原料源12通过管线L2引入反应室11。管线L2中从上游侧依次设有:UV光谱仪UVS、压力计PG1、截止阀V2和截止阀V3。UV光谱仪UVS的作用是确定管线L2中前驱体(具体为RuO4)的存在和检测前驱体的浓度。
还原剂气体的原料源13包括装有气态形式的还原剂的容器。将还原剂气体从此原料源13通过管线L3加入反应室11。管线L3中具有截止阀V4。管线L3与管线L2相连接。
惰性气体原料源14包括装有气态形式惰性气体的容器。可将惰性气体从此原料源通过管线L4引入反应室11。管线L4中从上游侧依次设有:截止阀V6、质量流量控制器MFC3和压力计PG2。管线L4与管线L3在截止阀V4的上游连结。管线L1在截止阀V6的上游从管线L4分支出。
管线L5在截止阀V1的上游从管线L1分支出。此管线L5在截止阀V2与V3之间与管线L2连结。在管线L5中从上游侧依次设置截止阀V7和质量流量控制器MFC4。
可到达反应室11的管线L6在截止阀V3与V4之间分支出。此管线L6中设有截止阀V8。
在反应器11的底部提供可到达泵PMP的管线L7,管线L7中从上游侧依次具有:压力计PG3、用于调节背压的蝶阀BV和热阱15。热阱15包括一根在其周围设有加热器的管。由于通过热分解将气态前驱体中的RuO4转化为固体氧化钌,因此可以通过将引入此热阱15的RuO4转化为固体氧化钌而将其从气体流中除去,该固体氧化钌则沉积在所述管的内壁上。
为了使用图3所示的装置制备钌膜,首先将截止阀V1、V2和V5关闭,并打开截止阀V6、V7、V3、V4和V8。操作泵PMP的同时,将来自惰性气体原料源14的惰性气体通过管线L4和L5经管线L6引入反应室11。
然后打开截止阀V5,并将还原剂气体从还原剂气体原料源13引入反应室11,然后立即打开截止阀V1和V2,并将惰性气体从惰性气体原料源14通过管线L1引入膜形成前驱体原料源12。由此将气态前驱体(RuO4和上文指定的非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂)经管线L2和管线L6引入反应室11。还原剂气体与RuO4在反应室11中反应,从而钌金属沉积在半导体衬底上。
为了使用图3所示的装置制备固体氧化钌膜,对装置进行如下准备:关闭截止阀V5以及V4和V6,并且因为不会用到还原剂气体而保持这些阀关闭。启动泵PMP,产生真空条件,并打开截止阀V3、V7和V8,以使惰性气体流入反应室。在此状态下,打开截止阀V1、V2,并将惰性气体从惰性气体原料源14通过管线L4和管线L1引入膜形成前驱体原料源12,从而将气态前驱体(RuO4和上文指定的非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂)经管线L2和管线L6引入反应室11。由于反应室11正被加热,因此所引入反应室11的RuO4热分解为固体氧化钌,该固体氧化钌沉积在衬底上。
图4是表示可用于通过ALD实施方法2-1)(形成钌膜)的装置的一个实例的示意图。
图4所示装置的结构是在图3所示装置中提供管线L8;此管线L8本身设有截止阀V2’,并在截止阀V2’下游设有与热阱15相同的热阱15’。在图3与图4中,相同的标记表示相同的元件,并不再对这些元件进行详细描述。已安装的管线L8的一端与管线L2在紫外光谱仪UVS与压力计PG1之间连接,而另一端与管线L7在热阱15与泵PMP之间连接。
为了使用图4所示装置通过ALD制备钌膜,首先将截止阀V2和V5关闭,并打开截止阀V6、V7、V3、V4、V8和V9以及截止阀V1和V2’。随着泵PMP运行,在各条管线中产生真空态,并通过管线L4和L5引入来自惰性气体原料源14的惰性气体,并经管线L6将其引入反应室11。惰性气体通过管线L1引入膜形成前驱体原料源12,以使气态前驱体(RuO4和上文指定的非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂)与惰性气体一起在管线L2和L8中流动。
在上述初始设置完成之后,关闭截止阀V2’,并打开截止阀V2,将气态前驱体脉冲送入反应室11。然后关闭截止阀V2,同时打开截止阀V2’,这使得将在热阱15’中分解的气态前驱体与惰性气体一起通过管线L8。通过将惰性气体从L4和L5经L6引入反应室11来清洗反应室内部,从而将未反应的前驱体(包括非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂)以及生成的副产物从反应室11内部去除。然后打开截止阀V5,并将还原剂气体脉冲从还原剂气体原料源13与来自惰性气体原料源14的惰性气体一起送入反应室11。然后关闭截止阀V5,从而将惰性气体脉冲送入反应室11,并将反应副产物、未反应的还原剂等从反应室11去除。可以重复此工艺循环,直到得到具有所需厚度的钌膜。
2-3)形成钌酸盐膜的方法
通过以下方法形成钌酸盐膜:将气态形式的上文指定的膜形成前驱体和气态有机金属化合物引入装有衬底的反应室,然后使所述前驱体与有机金属化合物在氧化气体的存在下反应,从而将钌酸盐沉积在所述衬底表面上。
可以通过如上所述的鼓泡器系统将膜形成前驱体引入反应室。
例如,当制备BaRuOx的铁电膜时,可以使用Ba(DPM)2(其为β-二酮/钡络合物)作为有机金属化合物。当制备SrRuOx的铁电膜时,可以使用Sr(DPM)2(其为β-二酮/锶络合物)作为有机金属化合物。这里,DPM是二新戊酰甲烷酯或2,2,6,6-四甲基-3,5-庚二酸酯(TMHD)的缩写。
氧化气体例如可以是氧、臭氧或N2O。
可以使用CVD形成上述铁电膜;在这种情况下,将气态形式的上文指定的膜形成前驱体和气态形式的有机金属化合物引入反应室。然后使前驱体中的RuO4与有机金属化合物在氧的存在下在气相中反应,从而例如形成BaRuOx(或SrRuOx),并沉积在衬底上。然而,与此同时,与气态前驱体中的RuO4共存的上文指定的非可燃性溶剂,优选氟化溶剂在铁电膜沉积过程中不会分解,因此也避免了其结合到膜中。
反应室中的温度优选为450-800℃,这是这些气体的反应温度。
由此方法制备的钌酸盐膜(例如BaRuOx和SrRuOx)具有铁电性质,并可以例如用在电容器中。而且,由于可以通过此方法制备薄的铁电膜,因此这些膜可以用作电极材料(正如Ru膜和RuO2膜)。具体地,这些铁电膜(特别是SrRuOx)可以用作独立铁电体的上下电极材料(或用作铁电体与电极材料之间的缓冲层)。这些铁电膜为氧化物,可以防止与铁电体(例如镧钛酸铅(PLT)和锆钛酸铅(PZT))相关的氧和PbO扩散,同时通过采用与这些铁电体相同的钙钛矿结构,可以提高电极材料与这些铁电体的界面处的粘附性,并可以防止或减少可在此界面处发生的低介电常数层生成,并可以防止或减轻恶化。
实施例
下面通过实施例更详细地解释本发明,但本发明并不受限于这些实施例。
实施例1
在反应室中装载一个硅衬底以及一个表面具有二氧化硅膜的硅衬底;在容器中装载膜形成前驱体,所述膜形成前驱体包含以0.12wt%的浓度溶解于3-乙氧基-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-十二氟-2-三氟甲基己烷(3M Company商品Novec HFE-7500)的四氧化钌(RuO4);通过将氮鼓泡通过容器,将夹带在氮中的RuO4和HFE-7500引入反应室。还将氢以相对于氮为0.5vol%的浓度引入该反应室。将反应室中的总压力设定为10torr,使衬底温度为300℃。以此方式将钌金属膜沉积在两个衬底上。钌金属沉积速率约为9/min。
所得的钌金属膜与硅衬底以及另一个硅衬底上的二氧化硅膜均紧密粘合。
在此钌金属沉积中,培养期(反应开始后直到膜开始形成所需的时间)对于硅衬底为5分钟,对于表面具有二氧化硅膜的硅衬底为7分钟。比较而言,当使用纯RuO4作为前驱体来沉积钌金属时,培养期为零。因此,从总体上考虑,尽管实施例1的培养期比使用具有爆炸风险的纯RuO4时稍长,但是能够以安全且实用的方式进行膜形成。
通过Auger电子光谱仪对用钌金属膜涂覆的表面具有二氧化硅膜的硅衬底的表面组成进行分析。结果示于图5。图5示出了每种元素的原子浓度与距离钌金属膜表面的深度的函数曲线。因此,图5中x轴所绘的溅射时间相对应距离表面的深度。
从图5可以看出,形成了极纯的钌膜,没有检测到杂质O、C和F。
实施例2
如实施例1所述在如下膜上形成钌金属膜:氧化铝膜、低k膜、氧化铪(HfO2)膜、氧化镧(La2O3)膜、氮化钽(TaN)膜、氧化钽(Ta2O5)膜、氮化钛(TiN)膜、BST膜和PZT膜。钌金属沉积速率与膜性质无关,每种情况均为约9/min。此外,所有情况下,钌金属均与底下的膜紧密粘合。
实施例3
在反应室中装载一个硅衬底以及一个表面具有二氧化硅膜的硅衬底;在容器中装载与实施例1相同的浓度为0.12wt%的膜形成前驱体;将氮以10sccm的流率鼓泡通过容器;以RuO4气体流率为0.07sccm的方式,用0.5秒将夹带在氮中的RuO4和HFE-7500引入反应室。在每个衬底上形成氧化钌薄膜。在通过用氮清洗反应室内部而将未反应的RuO4和共存的HFE-7500去除之后,以1.2sccm的流率用1秒将氢连同用作稀释剂的氮引入反应室。用作稀释剂的氮的总流率为174sccm。将反应室内的压力保持在4torr。将衬底温度设定为300℃。
然后用氮清洗反应室内部,之后重复上述循环,以得到具有所需厚度的钌金属膜。每个循环中钌金属沉积速率约为1.9/min。
在此ALD钌金属沉积中,培养循环数(反应开始后直到膜开始形成所需的循环数)对于硅衬底为零,对于表面具有二氧化硅膜的硅衬底也为零,这表明已经有效地形成了膜。当使用纯RuO4作为前驱体通过ALD沉积钌金属膜时,需要75个培养循环。
实施例4
如实施例3所述在如下膜上形成钌金属膜:氧化铝膜、低k膜、氧化铪(HfO2)膜、氧化镧(La2O3)膜、氮化钽(TaN)膜、氧化钽(Ta2O5)膜、氮化钛(TiN)膜、BST膜和PZT膜。钌金属沉积速率与膜性质无关,每种情况均为约每个循环1.9/min。此外,所有情况下,钌金属均与底下的膜紧密粘合。
实施例5
在反应室中装载一个硅衬底以及一个表面具有二氧化硅膜的硅衬底;在容器中装载与实施例1相同的浓度为0.12wt%的膜形成前驱体;将氮以20sccm的流率鼓泡通过容器;将夹带在氮中的RuO4和HFE-7500引入反应室。将反应室内的总压力设定为10torr,衬底温度为400℃。在这些条件下,在60分钟内在每个衬底上得到厚度约为1000的十分均匀的氧化钌膜(沉积速率约为17/min)。所得的氧化钌膜与硅衬底以及另一个硅衬底上的二氧化硅膜均紧密粘合。
附图说明
图1为RuO4、HFE-7500和FC-3283(其为本发明的膜形成前驱体的可能组分)的蒸汽压与温度的关系图。
图2为其中溶有RuO4的HFE-7500溶液的RuO4浓度在40℃下于黑暗中的储存时间之间的关系图。
图3为实施本发明的方法的装置的一个实例的示意图。
图4为实施本发明的方法的装置的另一个实例的示意图。
图5为通过Auger电子光谱仪对用根据本发明的实施例1的钌金属膜涂覆的表面具有二氧化硅膜的硅衬底的表面组成进行分析时得到的原子浓度曲线图。
标号
11反应室
12膜形成前驱体的原料源
13还原剂气体的原料源
14惰性气体的原料源
Claims (19)
1.用于形成含钌膜的前驱体,其包含溶解于非可燃性氟化溶剂中的四氧化钌,所述溶剂具有通式CxHyFzOtNu(1),式中:
2x+2≤y+z且2≤x≤15且z>y且t+u≥1,
x、y、z、t和u为正整数。
2.如权利要求1的前驱体,其中所述氟化溶剂选自3-乙氧基全氟(2-甲基己烷)和三(七氟丙基)胺。
3.用于形成含钌膜的方法,包括步骤:
通过将至少如权利要求1或2的用于形成膜的前驱体引入包括至少一个衬底的反应室,在衬底上沉积含钌膜,其中所述前驱体以气态形式引入。
4.如权利要求3的方法,还包括步骤:
将气态还原剂引入所述反应室,从而通过使所述气态前驱体与所述气态还原剂反应而将钌沉积在至少一个衬底上。
5.如权利要求4的方法,其中所述还原剂是氢。
6.如权利要求4或5的方法,其中所述反应室的压力保持在0.01-1000torr。
7.如权利要求4-6中任何一项的方法,其中所述膜沉积步骤在50-800℃的衬底温度下进行。
8.如权利要求4-7中任何一项的方法,其中将所述还原剂和所述钌前驱体同时引入所述反应室。
9.如权利要求4-7中任何一项的方法,包括步骤:
将所述气态前驱体引入所述反应室;
通过向所述反应室注入惰性气体以清洗所述反应室;
然后,在确定时间内将所述气态还原剂引入所述反应室,以下称为还原剂脉冲;
通过向所述反应室注入惰性气体以清洗所述反应室内部;
由此还原所述衬底上的氧化钌。
10.如权利要求9的方法,包括步骤:
重复所述气态前驱体的引入步骤,例如直到达到所需的膜厚度。
11.如权利要求9或10的方法,包括步骤:
将所述衬底温度保持在100-600℃。
12.如权利要求3的方法,包括步骤:
将所述气态前驱体热分解;
从而将氧化钌膜沉积在所述衬底上。
13.如权利要求12的方法,包括步骤:
将所述反应室中的总压力保持在0.01-1000torr。
14.如权利要求12或13的方法,包括步骤:
将所述衬底温度保持在至少150℃以上。
15.如权利要求3的方法,还包括步骤:
将所述气态前驱体、气态有机金属化合物和含氧气体同时或分别以脉冲引入装有所述衬底的反应室;
使所述前驱体、有机金属化合物与所述含氧气体反应,从而将钌酸盐膜沉积在所述衬底的表面上。
16.如权利要求3-15中任何一项的方法,其中所述衬底是用于半导体制造的硅基晶圆。
17.如权利要求3-15中任何一项的方法,其中所述衬底是陶瓷基材料。
18.如权利要求17的方法,其中所述衬底不是扁平表面,而包括至少一些弯曲表面,例如突起。
19.如权利要求3-15中任何一项的方法,其中所述衬底是球形衬底。
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EP1797581A1 (en) | 2007-06-20 |
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WO2006035281A1 (en) | 2006-04-06 |
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