TWI530594B - A method for producing a nitride crystal of Group 13 element, and a melt composition - Google Patents
A method for producing a nitride crystal of Group 13 element, and a melt composition Download PDFInfo
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- TWI530594B TWI530594B TW102111347A TW102111347A TWI530594B TW I530594 B TWI530594 B TW I530594B TW 102111347 A TW102111347 A TW 102111347A TW 102111347 A TW102111347 A TW 102111347A TW I530594 B TWI530594 B TW I530594B
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- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims description 81
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 39
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 title claims description 37
- 229910052795 boron group element Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 35
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 28
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000007716 flux method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- -1 hydrazine compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrazine Substances NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003304 ruthenium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 150000001785 cerium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 36
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 36
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 26
- JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium nitride Chemical compound [Ga]#N JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 229910002601 GaN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 230000005355 Hall effect Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HBBBDGWCSBWWKP-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrachloroantimony Chemical compound Cl[Sb](Cl)(Cl)Cl HBBBDGWCSBWWKP-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002248 hydride vapour-phase epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylgallium Chemical compound C[Ga](C)C XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001947 vapour-phase growth Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010093 LiAlO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020068 MgAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000005811 Viola adunca Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000009038 Viola odorata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013487 Viola odorata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002254 Viola papilionacea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001622 bismuth compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021478 group 5 element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002059 quaternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium atom Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000004645 scanning capacitance microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005092 sublimation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VJHDVMPJLLGYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabromogermane Chemical compound Br[Ge](Br)(Br)Br VJHDVMPJLLGYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXYNMTGBLWPTNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutoxygermane Chemical compound CCCCO[Ge](OCCCC)(OCCCC)OCCCC WXYNMTGBLWPTNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEXRMSFAVATTJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachlorogermane Chemical compound Cl[Ge](Cl)(Cl)Cl IEXRMSFAVATTJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GXMNGLIMQIPFEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethoxygermane Chemical compound CCO[Ge](OCC)(OCC)OCC GXMNGLIMQIPFEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CUDGTZJYMWAJFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraiodogermane Chemical compound I[Ge](I)(I)I CUDGTZJYMWAJFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B19/00—Liquid-phase epitaxial-layer growth
- C30B19/02—Liquid-phase epitaxial-layer growth using molten solvents, e.g. flux
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- C30B9/00—Single-crystal growth from melt solutions using molten solvents
- C30B9/04—Single-crystal growth from melt solutions using molten solvents by cooling of the solution
- C30B9/08—Single-crystal growth from melt solutions using molten solvents by cooling of the solution using other solvents
- C30B9/10—Metal solvents
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- C30B11/00—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method
- C30B11/04—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method adding crystallising materials or reactants forming it in situ to the melt
- C30B11/08—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method adding crystallising materials or reactants forming it in situ to the melt every component of the crystal composition being added during the crystallisation
- C30B11/10—Solid or liquid components, e.g. Verneuil method
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- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/38—Nitrides
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- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/40—AIIIBV compounds wherein A is B, Al, Ga, In or Tl and B is N, P, As, Sb or Bi
- C30B29/403—AIII-nitrides
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- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/40—AIIIBV compounds wherein A is B, Al, Ga, In or Tl and B is N, P, As, Sb or Bi
- C30B29/403—AIII-nitrides
- C30B29/406—Gallium nitride
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C30B9/00—Single-crystal growth from melt solutions using molten solvents
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- C30B9/00—Single-crystal growth from melt solutions using molten solvents
- C30B9/04—Single-crystal growth from melt solutions using molten solvents by cooling of the solution
- C30B9/08—Single-crystal growth from melt solutions using molten solvents by cooling of the solution using other solvents
- C30B9/12—Salt solvents, e.g. flux growth
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02367—Substrates
- H01L21/0237—Materials
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02436—Intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
- H01L21/02439—Materials
- H01L21/02455—Group 13/15 materials
- H01L21/02458—Nitrides
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02538—Group 13/15 materials
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/0257—Doping during depositing
- H01L21/02573—Conductivity type
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
- H01L21/02617—Deposition types
- H01L21/0262—Reduction or decomposition of gaseous compounds, e.g. CVD
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
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- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
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- H01L21/02623—Liquid deposition
- H01L21/02625—Liquid deposition using melted materials
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- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
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Description
本發明係關於第13族元素氮化物結晶之製造方法以及融液組合物。
氮化鎵(GaN)薄層結晶係備受矚目優異藍色發光元件,就發光二極體方面已然實用化,亦期待能作為光拾波器用藍紫色半導體雷射元件。近年,就作為構成行動電話等所使用高速IC晶片等電子裝置的半導體層亦頗受矚目。
專利文獻1(日本專利4223540)有記載:利用Na助熔劑法成長第13族元素氮化物結晶時,摻質係使用金屬鍺。又,專利文獻2(日本專利特開2010-1209)有提案:利用Na助熔劑法導入第13族元素氮化物結晶中的摻質係使用金屬鍺,且藉由同時亦添加碳,便可成長出高電子濃度的n型單結晶。
習知技術係在融液組合物中添加金屬鍺而摻雜於氮化鎵結晶中。本發明者嘗試實際成長氮化鎵等結晶晶圓,並測定載子濃度的面內分佈。依此得知在晶圓面內的載子濃度會發生例如接近3倍差。若載子濃度有出現面內分佈,則結晶無法利用於製品會成為不良品,因而必需解決。
本發明課題係當利用助熔劑法在融液內製造第13
族元素氮化物結晶時,可抑制所獲得第13族元素氮化物結晶的載子濃度等特性之面內分佈。
本發明係利用助熔劑法在融液內製造第13族元素氮化物結晶的方法,其特徵在於:融液係將第13族元素原料、及鹼金屬與鹼土族金屬中之至少其中一原料、以及液態鍺原料的組合物予以加熱而生成。
再者,本發明係供用以利用助熔劑法在融液內成長第13族元素氮化物結晶用的融液組合物,其特徵在於含有:第13族元素原料、鈉原料及液態鍺原料。
本發明者調查當利用助熔劑法使磊晶生成第13族元素氮化物結晶時,所獲得晶圓的載子濃度會發生面內分佈的原因。習知技術相關載子濃度並沒有測定晶圓的面內分佈,因而可認為無法達成此項課題。
本發明者經檢討的結果,認為因為當作摻質使用的金屬鍺係屬於固態,因而在助熔劑中進行鍺溶解時的均勻性差,導致所完成結晶中導入的鍺濃度會在晶圓面內無法呈均勻。
若舉一例,當為成長氮化鎵而在坩堝中裝填鈉、鎵、鍺時,各自的重量係例如60g、60g、0.6g程度。又,鈉、鎵、鍺在常壓下的熔點分別係97℃、30℃、938℃。所以,量較多且熔點較低的Na、Ga,在從室溫起直到成為成長條件之約20~60氣壓、750~900℃的過程中,雖經充分攪拌的溶液會呈均勻,但認為Ge容易呈不均勻。
所以,本發明者著眼於金屬鍺係固態,構思添加
於組合物中的摻質係使用液態鍺化合物。結果發現所獲得結晶的載子濃度等特性之面內分佈明顯受抑制,遂完成本發明。
所謂「液態鍺原料」係指在常溫(25℃)、大氣壓下呈液狀的鍺化合物。因為將液狀鍺化合物與其他原料混合,因而在助熔劑中的溶解均勻性較優於固態金屬鍺,可認為導入結晶中的鍺元素濃度在晶圓的面內會呈均勻。
常溫下呈液狀的鍺化合物係可為無機鍺化合物、亦可為有機鍺化合物。較佳係四鹵化鍺、四烷氧基鍺。
四鹵化鍺係有如:GeBr4(四溴化鍺)、GeCl4(四氯化鍺)、GeI4(四碘化鍺)(Ge係表示鍺原子)。
構成四烷氧基鍺的烷氧基係可舉例如:Ge(OCH3)4(四甲氧基鍺)、Ge(OC2H5)4(四乙氧基鍺)、Ge(O-i-C3H7)4(四異丙氧基鍺)、Ge(O-n-C3H7)4(四正丙氧基鍺)、Ge(O-i-C4H9)4(四異丁氧基鍺)、Ge(O-n-C4H9)4(四正丁氧基鍺)、Ge(O-sec-C4H9)4(四第二丁氧基鍺)、Ge(O-t-C4H9)4(四第三丁氧基鍺)。
助熔劑係使用從鹼金屬、鹼土族金屬之中選擇1種或複數種元素的單體金屬或化合物。鹼金屬係有如:鈉(Na)、鉀(K)、銣(Rb)、銫(Cs)及鈁(Fr)。鹼土族金屬係有如:鍶(Sr)、鋇(Ba)及鐳(Ra)。該等係可單獨使用、亦可併用二種以上。
第13族元素較佳係鎵(Ga)、鋁(Al)、銦(In)中之1
種或複數種。其中,更佳係至少含有鎵。又,所成長的第13族元素氮化物半導體較佳係氮化鎵(GaN)結晶。然而,亦可為一般式AlxGayIn1-x-yN(x、y、x+y均係0以上且1以下)所示任意組成比的二元系、三元系、四元系第13族元素氮化物結晶。又,亦可第13族元素氮化物半導體AlxGayIn1-x-yN構成元素的第13族元素其中一部分取代為B、Tl,或/及將第V族元素組成其中一部分取代為P、As、Sb、Bi。
鎵、銦、鋁的各原料物質係可適用例如:鎵、銦、鋁等各單體金屬、以及鎵、銦、鋁合金、鎵、銦、鋁等各化合物,但就從處置上的觀點,較佳係各單體金屬。
藉由對融液組合物添加碳源,便可更加促進鍺導入於結晶中。此種碳源係除固態碳之外,尚可例示如從鏈式飽和烴、鏈式不飽和烴、脂環式烴、芳香族烴所構成群組中選擇至少一種化合物。
就從促進助熔劑法時之結晶生成的觀點,融液組合物中的第13族元素比率,換算為相對於第13族元素、鹼金屬及鹼土族金屬之合計的比率(mol%),較佳係10~40mol%、更佳係15~30mol%。
就從提升結晶電子濃度之當作摻質機能的觀點,融液組合物中的鍺化合物比率,換算為鍺原子莫耳量相對於諸如鎵等第13族元素原子莫耳量的比率(mol%),較佳係0.05mol%以上、更佳係0.5mol%以上。又,融液組合物的鍺化合物比率,換算為鍺原子莫耳量相對於諸如鎵等第13族元素原子莫耳量的比率(mol%),較佳係10mol%以下、更佳係8mol%
以下。
就從促進鍺摻雜於結晶內的觀點,融液組合物的碳源比率,換算為碳原子莫耳量相對於鹼金屬與鹼土族金屬的合計原子莫耳量比率(mol%),較佳係0.1mol%以上、更佳係0.3mol%以上。又,融液組合物的碳源比率,換算為碳原子莫耳量相對於鹼金屬與鹼土族金屬的合計原子莫耳量比率(mol%),較佳係2mol%以下、更佳係1mol%以下。
本發明中,基板亦可由晶種結晶形成。又,亦可在基板上形成晶種結晶膜,此情況,亦可更進一步形成低溫緩衝層、中間層。此種基板在能進行第13族元素氮化物結晶成長之前提下,其於並無特別的限制。可例示如:藍寶石、矽單結晶、SiC單結晶、MgO單結晶、ZnO單結晶、尖晶石(MgAl2O4)、LiAlO2、LiGaO2、LaAlO3、LaGaO3、NdGaO3等鈣鈦礦型複合氧化物。又,亦可使用組成式[A1-y(Sr1-xBax)y][(Al1-zGaz)1-u‧Du]O3(A係稀土族元素;D係從鈮及鉭所構成群組中選擇一種以上的元素;y=0.3~0.98;x=0~1;z=0~1;u=0.15~0.49;x+z=0.1~2)的立方晶系鈣鈦礦結構複合氧化物。又,亦可使用SCAM(ScAlMgO4)。
構成晶種結晶的第13族元素氮化物結晶、依助熔劑法所形成第13族元素氮化物結晶的纖鋅礦結構(wurtzite structure),係具有c面、a面、及m面。該等各結晶面係屬於結晶學定義。晶種結晶層、及依照助熔劑法所成長結晶的成長方向係可為c面的法線方向,又亦可為a面、m面等非極性面、R面等半極性面的各自法線方向。
晶種結晶層的形成方法較佳係氣相成長法,尚可例示如:有機金屬化學氣相沉積(MOCVD:Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition)法、氫化物氣相磊晶(HVPE)法、脈衝激發沉積(PXD)法、MBE法、昇華法。更佳係有機金屬化學氣相沉積法。
當晶種結晶層係利用有機金屬氣相成長法進行製造時,原料較佳係三甲基鎵(TMG)及氨。
再者,晶種結晶(包括晶種基板)的結晶成長面之米勒指數係可為任意,若使用諸如a面、m面、r面等非極性面,便可獲得非極性的第13族元素氮化物系化合物半導體,能排除壓電應變,俾可提升當作半導體元件時的特性。若晶種結晶係使用非極性面時,最好在融液中添加鍶(Sr)。當融液係使用鈉時,相對於鈉之下,鍶(Sr)的添加量較佳係0.001mol%以上、且0.1mol%以下。藉由添加鍶,便可使平行於第13族元素氮化物系化合物半導體成長基板主面之屬於結晶成長面的非極性面呈平坦。又,在能獲得主面係c面的第13族元素氮化物系化合物半導體之前提下,晶種結晶的結晶成長面亦可設為c面。
在根據助熔劑法開始進行目標結晶成長之前,為緩和或防止底層基板其中一部分的晶種結晶(第13族元素氮化物系化合物半導體結晶),熔融於融液中,亦可預先使例如Ca3N2、Li3N、NaN3、BN、Si3N4、InN等氮化物含於融液中。藉由使該等氮化物含於融液中,便可提升融液中的氮濃度,因而可防止或緩和在開始進行目標結晶成長之前便發生晶種結
晶熔解於助熔劑中的情況於未然。該等氮化物在融液的比例係例如0.0001mol%~99mol%、較佳係0.001mol%~50mol%、特佳係0.005mol%~5mol%。
助熔劑法的第13族元素氮化物結晶之成長溫度、成長時的保持時間並無特別的限定,可配合目標結晶的種類、助熔劑組成而適當變更。舉一例當使用含有鈉或鋰的助熔劑進行氮化鎵單結晶成長時,可將成長溫度設為800~1000℃。
助熔劑法係在含有具氮原子之分子的氣體環境下進行第13族元素氮化物單結晶的成長。該氣體較佳係氮氣,亦可為氨。環境的總壓並無特別的限定,就從防止助熔劑蒸發的觀點,較佳係1MPa以上、更佳係3MPa以上。但,因為若壓力較高裝置便會變大,因而環境的總壓較佳係200MPa以下、更佳係50MPa以下。環境中除氮以外的氣體並無限定,較佳係惰性氣體,更佳係氬、氦、氖。
(實施例1)
利用助熔劑法成長氮化鎵單結晶。
具體而言,在直徑2吋的c面藍寶石基板表面上,利用MOCVD法磊晶成長由氮化鎵單結晶構成的晶種結晶層,而形成晶種結晶基板。
使用內徑80mm、高45mm的圓筒平底氧化鋁坩堝,在套手工作箱內將融液組合物填充於坩堝內。組成係如下:金屬Ga 60g
金屬Na 60g
四氯化鍺 1.85g(相對於金屬Ga的比率:1.0mol%)
將該坩堝放入耐熱金屬製容器中並密閉後,設置於能搖擺與旋轉結晶成長爐的台上。升溫加壓至870℃‧4.0MPa後,保持50小時,藉由旋轉溶液而一邊攪拌一邊進行結晶成長。然後,歷時3小時漸冷至室溫。然後,從結晶成長爐中取出成長容器,使用乙醇去除助熔劑,並回收已成長的氮化鎵結晶板。
所獲得氮化鎵結晶板7係在2吋晶種結晶基板上整面呈整面成長,厚度約0.7mm。又,沒有發現在與藍寶石基板間出現全面剝離、獨立化、及龜裂情形。
再者,從2吋晶圓中心沿半徑方向切取6mm方塊的晶圓並當作試料,施行霍爾效應測定。結果,試料中的載子濃度係1.0×1018~1.2×1018[cm-3],平均值系1.1×1018[cm-3]。
(實施例2)
利用助熔劑法成長氮化鎵單結晶。
具體而言,在直徑2吋的c面藍寶石基板表面上,利用MOCVD法磊晶成長由氮化鎵單結晶構成的晶種結晶層,而形成晶種結晶基板。
使用內徑80mm、高45mm的圓筒平底氧化鋁坩堝,在套手工作箱內將融液組合物填充於坩堝內。組成係如下:金屬Ga 60g
金屬Na 60g
四氯化鍺 1.85g(相對於金屬Ga的比率:1.0mol%)
將該坩堝放入耐熱金屬製容器中並密閉後,設置
於能搖擺與旋轉結晶成長爐的台上。升溫加壓至870℃‧4.0MPa後,保持50小時,藉由旋轉溶液而一邊攪拌一邊進行結晶成長。然後,歷時3小時漸冷至室溫。然後,從結晶成長爐中取出成長容器,使用乙醇去除助熔劑,並回收已成長的氮化鎵結晶板。
所獲得氮化鎵結晶板7係在2吋晶種結晶基板上呈整面成長,厚度約0.7mm。
再者,在藍寶石基板與所獲得氮化鎵結晶間並無施行剝離之情況下,從2吋晶圓中心沿半徑方向切取6mm方塊的晶圓並當作試料,並施行霍爾效應測定。結果,試料中的載子濃度係1.0×1018~1.2×1018[cm-3],平均值係1.1×1018[cm-3],獲得和藍寶石基板與所獲得氮化鎵剝離時的相同結果。此現象可認為因為藍寶石基板屬於絕緣體,因而施行霍爾效應測定之際並無電流流通的緣故所致。
(實施例3)
與實施例1同樣地進行氮化鎵單結晶成長,針對所獲得試料施行霍爾效應測定。
其中,融液組成係如下:金屬Ga 60g
金屬Na 60g
四氯化鍺 1.85g(相對於金屬Ga的比率:1.0mol%)
碳 0.16g(相對於金屬Na的比率:0.5mol%)
從2吋晶圓中心沿半徑方向切取6mm方塊的晶圓並當作試料,並施行霍爾效應測定。結果,試料中的載子濃度
係1.3×1018~1.5×1018[cm-3],平均值係1.4×1018[cm-3]。即,載子濃度較實施例1增加變成約2成。
(實施例4)
與實施例1同樣地進行氮化鎵單結晶成長,針對所獲得試料施行霍爾效應測定。
其中,融液組成係如下:金屬Ga 60g
金屬Na 60g
Ge(OC2H5)4(四乙氧基鍺) 2.17g(相對於金屬Ga的比率:1.0mol%)
從2吋晶圓中心沿半徑方向切取6mm方塊的晶圓並當作試料,並施行霍爾效應測定。結果,試料中的載子濃度係2.0×1018~2.2×1018[cm-3],平均值係2.1×1018[cm-3]。即,載子濃度較實施例1增加變成約2倍。此項理由雖尚未明確,但推測因為液態Ge原料的乙氧基具有當作碳源用的效果作用所致。
(實施例5)
與實施例1同樣地進行氮化鎵單結晶成長,針對所獲得試料施行霍爾效應測定。
其中,融液組成係如下:金屬Ga 60g
金屬Na 60g
Ge(OC2H5)4(四乙氧基鍺) 2.17g(相對於金屬Ga的比率:1.0mol%)
碳 0.047g(相對於金屬Na的比率:0.15mol%)
從2吋晶圓中心沿半徑方向切取6mm方塊的晶圓並當作試料,並施行霍爾效應測定。結果,試料中的載子濃度係2.1×1018~2.3×1018[cm-3],平均值係2.2×1018[cm-3]。即、載子濃度相較於實施例3之下僅些微增加。
(實施例6)
與實施例1同樣地進行氮化鎵單結晶成長,針對所獲得試料施行霍爾效應測定。
其中,融液組成係如下:金屬Ga 60g
金屬Na 60g
四氯化鍺 3.7g(相對於金屬Ga的比率:2.0mol%)
從2吋晶圓中心沿半徑方向切取6mm方塊的晶圓並當作試料,並施行霍爾效應測定。結果,試料中的載子濃度係1.9×1018~2.2×1018[cm-3],平均值係2×1018[cm-3]。即,藉由相較於實施例1將液態Ge原料的裝填組成濃度增加2倍,載子濃度便較實施例1增加變成約2倍。且載子濃度的面內變動亦小。
(實施例7)
與實施例1同樣地進行氮化鎵單結晶成長,針對所獲得試料施行霍爾效應測定。
其中,融液組成係如下:金屬Ga 60g
金屬Na 60g
四氯化鍺 5.55g(相對於金屬Ga的比率:3.0mol%)
從2吋晶圓中心沿半徑方向切取6mm方塊的晶圓並當作試料,並施行霍爾效應測定。結果,試料中的載子濃度係3.0×1018~3.3×1018[cm-3],平均值係3.2×1018[cm-3]。即,藉由相較於實施例1將液態Ge原料的裝填組成濃度增加3倍,載子濃度便較實施例1增加變成約3倍。
(比較例1)
與實施例1同樣地進行氮化鎵單結晶成長,針對所獲得試料施行霍爾效應測定。
其中,融液組成係如下:金屬Ga 60g
金屬Na 60g
固態金屬鍺 0.62g(相對於金屬Ga的比率:1.0mol%)
碳 0.16g(相對於金屬Na的比率:0.5mol%)
從2吋晶圓中心沿半徑方向切取6mm方塊的晶圓並當作試料,並施行霍爾效應測定。結果,試料中的載子濃度係0.4×1018~1.1×1018[cm-3],平均值係0.7×1018[cm-3]。即,載子濃度相較於實施例1之下減小至約一半,且變動變大。
(比較例2)
與實施例1同樣地進行氮化鎵單結晶成長,針對所獲得試料施行霍爾效應測定。
其中,融液組成係如下:金屬Ga 60g
金屬Na 60g
固態金屬鍺 1.24g(相對於金屬Ga的比率:2.0mol%)
從2吋晶圓中心沿半徑方向切取6mm方塊的晶圓並當作試料,並施行霍爾效應測定。結果,試料中的載子濃度係0.7×1018~1.8×1018[cm-3],平均值係1.0×1018[cm-3]。即,即便鍺原料之量設為比較例1的2倍,但載子濃度仍未成為2倍,且變動變為更大。
(比較例3)
與實施例1同樣地進行氮化鎵單結晶成長,針對所獲得試料施行霍爾效應測定。
其中,融液組成係如下:金屬Ga 60g
金屬Na 60g
固態金屬鍺 1.86g(相對於金屬Ga的比率:3.0mol%)
從2吋晶圓中心沿半徑方向切取6mm方塊的晶圓並當作試料,並施行霍爾效應測定。結果,試料中的載子濃度係1.0×1018~2.2×1018[cm-3],平均值係1.5×1018[cm-3]。即,即便鍺原料之量設為比較例1的3倍,但載子濃度仍未成為3倍,且變動變為更大。
Claims (14)
- 一種第13族元素氮化物結晶之製造方法,係利用助熔劑法在融液內製造第13族元素氮化物結晶的方法,其特徵在於:上述融液係將第13族元素原料、及鹼金屬與鹼土族金屬中之至少其中一原料、以及液態鍺原料的組合物施行加熱而生成,上述鍺原料是在25℃、大氣壓下呈液狀的鍺化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,上述鍺原料係四鹵化鍺。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,上述鍺原料係有機鍺化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之方法,其中,上述有機鍺化合物係四烷氧基鍺。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項之方法,其中,上述組合物係更進一步含有碳源。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項之方法,其中,上述第13族元素係含有鎵與鋁中之至少其中一者。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項之方法,其中,上述第13族元素係含有鎵與鋁中之至少其中一者。
- 一種融液組合物,係供用以利用助熔劑法在融液內成長第13族元素氮化物結晶時,藉由加熱融液組合物而生成上述融液,其特徵在於:含有:第13族元素原料、及鹼金屬與鹼土族金屬中之至少其 中一原料、以及液態鍺原料,上述鍺原料是在25℃、大氣壓下呈液狀的鍺化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第8項之組合物,其中,上述鍺原料係四鹵化鍺。
- 如申請專利範圍第8項之組合物,其中,上述鍺原料係有機鍺化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項之組合物,其中,上述有機鍺化合物係四烷氧基鍺。
- 如申請專利範圍第8至11項中任一項之組合物,其中,更進一步含有碳源。
- 如申請專利範圍第8至11項中任一項之組合物,其中,上述第13族元素係含有鎵與鋁中之至少其中一者。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項之組合物,其中,上述第13族元素係含有鎵與鋁中之至少其中一者。
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