WO2016199359A1 - CaSi2含有組成物及びシリコン材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
CaSi2含有組成物及びシリコン材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a CaSi 2 -containing composition and a method for producing a silicon material.
- Silicon materials are known to be used as components of semiconductors, solar cells, secondary batteries and the like, and in recent years, research on silicon materials has been actively conducted.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes that layered polysilane is synthesized by reacting CaSi 2 with an acid.
- Patent Document 1 describes that CaSi 2 is reacted with an acid to synthesize layered polysilane, and that a lithium ion secondary battery including the layered polysilane as an active material exhibits a suitable capacity. ing.
- Patent Document 2 a layered silicon compound composed mainly of a layered polysilane obtained by reacting CaSi 2 with an acid to remove Ca and synthesizing the layered silicon compound and heating the layered silicon compound at 300 ° C. or more to release hydrogen is disclosed. It is described that the material was manufactured and that a lithium ion secondary battery including the silicon material as an active material exhibits a suitable capacity maintenance rate.
- CaSi 2 may contain impurities such as crystalline silicon and Ca 14 Si 19 .
- Non-Patent Document 2 describes that the impurity-containing CaSi 2 was heat-treated at a high temperature in order to convert these impurities into CaSi 2 .
- JP 2011-090806 A International Publication No. 2014/080608
- CaSi 2 may contain impurities such as crystalline silicon and Ca 14 Si 19 .
- the crystalline silicon contained in CaSi 2 exists as crystalline silicon even when CaSi 2 is converted into a layered silicon compound or silicon material by the production method described in Patent Document 2.
- Crystalline silicon when used as an active material for a secondary battery, expands and contracts due to charge and discharge, and cracks can be generated due to such expansion and contraction. The present inventor has found that the performance deteriorates.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a method for removing crystalline silicon from CaSi 2 containing crystalline silicon.
- the CaSi 2 -containing composition obtained by cooling a molten metal containing a small amount of Ca, Si and a specific metal cooled the molten metal containing only Ca and Si. It was found that the amount of crystalline silicon and Ca 14 Si 19 was reduced compared to the obtained CaSi 2 .
- the inventor has completed the present invention based on such findings.
- the method for producing the CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention includes: Ca, M and Si satisfying the following conditions by adding Ca and / or M (M is at least one element selected from Group 3 to Group 9 elements) to the CaSi 2 -containing composition containing crystalline silicon.
- a melt process for preparing a melt containing A cooling step of cooling the molten metal to obtain a CaSi 2 -containing composition in which the amount of crystalline silicon is reduced.
- Condition: When the molar ratio of Ca, M and Si is x: y: z (x + y + z 100), x, y and z are 23 ⁇ x ⁇ 100/3, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 10 and 64 ⁇ z ⁇ 200. / 3
- the method for producing a CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention can provide a CaSi 2 -containing composition in which the amount of crystalline silicon or Ca 14 Si 19 is reduced.
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction chart of CaSi 2 -containing compositions of Example 1, Example 2, Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.
- FIG. It is a graph of the relationship between the number of cycles and a capacity maintenance rate.
- 4 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a carbon-coated silicon material of Example 3.
- FIG. 4 is a SEM image of the carbon-coated silicon material of Example 3.
- the numerical range “x to y” described in this specification includes the lower limit x and the upper limit y.
- the numerical range can be configured by arbitrarily combining these upper limit value and lower limit value and the numerical values listed in the examples.
- numerical values arbitrarily selected from the numerical value range can be used as upper and lower numerical values.
- the method for producing the CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention comprises: Ca and / or M (M is at least one element selected from Group 3 to 9 elements) for CaSi 2 -containing composition containing crystalline silicon (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “crude CaSi 2 ”). And a molten metal step for preparing a molten metal containing Ca, M and Si that satisfies the following conditions: A cooling step of cooling the molten metal to obtain a CaSi 2 -containing composition in which the amount of crystalline silicon is reduced (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention”). To do.
- M is an element capable of forming at least a one element, MSi a like MSi 2 and MSi bonded to Si to (1/3 ⁇ a ⁇ 3 ) chosen from 3 to Group 9 element.
- M may be a single element or a plurality of elements among the elements.
- M is preferably Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Sc, or Fe.
- the composition formula of Ca and Si in the coarse CaSi 2 is Ca x1 Si z1 (z 1 > 2 ⁇ x 1 ).
- the composition formula of Ca, M, and Si in the crude CaSi 2 is Ca x2 M y2 Si z2 ( z 2 > 2 ⁇ x 2 + y 2 ). That is, in the composition of crude CaSi 2 , it can be said that the amount of Si is excessive to such an extent that crystalline silicon is preferentially precipitated.
- the composition of the molten metal satisfies the conditions of the present invention, CaSi 2 , MSi 2 , MSi, etc. are preferentially precipitated during the cooling step, and these precipitates consume Si in the molten metal,
- the molten metal does not have an excessive amount of Si to the extent that crystalline silicon is preferentially precipitated. Therefore, when the composition of the molten metal satisfies the conditions of the present invention, the CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention that has undergone the cooling step does not contain crystalline silicon or remains in a very small amount even if it exists.
- the crude CaSi 2 contains at least Ca and Si, and the crude CaSi 2 may contain M within the condition where crystalline silicon exists.
- the crude CaSi 2 may contain inevitable impurities and other elements without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
- Crude CaSi 2 , Ca and / or M may be melted by melting each of them alone, or mixed to melt the two and then mixed with the remaining one to form a melt. Alternatively, the three may be mixed and melted.
- the melting point of Ca is 842 ° C.
- the melting point of CaSi 2 is about 1000 ° C.
- the melting point of Si is 1410 ° C.
- the melting point of M is higher than that of Ca and Si.
- Ca has a boiling point of 1484 ° C., in order to suppress the scattering of Ca, it is preferable to melt CaSi 2 , Si and M and then mix Ca into a molten metal.
- the heating temperature may be any temperature that can be a molten metal. Since the melting point of CaSi 2 is about 1000 ° C., the heating temperature is preferably in the range of 1000 ° C. to 1500 ° C., more preferably in the range of 1050 ° C. to 1450 ° C., and further preferably in the range of 1100 ° C. to 1400 ° C. . In addition, in the system containing CaSi 2 , Ca, M and Si, for example, it is considered that the molten metal is generated by the following mechanism.
- ⁇ Ca is diffused into M of the solid Si and solid in-melt CaSi 2 as the molten metal in the molten CaSi 2 the dissolved Si and M, decreases gradually Si and M melting point of the melt-solid Si diffuses in M, gradually lowering the melting point of M and becomes molten metal
- a heating temperature not lower than the melting point of each of M and Si is not necessarily required in the molten metal process.
- the heating device for the molten metal process for example, a high frequency induction heating device, an electric furnace, or a gas furnace can be used.
- the molten metal process may be performed under pressure or reduced pressure, or in an inert gas atmosphere such as argon.
- CaSi 2 containing composition of the present invention is in a state that there is MSi a to CaSi 2 matrix.
- the cooling rate is not particularly limited.
- the molten metal may be cooled by pouring the molten metal into a predetermined mold.
- the composition ratio of the CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention corresponds to the composition ratio of the molten metal.
- the molar ratio of Ca, M and Si contained in the CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention is the same as the molar ratio specified in the conditions of the present invention.
- the precipitation of crystalline silicon may be given priority.
- x> 100/3 or z ⁇ 64 a large amount of CaSi that is difficult to handle may be preferentially precipitated.
- a silicon material described later is used as the negative electrode active material of the secondary battery, the capacity of the secondary battery may be reduced because MSia itself has a weak or no action as the active material. .
- x, y and z are 25 ⁇ x ⁇ 100/3, 28 ⁇ x ⁇ 100/3 or 30 ⁇ x ⁇ 100/3, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 7, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 5
- examples include 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 3, 65 ⁇ z ⁇ 200/3, 66 ⁇ z ⁇ 200/3, or 65 ⁇ z ⁇ 66.
- x + y ⁇ z ⁇ 2x + 2y also define the scope of such x + y ⁇ z ⁇ 2x + y.
- the CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention may be pulverized or further classified.
- the CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention is a raw material for the layered silicon compound and silicon material described below.
- a layered silicon compound or a silicon material can be used as a negative electrode active material of a power storage device such as a secondary battery.
- the layered silicon compound is produced through a step of reacting the CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention with an acid to obtain a layered silicon compound.
- Si forms Si—H bonds while Ca is substituted with acid H in the layered CaSi 2 constituting the CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention.
- the layered silicon compound has a layered shape because the basic skeleton of the Si layer by the raw material CaSi 2 is maintained.
- Acids include hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, tetrafluoroboric acid, hexafluorophosphoric acid, hexafluoroarsenic acid And fluoroantimonic acid, hexafluorosilicic acid, hexafluorogermanic acid, hexafluorotin (IV) acid, trifluoroacetic acid, hexafluorotitanic acid, hexafluorozirconic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and fluorosulfonic acid. These acids may be used alone or in combination.
- an acid capable of generating a fluorine anion as the acid.
- the acid Si—O bonds that can be generated in the layered silicon compound and bonds between Si and anions of other acids (for example, Si—Cl bond in the case of hydrochloric acid) can be reduced.
- Si—O bonds or Si—Cl bonds may exist in the silicon material even after the next step.
- a lithium ion secondary battery employing a silicon material having a Si—O bond or Si—Cl bond as a negative electrode active material, it is estimated that the Si—O bond or Si—Cl bond inhibits the movement of lithium ions. .
- acid may be used in an amount capable of providing 2 or more equivalents of protons relative CaSi 2 contained in CaSi 2 containing composition of the present invention.
- this step may be performed without a solvent, it is preferable to employ water as a solvent from the viewpoint of separation of a target product and removal of by-products such as CaCl 2 .
- the reaction conditions in this step are preferably reduced pressure conditions such as vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere, and are preferably temperature conditions of room temperature or lower such as an ice bath. What is necessary is just to set the reaction time of the same process suitably.
- Si 6 H 6 corresponds to an ideal layered silicon compound.
- a layered silicon compound In the step of obtaining a layered silicon compound is preferably carried out in the presence of water, and because Si 6 H 6 is capable of reacting with water, typically, only a compound layer silicon compound is MSi a and Si 6 H 6 It is rarely obtained and contains elements derived from oxygen and acids.
- the step of obtaining the layered silicon compound it is preferable to appropriately perform a filtration step for filtering the layered silicon compound, a washing step for washing the layered silicon compound, and a drying step for drying the layered silicon compound as necessary.
- This step is a step of heating the layered silicon compound at 300 ° C. or higher to release hydrogen, water, etc. to obtain a silicon material (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the silicon material of the present invention).
- the chemical reaction of this step is represented by an ideal reaction formula as follows. Incidentally, MSi a is does not change in this process, not involved in the following reaction formula. Si 6 H 6 ⁇ 6Si + 3H 2 ⁇
- the layered silicon compound actually used in the heating process contains oxygen and acid-derived elements and also contains unavoidable impurities
- the actually obtained silicon material also contains oxygen and acid-derived elements and is unavoidable. It also contains impurities.
- the heating step is preferably performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere having a lower oxygen content than in normal air.
- the non-oxidizing atmosphere include a reduced pressure atmosphere including a vacuum and an inert gas atmosphere.
- the heating temperature is preferably in the range of 350 ° C. to 1100 ° C., more preferably in the range of 400 ° C. to 1000 ° C. If the heating temperature is too low, hydrogen may not be released sufficiently, and if the heating temperature is too high, energy is wasted. What is necessary is just to set a heating time suitably according to heating temperature. It is preferable to determine the heating time while measuring the amount of hydrogen or the like that escapes from the reaction system.
- the heating temperature and the heating time By appropriately selecting the heating temperature and the heating time, the ratio of amorphous silicon and silicon crystallites contained in the silicon material to be manufactured and the size of the silicon crystallites can also be adjusted. By appropriately selecting the heating temperature and the heating time, the shape of a nano-level layer containing amorphous silicon and silicon crystallites contained in the manufactured silicon material can be prepared.
- the obtained silicon material may be pulverized or further classified.
- the size of the silicon crystallite is preferably nano-sized.
- the silicon crystallite size is preferably in the range of 0.5 nm to 300 nm, more preferably in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm, further preferably in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm, and particularly in the range of 1 nm to 10 nm. preferable.
- the silicon crystallite size is calculated from Scherrer's equation using X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD measurement) on the silicon material and using the half width of the diffraction peak of the Si (111) plane of the obtained XRD chart. Note that the silicon crystallite described here means that observed as a broad peak on the XRD chart, and can be distinguished from the crystalline silicon described above in terms of the peak shape.
- the silicon material having a structure in which a plurality of plate-like silicon bodies are laminated in the thickness direction can be obtained by the heating step. This structure can be confirmed by observation with a scanning electron microscope (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the plate-like silicon body has a thickness in the range of 10 nm to 100 nm for efficient insertion and removal of lithium ions. Are preferred, and those in the range of 20 nm to 50 nm are more preferred.
- the length of the plate-like silicon body in the major axis direction is preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the plate-like silicon body preferably has a (length in the long axis direction) / (thickness) range of 2 to 1000.
- amorphous silicon is used as a matrix and silicon crystallites are scattered in the matrix.
- the CaSi 2 containing composition and halogen-containing polymers of the present invention are mixed and heated at carbonization temperature or higher of those the hydrated halide polymer, it is possible to manufacture a silicon material of the present invention.
- this production method is sometimes referred to as “halogen-containing polymer method”.
- the silicon material of the present invention is produced in a carbon-coated state (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “carbon-coated silicon material”).
- polyvinyl chloride is decomposed by heating to release hydrogen chloride.
- -(CH 2 CHCl) n- ⁇ nHCl +-(CH CH) n-
- CaSi 2 acts with the released hydrogen chloride to form a layered silicon compound represented by Si 6 H 6 .
- the halogen-containing polymer may be any polymer that contains halogen in its chemical structure.
- the reason is as follows. Under the heating conditions of the halogen-containing polymer method, hydrohalic acid and / or halogen molecules are released from the halogen-containing polymer. Then, the negatively charged halogen constituting the hydrohalic acid or the halogen molecule reacts with Ca of CaSi 2 . That is, in the case of a halogen-containing polymer, it becomes a source of minus-charged halogen, and a desired reaction proceeds.
- CaSi 2 reacts with hydrohalic acid, first, Si 6 H 6 and calcium halide are generated.
- CaSi 2 reacts with halogen molecules, first, silicon halide and calcium halide are formed. It is thought to generate.
- R 1 is a trivalent or higher hydrocarbon group.
- X is independently halogen.
- N is an integer of 1 or more.
- Hydrocarbons include saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
- Saturated hydrocarbons include chain saturated hydrocarbons and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons.
- the unsaturated hydrocarbon includes a chain unsaturated hydrocarbon and a cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon.
- the chemical structure that is the main chain of the monomer unit is a chain saturated hydrocarbon, a cyclic saturated hydrocarbon, a chain unsaturated hydrocarbon, a cyclic Any of unsaturated hydrocarbons may be used.
- Specific examples of the chemical structure that becomes the main chain of the monomer unit include CH, CH 2 —CH, CH ⁇ CH, a cyclohexane ring, and a benzene ring.
- the chemical structure bonded to the main chain of the monomer unit (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a sub-chain) is hydrogen, chain saturated hydrocarbon, cyclic saturated hydrocarbon, chain unsaturated hydrocarbon. Any of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons may be used. Moreover, hydrogen of each hydrocarbon may be substituted with another element or another hydrocarbon.
- X is any of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. When n is 2 or more, each X may be the same type or other types. X may be directly bonded to the carbon that is the main chain of the monomer unit, or may be bonded to the carbon of the sub-chain. The upper limit of n is determined by the chemical structure of R 1 .
- the halogen-containing polymer may be composed of only a single type of monomer unit of general formula (1), or may be composed of a plurality of types of monomer units of general formula (1). May be. Moreover, the halogen-containing polymer may be composed of a monomer unit of the general formula (1) and a monomer unit having another chemical structure.
- the halogen-containing polymer is composed only of the monomer unit of the general formula (1). preferable.
- the molecular weight of the halogen-containing polymer is preferably in the range of 1,000 to 1,000,000, more preferably in the range of 1,000 to 500,000, and still more preferably in the range of 3,000 to 100,000. In terms of the degree of polymerization of the halogen-containing polymer, it is preferably in the range of 50,000 to 100,000, more preferably in the range of 100,000 to 50,000, and still more preferably in the range of 100 to 10,000.
- R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a halogen-substituted hydrocarbon group, hydrogen and halogen.
- X is a halogen.
- hydrocarbons and halogens are as described above.
- Preferred hydrocarbons in the general formula (2) include alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, vinyl groups, and phenyl groups.
- R 2 , R 3 and R 4 of the monomer unit of the general formula (2) are independently hydrogen or halogen.
- Particularly suitable halogen-containing polymers include polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene chloride, and polyvinyl chloride.
- the CaSi 2 -containing composition and the halogen-containing polymer used in the present invention are preferably used in such an amount that the molar ratio of halogen is 2 or more with respect to Ca of the CaSi 2 -containing composition to be used. .
- the heating temperature of the halogen-containing polymer method is a temperature higher than the carbonization temperature of the halogen-containing polymer.
- the organic compound is carbonized from around 400 ° C.
- the heating temperature of the halogen-containing polymer method is preferably within the range of 400 to 1500 ° C., more preferably within the range of 500 to 1300 ° C., and even more preferably within the range of 600 to 1200 ° C.
- the ratio of amorphous silicon and silicon crystallites contained in the carbon-coated silicon material, and the size of the silicon crystallites can also be adjusted.
- the shape and size of a nano-level layer containing silicon and silicon crystallites can also be prepared.
- the silicon crystallite size is preferably in the range of 0.5 nm to 300 nm, more preferably in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm, further preferably in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm, and particularly preferably in the range of 1 nm to 10 nm.
- the silicon crystallite size is obtained from the Scherrer equation using X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD measurement) on the carbon-coated silicon material and using the half-value width of the diffraction peak of the Si (111) plane of the obtained XRD chart. Calculated. Note that the silicon crystallite described here means that observed as a broad peak on the XRD chart, and can be distinguished from the crystalline silicon described above in terms of the peak shape.
- a carbon-coated silicon material having a structure in which a plurality of plate-like silicon bodies are laminated in the thickness direction can be obtained by a halogen-containing polymer method. This structure can be confirmed by observation with an SEM or the like.
- the plate-like silicon body has a thickness of 10 nm to 100 nm for efficient insertion and desorption reaction of lithium ions. Those within the range are preferable, and those within the range of 20 nm to 50 nm are more preferable.
- the length of the plate-like silicon body in the major axis direction is preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the plate-like silicon body preferably has a (length in the long axis direction) / (thickness) range of 2 to 1000.
- amorphous silicon is used as a matrix and silicon crystallites are scattered in the matrix.
- the heating conditions are a multi-stage process having two or more stages including a step of heating at a temperature higher than the decomposition temperature of the halogen-containing polymer and a step of heating at a temperature higher than the carbonization temperature of the polymer after decomposition. It may be a step heating condition.
- the decomposition temperature of the halogen-containing polymer is a temperature at which hydrohalic acid or halogen molecules are released from the halogen-containing polymer.
- the heating conditions are a step of heating at a temperature higher than the melting point or glass transition point of the halogen-containing polymer, a step of heating at a temperature higher than the decomposition temperature of the halogen-containing polymer, and a polymer after decomposition. It is good also as multistage heating conditions of three steps or more including the process heated at the temperature more than the carbonization temperature of this.
- the melting point of polyvinyl chloride is approximately in the range of 85 to 210 ° C.
- the decomposition temperature of polyvinyl chloride that is, the hydrogen chloride generation temperature is approximately in the range of 210 to 300 ° C. .
- the halogen-containing polymer method is preferably carried out in an inert gas atmosphere such as argon, helium or nitrogen gas.
- the carbon-coated silicon material obtained by the halogen-containing polymer method may be pulverized or classified into particles having a certain particle size distribution.
- D50 can be exemplified within the range of 1 to 30 ⁇ m when measured with a general laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring apparatus.
- the carbon-coated silicon material obtained by the halogen-containing polymer method is preferably subjected to a washing step of washing with a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 5 or more.
- the cleaning step is a step of removing unnecessary components adhering to the carbon-coated silicon material by cleaning with a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 5 or more (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “cleaning solvent”).
- cleaning solvent a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 5 or more
- This step is mainly intended to remove salts that can be dissolved in a washing solvent such as calcium halide.
- a washing solvent such as calcium halide.
- the cleaning step may be a method of immersing the carbon-coated silicon material in the cleaning solvent, or a method of bathing the carbon-coated silicon material with the cleaning solvent.
- a solvent having a higher relative dielectric constant is preferable from the viewpoint of ease of dissolution of the salt, and a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 10 or more or 15 or more can be presented as a more preferable one.
- the range of the relative dielectric constant of the cleaning solvent is preferably within the range of 5 to 90, more preferably within the range of 10 to 90, and even more preferably within the range of 15 to 90.
- a single solvent may be used, or a mixed solvent of a plurality of solvents may be used.
- washing solvent examples include water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, ethylene glycol, glycerin, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- the water as the washing solvent is preferably distilled water, reverse osmosis membrane permeated water, or deionized water.
- washing solvent water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, and acetone are particularly preferable.
- the cleaning step it is preferable to remove the cleaning solvent from the carbon-coated silicon material by filtration and drying.
- the cleaning process may be repeated multiple times.
- the washing solvent may be changed.
- water with an extremely high relative dielectric constant is selected as the cleaning solvent in the first cleaning process, and water is efficiently removed by using ethanol or acetone with low boiling point that is compatible with water as the next cleaning solvent.
- the cleaning solvent can be easily prevented from remaining.
- the drying step after the washing step is preferably performed in a reduced pressure environment, and more preferably at a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point of the washing solvent.
- the temperature is preferably 80 ° C to 110 ° C.
- the silicon material of the present invention can be used as a negative electrode active material for power storage devices such as secondary batteries such as lithium ion secondary batteries, electric double layer capacitors, and lithium ion capacitors.
- the silicon material of the present invention can be used as a material such as a CMOS, a semiconductor memory and a solar cell, or a photocatalytic material.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention comprises the silicon material of the present invention as a negative electrode active material.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode including the silicon material of the present invention as a negative electrode active material, an electrolytic solution, and a separator.
- the positive electrode has a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer bound to the surface of the current collector.
- the current collector refers to a chemically inert electronic conductor that keeps a current flowing through an electrode during discharge or charging of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- As the current collector at least one selected from silver, copper, gold, aluminum, tungsten, cobalt, zinc, nickel, iron, platinum, tin, indium, titanium, ruthenium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, and stainless steel, etc. Metal materials can be exemplified.
- the current collector may be covered with a known protective layer. What collected the surface of the electrical power collector by the well-known method may be used as an electrical power collector.
- the current collector can take the form of a foil, a sheet, a film, a linear shape, a rod shape, a mesh, or the like. Therefore, for example, a metal foil such as a copper foil, a nickel foil, an aluminum foil, and a stainless steel foil can be suitably used as the current collector.
- a metal foil such as a copper foil, a nickel foil, an aluminum foil, and a stainless steel foil can be suitably used as the current collector.
- the thickness is preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material layer contains a positive electrode active material and, if necessary, a conductive additive and / or a binder.
- a positive electrode active material a solid solution composed of a spinel such as LiMn 2 O 4 and a mixture of a spinel and a layered compound, LiMPO 4 , LiMVO 4 or Li 2 MSiO 4 (wherein M is Co, Ni, Mn, And a polyanionic compound represented by (selected from at least one of Fe).
- tavorite compound the M a transition metal
- LiMPO 4 F such as LiFePO 4 F represented by, Limbo 3 such LiFeBO 3 (M is a transition metal
- Limbo 3 such LiFeBO 3 (M is a transition metal
- M is a transition metal
- any metal oxide used as the positive electrode active material may have the above-described composition formula as a basic composition, and those obtained by substituting the metal elements contained in the basic composition with other metal elements can also be used as the positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material a positive electrode active material that does not contain lithium ions that contribute to charge / discharge, for example, sulfur alone, a compound in which sulfur and carbon are combined, a metal sulfide such as TiS 2 , V 2 O 5 , MnO 2 and other oxides, polyaniline and anthraquinone, compounds containing these aromatics in the chemical structure, conjugated materials such as conjugated diacetate-based organic substances, and other known materials can also be used.
- a compound having a stable radical such as nitroxide, nitronyl nitroxide, galvinoxyl, phenoxyl, etc. may be adopted as the positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material that does not contain lithium it is necessary to add ions to the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode in advance by a known method.
- a metal or a compound containing the ion may be used.
- Conductive aid is added to increase the conductivity of the electrode. Therefore, the conductive auxiliary agent may be added arbitrarily when the electrode conductivity is insufficient, and may not be added when the electrode conductivity is sufficiently excellent.
- the conductive auxiliary agent may be a chemically inert electronic high conductor, such as carbon black, graphite, vapor grown carbon fiber (Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber: VGCF), and various metal particles. Illustrated. Examples of carbon black include acetylene black, ketjen black (registered trademark), furnace black, and channel black. These conductive assistants can be added to the active material layer alone or in combination of two or more.
- the binder serves to hold the active material and the conductive auxiliary agent on the surface of the current collector and maintain the conductive network in the electrode.
- the binder include fluorine-containing resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and fluororubber, thermoplastic resins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, imide resins such as polyimide and polyamideimide, alkoxysilyl group-containing resins, poly ( Examples include acrylic resins such as (meth) acrylic acid, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), arginates such as carboxymethylcellulose, sodium alginate and ammonium alginate, water-soluble cellulose ester cross-linked products, and starch-acrylic acid graft polymers. it can. These binders may be used singly or in plural.
- the negative electrode has a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer bound to the surface of the current collector. What is necessary is just to employ
- the negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material and, if necessary, a conductive additive and / or a binder.
- the silicon material of the present invention may be used, and only the silicon material of the present invention may be employed, or the silicon material of the present invention and a known negative electrode active material may be used in combination.
- a material obtained by coating the silicon material of the present invention with carbon may be used as the negative electrode active material.
- a current collecting method such as a roll coating method, a die coating method, a dip coating method, a doctor blade method, a spray coating method, or a curtain coating method
- An active material may be applied to the surface of the body.
- an active material, a solvent, and, if necessary, a binder and / or a conductive aid are mixed to prepare a slurry.
- the solvent include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, and water.
- the slurry is applied to the surface of the current collector and then dried. In order to increase the electrode density, the dried product may be compressed.
- the electrolytic solution contains a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- cyclic esters examples include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, gamma butyrolactone, vinylene carbonate, 2-methyl-gamma butyrolactone, acetyl-gamma butyrolactone, and gamma valerolactone.
- chain esters include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propionic acid alkyl ester, malonic acid dialkyl ester, and acetic acid alkyl ester.
- ethers examples include tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, and 1,2-dibutoxyethane.
- non-aqueous solvent a compound in which part or all of hydrogen in the chemical structure of the specific solvent is substituted with fluorine may be employed.
- Examples of the electrolyte include lithium salts such as LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , and LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 .
- a lithium salt such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 in a nonaqueous solvent such as ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, and diethyl carbonate.
- a solution dissolved at a concentration of about / L can be exemplified.
- the separator separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode and allows lithium ions to pass while preventing a short circuit due to contact between the two electrodes.
- natural resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, polyamide, polyaramid (Aromatic polymer), polyester, polyacrylonitrile, etc., polysaccharides such as cellulose, amylose, fibroin, keratin, lignin, suberin, etc. Examples thereof include porous bodies, nonwoven fabrics, and woven fabrics using one or more electrically insulating materials such as polymers and ceramics.
- the separator may have a multilayer structure.
- a separator is sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode as necessary to form an electrode body.
- the electrode body may be either a stacked type in which the positive electrode, the separator and the negative electrode are stacked, or a wound type in which the positive electrode, the separator and the negative electrode are sandwiched.
- the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, and various shapes such as a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a coin shape, and a laminate shape can be adopted.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention may be mounted on a vehicle.
- the vehicle may be a vehicle that uses electric energy from a lithium ion secondary battery for all or a part of its power source, and may be, for example, an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is mounted on a vehicle, a plurality of lithium ion secondary batteries may be connected in series to form an assembled battery.
- devices equipped with lithium ion secondary batteries include various home appliances driven by batteries such as personal computers and portable communication devices, office devices, and industrial devices in addition to vehicles.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes wind power generation, solar power generation, hydroelectric power generation and other power system power storage devices and power smoothing devices, power supplies for ships and / or auxiliary power supply sources, aircraft, Power supply for spacecraft and / or auxiliary equipment, auxiliary power supply for vehicles that do not use electricity as a power source, power supply for mobile home robots, power supply for system backup, power supply for uninterruptible power supply, You may use for the electrical storage apparatus which stores temporarily the electric power required for charge in the charging station for electric vehicles.
- Example 1 The CaSi 2 -containing composition of Example 1, the layered silicon compound of Example 1, the silicon material of Example 1, and the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 1 were produced as follows.
- the solid CaSi 2 -containing composition was pulverized in a mortar and passed through a sieve having an opening of 53 ⁇ m. Powdery CaSi 2 containing composition that passed through the sieve having a mesh opening 53 ⁇ m was CaSi 2 containing composition of Example 1.
- Step for obtaining silicon material The layered silicon compound of Example 1 was heated at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in an argon gas atmosphere to obtain the silicon material of Example 1.
- Example 1 The silicon material of Example 1 was pulverized, coated with carbon, and then washed with water to manufacture the carbon-coated silicon material of Example 1.
- An electrolytic copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was prepared as a current collector.
- the slurry was applied to the surface of the copper foil using a doctor blade so as to form a film.
- the copper foil coated with the slurry was dried at 80 ° C. for 20 minutes to remove N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone by volatilization.
- a copper foil having a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface was obtained.
- the copper foil was compressed with a roll press so that the negative electrode active material layer had a thickness of 20 ⁇ m to obtain a bonded product. This joined product was dried by heating under reduced pressure at 200 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain an electrode.
- the electrode was cut into a diameter of 11 mm to obtain an evaluation electrode.
- a metal lithium foil was cut to a diameter of 13 mm to make a counter electrode.
- a separator a glass filter (Hoechst Celanese) and celgard 2400 (Polypore Corporation), which is a single-layer polypropylene, were prepared. It was also prepared an electrolyte solution obtained by dissolving LiPF 6 at 1 mol / L in a solvent obtained by mixing 50 parts by volume of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate 50 parts by volume. Two kinds of separators were sandwiched between the counter electrode and the evaluation electrode in the order of the counter electrode, the glass filter, celgard 2400, and the evaluation electrode, thereby forming an electrode body. This electrode body was accommodated in a coin-type battery case CR2032 (Hosen Co., Ltd.), and an electrolyte was further injected to obtain a coin-type battery. This was designated as the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 1.
- Example 2 A CaSi 2 -containing composition of Example 2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of Ca added in the molten metal process was changed to 2 g.
- the mass ratio of Ca, Fe and Si in the molten metal of Example 2 was 38.1: 4.6: 54.1, and the molar ratio of Ca, Fe and Si was 32.13: 2.78: 65.09. there were.
- Comparative Example 1 A CaSi 2 -containing composition of Comparative Example 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of Ca added in the molten metal process was 2.64 g.
- the mass ratio of Ca, Fe, and Si in the molten metal of Comparative Example 1 is 39.5: 4.4: 52.5, and the molar ratio of Ca, Fe, and Si is 33.60: 2.69: 63.72. there were.
- Comparative Example 2 The layered silicon compound of Comparative Example 2 and the silicon of Comparative Example 2 were the same as Example 1 except that the molten metal process and the cooling process were not performed and the crude CaSi 2 was directly used as the CaSi 2 -containing composition of Comparative Example 2.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the material and the comparative example 2 was manufactured.
- the mass ratio of Ca, Fe and Si in the crude CaSi 2 is 33.6: 5.3: 61.2
- the molar ratio of Ca, Fe and Si is 26.94: 3.05: 70. .01.
- Table 2 shows a list of the CaSi 2 -containing compositions of Examples 1-2 and Comparative Examples 1-2.
- the method for producing a CaSi 2 -containing composition of the present invention can provide a CaSi 2 -containing composition in which the amount of crystalline silicon or Ca 14 Si 19 is reduced.
- Evaluation example 2 About the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, it discharged at a 0.25C rate until the voltage with respect to the counter electrode of an evaluation electrode became 0.01V, and it is set to 0. 50 charge / discharge cycles for charging at a 25C rate were performed. The ratio of the charge capacity in each cycle to the initial charge capacity was defined as the capacity maintenance rate. A graph of the relationship between the number of cycles and the capacity maintenance rate is shown in FIG. In Evaluation Example 2, letting the evaluation electrode occlude Li is called discharging, and discharging Li from the evaluation electrode is called charging.
- the capacity retention rate of the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 1 is superior to the capacity retention rate of the lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example 2. It was confirmed that the secondary battery comprising the silicon material of the present invention exhibits a suitable capacity retention rate.
- Example 3 Using the CaSi 2 -containing composition of Example 2, the carbon-coated silicon material of Example 3 and the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 3 were produced as follows.
- Halogen-containing polymer method 1 part by mass of the CaSi 2 -containing composition of Example 2 and 1.3 parts by mass of polyvinyl chloride (degree of polymerization 1100) were mixed to obtain a mixture.
- the molar ratio of Ca to Cl was about 1: 2.
- the mixture was placed in an electric furnace under an argon atmosphere. The temperature of the electric furnace was set to 200 ° C., and the mixture was heated at 200 ° C. for 1 hour. Subsequently, the temperature of the electric furnace was set to 300 ° C., and the mixture was heated at 300 ° C. for 1 hour. Furthermore, the temperature of the electric furnace was set to 900 ° C., and the mixture was heated at 900 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a fired body. The obtained fired body was washed with water, then washed with acetone, and then dried under reduced pressure to obtain a black carbon-coated silicon material of Example 3.
- Example 3 Lithium ion secondary battery manufacturing process 72.5 parts by mass of the carbon-coated silicon material of Example 3 as the negative electrode active material, 14 parts by mass of polyamideimide as the binder, and 13.5 parts by mass of acetylene black as the conductive assistant And an appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was mixed to form a slurry. Thereafter, a lithium ion secondary battery of Example 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 3 when the carbon-coated silicon material of Example 3 was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a structure in which a plurality of plate-like silicon bodies coated with carbon were laminated in the thickness direction could be confirmed. .
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- Evaluation example 4 About the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 3, it discharged at a 0.25C rate until the voltage with respect to the counter electrode of an evaluation electrode became 0.01V, and then 0.25C rate until the voltage with respect to the counter electrode of an evaluation electrode became 1V. Was charged.
- Evaluation Example 4 occlusion of Li in the evaluation electrode is called discharging, and discharging Li from the evaluation electrode is called charging.
- the ratio of the charge capacity to the discharge capacity was calculated as the initial efficiency. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Silicon material using CaSi 2 containing composition of the present invention even when produced in a different way, backed to function suitably as a negative electrode active material of a secondary battery.
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Abstract
Description
結晶性シリコンを含むCaSi2含有組成物に対し、Ca及び/又はM(Mは第3~9族元素から選択される少なくとも一元素)を添加して、下記条件を満足するCa、M及びSiを含む溶湯を調製する溶湯工程、
前記溶湯を冷却して、結晶性シリコンの量が減少したCaSi2含有組成物を得る冷却工程、を含むことを特徴とする。
条件:Ca、M及びSiのモル比をx:y:z(x+y+z=100)としたとき、x、y及びzは23<x≦100/3、0<y<10及び64<z≦200/3
結晶性シリコンを含むCaSi2含有組成物(以下、「粗CaSi2」という場合がある。)に対し、Ca及び/又はM(Mは第3~9族元素から選択される少なくとも一元素)を添加して、下記条件を満足するCa、M及びSiを含む溶湯を調製する溶湯工程、
前記溶湯を冷却して、結晶性シリコンの量が減少したCaSi2含有組成物(以下、「本発明のCaSi2含有組成物」という場合がある。)を得る冷却工程、を含むことを特徴とする。
条件(以下、「本発明の条件」という場合がある。):Ca、M及びSiのモル比をx:y:z(x+y+z=100)としたとき、x、y及びzは23<x≦100/3、0<y<10及び64<z≦200/3
・溶融CaSi2中で固体のSiや固体のMにCaが拡散し、徐々にSiやMの融点が下がり、溶湯となる
・固体のM中にSiが拡散し、徐々にMの融点が下がり、溶湯となる
3CaSi2+6HCl→Si6H6+3CaCl2
Si6H6→6Si+3H2↑
-(CH2CHCl)n- → nHCl + -(CH=CH)n-
3CaSi2 + 6HCl → Si6H6 + 3CaCl2
Si6H6 → 6Si + 3H2↑
Si + (CH=CH)n → 炭素被覆Si + nH2↑
含ハロゲンポリマーは、ハロゲンを化学構造に含むポリマーであればよい。その理由は、次のとおりである。含ハロゲンポリマー法の加熱条件下であれば、含ハロゲンポリマーからは、ハロゲン化水素酸及び/又はハロゲン分子が離脱する。そして、ハロゲン化水素酸又はハロゲン分子を構成するマイナスチャージされたハロゲンが、CaSi2のCaと反応する。すなわち、含ハロゲンポリマーであれば、マイナスチャージされたハロゲンの供給源となり、所望の反応が進行する。なお、CaSi2がハロゲン化水素酸と反応した場合には、まずSi6H6とハロゲン化カルシウムが生成し、CaSi2がハロゲン分子と反応した場合には、まずハロゲン化シリコンとハロゲン化カルシウムが生成すると考えられる。
以下のとおり、実施例1のCaSi2含有組成物、実施例1の層状シリコン化合物、実施例1のシリコン材料、及び、実施例1のリチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。
結晶性シリコンとFeを含有する粗CaSi2を準備した。粗CaSi2におけるCa、Fe及びSiの質量比は33.6:5.3:61.2であり、Ca、Fe及びSiのモル比は26.94:3.05:70.01であった。
上記溶湯を鋳型に流し込み、放冷して、固形のCaSi2含有組成物を得た。固形のCaSi2含有組成物を乳鉢で粉砕し、目開き53μmの篩にかけた。目開き53μmの篩を通過した粉末状のCaSi2含有組成物を実施例1のCaSi2含有組成物とした。
氷浴中の35質量%HCl水溶液100mLに、アルゴンガス雰囲気下、上記実施例1のCaSi2含有組成物5gを加え、90分間撹拌した。反応液中に暗緑粉末が分散するのが確認できた。反応液を濾過し、残渣を蒸留水及びアセトンで洗浄し、さらに、室温で12時間減圧乾燥して実施例1の層状シリコン化合物を得た。
実施例1の層状シリコン化合物をアルゴンガス雰囲気下、900℃で1時間加熱し、実施例1のシリコン材料を得た。
実施例1のシリコン材料を粉砕し、炭素で被覆した後に水洗して、実施例1の炭素被覆シリコン材料を製造した。
溶湯工程で添加したCaの量を2gとした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で、実施例2のCaSi2含有組成物を製造した。実施例2の溶湯におけるCa、Fe及びSiの質量比は38.1:4.6:54.1であり、Ca、Fe及びSiのモル比は32.13:2.78:65.09であった。
溶湯工程で添加したCaの量を2.64gとした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で、比較例1のCaSi2含有組成物を製造した。比較例1の溶湯におけるCa、Fe及びSiの質量比は39.5:4.4:52.5であり、Ca、Fe及びSiのモル比は33.60:2.69:63.72であった。
溶湯工程及び冷却工程を行わず、粗CaSi2をそのまま比較例2のCaSi2含有組成物とした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で、比較例2の層状シリコン化合物、比較例2のシリコン材料、及び、比較例2のリチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。上述したように、粗CaSi2におけるCa、Fe及びSiの質量比は33.6:5.3:61.2であり、Ca、Fe及びSiのモル比は26.94:3.05:70.01であった。
粉末X線回折装置にて、実施例1、実施例2、比較例1、比較例2のCaSi2含有組成物のX線回折を測定した。得られたX線回折チャートを図1に示す。
実施例1及び比較例2のリチウムイオン二次電池につき、評価極の対極に対する電圧が0.01Vになるまで0.25Cレートで放電を行い、評価極の対極に対する電圧が1Vになるまで0.25Cレートで充電を行う充放電サイクルを50サイクル行った。初回の充電容量に対する各サイクルでの充電容量の比率を容量維持率とした。サイクル数と容量維持率との関係のグラフを図2に示す。なお、評価例2では、評価極にLiを吸蔵させることを放電といい、評価極からLiを放出させることを充電という。
実施例2のCaSi2含有組成物を用いて、以下のとおり、実施例3の炭素被覆シリコン材料、及び、実施例3のリチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。
実施例2のCaSi2含有組成物の1質量部とポリ塩化ビニル(重合度1100)の1.3質量部とを混合し、混合物とした。当該混合物中、CaとClのモル比は、約1:2であった。アルゴン雰囲気下、当該混合物を電気炉内に配置した。電気炉の温度を200℃に設定し、前記混合物を200℃で1時間加熱した。次いで、電気炉の温度を300℃に設定し、前記混合物を300℃で1時間加熱した。さらに、電気炉の温度を900℃に設定し、前記混合物を900℃で1時間加熱して焼成体とした。得られた焼成体を水で洗浄した後に、アセトンで洗浄し、次いで減圧乾燥して、黒色の実施例3の炭素被覆シリコン材料を得た。
負極活物質として実施例3の炭素被覆シリコン材料を72.5質量部、結着剤としてポリアミドイミドを14質量部、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラックを13.5質量部及び適量のN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを混合してスラリーとした。以下、実施例1と同様の方法で、実施例3のリチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。
粉末X線回折装置にて、実施例3の炭素被覆シリコン材料のX線回折を測定した。得られたX線回折チャートを図3に示す。実施例3の炭素被覆シリコン材料のX線回折チャートにおいて、Si結晶に由来する28°付近には、結晶性シリコンを示すシャープな形状のピークがごくわずかに観察されたものの、ナノ水準の結晶子サイズを示すブロードなピークが主に観察された。
実施例3のリチウムイオン二次電池につき、評価極の対極に対する電圧が0.01Vになるまで0.25Cレートで放電を行い、その後、評価極の対極に対する電圧が1Vになるまで0.25Cレートで充電を行った。なお、評価例4では、評価極にLiを吸蔵させることを放電といい、評価極からLiを放出させることを充電という。放電容量に対する充電容量の比率を初期効率として算出した。結果を表3に示す。
Claims (4)
- 結晶性シリコンを含むCaSi2含有組成物に対し、Ca及び/又はM(Mは第3~9族元素から選択される少なくとも一元素)を添加して、下記条件を満足するCa、M及びSiを含む溶湯を調製する溶湯工程、
前記溶湯を冷却して、結晶性シリコンの量が減少したCaSi2含有組成物を得る冷却工程、
を含むことを特徴とするCaSi2含有組成物の製造方法。
条件:Ca、M及びSiのモル比をx:y:z(x+y+z=100)としたとき、x、y及びzは23<x≦100/3、0<y<10及び64<z≦200/3 - 請求項1に記載の製造方法で製造されたCaSi2含有組成物と酸とを反応させて、層状シリコン化合物を得る工程、
前記層状シリコン化合物を300℃以上で加熱する加熱工程、
を含むことを特徴とするシリコン材料の製造方法。 - 請求項1に記載の製造方法で製造されたCaSi2含有組成物と含ハロゲンポリマーを混合し、前記含ハロゲンポリマーの炭化温度以上の温度で加熱する工程、
を含むことを特徴とするシリコン材料の製造方法。 - 請求項2又は3に記載の製造方法で製造されたシリコン材料を用いる二次電池製造工程、を含む二次電池の製造方法。
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US15/735,281 US10308515B2 (en) | 2015-06-12 | 2016-05-20 | Method for producing CaSi2-containing composition and silicon material |
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