WO2016051908A1 - 発光素子および発光素子の製造方法 - Google Patents
発光素子および発光素子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016051908A1 WO2016051908A1 PCT/JP2015/069722 JP2015069722W WO2016051908A1 WO 2016051908 A1 WO2016051908 A1 WO 2016051908A1 JP 2015069722 W JP2015069722 W JP 2015069722W WO 2016051908 A1 WO2016051908 A1 WO 2016051908A1
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- Prior art keywords
- light emitting
- light
- columnar
- emitting element
- layer
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium nitride Chemical compound [Ga]#N JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
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- 238000002488 metal-organic chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 8
- XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylgallium Chemical compound C[Ga](C)C XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01L33/005—Processes
- H01L33/0062—Processes for devices with an active region comprising only III-V compounds
- H01L33/0075—Processes for devices with an active region comprising only III-V compounds comprising nitride compounds
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- H01L33/04—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a quantum effect structure or superlattice, e.g. tunnel junction
- H01L33/06—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a quantum effect structure or superlattice, e.g. tunnel junction within the light emitting region, e.g. quantum confinement structure or tunnel barrier
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- H01L33/08—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a plurality of light emitting regions, e.g. laterally discontinuous light emitting layer or photoluminescent region integrated within the semiconductor body
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- H01L33/26—Materials of the light emitting region
- H01L33/30—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of Group III and Group V of the Periodic Table
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a light emitting element, and more particularly to its structure.
- a light emitting device (LED) using a group 13 nitride (group III nitride) as a material for forming a light emitting part is already widely known.
- a substrate made of a material different from a group 13 nitride such as sapphire (a different material substrate) is usually used as a base substrate, and the group 13 nitride is formed on the base substrate.
- a plurality of crystal layers are stacked.
- a lower wiring composed of a silicon thin film and an n-type GaN layer is formed on at least a surface of an insulating substrate such as a sapphire substrate, a ceramic substrate, or a silicon substrate having a silicon oxide film formed on the surface.
- a mask made of a silicon nitride film is formed thereon, and a first conductive type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a first layer made of a group 13 nitride are formed at each of a plurality of openings provided in the mask.
- a self-luminous display in which a plurality of columnar light-emitting portions are provided by laminating and forming a two-conductivity type semiconductor layer is already known (see, for example, Patent Document 1). In such a self-luminous display, a low refractive index body having a refractive index smaller than the refractive index of the semiconductor constituting the light emitting portion is disposed around the light emitting portion.
- Non-Patent Document 1 a technique for densely forming columnar LED structures having a diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less, which is made of a group 13 nitride and called a nanocolumn, on an n-type silicon single crystal substrate by RF-MBE is already known (for example, Non-Patent Document 1).
- the group 13 nitride constituting the light emitting portion is caused by a difference in lattice constant or thermal expansion coefficient between the base substrate and the group 13 nitride layer. Dislocation propagates in the layer and current leakage occurs at the location where the dislocation is formed, which has been one of the factors that hinder the improvement of emission intensity.
- the gallium nitride single crystal free-standing substrate is used as the base substrate, the problem of difference in lattice constant and thermal expansion coefficient with the group 13 nitride layer is solved, but it is not easy to increase the area. There exists a problem that an element manufacturing cost becomes high.
- Patent Document 1 While using a dissimilar material substrate, the light emission efficiency is improved by means of structural improvements.
- the technique disclosed in Patent Document 1 has a problem in that a light emitting element having a vertical structure cannot be formed because an insulating substrate is used.
- the technique disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1 although it is possible to form a light emitting portion with reduced dislocation and distortion, there is still a cost limitation because a silicon single crystal substrate is used.
- JP 2013-55170 A Japanese Patent No. 3410863 International Publication No. 2013/147326
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a light-emitting element that is inexpensive and easy to manufacture and has excellent light extraction efficiency.
- the light-emitting element includes an oriented polycrystalline substrate composed of a plurality of oriented crystal grains, and a region where there is no crystal defect on one main surface of the oriented polycrystalline substrate. And a plurality of columnar light emitting portions each of which is a columnar portion having a longitudinal direction in the normal direction of the oriented polycrystalline substrate, and a refractive index higher than that of the constituent material of the columnar light emitting portion. And a light confinement layer provided so as to surround the plurality of columnar light emitting portions above the oriented polycrystalline substrate.
- the plurality of columnar light emitting portions have a predetermined period virtually determined on the one main surface of the oriented polycrystalline substrate.
- the crystal defects are provided below the crystal defects.
- the columnar light emission at a position where the crystal defect exists below the lattice point position of the planar lattice.
- An incomplete columnar part that is a columnar part having a shorter size in the longitudinal direction than the part is provided.
- each of the plurality of columnar light emitting portions includes an n-type layer made of a group 13 nitride and an active layer. And a p-type layer are laminated in this order from the side of the oriented polycrystalline substrate.
- the active layer has an MQW structure.
- the light confinement layer is made of SiO 2 .
- each upper end of the plurality of columnar light emitting portions and the upper surface of the light confinement layer form one flat surface.
- a transparent conductive film is provided on the flat surface.
- the oriented polycrystalline substrate is an oriented GaN substrate, a pad electrode is provided on the transparent conductive film, A cathode electrode is provided on the other main surface.
- the oriented polycrystalline substrate is an oriented alumina substrate, and an underlying layer exhibiting n-type conductivity is provided on the oriented alumina substrate.
- the plurality of columnar light emitting portions are formed on the base layer, a pad electrode is provided on the transparent conductive film, and a cathode electrode is provided on the base layer. did.
- the method for manufacturing a light-emitting element comprises a plurality of oriented crystal grains, so that a first region having no crystal defects on one main surface and a second region having crystal defects exist.
- a plurality of first columnar structures each having a columnar shape are formed at a location located above, while a location located above the second region of the plurality of openings is It is columnar and longer than the first columnar structure
- the plurality of openings are arranged at a predetermined cycle In the first and second light confinement layer forming steps, the first light confinement layer and the second light confinement layer are both the first columnar structures.
- the material is made of a material having a refractive index lower than that of the constituent material.
- an average particle diameter of the one main surface of the plurality of crystal grains is D, and an opening diameter of the plurality of openings is d.
- d ⁇ D / 2.
- d ⁇ D / 4 when D ⁇ 20 ⁇ m, and d ⁇ D / 3 when D ⁇ 20 ⁇ m. did.
- the n-type layer, the active layer, and the p was formed of a group 13 nitride.
- the active layer is formed to have an MQW structure.
- the first and second light confinement layers are formed of SiO 2 .
- each upper end of the plurality of first columnar structures is The second optical confinement layer is polished so that the upper surface of the second optical confinement layer forms one flat surface, a transparent conductive film is provided on the flat surface, and a pad electrode is formed on the transparent conductive film. To form.
- an oriented GaN substrate is used as the oriented polycrystalline substrate, and the other main surface of the oriented GaN substrate is used in the cathode electrode forming step.
- a cathode electrode was provided on the top.
- an oriented alumina substrate is used as the oriented polycrystalline substrate, and an underlying layer exhibiting an n-type conductivity type on the oriented alumina substrate.
- the columnar structure is formed on the base layer at a position located above the first region, and in the cathode electrode forming step, a cathode electrode is provided on the base layer.
- the light extraction efficiency is excellent and the current leakage is reduced.
- a light-emitting element having a suppressed vertical structure can be realized.
- the position of the opening is mechanically determined as the lattice point position of the planar lattice regardless of whether there is a crystal defect immediately below. Only the first columnar structure formed on the first region where the crystal defect of the base substrate does not exist can be suitably used as the columnar light emitting portion.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically showing a state in the middle of production of the light emitting element 10. It is a top view which illustrates the 1st optical confinement layer 2a in case the opening part 2h of planar view circular shape is provided in the lattice point position of a hexagonal plane lattice. It is a figure which shows typically the mode in the middle of preparation of the light emitting element 110 which concerns on the modification of 1st Embodiment. It is a figure which shows typically the mode in the middle of preparation of the light emitting element 210 which concerns on 2nd Embodiment. It is a figure which illustrates the light emission structure in a whole surface lamination light emitting element.
- Group 13 refers to aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), etc.
- Group 14 refers to silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), etc.
- 15 refers to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and the like.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a configuration of a light emitting element 10 according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional view of the entire light emitting element 10.
- a light-emitting element 10 mainly includes an optical confinement in which a base substrate 1, a first optical confinement layer 2a, and a second optical confinement layer 2b are stacked in this order from the base substrate side.
- a plurality of columnar light emitting portions 6 (layer 2), each of which is formed by laminating an n-type layer 3, an active layer 4, and a p-type layer 5 made of a group 13 nitride (group III nitride) in this order from the base substrate side.
- the light emitting element 10 generally has a vertical light emitting element structure, and when energized between the pad electrode 8 and the cathode electrode 9, light is emitted from the plurality of columnar light emitting portions 6 existing between the two electrodes. It has come to occur.
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view showing a detailed configuration of the columnar light emitting section 6.
- the active layer 4 in the columnar light-emitting portion 6 includes a first unit layer 4a and a second unit layer 4b that are alternately stacked in this order from the base substrate side. It has a well (MQW) structure.
- the p-type layer 5 is formed by laminating a p-type cladding layer 5a and a p-type cap layer 5b in this order from the base substrate side.
- the base substrate 1 is a polycrystalline substrate made of a plurality of GaN crystals. However, each GaN crystal is oriented so that its c-axis direction is substantially coincident (generally aligned) with the normal direction of the main surface of the base substrate 1 (hereinafter also simply referred to as the normal direction). Being done.
- the base substrate 1 is a kind of oriented polycrystalline substrate, and is also referred to as an oriented GaN substrate below. Strictly speaking, however, the c-axis direction of each GaN crystal is slightly shifted from the normal direction of the underlying substrate 1. A deviation angle from the normal direction of the base substrate 1 in the c-axis direction of the GaN crystal is referred to as a tilt angle.
- the base substrate 1 has crystal defects 1d such as crystal grain boundaries due to its configuration and manufacturing method, and a part thereof penetrates in the normal direction.
- the base substrate 1 can be regarded as having a substantially single crystal structure in the normal direction, and has sufficiently high crystallinity to ensure device characteristics such as a light emitting function.
- the base substrate 1 is merely an oriented GaN substrate and not a single crystal substrate, it has a feature that the manufacturing cost is lower than that of the single crystal GaN substrate.
- the base substrate 1 preferably has a thickness of about several tens of ⁇ m or more.
- the average particle diameter (more specifically, the average particle diameter in the in-plane direction of the main surface of the base substrate 1) D of the GaN crystal constituting the base substrate 1 is preferably 15 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit of the average particle diameter D is not particularly limited in principle, but from the viewpoint of actually producing a polycrystalline oriented GaN substrate, the upper limit is about 200 ⁇ m. A method for manufacturing the base substrate 1 will be described later.
- the light confinement layer 2 is provided on one main surface side of the base substrate 1 so as to surround the plurality of columnar light emitting units 6.
- the light confinement layer 2 is made of a material having a refractive index smaller than that of the group 13 nitride constituting the columnar light emitting portion 6. In the case of GaN, the refractive index is about 2.4 to 2.6.
- the material of the optical confinement layer 2 include SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , SiN, and SiON, but SiO 2 is preferable from the viewpoint of ease of manufacture.
- the light generated in the columnar light-emitting portion 6 propagates in the longitudinal direction of the columnar light-emitting portion 6 while being repeatedly reflected at the interface with the light confinement layer 2, and finally emitted to the outside of the element through the transparent conductive film 7. Is done. That is, the light confinement layer 2 has an effect of confining the light generated in the columnar light emitting unit 6 in the columnar light emitting unit 6. Due to the light confinement effect, the light extraction efficiency of the light emitting element 10 is enhanced.
- the light confinement layer 2 has a two-layer structure of the first light confinement layer 2a and the second light confinement layer 2b.
- the first light confinement layer 2a is a layer used as a mask for defining the formation position when the columnar light-emitting portion 6 is formed, as will be described in detail later.
- the two layers are exactly the same in that they exhibit a light confinement effect.
- the first optical confinement layer 2a is preferably provided with a thickness of 100 nm to 1000 nm.
- the thickness of the entire light confinement layer 2 is the same as the thickness (size in the longitudinal direction) of the columnar light emitting portion 6.
- the columnar light-emitting portion 6 is a part that actually emits light in the light-emitting element 10.
- the columnar light-emitting portion 6 is a cylindrical, polygonal shape extending along the normal direction above the main surface of the base substrate 1 on the side where the light confinement layer 2 is provided. It is provided as a columnar or other columnar (rod-shaped) laminated structure.
- the columnar light emitting section 6 is provided on the main surface of the base substrate 1 by sequentially epitaxially growing a plurality of layers made of group 13 nitride.
- the light emitting element 10 is provided with a plurality of columnar light emitting portions 6 discretely on the main surface of the base substrate 1.
- each columnar light-emitting portion 6 includes the n-type layer 3, the active layer 4 in which the MQW structure is formed by the first unit layer 4a and the second unit layer 4b, the p-type cladding layer 5a, The p-type layer 5 including the p-type cap layer 5b is stacked.
- the c-axis direction of each columnar light-emitting portion 6 coincides with the c-axis direction of the GaN crystal immediately below. In other words, this means that the c-axis direction of each of the columnar light emitting portions 6 substantially matches the normal direction of the base substrate 1.
- the n-type layer 3 is made of GaN doped with Si such that the electron concentration is 2 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 to 2 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3, and preferably has a thickness of 400 nm to 5000 nm.
- the active layer 4 is a group 13 nitride having a composition of In x Ga 1-x N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2) in the first unit layer 4a and has a thickness of 2 nm to 10 nm.
- the layer 4b is preferably made of GaN and has a thickness of 5 nm to 15 nm, and the number of repeated laminations of the pair of the first unit layer 4a and the second unit layer 4b is preferably 3 to 8.
- the p-type cladding layer 5a is made of Al y Ga 1-y N (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2) doped with Mg so that the hole concentration is 5 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 to 5 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3. It is preferable that it has a thickness of 50 nm to 150 nm.
- the p-type cap layer 5b is made of GaN doped with Mg so as to have a hole concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3, and preferably has a thickness of 200 nm to 650 nm. .
- the longitudinal size of the columnar light-emitting portion 6 is about 500 nm to 6000 nm.
- the upper end portions of all the columnar light emitting portions 6 (more specifically, the upper end portion of the p-type cap layer 5b) and the upper surface of the light confinement layer 2 (more specifically, the second light confinement layer). 2b)
- the longitudinal size of the columnar light emitting portion 6 is the same as the thickness of the light confinement layer 2 in which the columnar light emitting portion 6 is embedded.
- the transparent conductive film 7 is formed in a form adjacent to the upper surface of the second light confinement layer 2b and the upper ends of all the columnar light emitting portions 6. As a result, all the columnar light emitting portions 6 are electrically connected to the transparent conductive film 7.
- the transparent conductive film 7 is formed with a thickness of about 50 nm to 200 nm using, for example, ITO or zinc oxide.
- the pad electrode 8 is an electrode that is electrically connected to the upper end portion of the columnar light emitting unit 6.
- the pad electrode 8 is provided on a part of the upper surface of the transparent conductive film 7.
- the pad electrode 8 is preferably formed as a Ti / Au laminated film.
- the thicknesses of the Ti film and the Au film constituting the Ti / Au laminated film to be the pad electrode 8 are preferably about 20 nm to 200 nm and 50 nm to 500 nm, respectively.
- the cathode electrode 9 is an electrode that is electrically connected to the end of the columnar light emitting unit 6 on the base substrate 1 side.
- the cathode electrode 9 is provided on a substantially entire surface on the other main surface on the side opposite to the main surface on the side of the base substrate 1 on which the columnar light emitting portions 6 are provided.
- the cathode electrode 9 is preferably formed as a Ti / Al / Ni / Au multilayer film.
- the thicknesses of the Ti film, Al film, Ni film, and Au film constituting the Ti / Al / Ni / Au multilayer film to be the cathode electrode 9 are about 10 nm to 30 nm, 150 nm to 1000 nm, 20 nm to 100 nm, and 50 nm to 500 nm, respectively. Is preferred.
- the columnar light emitting units 6 in the light emitting element 10 are discretely provided on one main surface of the base substrate 1. More specifically, each columnar light emitting unit 6 is provided on the main surface.
- a lattice point hereinafter referred to as a formation candidate position
- a planar lattice for example, a hexagonal planar lattice or a square planar lattice
- each of the columnar light emitting portions 6 is provided with a requirement that the maximum size (maximum outer diameter size) d in a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction is D / 2 or less.
- the columnar light emitting portion 6 is formed only on the GaN crystal that can be regarded as a substantially single crystal. That is, any of the columnar light emitting portions 6 is formed without being affected by crystal defects 1 d such as crystal grain boundaries existing in the base substrate 1. Therefore, all the columnar light emitting portions 6 have excellent crystal quality.
- the formation candidate position of the columnar light emitting portion 6 is defined as the position of the opening 2h provided when the first light confinement layer 2a is formed (see FIG. 3).
- the period p is a value that is the minimum pitch of the columnar light-emitting portions 6, and is preferably about 15 ⁇ m to 70 ⁇ m, although it depends on the value of the average particle diameter D of the GaN crystals constituting the base substrate 1.
- the light emitting element 10 preferably includes a large number of columnar light emitting portions 6 that meet the above requirements. Providing a large number of columnar light emitting portions 6 with excellent crystal quality contributes to an increase in light emission intensity in the light emitting element 10.
- the period p is too small, the maximum outer diameter size d of the columnar light-emitting portions 6 is naturally reduced, and although the number of columnar light-emitting portions 6 increases, the number of formation candidate positions overlapping the crystal defects 1d increases. The emission intensity cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when the period p is too large, the number of the columnar light emitting portions 6 is reduced, so that sufficient light emission intensity cannot be obtained.
- the size d is preferably D / 4 or less, and when the average particle diameter D is 20 ⁇ m or more, the size d is preferably D / 3 or less.
- the light-emitting element 10 having high emission intensity is manufactured with high yield.
- the lower limit of the size d is not limited as long as the columnar light emitting portion 6 can be formed.
- the columnar light-emitting portion 6 can be formed relatively easily by MOCVD as will be described later.
- the columnar light-emitting portion 6 can be formed so that the size d is about 100 nm to 1000 nm by applying a known nanowire forming method, for example.
- a layered configuration (light emission) similar to that of the columnar light emitting unit 6, not the columnar light emitting unit 6, is a position where the columnar light emitting unit 6 is formed and the crystal defect 1 d exists immediately below.
- the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ (second columnar structure) having a smaller size in the longitudinal direction than that of the columnar light emitting portion 6.
- the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ has a crystal defect 1d on one main surface of the base substrate 1 among the formation candidate positions that are two-dimensionally determined on the one main surface of the base substrate 1 with a period p. It is formed above the area to be performed (second area).
- the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ is formed at the same crystal growth condition as that of the columnar light-emitting portion 6 because the portion where the crystal defect 1d exists is the growth starting point (growth base). This is a part that has become smaller than the light emitting unit 6. Unlike the columnar light-emitting portion 6, the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ is covered with the second light confinement layer 2b and is not electrically connected to the transparent conductive film 7, and thus does not contribute to light emission. .
- an n-type layer, an active layer, and a p-type layer are sequentially formed on substantially the entire surface of one main surface of the substrate as in a conventional light emitting device.
- a light emitting device hereinafter referred to as a full surface stacked light emitting device
- LED structure light emitting structure
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a light emitting structure in the entire surface light emitting element, which is shown to explain this point.
- the growth rate is slow above the crystal defect 1d, so that the n-type layer 3, the active layer 4, And the incomplete columnar part 6 (beta) with the small lamination direction size of the p-type layer 5 is formed. Therefore, the layers are not continuous in the in-plane direction, and the normally formed n-type layer 3 is in contact with the active layer 4 of the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ , and further the p-type layer 5, or the normally formed active layer 4 May come into contact with the p-type layer 5 of the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ .
- the p-type electrode formed on the p-type layer 5 comes into contact with the active layer 4 or the n-type layer 3. This causes current leakage.
- the crystal defects 1d are unevenly present in the oriented GaN substrate, in the case of the entire surface laminated light emitting device, the crystal growth is avoided on the substrate surface, or the growth portion on the crystal defect 1d is avoided. Is difficult to form.
- the light emitting device 10 in the light emitting element 10 according to the present embodiment, only the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ that is not electrically connected to the transparent conductive film 7 exists on the crystal defect 1d, and the columnar light emitting portion 6 has the crystal defect 1d. Since it does not exist above, the occurrence of such current leakage is suitably suppressed. From a different point of view, the light emitting device 10 according to the present embodiment can be regarded as suppressing the occurrence of current leakage by disposing the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ on the crystal defect 1d. it can. That is, in the light emitting element 10, it can be said that the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ functions as a current leakage suppressing portion.
- the area ratio of the portion responsible for light emission with respect to the area of the one main surface of the base substrate 1 is smaller than that of the whole surface stacked light emitting element.
- the light emitting device 10 achieves excellent light emission intensity while using the oriented GaN substrate as the base substrate 1.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically showing a state in the process of manufacturing the light emitting element 10.
- an oriented GaN substrate having crystal defects 1d such as crystal grain boundaries as shown in FIG. As a method for producing an oriented GaN substrate, for example, a flux method (Na flux method) is exemplified.
- a flux method Na flux method
- an oriented alumina substrate which is an oriented polycrystalline substrate is prepared.
- the oriented alumina substrate is made of a polycrystalline alumina sintered body in which the c-axis of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) particles having an average particle diameter of about 15 ⁇ m to 70 ⁇ m on one main surface is oriented in the direction of the substrate normal.
- the size of the alumina substrate is not particularly limited as long as it can be handled in subsequent processing. For example, it is preferable to use a substrate having a diameter of 2 inches to 8 inches and a thickness of about 500 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m.
- a GaN low-temperature buffer layer having a thickness of about 20 nm to 30 nm and 1 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m are formed on one main surface of the oriented alumina substrate by MOCVD using hydrogen as a carrier gas and TMG (trimethylgallium) and ammonia as source gases.
- a seed substrate is obtained by sequentially forming a GaN layer of a certain thickness.
- the formation temperature of the GaN low-temperature buffer layer may be about 510 ° C. to 530 ° C., and the formation temperature of the subsequent GaN layer may be about 1050 ° C. to 1150 ° C.
- the seed substrate is filled in an alumina crucible together with metal Ga and metal Na having a weight corresponding to the size of the alumina substrate, and the alumina crucible is placed in a heat-resistant metal growth vessel and sealed.
- a growth vessel is placed in a heat-resistant and pressure-resistant crystal growth furnace.
- the furnace temperature is set to 750 ° C. to 900 ° C.
- nitrogen gas is introduced to set the pressure in the furnace to 3 MPa to 5 MPa, and then the growth vessel is held for 50 hours to 100 hours while being rotated horizontally.
- a GaN thick film layer having a thickness of 1 mm is grown. In such a case, the GaN thick film layer is obtained as an oriented polycrystalline layer in which the crystal grains are c-axis oriented following the crystal orientation of the individual crystal grains forming the underlying alumina substrate.
- the oriented GaN substrate is obtained by polishing the GaN thick film layer to a desired thickness using a known technique such as diamond abrasive grains.
- the GaN thick film layer formed on the oriented alumina substrate is also a polycrystalline layer, and the c-axis of each crystal grain is generally oriented in the substrate normal direction following the oriented alumina substrate. It includes crystal defects 1d such as grain boundaries. Therefore, the finally obtained oriented GaN substrate also has this feature.
- the first optical confinement layer 2a is formed on one main surface thereof as shown in FIG. 2 (b).
- the first optical confinement layer 2a is formed so that the opening 2h serving as a through hole is positioned at a lattice point position of a planar lattice (for example, a hexagonal planar lattice or a square planar lattice) when viewed in plan.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view illustrating the first optical confinement layer 2a when the opening 2h having a circular shape in plan view is provided at the lattice point position of the hexagonal plane lattice.
- the arrangement position of the opening 2 h is a formation candidate position of the columnar light emitting unit 6.
- the first light confinement layer 2a functions as a mask when forming the columnar light emitting portions 6 (and the incomplete columnar portions 6 ⁇ ). In other words, it is the formation position of the columnar light emitting portion 6 or the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ .
- the maximum outer diameter size of the opening 2h may be a value that substantially matches the maximum outer diameter size d of the columnar light emitting portion 6, and the period p is preferably about 30 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m as described above.
- the arrangement position of the opening 2h, that is, the formation candidate position of the columnar light emitting section 6 is mechanically determined without considering the position of the crystal defect 1d that is unevenly present on the base substrate 1.
- first optical confinement layer 2a at a sputtering method or a CVD method, SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3, SiN, SiON, etc., a refractive index higher than 13 nitride constituting the columnar light-emitting part 6
- the opening 2 h having an opening diameter d can be patterned on the layer by a photolithography process and an RIE etching process.
- the columnar light emitting portion 6 is formed in the opening 2h as shown in FIG.
- the columnar light emitting portion 6 is formed by the MOCVD method.
- the base substrate 1 on which the first optical confinement layer 2a is formed is placed on a susceptor in the MOCVD furnace so that the first optical confinement layer 2a side becomes the formation surface. Then, the substrate temperature (susceptor temperature) is set to a predetermined n-type layer formation temperature of 1050 ° C. to 1150 ° C. in a hydrogen / nitrogen mixed atmosphere, nitrogen and hydrogen are used as carrier gases, and TMG (trimethyl gallium) and ammonia are used as raw materials.
- the Si-doped GaN layer as the n-type layer 3 is grown on the base substrate 1 in the opening 2h using silane gas as a dopant.
- the substrate temperature susceptor temperature
- a predetermined active layer formation temperature 750 ° C. to 850 ° C.
- nitrogen and hydrogen are used as carrier gases
- TMG, TMI (trimethylindium) and ammonia are used as raw materials
- the n-type layer 3 a first unit layer 4 a made of a group 13 nitride having a composition of In x Ga 1-x N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2) and a second unit layer 4 b made of GaN are provided on the base substrate 1 side.
- the active layer 4 having the MQW structure is formed by repeatedly and alternately forming in this order.
- the substrate temperature is a predetermined p-type layer formation temperature of 1000 ° C. to 1100 ° C.
- nitrogen and hydrogen are used as carrier gases
- TMG, TMA (trimethylaluminum) and ammonia are used as raw materials
- Cp 2 Mg is used as a source material.
- a dopant a p-type cladding layer formed by doping Mg into a group 13 nitride having a composition of Al y Ga 1-y N (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2) as a p-type layer 5 on the active layer 4 5a and a p-type cap layer 5b made of Mg-doped GaN are formed in this order.
- the p-type cap layer 5b when the p-type cap layer 5b is formed, the upper end portion 5e is polished in a subsequent process, and therefore it is necessary to determine the formation thickness in anticipation of the loss due to such polishing. Specifically, as described above, it is preferable that the p-type cap layer 5b has a thickness of 50 nm to 200 nm. Therefore, the formation thickness is preferably about 100 nm to 300 nm larger than the thickness.
- the columnar light emitting portion 6 is formed in the opening 2h.
- the arrangement position of the opening 2h is mechanically determined, there may be a crystal defect 1d immediately below a part of the openings 2h, but in a place where the crystal defect 1d exists, Since the incomplete columnar part 6 ⁇ shorter than the columnar light emitting part 6 is formed at a growth rate lower than the growth rate of the columnar light emitting part 6, the columnar light emitting part 6 having a desired size is actually formed. This is only a portion where the crystal defect 1d does not exist immediately below the opening 2h.
- the columnar light-emitting portion 6 is formed without using special control or distinction by utilizing the difference in the growth rate due to the difference in the state of the growth starting point (growth base). It can be said that the crystal grain boundary portion of the GaN crystal forming the base substrate 1 is excluded from the location.
- the second light confinement layer 2b is subsequently formed as shown in FIG. Similar to the first optical confinement layer 2a, the second optical confinement layer 2b is made of a material having a refractive index smaller than that of the group 13 nitride constituting the columnar light-emitting portion 6, such as SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , SiN, and SiON. As a material, it is formed so as to fill between the columnar light emitting part 6 and the incomplete columnar part 6 ⁇ and to cover the upper end portion 5e of the p-type layer 5 which is the uppermost layer of the columnar light emitting part 6.
- the second light confinement layer 2b is formed so as to cover the exposed columnar light emitting portion 6 and the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ .
- the second optical confinement layer 2b is preferably formed by sputtering, for example.
- the second light confinement layer 2b is preferably formed so that the total thickness of the light confinement layer 2 combined with the first light confinement layer 2a is about 0.8 ⁇ m to 8 ⁇ m. At this time, of course, the upper end portion of the incomplete columnar portion 6 ⁇ is also covered with the second optical confinement layer 2b.
- the surface layer portion is polished to expose the p-type layer 5 (more precisely, the p-type cap layer 5b) as shown in FIG.
- a flat surface composed of the upper surface 5s of the p-type layer 5 and the upper surface 2s of the second optical confinement layer 2b is formed.
- CMP polishing is preferable, and polishing is performed under the condition that the polishing rate (chemical etching rate) of the second optical confinement layer 2b is equal to or faster than the polishing rate of the p-type layer 5. Is preferred.
- a heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 750 ° C. to 850 ° C. for 10 minutes to 20 minutes using a rapid annealing furnace (RTA).
- RTA rapid annealing furnace
- the cathode electrode 9, the transparent conductive film 7, and the pad electrode 8 are formed in this order.
- the cathode electrode 9 is preferably formed on substantially the entire main surface of the base substrate 1 opposite to the surface on which the first light confinement layer 2a is formed, by a photolithography process and a vacuum deposition method. . After the cathode electrode 9 is formed, heat treatment is performed for 50 seconds to 300 seconds in a nitrogen atmosphere at 600 ° C. to 650 ° C. in order to improve the ohmic contact characteristics.
- the transparent conductive film 7 is formed on substantially the entire flat surface composed of the upper surface 5s of the p-type layer 5 and the upper surface 2s of the second optical confinement layer 2b by sputtering.
- the pad electrode 8 is preferably formed on a part of the upper surface of the transparent conductive film 7 by a photolithography process and a vacuum deposition method. After the pad electrode 8 is formed, heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 600 ° C. to 650 ° C. for 1 minute to 5 minutes in order to improve the ohmic contact characteristics.
- the distribution of the crystal defects 1d in the base substrate 1 is not uniform, when a large number of light emitting elements 10 are manufactured by the above-described procedure, depending on the balance between the cut portion and the existence location of the crystal defect 1d, a columnar shape is obtained.
- the light emitting element 10 in which the light emitting part 6 is not sufficiently formed may be generated, the probability that such a light emitting element 10 is formed is preferably determined by appropriately determining the size d of the columnar light emitting part 6 and the period P of the opening 2h. It will be limited. In other words, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to manufacture the light emitting element 10 having high yield and high emission intensity.
- an oriented GaN substrate which is an oriented polycrystalline substrate that is cheaper and easier to produce than a single crystal substrate, is used as the base substrate, and on one main surface thereof.
- columnar light emitting portions each formed by laminating an n-type layer, an active layer, and a p-type layer each made of a group 13 nitride are provided discretely at positions where crystal defects such as crystal grain boundaries do not exist.
- a light confinement layer on a material having a refractive index smaller than that of the group 13 nitride forming the columnar light-emitting portion around the columnar light-emitting portion light extraction efficiency is excellent and current leakage is suppressed.
- a light emitting element having a vertical structure can be realized.
- the formation of the columnar light emitting portion there is no crystal defect of the base substrate, although the formation candidate position is mechanically determined as the lattice point position of the planar lattice regardless of whether or not the crystal defect exists immediately below.
- a columnar light-emitting portion can be suitably formed only at a location.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically showing a state in the process of manufacturing the light emitting element 110 according to the modification of the first embodiment. Note that the same components as those of the light-emitting element 10 according to the first embodiment, which are components included in the light-emitting element 110 according to the modification, are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof is omitted. To do.
- the base substrate 1 prepared in the modification is the same as that in the first embodiment.
- the opening of the first optical confinement layer 102a As shown in FIG. 4A, the base substrate 1 prepared in the modification is the same as that in the first embodiment. However, as shown in FIG. 4B, the opening of the first optical confinement layer 102a. Unlike the shape of the opening 2h of the first light confinement layer 2a provided in the light emitting element 10, the portion 102h has a tapered shape (a trapezoidal cross-sectional shape) that widens upward. This is realized by rotating the base substrate 1 while inclining at the time of RIE etching for forming the opening 102h.
- the columnar light emitting portion 106 is formed under the same formation conditions as the columnar light emitting portion 6 in the first embodiment. As shown in FIG. Due to the shape of the opening 102 h, the outer size of the n-type layer 103, the active layer 104, and the p-type layer 105 is larger than that of the columnar light emitting unit 6.
- the second optical confinement layer 102b is formed and a flat surface composed of the upper surface 105s of the p-type layer 105 and the upper surface 102s of the second optical confinement layer 102b is formed by polishing.
- the formation of the surface, and further, the formation of the separation groove and the formation of the cathode electrode 9, the transparent conductive film 7, and the pad electrode 8 are performed in the same manner as in the first embodiment, whereby the light emitting device shown in FIG. 110 is obtained.
- the n-type layer 103 has a tapered shape with a larger outer diameter in the vicinity of the base substrate of the n-type layer 103 constituting the columnar light-emitting portion 106.
- the area of the cross section of the active layer 104 parallel to the interface is larger than the area of the interface between the substrate 103 and the base substrate 1.
- the light emitting element 110 achieves greater light extraction efficiency than the light emitting element 10 having the same area at the interface between the n-type layer 103 and the base substrate 1.
- a vertical structure light emitting device with excellent light extraction efficiency is realized by using a GaN substrate which is an oriented polycrystalline substrate as the base substrate 1.
- a light emitting element 210 having a horizontal structure will be described.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically showing a state in the process of manufacturing the light emitting element 210 according to the second embodiment.
- the same components as those of the light-emitting element 10 according to the first embodiment that are included in the light-emitting element 210 according to the present embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof will be given. Omitted.
- the case where the light-emitting element 210 is manufactured by a so-called multi-cavity method in which a base substrate 201 in a state of a mother substrate is prepared and a large number of light-emitting elements 210 are manufactured at the same time is targeted.
- a base layer 201b having an n-type conductivity type is formed as the base substrate 201 on substantially the entire main surface of one side of the oriented alumina substrate 201a. Is used.
- the oriented alumina substrate 201a is a polycrystalline alumina sintered body in which the c-axis of a plurality of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) particles having an average particle diameter D of about 15 ⁇ m to 70 ⁇ m on one main surface is oriented in the direction of the substrate normal. Consists of.
- the size of the oriented alumina substrate 201a is not particularly limited as long as it can be handled in subsequent processing. For example, it is preferable to use a substrate having a diameter of 2 to 8 inches and a thickness of about 500 to 2000 ⁇ m.
- the underlayer 201b is formed by MOCVD.
- the oriented alumina substrate 201a is placed on a susceptor in a MOCVD furnace, and once subjected to a cleaning process by being heated and maintained in a cleaning process at 1150 ° C. to 1250 ° C. in a hydrogen atmosphere, the substrate temperature (susceptor temperature) )
- a low temperature buffer layer formation temperature 500 ° C. to 550 ° C.
- a GaN low temperature buffer layer (not shown) is grown to a thickness of 10 nm to 30 nm using hydrogen as a carrier gas and TMG and ammonia as raw materials.
- the substrate temperature (susceptor temperature) is set to a predetermined base layer formation temperature of 1080 ° C. to 1120 ° C.
- nitrogen and hydrogen are used as carrier gases
- TMG and ammonia are used as raw materials
- silane gas is used as a dopant
- the base layer 201b is formed.
- a Si-doped GaN layer is formed to a thickness of 2 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m.
- the oriented alumina substrate 201a there are crystal defects 201d such as crystal grain boundaries as in the base substrate 1 used in the light emitting device 10 according to the first embodiment. Further, in the base layer 201b, the crystal quality is deteriorated more in the portion on the crystal defect 201d than in the other portion.
- the first light confinement layer 2a as a mask is formed by a polishing process in the same procedure as in the first embodiment. Up to the formation of a flat surface composed of the upper surface 5s of the p-type layer 5 and the upper surface 2s of the second optical confinement layer 2b is performed. At that time, preferable requirements for the period p of the opening 2h and the opening diameter d (the relationship between the opening diameter d and the crystal grain diameter D) and other preparation conditions may be the same as those in the first embodiment.
- the size that is smaller than the columnar light-emitting portion 6 is incomplete above the position where the crystal defect 201d is present, as in the first embodiment. Since the columnar portion 6 ⁇ is formed, in the finally obtained light emitting element 210, like the light emitting element 10, occurrence of current leakage due to the presence of the crystal defect 201d is preferably suppressed.
- the subsequent formation of the separation groove is performed in the same manner as in the first embodiment, and then, in order to secure the formation position of the cathode electrode 209, a part of the base layer 201b is formed by a photolithography process and RIE etching. Is exposed (FIG. 5F). Then, a cathode electrode 209 is formed on the exposed portion by a photolithography process and a vacuum deposition method. The constituent material and thickness of the cathode electrode 209 may be the same as those in the first embodiment. Furthermore, the formation of the transparent conductive film 7 and the pad electrode 8 may be performed in the same manner as in the first embodiment. As a result, the light emitting element 210 having a lateral structure shown in FIG.
- the entire structure of the light emitting element 210 is a horizontal type, and an oriented alumina substrate is used as a base substrate.
- the columnar light emitting portion 6 is formed in the same manner as the light emitting element 10 according to the first embodiment. Therefore, also in the light emitting element 210 according to the present embodiment, as with the light emitting element 10 according to the first embodiment, an oriented polycrystalline substrate that is cheaper and easier to manufacture than a single crystal substrate is used as a base substrate. While being used, excellent light extraction efficiency and suppression of current leakage are realized.
- Example 10 A plurality of types of light-emitting elements having the same configuration as that of the light-emitting element 10 according to the first embodiment were manufactured.
- the average particle diameter D in the oriented GaN substrate is different from three levels of 15 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m, and 50 ⁇ m
- the opening diameter of the opening 2 h (maximum outer diameter size of the columnar light emitting portion 6) d is 1 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m
- a total of 24 light emitting elements (sample Nos. 1 to 24) having different 8 levels of 3 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 15 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m, and 25 ⁇ m were manufactured.
- an oriented GaN substrate to be the base substrate 1 was produced by a flux method.
- eight kinds of three kinds of oriented alumina substrates each having an average particle diameter of 15 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m, and 50 ⁇ m on one main surface were prepared, and an oriented GaN substrate was prepared using each.
- Each oriented alumina substrate had a diameter of 2 inches and a thickness of 400 ⁇ m.
- GaN low-temperature buffer layer having a thickness of 20 nm by MOCVD
- three types of seed substrates were obtained by forming a GaN layer having a thickness of 3 ⁇ m.
- the formation temperature of the GaN low-temperature buffer layer was 520 ° C.
- the formation temperature of the subsequent GaN layer was 1100 ° C.
- a GaN thick film layer was grown on each of the three types of seed substrates by the flux method.
- the amounts of metal Ga and metal Na filled in the alumina crucible together with the seed substrate were 20 g and 40 g, respectively.
- the furnace temperature of the crystal growth furnace was 850 ° C., and the furnace pressure was 4 MPa.
- the holding time was 20 hours. Thereby, a GaN thick film layer having a thickness of about 500 ⁇ m was grown on the seed substrate.
- the seed substrate after forming the GaN thick film layer was taken out from the alumina crucible.
- the GaN thick film layer was polished with diamond abrasive grains to a thickness of 300 ⁇ m.
- three types of oriented GaN substrates were obtained.
- the average particle size on one main surface of the obtained three kinds of oriented GaN substrates was almost the same as the average particle size of the oriented alumina substrate which was the base (15 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m).
- the first optical confinement layer 2a was formed on each of the obtained oriented GaN substrates. Specifically, first, a SiO 2 layer having a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m was formed by sputtering. Thereafter, the opening 2h was patterned and formed with a different opening diameter d on the layer by a photolithography process and an RIE etching process. In any oriented GaN substrate, the opening 2h is formed at a lattice point position of a hexagonal plane lattice. In addition, all the periods p were 30 micrometers.
- the columnar light emitting portion 6 was formed by MOCVD.
- a Si-doped GaN layer having an electron concentration of 5 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 was formed to a thickness of 0.7 ⁇ m as the n-type layer 3 at a substrate temperature of 1100 ° C.
- the substrate temperature is set to 750 ° C.
- the first unit layer 4a made of In 0.1 Ga 0.9 N and having a thickness of 2 nm and the second unit layer 4b made of GaN and having a thickness of 10 nm are formed from the base substrate 1 side.
- the active layer 4 was formed by forming five layers in this order.
- the substrate temperature is set to 1100 ° C.
- an Mg-doped Al 0.1 Ga 0.9 N layer having a hole concentration of 5 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 is formed to a thickness of 25 nm as the p-type cladding layer 5a.
- an Mg-doped GaN layer having a hole concentration of 5 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 was formed to a thickness of 200 nm.
- an SiO 2 layer as the second optical confinement layer 2b was formed by sputtering.
- the second light confinement layer 2b was formed so that the total thickness of the light confinement layer 2 was 1 ⁇ m.
- the surface layer portion was polished flat by CMP until the p-type layer 5 (more precisely, the p-type cap layer 5b) was exposed.
- separation grooves that are to be divided portions when finally obtaining a large number of light emitting elements 10 were formed by a photolithography process and RIE etching.
- the Ti / Al / Ni / Au multilayer electrode as the cathode electrode 9 is formed on the main surface of the base substrate 1 opposite to the surface on which the first optical confinement layer 2a is formed by a photolithography process and a vacuum deposition method. Formed on the entire surface.
- the thickness of each metal film was set to 15 nm, 220 nm, 40 nm, and 75 nm in order.
- an ITO film as the transparent conductive film 7 is formed by sputtering on a substantially flat surface composed of the upper surface 5s of the p-type layer 5 and the upper surface 2s of the second optical confinement layer 2b at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C. to 100 nm. The thickness was formed.
- a Ti / Au multilayer electrode as a pad electrode 8 was formed on a part of the upper surface of the transparent conductive film 7 by a photolithography process and a vacuum deposition method.
- the thickness of each metal film was 20 nm and 200 nm in order.
- a heat treatment is performed for 5 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere at 500 ° C. in order to improve the ohmic contact characteristics.
- a light emitting element was manufactured by using a different material substrate as a base substrate and forming a light emitting layer on substantially the entire surface thereof.
- the same conditions as the formation conditions of the n-type layer 3, the active layer 4, and the p-type layer 5 are applied.
- the light emitting layer is formed, and the transparent conductive film 7 and the pad electrode 8 are formed on the upper surface of the light emitting layer under the same conditions as in the embodiment, and the cathode electrode is formed on the other main surface of the sapphire substrate under the same conditions as in the embodiment.
- a plurality of light emitting elements were manufactured by forming 9 and then cutting.
- the average value was calculated by measuring the luminescence intensity of the acceptable products other than the sample whose element yield was 0%. Then, using the light emitting element according to the comparative example as a reference element, the ratio of the average light emission intensity (light emission intensity ratio) for each sample of the example with respect to the light emission intensity was obtained.
- Table 1 shows the average particle diameter D in the oriented GaN substrate, the opening diameter d of the opening 2h, the ratio d / D of both, the device yield, and the emission intensity ratio for all 24 types of samples according to the examples. Is shown in a list. However, in Table 1, the average particle diameter D in the oriented GaN substrate is expressed as “average particle diameter D in GaN substrate”, and the opening diameter d of the opening 2h is expressed as “mask opening diameter d”. Note that the yield of the light-emitting element according to the comparative example was 10%.
- the element yield may be as low as less than 50%.
- a light-emitting element having a larger emission intensity than that of the comparative example can be obtained.
- the average particle diameter D is 15 ⁇ m and d / D is 0.2 or less
- a light emitting device having a high emission intensity with an emission intensity ratio exceeding 300% is obtained with an element yield of 75% or more.
- a light emitting element having a high emission intensity with an emission intensity ratio exceeding 300% is obtained with an element yield of 75% or more.
- the average particle diameter D is 50 ⁇ m and d / D is 0.3 or less, a light emitting element having a high emission intensity with an emission intensity ratio exceeding 300% is obtained with an element yield of 70% or more.
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Abstract
Description
<発光素子の構成>
図1は、本実施の形態に係る発光素子10の構成を模式的に示す図である。図1(a)は、発光素子10全体の模式断面図である。図1(a)に示すように、発光素子10は、主に、下地基板1と、第1光閉じ込め層2aと第2光閉じ込め層2bとが下地基板側からこの順に積層されてなる光閉じ込め層2と、いずれも13族窒化物(III族窒化物)からなるn型層3、活性層4、およびp型層5が下地基板側からこの順に積層されてなる複数の柱状発光部6(第1の柱状構造体)と、透明導電膜7と、パッド電極8と、カソード電極9とを備える。発光素子10は、概略、縦型の発光素子構造を有し、パッド電極8とカソード電極9との間に通電がなされると、両電極の間に存在する複数の柱状発光部6において発光が生じるようになっている。
次に、柱状発光部6について、特に、その配置位置およびサイズと、これによる作用効果について、詳細に説明する。
次に、本実施の形態に係る発光素子10を作製する方法について説明する。以降の説明においては、母基板(ウェハ)の状態にある下地基板1を用意し、多数の発光素子10を同時に作製する、いわゆる多数個取りの手法によって発光素子10を作製する場合を対象とする。図2は、発光素子10の作製途中の様子を模式的に示す図である。
図4は、第1の実施の形態の変形例に係る発光素子110の作製途中の様子を模式的に示す図である。なお、当該変形例に係る発光素子110に備わる構成要素であって、第1の実施の形態に係る発光素子10の構成要素と同一のものは、同じ符号を付してその詳細な説明を省略する。
上述のように、第1の実施の形態(およびその変形例)においては、下地基板1として配向多結晶基板であるGaN基板を用いることで光取り出し効率の優れた縦型構造の発光素子が実現されることを説明しているが、本実施の形態においては、横型構造の発光素子210について説明する。
第1の実施の形態に係る発光素子10と同様の構成を有する複数種類の発光素子を作製した。
比較例として、異種材料基板を下地基板とし、その略全面に発光層を形成することによって発光素子を作製した。
作製した実施例に係る全24種の発光素子10および比較例に係る発光素子についてそれぞれ、20個ずつを抽出し、それぞれに対し順方向+5Vおよび逆方向-100Vの電圧を印加して、電流量を測定した。-100V印加時の電流量に対する+5V印加時の電流量の比が100以上となった場合を合格品と判定し、全20個に対する合格品の割合(%)求め、これを素子歩留まりとした。
Claims (20)
- 発光素子であって、
配向した複数の結晶粒からなる配向多結晶基板と、
前記配向多結晶基板の一方主面の結晶欠陥が存在しない領域の上方に離散的に設けられてなり、それぞれが前記配向多結晶基板の法線方向に長手方向を有する柱状の部位である複数の柱状発光部と、
前記柱状発光部の構成材料よりも屈折率の低い材料にて、前記配向多結晶基板の上方に前記複数の柱状発光部を取り囲むように設けられてなる光閉じ込め層と、
を備えることを特徴とする発光素子。 - 請求項1に記載の発光素子であって、
前記複数の柱状発光部が、前記配向多結晶基板の前記一方主面において仮想的に定めた所定の周期を有する平面格子の格子点位置のうち、下方に前記結晶欠陥が存在しない位置に設けられてなる、
ことを特徴とする発光素子。 - 請求項2に記載の発光素子であって、
前記複数の結晶粒の前記一方主面における平均粒径をDとし、前記複数の柱状発光部の長手方向に垂直な断面における最大外径サイズをdとするとき、
d≦D/2
である、
ことを特徴とする発光素子。 - 請求項3に記載の発光素子であって、
D<20μmのときに
d≦D/4
であり、
D≧20μmのときに
d≦D/3
である、
ことを特徴とする発光素子。 - 請求項2ないし請求項4のいずれかに記載の発光素子であって、
前記平面格子の前記格子点位置のうち、下方に前記結晶欠陥が存在する位置に、前記柱状発光部よりも長手方向のサイズが短い柱状の部位である不完全柱状部が備わる、
ことを特徴とする発光素子。 - 請求項1ないし請求項5のいずれかに記載の発光素子であって、
前記複数の柱状発光部がそれぞれ、いずれもが13族窒化物からなるn型層と、活性層と、p型層とを前記配向多結晶基板の側からこの順に積層してなるものである、
ことを特徴とする発光素子。 - 請求項6に記載の発光素子であって、
前記活性層が、MQW構造を有してなる、
ことを特徴とする発光素子。 - 請求項6または請求項7に記載の発光素子であって、
前記光閉じ込め層がSiO2からなる、
ことを特徴とする発光素子。 - 請求項1ないし請求項8のいずれかに記載の発光素子であって、
前記複数の柱状発光部のそれぞれの上端と前記光閉じ込め層の上面とが一の平坦面をなしており、前記平坦面に透明導電膜が設けられてなる、
ことを特徴とする発光素子。 - 請求項9に記載の発光素子であって、
前記配向多結晶基板が配向GaN基板であり、
前記透明導電膜上にパッド電極が設けられてなり、
前記配向GaN基板の他方主面上にカソード電極が設けられてなる、
ことを特徴とする発光素子。 - 請求項9に記載の発光素子であって、
前記配向多結晶基板が配向アルミナ基板であり、
前記配向アルミナ基板の上にn型の導電型を呈する下地層が設けられてなり、
前記複数の柱状発光部が前記下地層の上に形成されてなり、
前記透明導電膜上にパッド電極が設けられてなり、
前記下地層の上にカソード電極が設けられてなる、
ことを特徴とする発光素子。 - 発光素子の製造方法であって、
配向した複数の結晶粒からなることで、一方主面に結晶欠陥が存在しない第1の領域と結晶欠陥が存在する第2の領域とを有する配向多結晶基板の前記一方主面上に、複数の開口部を有する第1光閉じ込め層を形成する第1光閉じ込め層形成工程と、
前記第1光閉じ込め層をマスクとして、前記複数の開口部において前記配向多結晶基板の前記一方主面の上方にn型層と活性層とp型層とをこの順に積層形成させることによって、前記複数の開口部のうち前記第1の領域の上方に位置する箇所にはそれぞれが柱状のをなす複数の第1の柱状構造体が形成される一方で前記複数の開口部のうち前記第2の領域の上方に位置する箇所には柱状をなし前記第1の柱状構造体よりも長手方向のサイズが短い第2の柱状構造体が形成されるようにする柱状構造体形成工程と、
前記第1光閉じ込め層の上に前記第1光閉じ込め層と同じ材料にて前記第1および第2の柱状構造体を覆うように第2光閉じ込め層を形成する第2光閉じ込め層形成工程と、
前記複数の第1の柱状構造体のみに電気的に接続され、前記第2の柱状構造体とは電気的に接続されないように前記第2光閉じ込め層の上に透明導電膜を形成する透明導電膜形成工程と、
前記透明導電膜の上にパッド電極を形成するアノード電極形成工程と、
前記複数の第1の柱状構造体の前記配向多結晶基板側の端部と電気的に接続されるカソード電極を形成するカソード電極形成工程と、
を備え、
前記第1光閉じ込め層形成工程においては、前記複数の開口部を、その下方位置が前記第1の領域であるか前記第2の領域であるかによらず、所定の周期を有する平面格子の格子点位置として定めるようにし、
前記第1および第2光閉じ込め層形成工程においてはいずれも、前記第1光閉じ込め層および前記第2光閉じ込め層が、前記第1の柱状構造体の構成材料よりも屈折率の低い材料にて形成する、
ことを特徴とする発光素子の製造方法。 - 請求項12に記載の発光素子の製造方法であって、
前記複数の結晶粒の前記一方主面における平均粒径をDとし、前記複数の開口部の開口径をdとするとき、
d≦D/2
とする、
ことを特徴とする発光素子の製造方法。 - 請求項13に記載の発光素子の製造方法であって、
D<20μmのときに
d≦D/4
とし、
D≧20μmのときに
d≦D/3
とする、
ことを特徴とする発光素子の製造方法。 - 請求項12ないし請求項14のいずれかに記載の発光素子の製造方法であって、
前記柱状構造体形成工程においては、前記n型層と、前記活性層と、前記p型層とを、13族窒化物にて形成する、
ことを特徴とする発光素子の製造方法。 - 請求項15に記載の発光素子の製造方法であって、
前記活性層を、MQW構造を有するように形成する、
ことを特徴とする発光素子の製造方法。 - 請求項15または請求項16に記載の発光素子の製造方法であって、
前記第1および前記第2の光閉じ込め層をSiO2にて形成する、
ことを特徴とする発光素子の製造方法。 - 請求項12ないし請求項17のいずれかに記載の発光素子の製造方法であって、
前記アノード電極形成工程においては、前記複数の第1の柱状構造体のそれぞれの上端と前記第2の光閉じ込め層の上面とが一の平坦面をなすように前記第2の光閉じ込め層を研磨したうえで、前記平坦面に透明導電膜を設け、前記透明導電膜上にパッド電極を形成する、
ことを特徴とする発光素子の製造方法。 - 請求項18に記載の発光素子の製造方法であって、
前記配向多結晶基板として配向GaN基板を用い、
前記カソード電極形成工程においては、前記配向GaN基板の他方主面上にカソード電極を設ける、
ことを特徴とする発光素子の製造方法。 - 請求項18に記載の発光素子の製造方法であって、
前記配向多結晶基板として配向アルミナ基板を用い、
前記配向アルミナ基板の上にn型の導電型を呈する下地層を形成する下地層形成工程、
をさらに備え、
前記第1光閉じ込め層形成工程においては前記第1光閉じ込め層を前記下地層の上に形成し、
前記柱状構造体形成工程においては、前記第1の柱状構造体を前記下地層の上であって、前記第1の領域の上方に位置する箇所において形成し、
前記カソード電極形成工程においては、前記下地層の上にカソード電極を設ける、
ことを特徴とする発光素子の製造方法。
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JP6939133B2 (ja) * | 2017-06-22 | 2021-09-22 | 豊田合成株式会社 | 発光装置 |
JP6988460B2 (ja) * | 2017-12-26 | 2022-01-05 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 発光装置、発光装置の製造方法、およびプロジェクター |
KR102419325B1 (ko) * | 2018-02-01 | 2022-07-12 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 플렉서블 표시 패널 및 이의 제조 방법 |
FR3083002B1 (fr) * | 2018-06-20 | 2020-07-31 | Aledia | Dispositif optoelectronique comprenant une matrice de diodes |
FR3087579B1 (fr) | 2018-10-22 | 2022-08-12 | Aledia | Dispositif optoelectronique a diodes electroluminescentes a extraction de lumiere amelioree |
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JP2020161622A (ja) * | 2019-03-26 | 2020-10-01 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 発光装置およびプロジェクター |
JP2020161621A (ja) * | 2019-03-26 | 2020-10-01 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 発光装置およびプロジェクター |
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JP7232464B2 (ja) | 2019-03-26 | 2023-03-03 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 発光装置およびプロジェクター |
JP7232465B2 (ja) | 2019-03-26 | 2023-03-03 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 発光装置およびプロジェクター |
US11626533B2 (en) | 2019-03-26 | 2023-04-11 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Light emitting device and projector |
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CN106716650A (zh) | 2017-05-24 |
KR20170060614A (ko) | 2017-06-01 |
TWI663747B (zh) | 2019-06-21 |
KR102319284B1 (ko) | 2021-11-01 |
US9653651B2 (en) | 2017-05-16 |
JP5913761B1 (ja) | 2016-04-27 |
US9660138B2 (en) | 2017-05-23 |
US20160190392A1 (en) | 2016-06-30 |
JPWO2016051908A1 (ja) | 2017-04-27 |
CN106716650B (zh) | 2018-10-09 |
TW201624761A (zh) | 2016-07-01 |
US20170110624A1 (en) | 2017-04-20 |
DE112015004543T5 (de) | 2017-06-22 |
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