CN100579527C - 用于治疗和控制脊髓发育不良综合征的含免疫调节化合物的组合物和使用方法 - Google Patents
用于治疗和控制脊髓发育不良综合征的含免疫调节化合物的组合物和使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100579527C CN100579527C CN03825567A CN03825567A CN100579527C CN 100579527 C CN100579527 C CN 100579527C CN 03825567 A CN03825567 A CN 03825567A CN 03825567 A CN03825567 A CN 03825567A CN 100579527 C CN100579527 C CN 100579527C
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Abstract
公开了治疗、预防和/或控制脊髓发育不良综合征的方法。具体方法包括,单独或与第二种活性成分,和/或血液或细胞的移植联合给予免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。特殊的第二种活性成分可影响血细胞生成。还公开了适用于本发明的方法中使用的药用组合物、单一单位剂型和药剂盒。
Description
1.发明领域
本发明涉及治疗、预防和/或控制脊髓发育不良和相关综合征的方法,它包括单独或与已知疗法联合给予免疫调节化合物。本发明还涉及药用组合物和给药方案。具体说来,本发明包括免疫调节化合物与脊髓发育不良综合征的移植治疗和/或其它常规治疗的联合用药。
2.发明背景
2.1MDS的病理生物学
脊髓发育不良综合征(“MDS”)指各种造血干细胞疾病。MDS的特征在于具有被损坏的形态学和成熟的骨髓细胞(dysmyelopiesis)、外周血细胞减少和发展成急性白血病的不确定的风险,无效血细胞的生成导致的白血病。The MerckManual 953(第17版,1999)和List等,1990,J.Clin.Oncol.8:1424。
最初的造血干细胞损伤可起因于,但不限于,例如细胞毒素化疗、放射、病毒、化学暴露和遗传素质。克隆突变主导骨髓,抑制健康干细胞。在MDS的早期,血细胞减少的主要原因在于程序性细胞死亡(细胞凋亡)的增加。随着所述疾病发展和转化成白血病,基因突变很少发生,白血病细胞的增殖击溃所述健康骨髓。所述疾病的过程各不相同,有些情况下表现为缓慢发展的疾病,其它情况下表现为极短的临床过程的侵袭性而转化为急性形式的白血病。
仍未知MDS在美国的实际发病率。1976年MDS首次被认为是一种特殊疾病,估计每年发生1500个新病例。当时,只有低于5%胚细胞的患者才被认为患有此病。在西半球,1999年的统计估计每年13,000个新病例,每年约1000个病例发生在儿童中,超过了最常见的白血病形式慢性淋巴细胞白血病。对正在增加的发病率的理解可归因于鉴别和诊断标准的改进。所述疾病发现于世界范围内。
血液学家的国际组织,法-美-英(FAB)合作组织将MDS从急性髓性白血病中分出五种亚型。The Merck Manual 954(1999年第17版);Bennett J.M.等,Ann.Intern.Med.1985年10月,103(4):620-5;和Besa E.C.,Med.Clin.North Am.1992年5月,76(3):599-617。在所有亚型中发现所述患者的骨髓细胞中基本的三个谱系的发育异常变化。
有顽固性贫血的两种亚型,其特征在于,在骨髓中只有5%或更少的成髓细胞:(1)顽固性贫血(RA)和;(2)带环状铁粒幼红细胞的RA(RARS),形态学上定义为具有带异常的环状铁粒幼红细胞的15%红细胞,它反映线粒体中的铁积聚异常。二者都有延长的临床过程,向急性白血病的发展的可能性低。Besa E.C,Med.Clin.North Am.1992年5月,76(3):599-617。
存在具有多于5%成髓细胞的顽固性贫血的两种亚型:(1)具有定义为6-20%成髓细胞的过量胚细胞的RA(RAEB),和(2)具有21-30%成髓细胞的转化中的RAEB(RAEB-T)。成髓细胞的百分比越高,临床过程越短,所述疾病越接近于急性髓性白血病。患者从初期向更晚期阶段的转变表明,这些亚型只不过是疾病的阶段,而不是不同的本质。具有三谱系发育异常和多于30%成髓细胞的老年MDS患者(他们发展成急性白血病)通常被认为有差的预后,因为他们对化疗的应答速度低于新的急性髓性白血病患者。世界卫生组织(WHO)分类(1999)建议,在急性白血病分类方面,包括所有BAEB-T病例或具有多于20%成髓细胞的患者,因为这些患者有相似的预后结果。然而他们对治疗的应答比新的或更典型的急性髓性白血病或急性非淋巴细胞白血病(ANLL)患者更差。出处同上。
最难分类的第五种类型的MDS被称着慢性骨髓单核细胞白血病(CMML)。这种亚型可具有任何百分比的成髓细胞,但出现1000/dL或更多的单核细胞增多。这可能与脾肿大有关。该亚型与脊髓发育不良病相重迭,可以有中等的临床过程。它区别于特征在于阴性Ph染色体的典型的慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)。最新的WHO分类(1999)建议,将少年和增殖性CMML单独从FAB中列入具有脾肿大和大于13,000总WBC的MDS/脊髓发育不良病(MPD)。CMML限于少于13,000/mm3的总白细胞的单核细胞增多,并要求三谱系发育异常。出处同上。Harris N.L.等,J.Clin.Oncol.1999Dec.,17(12):3835-49。最后,某些其它国际组织,包括WHO,提出第六种MDS患者,其特征在于del(5q)异常。
MDS最初是一种中位数始于生命的第七个十年的老年人的疾病。这些患者的中位数年龄是65岁,年龄分布在生命前期的第三个十年到老至80岁或更老龄之间。所述综合征可发生于任何年龄段,包括小儿科群体。用烷基化剂,伴有或没有化疗的恶性疾病治疗中幸存的患者有很大比例发展成MDS或继发性急性白血病。约60-70%的患者无明显的MDS暴露或病因,它们被分类为原发性MDS患者。
MDS的最常见病例是原发性的或自发的。然而,在疾病开始前的10-15年,约50%的患者可有暴露于无法确定的化学品或辐射的不明确的历史。发病机制的这种关系仍未证实。化合物例如,但不限于,苯、杀虫剂、除草剂和杀真菌剂是MDS的可能成因。GoldbergH.,等,CancerRes.1990年11月1日;50(21):6876-81。继发性MDS描述了已知暴露于可造成骨髓损伤的化疗药物后的MDS或急性或急性白血病的发展。这些药物与暴露后和MDS或急性白血病诊断时的染色体异常的高发生率有关。
而且,MDS与严重血细胞减少症有关的并发症相关。其它并发症是骨髓纤维化的发展,它可加速减少血细胞计数,增加输血需求。向急性白血病的转化加速并发症例如贫血、出血和感染的发展。
最近,国际MDS风险分析(IMRA)专题讨论会提出国际预后评分系统(IPSS),以减少在预测MDS患者的幸存者和AML风险方面的不准确性。所述IPSS基于血细胞减少的数量、BM胚细胞的百分比和细胞遗传异常的类型(表1)。Greenberg等,Blood 1997,89:2079-88。后者分成良好(正常,-Y,del(5q),del(20g)),中等和差的亚型(复合体或染色体7异常)。
2.2MDS治疗
目前对MDS的治疗基于支配所述疾病过程的特殊时期的所述疾病的阶段和机理。骨髓移植已用于预后差或晚期MDS的患者。Epstein和Slease,1985,Surg.Ann.17:125。但是,由于涉及侵入步骤,这种类型的治疗令提供者和接受者都痛苦,并它可令接受者产生严重甚至是致命的并发症,尤其是伴有同种异基因的移植和相关的移植物抗宿主疾病(GVHD)的后果。因此,GVHD的风险限制了骨髓移植对患有其它致命疾病的患者的使用。而且,由于大部分患者是年长者,只有少数年青的MDS患者会有匹配的提供者,骨髓移植的使用受到限制。
治疗MDS的另一种方法是用造血生长因子或细胞因子刺激受体的血细胞成长。Dexter,1987,J.Cell Sci.88:1;Moore,1991,Annu.Rev.Immunol.9:159;和Besa E.C.,Med.Clin.North Am.1992年5月,76(3):599-617。通过少量自更新干细胞产生谱系特殊的祖代细胞,接着它们经过增殖和分化生成成熟的循环血细胞,血细胞的形成过程已经表明被特定的激素至少部分调节。这些激素被统称为造血生长因子。Metcalf,1985,Science 229:16;Dexter,1987,J.Cell Sci.88:1;Golde和Gasson,1988,Scientific American,7月:62;Tabbara和Robinson,1991,Anti-Cancer Res.11:81;Ogawa,1989,Environ.HealthPresp.80:199;和Dexter,1989,Br.Med.Bull.45:337。最有特征的生长因子包括红细胞生成素(EPO)、粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)。除了诱发定向造血干细胞增殖和分化外,还表明这类细胞因子可激活成熟血细胞的多种功能,包括影响成熟造血细胞的迁移。Stanley等,1976,J.Exp.Med.143:631;Schrader等,1981,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.78:323;Moore等,1980,J.Immunol.125:1302;Kurland等,1979,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.76:2326;Handman和Burgess,1979,J.Immunol.122:1134;Vadas等,1983,Blood 61:1232;Vadas等,1983,J.Immunol.130:795;和Weibart等,1986,J.Immunol.137:3584。
不幸地,在许多临床环境下造血生长因子的作用未经证实。用重组人GM-CSF和G-CSF治疗MDS患者的临床试验已经表明,虽然这些细胞因子可恢复所治疗的患者的粒细胞生成,但它们的功效受到粒细胞或单核细胞系的限制,在血红蛋白或血小板数量方面没有多少或完全没有改善。Schuster等,1990,Blood 76(Suppl.1):318a。当用重组人EPO治疗这类患者时,只有不超过25%的患者的血红蛋白得到持续的改善或减少对输血的需求。Besa等,1990,76(Suppl.1):133a;Hellstrom等,1990,76(Suppl.1):279a;Bowen等,1991,Br.J.Haematol.77:419。因此,仍需要安全和有效的治疗和控制MDS的方法。
2.3用于治疗所述疾病的沙利度胺和其它化合物
沙利度胺是以商品名出售的外消旋化合物,其化学名称为α-(N-苯二酰亚氨基)戊二酰亚胺或2-(2,6-二氧代-3-哌啶基)-1H-异吲哚-1,3(2H)-二酮。20世纪50年代最初开发沙利度胺以治疗早孕反应,但由于它的致畸形作用而不再使用。美国已批准沙利度胺用于麻风的麻风性结节性红斑的皮肤表观的急性治疗。Physicians’Desk Reference,1154-1158(2002年第56版)。由于它给予孕妇会引起出生缺陷,所以严格控制沙利度胺的销售。出处同前。据报道,沙利度胺已被研究用来治疗其它疾病,例如慢性移植物抗宿主疾病、类风湿性关节炎、结节病、严重炎性皮肤病和炎性肠病。通常参见Koch,H.P.,Prog.Med.Chem.22:165-242(1985)。也可参见,Moller,D.R.等,J.Immunol.159:5157-5161(1997);Vasiliauskas,E.A.等,Gastroenterology 117:1278-1287(1999);Ehrenpreis,E.D.等,Gastroenterology 117:1271-1277(1999)。还声称沙利度胺可与其它药物联合以治疗与冠状动脉和大脑闭塞有关的局部缺血/消肿。参见美国专利号5,643,915,通过引用结合到本文中。
最近,在多种疾病状态、AIDS的恶病质和AIDS的机会性感染中,发现沙利度胺起到免疫调节和抗炎作用。在确定沙利度胺的生理学目标的研究中,发现所述药物除了它的镇静作用外,还有大量的生理活性,包括神经毒性、致畸性、通过单核细胞/巨噬细胞抑制TNF-α生成、伴有与高水平TNF-α有关的炎性毒性和抑制血管生成和新血管形成。
此外,在大量皮肤病、溃疡性结肠炎、Crohn’s病、贝赫切特氏综合征、系统性红斑狼疮、口疮性溃疡和狼疮中,已观察到有益的效果。已报道沙利度胺在体内模型中的抗血管源性。D’Amato等,Thalidomide Is An INhibitor Of Angiogenesis,1994,PNAS,USA 91:4082-4085。
沙利度胺的最有治疗意义的潜在用途之一是治疗癌症。已研究所述化合物治疗各种癌症,例如顽固性多发性骨髓瘤、脑癌、乳房癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、黑素瘤、间皮瘤和肾细胞癌。参见例如,Singhal,S.等,New England J.Med.341(21):1565-1571(1999);和Marx,G.M.等,Proc.Am.Soc.Clin.Oncology 18:454a(1999)。据报道,沙利度胺也可用于预防由多柔比星引起的大鼠的慢性心肌病的发展。Costa,P.T,等,Blood92(10:suppl.1):235b(1998)。其它报道涉及用沙利度胺治疗特殊的癌症,包括它与卡铂联合治疗多形性成胶质细胞瘤。McCann,J.,Drug Topics 41-42(1999年6月21日)。据报道,使用沙利度胺与地塞米松联合用药能有效治疗多发性骨髓瘤患者,作为支持性治疗,所述患者还接受人粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)、环丙沙星和不可吸收的抗真菌药。Kropff,M.H.,Blood 96(11 part 1):168a(2000);还参见,Munshi,N.等,Blood 94(10part 1):578a(1999)。包括沙利度胺的其它联合化疗公开于R.Govindarjan和A.Zeitlan的国际申请号PCT/US01/15326和J.B.Zeldis等的国际申请号PCT/US01/15327中。
为努力提供比沙利度胺有更大治疗安全性和效果的化合物,研究者们已经研究了大量的其它化合物,其中一些是沙利度胺的衍生物。参见例如,Marriott,J.B.等,Expert Opin.Biol.Ther.1(4):1-8(2001);G.W.Muller等,Journal ofMedicinal Chemistry 39(17):3238-3240(1996);和G.W.Muller等,Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 8:2669-2674(1998)。实例包括,但不限于,描述于G.W.Muller等的两件美国专利6,281,230和6,316,471号的取代的2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)苯邻二甲酰亚胺和取代的2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)-1-氧代异吲哚。
已经研究根据它们的经LPS刺激的PBMC而有效地抑制TNF-α生成的能力选出的一组化合物。L G.Corral,等,Ann.Rheum.Dis.58:(Suppl I)1107-1113(1999)。称为IMiDsTM或免疫调节药物的这些化合物显示不仅有效地抑制TNF-α,而且还显著抑制LPS诱发的单核细胞IL1β和IL12生成。IMiDsTM也抑制(即使是部分地抑制)LPS诱导的IL6。这些化合物是LPS诱发的IL10的有效刺激剂,可提高IL10水平200-300%。出处同前。
尽管许多这类化合物已经表现出作为治疗药物的前景,但它们的作用机理和效果仍在研究中。此外,仍需要治疗MDS及其相关疾病的治疗药物。
3.发明概述
本发明包括治疗或预防脊髓发育不良综合征(“MDS”)的方法,它包括给予有需要的患者治疗或预防有效量的本发明的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。本发明还包括控制MDS(例如,延长缓解时间)的方法,它包括给予需要这种控制的患者治疗或预防有效量的本发明的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。
本发明的一个实施方案包括一种或多种免疫调节化合物与目前所用的常规疗法例如造血生长因子、细胞因子、癌症的化疗、干细胞移植和其它移植联合使用,以治疗、预防或控制MDS。
本发明还包括适用于治疗、预防和/或控制MDS的药用组合物、单一单位剂型和药剂盒,其包含本发明的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。
4.发明详述
本发明的第一个实施方案包括治疗或预防MDS的方法,它包括向需要这种治疗或预防的患者提供治疗或预防有效量的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。所述实施方案包括治疗、预防或控制特殊亚型的MDS,例如顽固性贫血、带环状铁粒幼红细胞的顽固性贫血、带过量胚细胞的顽固性贫血、带过量转化中的胚细胞的顽固性贫血和慢性骨髓单核细胞白血病。
本文所用的术语“脊髓发育不良综合征”或“MDS”指造血干细胞疾病,它有下列一个或多个特征:无效血细胞生成、进行性血细胞减少症、向急性白血病发展的风险或带损坏形态的和成熟(dysmyelopoiesis)的骨髓细胞。除非另有说明,术语“脊髓发育不良综合征”或“MDS”包括:顽固性贫血、带环状铁粒幼红细胞的顽固性贫血、带过量胚细胞的顽固性贫血、带过量转化中的胚细胞的顽固性贫血和慢性骨髓单核细胞白血病。
本发明的另一实施方案包括控制MDS的方法,它包括给予需要此种控制的患者预防有效量的免疫化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。
本发明的另一实施方案包括药用组合物,它包含免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。
本发明还包括单一单位剂型,它包含免疫调节化合物其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。
本发明的另一实施方案包括药剂盒,它包括:含有免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药的药用组合物和第二种活性药物或地塞米松或使用说明。本发明还包括包含单一单位剂型的药剂盒。
本发明的一个实施方案包括治疗、预防和/或控制MDS的方法,它包括给予需要此种治疗、预防和/或控制的患者治疗或预防有效量的免疫调节化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药,和治疗或预防有效量的第二种活性药物。
第二种活性药物优选造血生长因子、细胞因子、抗癌剂、抗生素、抗真菌剂、抗炎剂、免疫抑制剂例如环孢素、MDS的常用药物或例如Physician’s Desk Reference 2002中发现的其它化疗药物。优选的抗癌或癌化疗剂为细胞凋亡诱引剂、拓朴异构酶抑制剂、抗血管生成化合物、微管稳定剂、烷基化剂和其它已知常用的癌症化疗药物。最优选的第二种活性药物是能影响或改善血生成的那些药物。第二种活性药物可为大分子(例如蛋白)或小分子(例如合成无机分子、有机金属分子或有机分子)。第二种活性药物的具体实例包括,但不限于,依那西普伊马替尼抗TNF-α抗体、英夫利昔单抗G-CSF、GM-CSF、EPO、托泊替康、伊立替康、己酮可可碱、环丙沙星、地塞米松、IL2、IL8、IL18、阿糖胞苷、长春碱、长春瑞滨、异维A酸和13-顺式维生素A酸。本发明还包括使用天然的、天然存在的和重组的蛋白。本发明还包括天然存在的蛋白的突变体和衍生物(例如经修饰的形式),它们在体内表现出它们所基于的蛋白的至少某些药理学活性。突变体的实例包括,但不限于,有不同于蛋白的天然存在的形式中相应残基的一个或多个氨基酸残基的蛋白。术语“突变体”还包括无通常出现于它们的天然存在形式中的糖类部分的蛋白(例如非糖基化形式)。衍生物的实例包括,但不限于,聚乙二醇化的衍生物和融合蛋白,例如将IgG1或IgG3融合到所述蛋白或所述蛋白的活性部分形成的蛋白。参见,例如,Penichet,M.L.和Morrison,S.L.,J.Immunol.Methods 248:91-101(2001)。引起本文所公开的蛋白的分泌的菌苗及其药理学活性的突变体、衍生物和它们的融合也包括在本发明中。
不囿于理论,认为某些免疫调节化合物和蛋白可以互补或协同的方式在治疗或控制MDS中起作用。还认为某些蛋白可减少或消除与某些免疫调节化合物有关的特殊副作用,从而允许给予患者更大量的免疫调节化合物和/或增加患者的依从性。又认为某些免疫调节化合物可降低或消除与某些基于蛋白的MDS疗法有关的特殊副作用,从而允许给予患者更大量的蛋白和/或增加患者的依从性。
本发明的另一实施方案包括逆转、减少或避免与用于治疗癌症或患有MDS的患者的MDS的化疗药物或治疗剂的给药有关的副作用的方法,它包括给予有需要的患者治疗或预防有效量的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。
由于MDS的某些阶段中不可避免的白血病的转化发展,外周血干细胞、造血干细胞制剂或骨髓移植也许是必要的。认为免疫调节化合物和干细胞转殖的联合使用于患有MDS的患者引起异常和未预料到的协同作用。具体说来,不囿于理论,相信免疫化合物表现出免疫调节活性,当同时进行移植治疗时,它会引起叠加的或协同的作用。免疫调节化合物可与移植治疗联合起作用,减少与移植的侵入过程有关的并发症和相关的移植物抗宿主疾病(GVHD)的风险。因此,本发明包括治疗、预防和/或控制MDS的方法,它包括在移植治疗前、期间或之后,给予患者(例如人)免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。
本发明还包括药用组合物、单一单位剂型和药剂盒,它们包含一种或多种免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药,第二种活性成分,和/或移植治疗的血液或细胞。例如,所述药剂盒包含一种或多种本发明化合物、移植的干细胞和免疫抑制剂、抗生素或其它药物,它们各用于治疗MDS患者。
4.1免疫调节化合物
用于本发明的化合物包括免疫调节化合物,它们是外消旋、立体异构富集或立体异构纯的和其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。用于本发明的优选化合物是分子量低于约1000g/mol的小有机分子,且不是蛋白、肽、低聚核苷酸、寡糖或其它大分子。
除非另有说明,用于本文的术语“立体异构纯”指含化合物的一种立体异构体且基本不含该化合物的其它立体异构体的组合物。例如,有一个手性中心的化合物的立体异构体纯组合物基本不含该化合物的相反对映体。有两个手性中心的化合物的立体异构体纯组合物基本不含该化合物的其它非对映异构体。典型的立体异构体纯化合物含有大于约80%重量的所述化合物的一种立体异构体和小于约20%重量的该化合物的其它立体异构体,更优选大于约90%重量的所述化合物的一种立体异构体和小于约10%重量的该化合物的其它立体异构体,甚至更优选大于约95%重量的所述化合物的一种立体异构体和小于约5%重量的该化合物的其它立体异构体,最优选大于约97%重量的所述化合物的一种立体异构体和小于约3%重量的该化合物的其它立体异构体。除非另有说明,用于本文的术语“立体异构体富集”指含有大于约60%重量的化合物的一种立体异构体,优选大于约70%重量,更优选大于80%重量的化合物的一种立体异构体。除非另有说明,用于本文的术语“对映体纯”指有一个手性中心的化合物的立体异构体纯组合物。同样地,术语“立体异构体富集”指有一个手性中心的化合物的立体异构体富集的组合物。
除非另有说明,用于本文的术语“免疫调节化合物”或用于本文的“IMiDsTM”(Celgene公司)含有小有机分子,它显著地抑制TNF-α、LPS诱发的单核细胞IL1β和IL12,并部分抑制IL6生成。本发明的具体免疫调节化合物下面讨论。
TNF-α是急性炎症期间由巨噬细胞和单核细胞产生的炎性细胞因子。TNF-α引起细胞内的不同的范围的信号活动。TNF-α可在癌症中起病理作用。不囿于特殊理论,本发明的免疫调节化合物所发挥的生物学作用之一是减少TNF-α的合成。本发明的免疫调节化合物加强了TNF-αmRNA的降解。
而且,不囿于特殊理论,本发明所用的免疫调节化合物也是T-细胞的有效共同刺激剂,并以剂量依赖的方式显著地增加细胞增殖。本发明的免疫调节化合物也对CD8+T细胞亚群比对CD4+T细胞亚群有更大的共同刺激剂作用。而且,所述化合物优选有抗炎性质,并有效地共同刺激T细胞。
本发明的免疫调节化合物的具体实例包括,但不限于,取代苯乙烯的氰基和羧基衍生物,例如公开于美国专利号5,929,117的那些化合物;1-氧代-2-(2,6-二氧代-3-氟代哌啶-3-基)异吲哚啉和1,3-二氧代-2-(2,6-二氧代-3-氟代哌啶-3-基)异吲哚啉,例如描述于美国专利号5,874,448中的那些化合物;描述于美国专利号5,798,368的四取代的2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)-1-氧代异吲哚啉;1-氧代和1,3-二氧代-2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)异吲哚啉(例如,沙利度胺的4-甲基衍生物和EM-12),包括但不限于,公开于美国专利号5,635,517的那些化合物;和公开于美国专利号5,698,579和5,877,200的非多肽环酰胺;沙利度胺的类似物和衍生物,包括沙利度胺的水解产物、代谢物、衍生物和前体,例如D’Amato的美国专利号5,593,990、5,629,327和6,071,948中所述的那些化合物;氨基沙利度胺及氨基沙利度胺的类似物、水解产物、代谢物、衍生物和前体,和取代的2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)苯邻二甲酰亚胺和取代的2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)-1-氧代异吲哚,例如美国专利号6,281,230和6,316,471中所述的那些化合物;异吲哚-酰亚胺化合物,例如于2001年10月5日提交的美国专利申请号09/972,487、于2001年12月21日提交的美国专利申请号10/032,286和国际申请号PCT/US01/50401(国际公布号WO 02/059106)中所述的那些化合物。通过引用将本文所述的各项专利的全文结合到本文中。本发明的免疫调节化合物不包括沙利度胺。
本发明的其它具体免疫调节化合物包括但不限于,在苯并环中被氨基取代的1-氧代-和1,3-二氧代-2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)异吲哚啉,它描述于结合到本文中的美国专利号5,635,517中。这些化合物有结构式I:
其中X和Y之一是C=O,X和Y中的另一个是C=O或CH2,R2是氢或低级烷基,尤其是甲基。具体的免疫调节化合物包括,但不限于:
1-氧代-2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)-4-氨基异吲哚啉;
1-氧代-2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)-5-氨基异吲哚啉;
1-氧代-2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)-6-氨基异吲哚啉;
1-氧代-2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)-7-氨基异吲哚啉;
1,3-二氧代-2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)-4-氨基异吲哚啉;
和1,3-二氧代-2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)-5-氨基异吲哚啉。
本发明的其它具体免疫调节化合物属于一类取代的2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)苯邻二甲酰亚胺和取代的2-(2,6-二氧代哌啶-3-基)-1-氧代异吲哚,例如分别被结合到本文中的美国专利号6,281,230、6,316,471、6,335,349、6,476,052和国际专利申请号PCT/US97/13375(国际公布号WO 98/03502)所述的那些化合物。这类化合物的代表性化合物具有下式:
其中R1是氢或甲基。在各实施方案中,本发明包括这些化合物的对映体纯形式(例如光学纯(R)或(S)对映体)的使用。
本发明的其它具体免疫调节化合物属于一类异吲哚-酰亚胺,它们公开于通过引用分别结合到本文中的美国专利申请号10/032,286、09/972,487和国际申请号PCT/US01/50401(国际公布号WO02/059106)。代表性的化合物及其药学上可接受的盐、水合物、溶剂合物、包合物、对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋体和立体异构体的混合物具有式II:
其中:
X和Y之一是C=O,而另一个是CH2或C=O;
R1是H、(C1-C8)烷基、(C3-C7)环烷基、(C2-C8)链烯基、(C2-C8)炔基、苄基、芳基、(C0-C4)烷基-(C1-C6)杂环烷基、(C0-C4)烷基-(C2-C5)杂芳基、C(O)R3、C(S)R3、C(O)OR4、(C1-C8)烷基-N(R6)2、(C1-C8)烷基-OR5、(C1-C8)烷基-C(O)OR5、C(O)NHR5、C(S)NHR3、C(O)NR3R3’、C(S)NR3R3’或(C1-C8)烷基-O(CO)R5;
R2是H、F、苄基、(C1-C8)烷基、(C2-C8)链烯基或(C2-C8)炔基;
R3和R3’独立为(C1-C8)烷基、(C3-C7)环烷基、(C2-C8)链烯基、(C2-C8)炔基、苄基、芳基、(C0-C4)烷基-(C1-C6)杂环烷基、(C0-C4)烷基-(C2-C5)杂芳基、(C0-C8)烷基-N(R6)2、(C1-C8)烷基-OR5、(C1-C8)烷基-C(O)OR5、(C1-C8)烷基-O(CO)R5或C(O)OR5;
R4是(C1-C8)烷基、(C2-C8)链烯基、(C2-C8)炔基、(C1-C4)烷基-OR5、苄基、芳基、(C0-C4)烷基-(C1-C6)杂环烷基或(C0-C4)烷基-(C2-C5)杂芳基;
R5是(C1-C8)烷基、(C2-C8)链烯基、(C2-C8)炔基、苄基、芳基或(C2-C5)杂芳基;
R6在每次出现时独立为H、(C1-C8)烷基、(C2-C8)链烯基、(C2-C8)炔基、苄基、芳基、(C2-C5)杂芳基或(C0-C8)烷基-C(O)O-R5,或R6基团可结合形成杂环烷基;
n是0或1;和
*表示手性碳中心。
在式II的具体化合物中,当n是0时,则R1是(C3-C7)环烷基、(C2-C8)链烯基、(C2-C8)炔基、苄基、芳基、(C0-C4)烷基-(C1-C6)杂环烷基、(C0-C4)烷基-(C2-C5)杂芳基、C(O)R3、C(O)OR4、(C1-C8)烷基-N(R6)2、(C1-C8)烷基-OR5、(C1-C8)烷基-C(O)OR5、C(S)NHR3或(C1-C8)烷基-O(CO)R5;
R2是H或(C1-C8)烷基;和
R3是(C1-C8)烷基、(C3-C7)环烷基、(C2-C8)链烯基、(C2-C8)炔基、苄基、芳基、(C0-C4)烷基-(C1-C6)杂环烷基、(C0-C4)烷基-(C2-C5)杂芳基、(C5-C8)烷基-N(R6)2、(C0-C8)烷基-NH-C(O)O-R5、(C1-C8)烷基-OR5、(C1-C8)烷基-C(O)OR5、(C1-C8)烷基-O(CO)R5或C(O)OR5;其它变量有相同的定义。
在其它具体式II化合物中,R2是H或(C1-C4)烷基。
在其它具体式II化合物中,R1是(C1-C8)烷基或苄基。
在其它具体式II化合物中,R1是H、(C1-C8)烷基、苄基、CH2OCH3、CH2CH2OCH3,或
在式II化合物的另一个实施方案中,R1是
其中Q是O或S,R7在每次出现时独立为H、(C1-C8)烷基、苄基、CH2OCH3或CH2CH2OCH3。
在其它具体式II化合物中,R1是C(O)R3。
在其它具体式II化合物中,R3是(C0-C4)烷基-(C2-C5)杂芳基、(C1-C8)烷基、芳基或(C0-C4)烷基-OR5。
在其它具体式II化合物中,杂芳基是吡啶基、呋喃基或噻吩基。
在其它具体式II化合物中,R1是C(O)OR4。
在其它具体式II化合物中,C(O)NHC(O)的H可被(C1-C4)烷基、芳基或苄基代替。
本发明的其它具体免疫调节化合物属于通过引用分别结合到本文中的美国专利申请号09/781,179、国际公布号WO 98/54170和美国专利号6,395,754所公开的一类异吲哚-酰亚胺。代表性的化合物及其药学上可接受的盐、水合物、溶剂合物、包合物、对映体、非对映异构体、外消旋体和立体异构体的混合物具有式III:
其中:
X和Y之一是C=O,另一个是CH2或C=O;
R是H或CH2OCOR’;
(i)R1、R2、R3或R4相互独立,各自是卤代基、1-4个碳原子的烷基或1-4个碳原子的烷氧基,或(ii)R1、R2、R3或R4之一是硝基或-NHR5,而余下的R1、R2、R3或R4是氢;
R5是氢或1-8个碳原子的烷基
R6是氢、1-8个碳原子的烷基、苯并基(benzo)、氯代基或氟代基;
R’是R7-CHR10-N(R8R9);
R7是间亚苯基或对亚苯基或-(CnH2n)-,其中n的值为0-4;
R8和R9相互独立,各为氢或1-8个碳原子的烷基,或R8和R9接合在一起为四亚甲基、五亚甲基、六亚甲基或-CH2CH2[X]X1CH2CH2-,其中[X]X1-O-、-S-或-NH-;
R10是氢、1-8个碳原子的烷基或苯基;和
*表示手性碳中心。
本发明最优选的免疫调节化合物是4-(氨基)-2-(2,6-二氧代(3-哌啶基))-异吲哚啉-1,3-二酮和3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮。通过常规的合成方法可得到所述化合物(参见,例如通过引用结合到本文的美国专利号5,635,517)。所述化合物可从Celgene Corporation、Warren、NJ购得。4-(氨基)-2-(2,6-二氧代(3-哌啶基))-异吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(ACTIMIDTM)有下列化学结构:
3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(REVIMIDTM)有下列化学结构:
本发明的化合物可市售获得或根据本专利或公开于本文的专利出版物中所述的方法制备。而且,用已知的拆分试剂或手性柱和其它常规合成有机化学技术,可不对称合成或拆分光学纯化合物。
除非另有说明,用于本文的术语“药学上可接受的盐”包含所述术语所涉及化合物的无毒的酸和碱的加成盐。可接受的无毒酸加成盐包括衍生自本领域已知的那些有机和无机酸或碱的加成盐,它们包括,例如,盐酸、氢溴酸、磷酸、硫酸、甲磺酸、乙酸、酒石酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、马来酸、山梨酸、乌头酸、水杨酸、苯二甲酸、恩贝酸(embolic acid)、庚酸等。
实际上酸性化合物可与各种药学上可接受的碱形成盐。可用于制备这类酸性化合物的药学上可接受的碱加成盐的碱是形成无毒碱加成盐的那些碱,即含有药理学上可接受的阳离子的盐,例如,但不限于,碱金属或碱土金属盐,尤其是钙盐、镁盐、钠盐或钾盐。适用的有机碱包括,但不限于,N,N-二苄基乙二胺、氯普鲁卡因、胆碱、二乙醇胺、乙二胺、葡甲胺(N-甲基葡胺)、赖氨酸和普鲁卡因。
除非另有说明,用于本文的术语“前药”指可水解、氧化或在生物条件下(体外或体内)反应生成所述化合物的化合物的衍生物。前药的实例包括,但不限于,本发明的免疫调节化合物的衍生物,它包括可生物水解的部分,例如可生物水解的酰胺、可生物水解的酯、可生物水解的氨基甲酸酯、可生物水解的碳酸酯、可生物水解的酰脲和可生物水解的磷酸酯类似物。前药的其它实例包括本发明的免疫调节化合物的衍生物,它含有-NO、-NO2、-ONO或-ONO2基团。一般用1 Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry andDrug Discovery,172-178,949-982(Manfred E.Wolff编辑,1995年第五版),和Design of Prodrugs(H.Bundgaard编辑,Elselvier,New York 1985)所述的那些熟知的方法可制备前药。
除非另有说明,用于本文的术语“可生物水解的酰胺”、“可生物水解的酯”、“可生物水解的氨基甲酸酯”、“可生物水解的碳酸酯”、“可生物水解的酰脲”、“可生物水解的磷酸酯”各指化合物的酰胺、酯、氨基甲酸酯、碳酸酯、酰脲、磷酸酯,它或者:1)不干扰所述化合物的生物学活性,却能体内给予该化合物有益特性,例如,摄取、持续作用或起效作用;或者2)是无生物学活性的,却在体内转化为生物活性化合物。可生物水解的酯的实例包括,但不限于,低级烷基酯、低级酰氧基烷基酯(例如乙酰氧基甲基酯、乙酰氧基乙基酯、氨基羰基氧基甲基酯、新戊酰氧基甲基酯和新戊酰氧基乙基酯)、内酯(例如2-苯并[c]呋喃酮基酯和硫代2-苯并[c]呋喃酮基酯)、低级烷氧基乙酰氧基烷基酯(例如甲氧基羰基氧基甲基酯、乙氧基羰基氧基乙基酯和异丙氧基羰基氧基乙基酯)、烷氧基烷基酯、胆碱脂和酰氨基烷基酯(例如乙酰氨基甲基酯)。可生物水解的酰胺的实例包括,但不限于,低级烷基酰胺、α-氨基酸酰胺、烷氧基酰基酰胺和烷基氨基烷基羰基酰胺。可生物水解的氨基甲酸酯的实例包括,但不限于,低级烷基胺、取代的乙二胺、氨基酸、羟基烷基胺、杂环基和杂芳基胺和聚醚胺。
应注意到,如果在所述结构和对该结构给定的名称之间有矛盾时,那么所述结构更为重要。另外,如果结构或部分结构的立体化学没有用例如粗线或虚线标出,则结构或部分结构应被解释为包括它的所有结构。
4.2第二种活性药物
一种或多种第二种活性成分可与本发明的免疫调节化合物一起用于本发明的方法和组合物中。在优选实施方案中,第二种活性药物能够影响或改善血细胞生成的过程。特定的第二种活性药物也在体外或体内刺激细胞中涉及到红细胞系祖代的分裂和分化。
第二种活性药物可为大分子(例如,蛋白)或小分子(例如,合成无机物分子、有机金属分子或有机分子)。第二种活性药物包括,但不限于,造血生长因子、细胞因子、抗癌剂、抗生素、蛋白酶体抑制剂、免疫抑制剂和本文所讨论的其它治疗剂。具体药物包括,但不限于,G-CSF、GM-CSF、EPO、地塞米松、托泊替康、己酮可可碱、伊立替康、环丙沙星、长春碱、IL2、IL8、IL18、阿糖胞苷、异维A酸(isotretinoin)和13-顺式维生素A酸、12-O-十四烷酰佛波醇-13-乙酸酯(TPA)、5-AZA2’-脱氧胞苷、9-硝基喜树碱、反式视黄酸、氨磷汀、两性霉素B和脂质体两性霉素B、抗-CD-20单克隆抗体、抗即复宁(ATG)、三氧化二砷、氮杂胞苷、贝伐单抗、铋单克隆抗体、苔藓抑素、白消安、醋酸卡泊芬净、celocoxib、克拉屈滨、环磷酰胺、环孢素、阿糖胞苷、胞嘧啶、柔红霉素、缩肽、依托泊苷、farresy、转移酶抑制剂、flavopiridol、Flt3配体、氟达拉滨、gentuzumab、奥佐米星(mylotarg)、依那西普伊马替尼抗-TNF-α抗体、英夫利昔单抗人源化单克隆抗-VEGF抗体、伊达比星、亚叶酸、美法仑、米托蒽醌、单克隆抗体ABX-CBL、单克隆抗体CD52、麦考酚酸吗乙酯、oblimersen、Ω-3脂肪酸、喷司他丁、丁酸苯酯、PR1白血病肽疫苗、montanide、蛋白酶体抑制剂、苯基丁酸钠、水杨酸钠、替莫唑胺、即复宁、troxatyl、肿瘤坏死因子受体IgG嵌合体、钇Y90人源化单克隆抗体M195。在本发明的具体实施方案中,本发明的免疫调节化合物与己酮可可碱、环丙沙星和/或地塞米松联合使用。
本发明还包括天然的、自然存在的和重组蛋白的用途。本发明也包括在体内表现出它们所基于的蛋白的至少部分药理学活性的天然存在的蛋白的突变体和衍生物(例如经修饰的形态)。突变体的实例包括,但不限于,有一种或多种区别于天然存在的蛋白形式的相应残基的氨基酸残基的蛋白。术语“突变体”还包括一般不存在于其天然存在形式中的糖类部分的蛋白(例如,非糖基形式)。衍生物的实例包括,但不限于,聚乙二醇化的衍生物和融合蛋白,例如将IgG1或IgG3融合到所述蛋白或所述蛋白的活性部分所形成的蛋白。参见,例如,Penichet,M.L.和Morrison,S.L.,J.Immunol.Methods 248:91-101(2001)。
可根据通过引用全部结合到本文中的美国专利号4,810,643、4,999,291、5,528,823和5,580,755所述的方法,制备G-CSF的重组和突变形式。可根据通过引用全部结合到本文中的美国专利号5,391,485、5,393,870和5,229,496所述的方法,制备GM-CSF的重组和突变形式。事实上,目前在美国出售G-CSF和GM-CSF重组形式以治疗与特定的化疗有关的症状。在美国称作非格司亭的G-CSF的重组形式以商品名出售。已知与EPO联合刺激MDS患者的粒细胞(主要是中性粒细胞)的分裂和成熟,增强红细胞系的应答。Physicians’Desk Reference,587-592(2002年第56版)。在美国还以商品名出售称为沙格司亭的GM-CSF的重组形式。已知刺激早期的骨髓和巨噬细胞母体细胞的分裂和成熟,并据称增加粒细胞。Physicians’Desk Reference,1755-1760(2002年第56版)。在美国称为阿法依泊汀的EPO的重组形式以商品名出售。用于通过刺激所涉及的红细胞母体细胞的分裂和成熟,刺激红细胞生成。据称可自身原样给药,对20-26%的MDS患者有效,当与G-CSF或GM-CSF联合给予,对多达48%的患者有效。Physicians’Desk Reference,582-587(2002年第56版)。
生长因子或细胞因子例如G-CSF、GM-CSF和EPO也可以疫苗的形式给药。例如,分泌细胞因子例如G-CSF和GM-CSF或产生其分泌物的疫苗可用于本发明的方法、药用组合物和药剂盒中。参见,例如Emens,L.A.等,Curr.Opinion Mol.Ther.3(1):77-84(2001)。
可给予的或与本发明免疫调节化合物联合使用的其它化合物包括于2002年5月17日提交的美国临时专利申请号60/380,842、于2002年5月17日提交的美国临时专利申请号60/380,843中所公开的那些化合物,通过引用将二者结合到本文中。
4.3治疗和控制方法
本发明的方法包括预防、治疗和/或控制各种类型的MDS的方法。除非另有说明,用于本文的术语“预防”包括,但不限于,抑制或防止与MDS有关的症状。与MDS有关的症状包括,但不限于,贫血、血小板减少、中性白细胞减少、血细胞减少、双血细胞减少(两种有缺陷的细胞系)和各类血细胞减少(三种有缺陷的细胞系)。除非另有说明,用于本文的术语“治疗”指MDS症状出现后组合物的给药,而“预防”指尤其对有MDS风险的患者而言,在症状出现前的给药。除非另有说明,用于本文的术语“控制”包括防止已患过MDS的患者的MDS复发,延长患过MDS的患者保持缓解的时间和/或预防有患上MDS风险的患者的MDS的发生。
本发明包括患有原发性和继发性MDS的患者的治疗或预防方法。它还包括曾经治疗过MDS的患者和此前从未治疗过MDS的患者的治疗方法。因为MDS患者有各种不同的临床表现和不同的临床结果,所以根据严重性和阶段显然有必要按照他们的预后和采用的治疗对所述患者分阶段。实际上,本发明的方法和组合物可用于患有一种或多种类型的MDS的患者各个阶段的治疗,包括但不限于,顽固性贫血(RA)、带环状铁粒幼红细胞的RA(RARS)、带过量胚细胞的RA(RAEB)、转化中的RAEB(RAEB-T)和慢性骨髓单核细胞白血病(CMML)。本发明也打算治疗用IPSS诊断出上述MDS的患者。Greenberg等,Blood 1997(89):2079-88。
本发明所包括的方法包括向患有或可能患有MDS的患者(例如,人)提供本发明的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。具体的患者群包括年长者,即60岁或以上的及超过35岁的那些患者。有MDS或白血病家族史的患者也是预防计划的优选人选。
本发明的一个实施方案中,本发明的免疫调节化合物以约0.10-约150mg/日的量单一或细分的日剂量口服给药。在具体实施方案中,4-(氨基)-2-(2,6-二氧代(3-哌啶基)-异吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(ActimidTM)以每日约0.1-约1mg,或每隔一日约5mg的量给药。可优选以每日约5-25mg,或每隔一日约25-50mg的量给予3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(RevimidTM)。
4.3.1与第二种活性药物的联合
本发明的具体方法包括给予1)本发明免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药,和2)第二种活性药物或活性成分。本发明的免疫调节化合物的实例公开于本文(参见例如,第4.1节);所述第二种活性药物的实例公开于本文(见,例如第4.2节)中。
可同时或相继,经相同或不同的给药途径,向患者给予所述的免疫调节化合物和第二种活性药物。具体活性药物所用的具体给药途径的适用性取决于所述活性药物本身(例如,它是否能口服给药而不会在进入血液前分解)和要治疗的疾病。免疫调节化合物的优选给药途径是口服。本发明的第二种活性药物或成分的优选给药途径是本领域一般技术人员已知的那些途径。参见,例如,Physicians’DeskReference,1755-1760(2002年第56版)。
在一个实施方案中,所述第二种活性药物经静脉或皮下,以约1-约1000mg、约5-约500mg、约10-约350mg或约50-约200mg的量,每天一次或两次给药。第二种活性药物的特定量应取决于所用的具体药物、要治疗式控制的MDS的类型、MDS的严重性和阶段和同时给予患者的本发明的免疫调节化合物和任何任选的其它活性药物的量。在具体实施方案中,所述的第二种活性药物是GM-CSF、G-CSF、EPO、反式视黄酸、地塞米松、托泊替康、己酮可可碱、环丙沙星、地塞米松、IL2、IL8、IL18、阿糖胞苷、长春瑞滨或它们的组合。GM-CSF以约60-约500mcg/m2的量用2小时经静脉或以约5-约12mcg/m2/日的量经皮下给药。G-CSF最初以约1mcg/kg/日的量皮下给药,再根据总粒细胞计数的升高作调整。皮下用药的维持剂量是300(对较小的患者)或480mcg。EPO以每周三次,每次10,000单位的量皮下给药。
4.3.2与移植疗法的联合使用
在另一个实施方案中,本发明包括治疗、预防和/或控制MDS的方法,它包括,和移植疗法一起,联合给予本发明的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。在本文其它地方讨论过,MDS的治疗是基于所述疾病所处的阶段和机理。由于某些阶段的MDS不可避免的白血病的转化发展,外周血干细胞、造血干细胞制剂或骨髓移植可以是必须的。本发明的免疫调节化合物和移植疗法的联合使用提供了独特的和未料到的协同作用。尤其是当同时对MDS患者进行移植疗法时,本发明的免疫调节化合物表现出可提供附加的或协同作用的免疫调节活性。本发明的免疫调节化合物可与移植疗法联合起作用,以减少与移植疗法的侵入过程有关的并发症和相关的移植物抗宿主疾病(GVHD)的风险。本发明包括治疗、预防和/或控制MDS的方法,该方法包括在脐带血液、胎盘血液、外周血干细胞、造血干细胞制剂或骨髓移植之前、期间或之后,向患者(例如,人)提供本发明的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。适合用于本发明方法的干细胞实例公开于R.Hariri等于2002年4月12日提交的美国临时专利申请号60/372,238中,其通过引用全文结合到本文中。
4.3.3周期治疗
在某一实施方案中,向患者周期给予本发明的预防药物或治疗药物。周期治疗涉及第一种药物给药一段时间,接着该药物/或第二种药物给药一段时间,再重复该顺序给药。周期治疗可减少对一种或多种所述疗法的抗药性的发展,避免或减少所述疗法之一的副作用和/或改善所述治疗的效果。
在具体实施方案中,在约16周的周期中,每天约一次或两次给予预防药物或治疗剂。一个周期可包括治疗剂或预防药物的给药,和至少一(1)周或三(3)周的停药。给药周期数从约1-约12个周期,更典型地从约2-约10个周期和更典型地从约2-约8个周期。
4.4药用组合物和单一单位剂型
药用组合物可以单个的、单一的单位剂型使用。本发明的药用组合物和剂型包含本发明的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。本发明的药用组合物和剂型还包含一种或多种赋形剂。
本发明的药用组合物和剂型还可包含一种或多种其它活性成分。因此,本发明的药用组合物和剂型包含本文所公开的活性成分(例如,本发明的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药,和第二种活性成分)。任选的其它活性成分的实例公开于本文(参见,例如4.2节)。
本发明的单一单位剂型适用于对患者口服、粘膜(例如,鼻、舌下、阴道、口腔或直肠)或胃肠外(例如,皮下、静脉、大剂量注射、肌内或动脉内)、经皮或透皮给药。剂型的实例包括,但不限于:片剂;胶囊形片剂;胶囊,例如软弹性明胶胶囊;扁囊剂;药片;锭剂;分散剂;栓剂;粉剂;气雾剂(例如,鼻喷雾剂或吸入剂);凝胶剂;适用于患者口服或粘膜给药的液体剂型,包括悬液(例如,含水或不含水液体悬液、水包油乳液或油包水液体乳剂)、溶液和酏剂;适用于患者胃肠外给药的液体剂型;和可重新配制成适用于向患者胃肠外给药的液体剂型的无菌固体(例如,晶体或非晶型固体)。
本发明的组合物、形状和剂型类型一般应随其用途而变。例如,与用于相同疾病的慢性治疗的剂型相比,用于疾病的急性治疗的剂型可含有更大量的一种或多种其所含的活性成分。同样地,与用于治疗相同疾病的口服剂型相比,胃肠外的剂型可含更少量的一种或多种其所含有的活性成分。本发明所包含的相互不同的具体剂型的这些和其它方式,对本领域的技术人员而言是显而易见的。参见,例如,Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,第18版,Mack Publishing,Easton PA(1990)。
典型的药用组合物和剂型包含一种或多种赋形剂。适用的赋形剂为药学领域的技术人员所熟知,本文提供适用的赋形剂的非限定性实例。具体赋形剂是否适于结合到药用组合物或剂型中,取决于本领域熟知的各种因素,它包括,但不限于,所述剂型向患者的给药剂型。例如,口服剂型例如片剂可含有不适于胃肠外剂型使用的赋形剂。具体赋形剂的适用性也可取决于所述剂型中的具体活性成分。例如,某些赋形剂例如乳糖,或暴露于水中时,可加速某些活性成分的分解。含有伯胺或肿胺的活性成分尤其易于如此加速分解。因此,本发明所包含的药用组合物和剂型仅含极少(如果有的话)不同于单或双糖类的乳糖。本文所用的术语“无乳糖的”指所存在的乳糖的量,如果有的话,不足以持续地增加活性成分的降解速度。
无乳糖的本发明组合物可包含本领域所熟知并列于例如U.S.Pharmacopeia(USP)25-NF20(2002)中的赋形剂。一般说来,无乳糖的组合物包含药学上可配伍的和药学上可接受的量的活性成分、粘合剂/填充剂和润滑剂。优选的无乳糖剂型包含活性成分、微晶纤维素、预胶化淀粉和硬脂酸镁。
由于水能促进某些化合物的降解,本发明还包括含有活性成分的无水药用组合物和剂型。例如,药学领域广泛接受加水(例如,5%)作为刺激长期贮存的方式,以确定性质例如制剂的货架期或规定时间之外的稳定性。参见,例如,Jens T.Carstensen,Drug Stability:Principles & Practice,第二版,Marcel Dekker,NY,NY,1995,第379-80页。实际上,水和热量加速某些化合物的分解。由于在制剂的制备、处理、包装、贮存、装运和使用过程中往往会遇到水分和/或湿度,因此,水对制剂的影响是非常大的。
用不含水或含低水分的成分或在低水分或低湿度条件下可制备本发明的无水药用组合物和剂型。如果预料到制备、包装和/或贮存过程中实际接触水分和/或湿度,那么,含乳糖和至少一种含伯或仲胺的活性成分的药用组合物和剂型优选是无水的。
无水药用组合物的制备和贮存应该保持其无水性质。因此,优选用已知的防止暴露于水的原料包装无水组合物,以使它们可被包含于适用的配制药剂盒中。适用的包装包括,但不限于,密封的铝箔、塑料、单位剂量容器(例如,小瓶)、泡眼包装和对开压盖包装(strippacks)。
本发明还包括含有一种或多种降低活性成分分解速度的化合物的药用组合物和剂型。在本文中称作“稳定剂”的这类化合物包括,但不限于,抗氧化剂例如抗坏血酸、pH缓冲剂或盐缓冲剂。
如同赋形剂的量和类型,剂型中的活性成分的量和具体类型可随各种因素例如,但不限于,对患者的给药途径而不同。然而,本发明的典型剂型包含约0.10-约150mg的量的本发明的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。典型剂型包含约0.1、1、2、5、7.5、10、12.5、15、17.5、20、25、50、100、150或200mg的量的本发明的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、包合物或前药。在具体实施方案中,优选剂型含有约1、2、5、10、25或50mg的量的4-(氨基)2-(2,6-二氧代(3-哌啶基))-异吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(ActimidTM)。在具体实施方案中,优选剂型含有约5、10、25或50mg的剂量的3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(RevimidTM)。典型剂型含有1-约1000mg、约5-约500mg、约10-约350mg或约50-约200mg的量的第二种活性成分。当然,第二种活性成分的具体剂量应取决于所用的具体治疗剂、要治疗或控制的MDS类型及本发明的免疫调节化合物的量和同时向患者给药的任何任选的其它活性药物。
4.4.1口服剂型
适用于口服给药的本发明的药用组合物可呈现为分散剂型,例如,但不限于,片剂(例如,咀嚼片)、胶囊形片剂、胶囊和液体剂(例如,香味糖浆剂)。这类剂型含有预定量的活性成分,并可用本领域技术人员熟知的制药方法制备。一般参见,Remington’s PharmaceuticalSciences,第18版,Mack Publishing,Easton PA(1990)。
根据常规药学上的混合技术,通过使活性成分与至少一种赋形剂密切混合来制备本发明的典型口服剂型。根据所希望的给药制剂的形式,赋形剂可采取多种形式。例如,适用于口服液体或气雾剂型的赋形剂包括,但不限于,水、二醇、油、醇、增香剂、防腐剂和着色剂。适用于固体口服剂型(例如,粉剂、片剂、胶囊和胶囊形片剂)的赋形剂的实例包括,但不限于,淀粉、糖、微晶纤维素、稀释剂、成粒剂、润滑剂、粘合剂和崩解剂。
由于其易于给药,片剂和胶囊代表最有利的口服剂量单位形式,其中使用固体赋形剂。如需要,可用标准含水或不含水技术对片剂包衣。可用任何制药方法制备这类剂型。总之,通过使所述活性成分与液体载体、细分散的固体载体或二者均匀和密切地混合,如需要再使所述产物成型为所需呈现的形状,制备药用组合物和剂型。
例如,通过挤压或模塑可制备片剂。通过于适用设备中将与赋形剂任选混合的呈自由流动形式例如粉未或颗粒的所述活性成分挤压中,可制备压制片剂。通过使成粉末的湿润化合物与惰性液体稀释剂的混合物在适用设备中模塑,可制备模制片剂。
可用于本发明的口服剂型的赋形剂的实例包括,但不限于,粘合剂、填充剂、崩解剂和润滑剂。适合用于药用组合物和剂型的粘合剂包括,但不限于,玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉或其它淀粉、明胶、天然或合成树胶例如,阿拉伯胶、藻酸钠、藻酸、其它藻酸盐、黄芪胶粉、瓜尔胶、纤维素及其衍生物(例如,乙基纤维素、纤维素乙酸酯、羧甲基纤维素钙、羧甲基纤维素钠)、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、甲基纤维素、预胶化淀粉、羟丙基甲基纤维素(例如Nos.2208,2906,2910)、微晶纤维素及它们的混合物。
微晶纤维素的适用形式包括,但不限于,以AVICEL-PH-101、AVICEL-PH-103、AVICEL RC-581、以AVICEL-PH-105(从FMCCorporation、American Viscose Division、Avicel Sales、Marcus Hook、PA购得)出售的原料及其混合物。具体的粘合剂是以AVICEL RC-581出售的微晶纤维素和羧甲基纤维素的混合物。适用的无水或低水分赋形剂或添加剂包括AVICEL-PH-103TM和淀粉1500LM。
适合用于本文所公开的药用组合物和剂型中的填充剂包括,但不限于,滑石、碳酸钙(例如,粒状或粉状)、微晶纤维素、粉状纤维素、葡萄糖结合剂、白陶土、甘露醇、硅酸、山梨醇、淀粉、预胶化淀粉及它们的混合物。本发明药用组合物中的粘合剂或填充剂一般占所述药用组合物或剂型的约50%-约99%重量。
崩解剂用于本发明组合物以制备暴露于含水环境时崩解的片剂。含过多崩解剂的片剂会于贮存时崩解,而含太少崩解剂不会以希望的速度或在希望的条件下崩解。因此,既不太多又不太少的足量崩解剂决定性地改变用于形成本发明口服剂型的活性成分的释放。所用的崩解剂的量随制剂的剂型而变,这是本领域的普通技术人员易于明确的。典型的药用组合物含有约0.5%-约15%重量的崩解剂,优选约1%-约5%重量的崩解剂。
可用于本发明药用组合物和剂型的崩解剂包括,但不限于,琼脂-琼脂、海藻酸、碳酸钙、微晶纤维素、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚克立林钾、淀粉羟乙酸钠、马铃薯或木薯淀粉、其它淀粉、预胶化淀粉、其它淀粉、粘土、其它藻酸钠、其它纤维素、树胶和它们的混合物。
用于本发明的药用组合物和剂型的润滑剂包括,但不限于,硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、矿物油、轻质矿物油、甘油、山梨醇、甘露醇、聚乙二醇、其它二醇、硬脂酸、月桂基硫酸钠、滑石、氢化植物油(例如,花生油、棉子油、葵花油、芝麻油、橄榄油、玉米油和大豆油)、硬脂酸锌、油酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、琼脂和它们的混合物。其它润滑剂包括,例如,syloid silica gel(AEROSIL200,由MD,Baltimore的W.R.Grace Co制备)、合成二氧化硅的凝结气溶胶(由TX,Plano的Degussa Co.销售)、CAB-O-SIL(由MA.Boston的Cabot Co.出售的热源二氧化硅产物)及它们的混合物。既然要用,一般以低于它们要掺入的药用组合物或剂型的约1%重量的量使用润滑剂。
本发明的优选固体口服剂型包括本发明的免疫调节化合物、无水乳糖、微晶纤维素、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、硬脂酸、无水硅胶和明胶。
4.4.2缓释剂型
本发明的活性成分可经控释方法或经传递装置给药,这是本领域的普通技术人员所熟知的。实例包括,但不限于,美国专利号:3,845,770;3,916,899;3,536,809;3,598,123和4,008,719、5,674,533、5,059,595、5,591,767、5,120,548、5,073,543、5,639,476、5,354,556和5,733,566所述的那些方法,其通过引用分别结合到本文中。不同比例地采用例如,羟丙基甲基纤维素、其它聚合物基质(matrices)、凝胶、可渗透膜、等渗系统、多层包衣、微粒、脂质体、微球体或它们的结合,以提供所希望释放模式,这类剂型可用来提供一种或多种活性成分的缓慢或控制释放。可容易地选出包括本文所述的那些缓释制剂在内的本领域普通技术人员已知的适用控释制剂与本发明的活性成分合用。因此,本发明包括适于控释的适于口服的单一单位剂型,例如,但不限于,片剂、胶囊、凝胶胶囊和胶囊形片剂。
所有缓释药品都有一个共同的目标,使药物疗效超过它们的非控释相应物所达到的。理论上,最佳设计的缓释制剂在医学治疗上的使用特征在于,用最少量的药物物质在最短的时间内治愈或控制病症。控释制剂的优点包括扩大所述药物的活性、减少用药次数和增加患者的依从性。除此之外,控释制剂可用于影响开始作用的时间或其它性质,例如所述药物的血液水平,从而可影响副(例如不利的)作用的发生。
大部分的控释制剂被设计成:最初释放的药物(活性成分)量迅速产生所需疗效,再在延长的时间段内逐渐和继续地释放其余量的药物,以维持该治疗或预防效果的水平。为维持体内稳定的药物水平,以可代替被从体内代谢和排泄的药物的量的速度,必须从所述剂型中释放药物。可用各种条件包括,但不限于,pH、温度、酶、水或其它生理学条件或化合物刺激活性成分的控释。
4.4.3胃肠外剂型
可通过各种途径包括,但不限于,皮下、静脉(包括大剂量注射)、肌内和动脉内向患者提供胃肠外剂型。因为它们的给药往往避开患者的对污染物的天然防御,所以胃肠外剂型优选是无菌的或在给予患者前可灭菌的。胃肠外剂型的实例包括,但不限于,为注射所备用的溶液、为注射而准备溶解或悬浮于药学上可接受的溶媒中的干制品、为注射所备的悬液和乳液。
可用于提供本发明的胃肠外剂型的适用溶媒为本领域的技术人员所熟知。实例包括,但不限于:USP注射用水;含水溶媒例如,但不限于氯化钠注射液、复方氯化钠(Ringer’s)注射液、葡萄糖注射液、葡萄糖和氯化钠注射液和复方乳酸化(Lactated)氯化钠(Ringer’s)注射液;可与水混溶的溶媒例如,但不限于,乙醇、聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇;和不含水溶媒例如,但不限于,玉米油、棉子油、花生油、芝麻油、油酸乙酯、肉豆蔻酸异丙基酯和苯甲酸苄基酯。
可增加本文所公开的一种或多种活性成分的溶解度的化合物也可加入到本发明的胃肠外剂型中。例如,环糊精及其衍生物可用于增加本发明的免疫调节化合物及其衍生物的溶解度。参见,例如,通过引用结合到本文的美国专利号5,134,127。
4.4.4局部和粘膜用剂型
本发明的局部和粘膜用剂型包括,但不限于,喷雾剂、气雾剂、溶液、乳液、悬液或本领域的技术人员已知的其它形式。参见,Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,第16版和第18版,MackPublishing,Easton PA(1980&1990);和Introduction to PharmaceuticalDosage Forms,第4版,Lea&Febiger,Philadelphia(1985)。适用于治疗口腔内粘膜组织的剂型可配制成漱口剂或口部凝胶剂(oral gel)。
可用于提供本发明所包括的局部和粘膜剂型的适用的赋形剂(例如,载体和稀释剂)和其它原料为制药领域的技术人员所熟知,它们取决于给定药用组合物或剂型将应用的具体组织。典型的赋形剂包括,但不限于,水、丙酮、乙醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、丁-1,3-二醇、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、棕榈酸异丙酯、矿物油和它们的混合物以形成溶液、乳液或凝胶,考虑到这一事实,它们应是无毒的且药学上可接受的。如需要,增湿剂或湿润剂也可被加到药用组合物和剂型中。这类添加成分的实例为本领域所熟知。参见,例如,Remington’sPharmaceutical Sciences,第16版和第18版,Mack Publishing,EastonPA(1980 & 1990)。
也可调节药用组合物或剂型的pH,以增加一种或多种活性成分的传递。同样地,可调节溶剂载体的极性、它的离子强度或张力以增进传递。化合物例如硬脂酸酯也可加到药用组合物或剂型中,有利地改变一种或多种活性成分的亲水性或亲油性以增进传递。关于这一点,硬脂酸酯可用作所述制剂的脂质载体、乳化剂或表面活性药物和传递增强剂或渗透增强剂。所述活性成分的不同的盐、水合物或溶剂合物可用来进一步地调节所生成的组合物的性质。
4.4.5药剂盒
一般说来,优选不同时或以不同的给药途径向患者提供本发明的活性成分。因此,本发明包括医疗专业人士使用的药剂盒,它便于向患者提供合适量的活性成分。
本发明的典型药剂盒包含本发明的免疫调节化合物或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、水合物、立体异构体、前药或包合物的剂型。本发明包括的药剂盒还可含有其它活性成分例如G-CSF、GM-CSF、EPO、托泊替康、己酮可可碱、环丙沙星、地塞米松、IL2、IL8、IL18、阿糖胞苷、长春碱、异维A酸、13-顺式维生素A酸或它们的药理学活性的突变体或衍生物,或它们的组合。其它活性成分的实例包括,但不限于,本文所公开的那些成分(参见,例如,4.2节)。
本发明的药剂盒还可包括用于所述活性成分给药的装置。这类装置的实例包括,但不限于,注射器、滴注袋、贴剂和吸入器。
本发明的药剂盒还可包含用于移植的细胞或血液和可用于一种或多种活性成分给药的药学上可接受的载体。例如,如果必须以重新配制成胃肠外给药的固体剂型提供活性成分,那么,药剂盒可包括适用溶媒的密封容器,所述活性成分可溶解于溶媒中,以形成适于胃肠外给药的、无颗粒的无菌溶液。药学上可接受的溶媒的实例包括,但不限于,氯化钠注射液、复方氯化钠注射液、葡萄糖注射液、葡萄糖和氯化钠注射液和复方乳酸化氯化钠注射液;可与水混溶的溶媒例如,但不限于,乙醇、聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇;和不含水的溶媒例如,但不限于,玉米油、棉子油、花生油、芝麻油、油酸乙酯、肉豆蔻酸异丙基酯和苯甲酸苄基酯。
5.实施例
下列研究打算进一步说明本发明,而不限制其范围。
所述生长抑制的细胞因子TNF-α的过量产生出现于MDS患者的骨髓血浆中,表明TNF-α是所述疾病中的红细胞系祖代存活的关键的负调节剂。因此,用本发明的免疫调节化合物进行研究。
5.1药理学和毒理学研究
已进行了一系列非临床药理学和毒理学研究,以支持本发明免疫调节化合物对受治疗人的临床评估。除非另有说明,按照研究设计的国际认可的指导原则并符合Good Laboratory Practice(实验室工作规范)(GLP)的要求进行这些研究。
3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮的药理学性质,包括与沙利度胺的活性比较,已经在体外研究中确定。研究测定3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮或沙利度胺对各种细胞因子产生的影响。在所有研究中,3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮比沙利度胺有效至少50倍。另外,已对狗进行了3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮的安全性药理学研究,3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮对ECG参数的作用作为对灵长目动物三次重复剂量毒性研究的一部分被进一步检验。这些研究的结果描述如下。
5.2细胞因子生成的调节
体外研究人PBMC和人全血的LPS-刺激后,3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮或沙利度胺抑制TNF-α的生成Muller等,Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.9:1625-1630,1999)。人PBMC和人全血的LPS-刺激后,抑制TNF-α生成的3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮的IC50’s分别为约100nM(25.9ng/mL)和约480nM(103.6ng/mL)。相比之下,在PBMC的LPS-刺激后,沙利度胺抑制TNF-α生成的IC50为约194μM(50.2μg/mL)。
体外研究表明,3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮的药理学活性模式相似于,但强于沙利度胺50-2000倍。3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮的药理学作用,衍生自它作为对受体诱发的营养信号的细胞应答的抑制剂的作用(例如,IGF-1,VEGF,环加氧酶-2)和其它活性。因此,3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮抑制炎性细胞因子的生成,下调粘附分子和细胞凋亡抑制蛋白(例如,cFLIP、cIAP)、提高对死亡受体诱发的程序性细胞死亡的敏感性和抑制血管生成应答。该研究表明通过消除配体诱导的Akt-磷酸化作用,3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮消除AML细胞中VEGF促有丝分裂的应答,并在预临床模型中,选择性地抑制MDS对抗正常骨髓祖代的形成。
5.3MDS患者的临床研究
方案
16周内,每日以约0.1-约25mg的量向MDS患者提供本发明的免疫调节化合物,例如4-(氨基)-2-(2,6-二氧代(3-哌啶基))-异吲哚啉-1,3-二酮和3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮,连续评估患者的血液学应答。在分层的各组中,根据国际预后评分系统(IPSS)-确定风险组,评估被MDS亚型转化为白血病的可能性的应答速度(即,IPSS低和中间值I;与IPSS中间值II和高的比较)。
例如,参加的15位患者为第一组,每天接受25mg的3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮的治疗。评估16周内连续经历红细胞系的应答(主要或次要的应答)的患者的数量。如果没观察到应答,则由于缺乏效果而中止该研究。然而,如果4位或更多的患者应答,那么由于有前景的临床活性终止该研究。在中间情况下,(例如,1位、2位或3位患者应答),将10位患者列入第二组。如果对第二组的治疗完成后,25位治疗过的患者中有4位或更多位的患者应答,得出结论,3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮表现出有前景的临床活性。
临床研究
对红血细胞输血依赖性(>4单位/8周)或症状性贫血(Hgb<10g/dl)的MDS患者进行3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮的缓解效力的临床研究。患者每天接受25mg的口服剂量用3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮连续的治疗。根据IWG标准在治疗16周后评估应答。在15位接受治疗的患者中,可评价11位患者的毒性,评价9位患者的应答(>8周治疗),由于胆囊炎、自身免疫性溶血性贫血或患者拒绝,3位患者过早地中断了治疗(<2周)。51-82岁范围的患者的年龄中位数是78岁。MDS患者的FAB类型包括RA[4位患者]、RARS[4位患者]、RAEB[6位患者]和RAEB-T[1位患者],涉及11位患者的低/中-1和4位患者的中-2/高的相应的IPSS分类。特征在于高于3级普通毒性标准或白细胞和血小板计数降低50%[9位患者]和3级疲劳[1位患者]的骨髓抑制,迫使最初的10位患者的剂量降低到10mg。所有后来的患者以每日10mg剂量开始口服给药。与1、2级药物相关的副作用被限制于25mg剂量,并包括瘙痒或头皮瘙痒[6位患者]和肌痛[1位患者]。9位可评估的患者中的6位(66%)得到血液学益处(双谱系,1位患者),包括6/7(86%)的IPSS低/中-1的患者。血液学应答包括RBC输血依赖[4位患者]、RBC输血减少50%以上[1位患者]、Hgb增加超过1.5g[1位患者]和一个少量的血小板应答(增加30,000/μL以上)。可评估细胞遗传应答的5位患者中,3位患者达到完全或部分(异常中期减少超过50%)缓解。应答与胚细胞百分率的正常化[1位患者]、BM细胞学的发育异常的程度降低和在BM多能性祖代(CFU-GEMM)和突发性红细胞(BFU-E)生成方面的50%-超过40倍的改善有关。与细胞凋亡指数、血管源性(细胞/血浆VEGF,微脉管密度)、细胞因子生成和增生部分(Ki67)的变化的相关性研究正在进行中。该研究的结果表明,3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮对低/中-1风险的MDS患者有显著的红细胞生成和细胞遗传的缓解活性。与细胞学发育异常的消退有关的临床益处对低/中-1疾病或5q-综合征患者似乎最大。细胞凋亡指数的增加、CFC的恢复和核型异常的抑制表明,所述化合物促使脊髓发育不良异常克隆的灭绝。基于这些数据,所述研究已经扩大到治疗其它患者。用最小的骨髓抑制,以10mg作为连续口服的日剂量治疗是完全可以耐受的。
扩大研究
对另外16位MDS患者扩大临床研究至少8周。根据IPSS,这些患者中的13位患者被分类为低-或中-1-风险患者,3位患者被分组为中-2-或高-风险患者。根据FAB分类,有11位患者患有顽固性贫血(RA)或带环状铁粒幼红细胞的RA(RARS),5位RA患者具有过量胚细胞(RAEB)、转化中的RAEB(RAEB-T)。对前13位患者,3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮的开始剂量是每日25mg,对其余3位患者的开始剂量是每日10mg。到完成8周治疗时,要求开始剂量为25mg的所有患者减少剂量。在完成至少8周监测的这16位患者中,按照国际MDS工作组标准评估,9位患者获得红细胞系应答。在7位先前有输血依赖的患者中的红细胞系应答构成输血自主性,在1位输血自主性贫血(transfusion-independentanenia)的患者中的血红蛋白浓度上升>2g/dL,1位输血依赖患者的RBC输血需求下降>50%。因此,在16位患者中的8位患者中产生主要的红细胞系应答,观察到1位患者的次要的红细胞系应答。表现出红细胞系应答的所有9位患者都是低-或中-1-风险的患者。1位患者也有较弱的血小板应答。另外,在基线完全细胞遗传应答出现于8位有异常核型的患者中的5位中。有完全细胞遗传应答的这5位患者都有Del5q31-33异常性,已发现这是MDS的良好的预后因素。事实上,参加该研究的所有这5位5q-综合征患者实现了完全的细胞遗传应答和主要的红细胞系应答。所述研究也说明,该治疗与脊髓发育不良异常祖代细胞的细胞凋亡指数的增加和正常生血祖代细胞的恢复相关。
5.4MDS患者的周期治疗
如上所述,本发明的免疫调节化合物可周期性地向MDS患者给药。周期治疗涉及用第一种药物给药一段时间,接着用所述治疗剂和/或第二种药物给药一段时间,并重复该顺序给药。周期治疗可减少对一种或多种治疗的抗性的发展,避免或减少所述治疗之一的副作用,和/或改善所述治疗的效果。
实施例1
在具体实施方案中,以约16周为一周期以预防药物或治疗剂每日给药约一次或两次。一个周期可包括治疗剂或预防药物的给药和至少一(1)、二(2)或三(3)周的停药期。给药周期数为约1-约12个周期,更典型地约2-约10个周期,更典型地约2-约8个周期。
实施例2
本研究的目的是要评估MDS患者口服3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮的效果和安全性。每4周28天的一个周期中,患者接受10mg/d或15mg/d的量的化合物21天,共16周(4个周期)或24周(6个周期)。患者群体包括低-或中-1-风险的红血细胞输血依赖性贫血的MDS(国际预后评分系统)患者,在基线(研究治疗的第一天)的8周内,所述患者接受至少2个单位的RBCs。除血液学实验室监测外,在完成3个周期之后和完成6个周期之后,获得经细胞发生分析的基线骨髓抽吸/活组织检查。总结骨髓、安全性和效果数据,评估整个研究中的利益与风险的考虑。根据国际MDS工作组标准,所述研究总结红血细胞输血自主性和主要的红细胞系应答。而且,经8周时间的所述研究观察到患有5q缺失细胞遗传异常;血小板、中性白细胞、骨髓和细胞遗传应答;红血细胞输血需求降低≥50%但<100%的次要红细胞系应答的患者的亚型的红血细胞输血自主性。所述研究还监测不利事件、血液学试验、血清化学、TSH、尿液分析、尿、或血清妊娠测试、生命迹象、ECG和物理检验。
实施例3
所述研究目标是比较MDS患者口服3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮和安慰剂加标准护理的效果和安全性。患者接受4周一周期的16周(4个周期)或24周(6个周期)治疗。患者群体包括低-或中-1-风险MDS(国际预后评分系统)的患有红血细胞输血依赖性贫血的患者,其在底线(研究治疗的第一天)的8周内接受至少两个单位的RBCs。所述研究常去评估每4周出现的安全性和效果,每2周进行血液学实验室监测。在完成3个周期之后和完成6个周期之后,在基线获得经细胞遗传分析的骨髓抽吸/活组织检查。总结骨髓结果、安全性和效果数据,评估整个研究的利益与风险考虑。可以采用用对从6个周期治疗中得到临床益处的患者连续给予所述化合物的扩大研究,对整个治疗期间随机用安慰剂的患者提供一个机会。
本文所述的本发明的实施方案只是本发明范围的示例。参考所附权利要求书,可更好地理解本发明的全部范围。
Claims (18)
2.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是所述结构的药学上可接受的盐。
3.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是5-25mg的日剂量形式,或25-50mg的每隔一日剂量形式。
4.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述脊髓发育不良综合征是顽固性贫血。
5.如权利要求4所述的用途,其中所述顽固性贫血是带环状铁粒幼红细胞的顽固性贫血、具有过量胚细胞的顽固性贫血、或具有过量的转化中的胚细胞的顽固性贫血。
6.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述患者以前没有进行过脊髓发育不良综合征的治疗。
7.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述患者以前进行过脊髓发育不良综合征的治疗。
8.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是口服形式。
9.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是胶囊或片剂形式。
10.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮是5-25mg的日剂量形式。
11.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是10mg的日剂量形式。
12.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是15mg的日剂量形式。
13.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是25mg的日剂量形式。
14.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是25-50mg的每隔一日剂量形式。
15.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是10mg或15mg的日剂量形式。
16.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是口服形式,且是15mg的日剂量形式。
17.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是口服形式,且是10mg的日剂量形式。
18.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物是具有如下结构的自由碱形式的3-(4-氨基-1-氧代-1,3-二氢-异吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮化合物:
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