WO2013011568A1 - イオン二次電池用電極、イオン二次電池用電極の製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池およびマグネシウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
イオン二次電池用電極、イオン二次電池用電極の製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池およびマグネシウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013011568A1 WO2013011568A1 PCT/JP2011/066390 JP2011066390W WO2013011568A1 WO 2013011568 A1 WO2013011568 A1 WO 2013011568A1 JP 2011066390 W JP2011066390 W JP 2011066390W WO 2013011568 A1 WO2013011568 A1 WO 2013011568A1
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- ion secondary
- electrode
- secondary battery
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- oxide film
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
- C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/10—Oxides, borides, carbides, nitrides or silicides; Mixtures thereof
- C23C4/11—Oxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0419—Methods of deposition of the material involving spraying
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode for an ion secondary battery, a method of manufacturing an electrode for an ion secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, and a magnesium ion secondary battery.
- Examples of the ion secondary battery include a plurality of types depending on the type of metal responsible for electrical conduction, such as a lithium ion secondary battery, a magnesium ion secondary battery, a sodium ion secondary battery, and a calcium ion secondary battery. These ion secondary batteries can be stored by charging, and can be used repeatedly and have high convenience, so they are used in a wide range of fields.
- the lithium ion secondary battery has high voltage, capacity and energy density, and especially, it is a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a storage battery of a power generation facility such as wind power or sunlight, an electric car, an uninterruptible power supply, a home storage battery. It is widely used in fields such as
- the magnesium ion secondary battery can use magnesium which is relatively inexpensive and exists in a large amount instead of lithium which is a rare metal, and can move two electrons.
- the discharge capacity is expected to be twice that of a lithium ion secondary battery. Therefore, magnesium ion secondary batteries are drawing attention as next-generation ion secondary batteries replacing lithium ion secondary batteries, and research and development are being actively promoted at present.
- Graphite is disposed as a negative electrode, and a conductor capable of storing metal ions having a strong ionization tendency in an ion state is disposed as a positive electrode, and these negative electrodes Between the positive electrode and the positive electrode is filled with an electrolytic solution or a gel electrolyte.
- Patent Document 1 For example, after an electrode, particularly a positive electrode, is applied to the surface of a current collector such as an aluminum foil and dried, a mixture conventionally prepared by kneading an electrode active material, a conductive auxiliary agent and an organic binder is then dried. It was manufactured by press molding.
- the invention described in Patent Document 1 has been proposed for the purpose of maintaining a high charge / discharge capacity even at a fast charge / discharge rate and realizing a positive electrode excellent in charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- Patent Document 1 a nano-sized microcrystalline oxide selected from TiO 2 , NiO, MnO 2 and the like, and a glass phase selected from P 2 O 5 , SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 and the like.
- An electrode consisting of size microcrystalline oxide-glass composite mesoporous powder or thin film is described.
- a block polymer or surfactant is used as a template, and metal alkoxide or chloride of metal, aqueous solution of PO (OC 2 H 5 ) 3 or alcohol thereof such as ethanol is used.
- HCl Hydrochloric acid
- sol-gel method aged at room temperature to 90 ° C. and gelated Process of removing the block polymer or surfactant by heat treatment in air at 350 to 400 ° C. to produce a glass phase metal oxide-glass phase composite mesoporous powder, and further comprising 400 to 700 It is described that a step of phase transition of metal oxide of glass phase to microcrystal is carried out by heat treatment at ° C.
- Patent No. 4528975 gazette
- Patent Document 1 has a problem that it is difficult to reduce the cost because the manufacturing process is complicated.
- organic binder since it is necessary to include an organic binder in the conventional method, there is a problem that the charge and discharge capacity is reduced correspondingly.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and an electrode for an ion secondary battery capable of realizing low cost and high charge / discharge capacity, a method of manufacturing an electrode for an ion secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, and magnesium An object is to provide an ion secondary battery.
- the present invention is an electrode for an ion secondary battery, wherein a vanadium oxide film is provided on the surface of a conductor. Further, the present invention is a method of manufacturing an electrode for an ion secondary battery, which manufactures the electrode for an ion secondary battery described above, wherein a thermal spraying material in powder form containing vanadium oxide is sprayed on the surface of a conductor.
- the method for producing an electrode for an ion secondary battery is characterized in that a vanadium oxide film is provided.
- a lithium ion secondary battery or a magnesium ion secondary battery characterized in that the above-described electrode for an ion secondary battery is used.
- an electrode for an ion secondary battery which can realize low cost and high charge / discharge capacity, a method of manufacturing an electrode for an ion secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery and a magnesium ion secondary battery.
- FIG. 1 It is sectional drawing explaining the structure of the electrode for ion secondary batteries which concerns on one Embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic enlarged sectional view showing a state in which a part of the vanadium oxide film 303 shown in FIG. 3 is crystallized to include a crystal and an amorphous.
- X is at least one element selected from Cu, Ag, Fe, an alkaline earth metal and an alkali metal.
- It is a partial cross section figure which shows the structure of the ion secondary battery which concerns on one Embodiment.
- It is a schematic block diagram which shows schematic structure of the 2 pole model cell used for characteristic evaluation of the electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- an electrode for an ion secondary battery according to the present invention a method for manufacturing an electrode for an ion secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, and an embodiment for carrying out a magnesium ion secondary battery will be described with reference to the drawings. .
- a vanadium oxide film (hereinafter sometimes referred to simply as “film”) 103 is provided on the surface of a conductor 102 in an electrode 101 for an ion secondary battery according to an embodiment.
- the vanadium oxide film 103 contains vanadium oxide which is amorphous, or vanadium oxide which is crystalline and amorphous.
- the electrode 101 can be suitably used as a positive electrode of an ion secondary battery.
- the conductor 102 can be formed of at least one of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, copper, a copper alloy and carbon conventionally used for the positive electrode.
- Aluminum or an aluminum alloy is preferable from the viewpoint of electron conductivity and battery operation potential.
- the conductor 102 may be a foil or a plate, but is preferably in the form of a mesh from the viewpoint of high adhesion to the coating 103 and weight reduction.
- the thickness of the foil is preferably, for example, 10 to 20 ⁇ m.
- the electrode 101 can also be used as a negative electrode.
- the conductor 102 is preferably formed of metal lithium or lithium alloy in the case of a lithium ion secondary battery, and formed of metal magnesium or a magnesium alloy in the case of a magnesium ion secondary battery It is preferable to do.
- the conductor 102 used for a negative electrode should use the same thing as the conductor 102 demonstrated as a positive electrode. it can. In this case, copper or an alloy thereof is preferable from the viewpoint of electron conductivity and cell operation potential.
- the conductor 102 is preferably in the form of a mesh.
- the thickness of the foil is preferably, for example, 10 to 20 ⁇ m.
- pre-doping means that metal ions are previously contained in the electrode by electrochemical means or the like.
- the vanadium oxide film 103 in the present invention has a low glass transition temperature and can be directly provided on the surface of the conductor 102 by a method such as thermal spraying, so that the number of manufacturing processes can be significantly reduced as compared with the prior art. The cost can be reduced. Moreover, since it can provide directly by thermal spraying, it is not necessary to add organic binders, such as a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and cost reduction can be achieved also by this. Furthermore, since the film 103 contains vanadium oxide, it has good conductivity and can be made to act as an electrode active material, so it is necessary to add a conductive aid such as carbon black, graphite, carbon fiber, etc.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- vanadium oxide can be contained only for the part which does not add an organic binder and a conductive support agent, it becomes possible to improve charge and discharge capacity.
- the vanadium oxide can be contained in the vanadium oxide film 103 at a molar fraction of about 0.5 to 0.9, for example, about 0.703.
- the film 103 is made of vanadium (V), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), iron (Fe), an alkaline earth metal (group 2 element) and an alkali metal (group 1 element). It is preferable to contain at least one element selected from the above.
- vanadium is in the form of an oxide in the vanadium oxide film 103.
- vanadium oxide has a unique crystal structure.
- Such a crystal structure has a void having a size of atomic level to molecular level, which enables insertion and desorption of metal ions such as lithium ions and magnesium ions.
- Phosphorus forms an oxide, and has the function of making the glass phase of the vanadium oxide film 103 stable and strong.
- the oxide of phosphorus in the vanadium oxide film 103 include PO 4 tetrahedron and the like.
- Phosphorus can be contained in the vanadium oxide film 103 at a molar fraction of about 0.05 to 0.20, for example, about 0.09, in terms of P 2 O 5 of the raw material.
- glass means a solid which has a network structure with a random atomic arrangement and exhibits a glass transition phenomenon.
- At least one element selected from copper, silver, alkaline earth metals and alkali metals functions as a nucleating agent when it is intended to crystallize. This makes it possible to optimize the orientation and crystal structure of the vanadium oxide film 103, facilitates the insertion and desorption of ions, reduces the deterioration of the crystal structure associated with charge and discharge cycles, and maintains the charge and discharge capacity Can be improved.
- the alkaline earth metal include beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba).
- Examples of the alkali metal include lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs).
- these elements can be contained in the vanadium oxide film 103 in an oxide state.
- the total amount of these elements can be contained in the vanadium oxide film 103 at a molar fraction of about 0.06 to 0.29, for example, about 0.107 for Li 2 O.
- glass modifying components such as WO 3 , MoO 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , BaO, Sb 2 O 3 and Bi 2 O 3 may be appropriately added. By adding these components, the properties of the glass amorphous phase such as water resistance, thermal expansion, and characteristic temperature can be adjusted.
- the vanadium oxide film 103 in the present invention is prepared by crushing a glass block manufactured using the above-mentioned material to prepare a powdery thermal spray material containing vanadium oxide, and then using the material, the surface of the conductor 102. It can be manufactured by thermal spraying.
- the powdery thermal spray material may have, for example, an average particle diameter of about 10 ⁇ m.
- the glass block mixes elements, such as vanadium oxide and phosphorus, respectively in the range of the molar fraction mentioned above, puts the obtained mixed powder in containers, such as a platinum crucible, and melt
- the melting conditions in the melting furnace may be maintained at, for example, a heating rate of 5 ° C./min, a target temperature of 1000 to 1100 ° C., and after reaching the target temperature, stirring for 1 hour while stirring.
- the graphite mold is preferably preheated to 150 to 300 ° C. before casting molten glass.
- thermal spraying a thermal spray material is heated using a combustion flame or electrical energy to melt or bring thermal spray particles into a state close thereto, and a film is formed by spraying on the surface to be thermal sprayed.
- powdery glass (glass powder) to be a thermal spray material is sprayed by heating to a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of the glass powder.
- Thermal spraying includes atmospheric pressure plasma spraying, low pressure plasma spraying, flame spraying, high speed flame spraying, arc spraying, cold spraying and the like, but any method can be applied in the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic configuration diagram of an apparatus (film deposition apparatus 201) for providing the vanadium oxide film 103 on the surface of the conductor 102 by flame spraying as an example of thermal spraying.
- the film deposition apparatus 201 includes a gas supply device 202, a gas supply pipe 203, a gas heater 204, a working gas supply pipe 205, a spray nozzle 206, and a glass powder supply device 207. And a glass powder supply pipe 208.
- the high pressure gas supplied from the gas supply device 202 is supplied to the gas heater 204 through the gas supply pipe 203 branched into two paths, and the gas passed through one path.
- the gas heated by the gas heater 204 is supplied to the spray nozzle 206 via the working gas supply pipe 205. Further, the gas passing through the other path is supplied to the glass powder supply device 207 and supplied to the spray nozzle 206 through the glass powder supply pipe 208 together with the glass powder as the working gas.
- the working gas and the glass powder supplied to the spray nozzle 206 are ejected from the tip of the spray nozzle 206 toward the surface of the conductor 102 in a molten or close state to form a coating 103.
- the gas supplied from the gas supply device 202 for example, air can be used.
- the supply pressure may be, for example, 0.5 MPa
- the temperature may be a temperature (for example, 300 ° C.) that is equal to or higher than the softening point of the glass powder.
- the supply rate of the glass powder can be, for example, 10 g / min.
- the temperature can be 150 degreeC etc., for example.
- the glass powder produced as described above is applied in the form of a paste to the surface of the conductor 102, and a predetermined temperature described later It can also be obtained by heating with
- a paste-like glass powder glass powder paste
- the glass powder paste thus prepared is applied to the surface of the conductor 102 by a screen printing method or a spray coating method (coating method), and then heated to about 150 ° C. to remove butyl carbitol acetate.
- the vanadium oxide film 103 in the present invention can be formed on the surface of the conductor 102 by heating to 330 ° C. or more and the softening point of the glass to remove ethylcellulose and fuse the glass powder. .
- the film 103 can be formed more easily.
- the surface of the vanadium oxide film 103 sprayed and formed on the surface of the conductor 102 is substantially flat, but as shown in FIG. It can also be done.
- the surface is made uneven as in the case of the coating 303, the specific surface area is increased, and the reactivity with the electrolytic solution is improved. Therefore, the ion secondary battery electrode 301 provided with the film 303 can improve the charge and discharge capacity and the charge and discharge rate.
- the unevenness is formed, for example, by forming a flat film on the surface of the conductor 302 and heating the stamper having the unevenness formed thereon to a temperature above the softening point of the film while pressing the stamper against the surface of the flat film. can do.
- Heating can be performed by a microwave heating furnace, an electric furnace, or the like.
- the unevenness does not have to be regular, and similar effects can be obtained even with irregular unevenness such as a crack.
- the stamper is preferably made of quartz glass which does not absorb microwaves, and in the case of heating by electric furnace heating, those made of nickel or stainless steel are preferable.
- the vanadium oxide film 103 (also the film 303) sprayed by thermal spraying on the surface of the conductor 102 (the same as the conductor 302) is flat although the entire film 103 is in an amorphous state.
- corrugation can also be made to crystallize the one part and to contain a crystal
- 4 is a schematic enlarged sectional view showing a state in which a part of the vanadium oxide film 103 shown in FIG. 1 is crystallized to include the crystal 401 and the amorphous 402
- FIG. FIG. 6 is a schematic enlarged sectional view showing a state in which a part of the vanadium oxide film 303 shown in FIG. 3 is crystallized and the crystal 501 and the amorphous 502 are included.
- amorphous 402 also amorphous 502
- the atomic spacing in the amorphous 402 is wider than that of the crystal 401 (similar to the crystal 501), so Ions can be easily inserted and removed during discharge, and cycle deterioration is reduced. Therefore, although a charge / discharge capacity maintenance rate can be improved, charge / discharge capacity falls on the other hand.
- the entire film 103 is to remain amorphous 402 or to include crystals 401 and amorphous 402 depends on the charge / discharge capacity retention ratio of the ion secondary battery or the charge / discharge capacity. Depending on the purpose, it may be decided as appropriate, depending on the purpose. For example, as in the case of an ion secondary battery for electric power storage, in the case where a long life is required, in order to improve the charge / discharge capacity retention rate, the completely amorphous phase can be obtained without undergoing a crystallization step. It is preferable that the as-formed vanadium oxide film 103 constitute an ion secondary battery.
- the volume fraction of the crystal 401 with respect to the amorphous 402 in the film 103 is preferably 94% or less.
- the volume fraction exceeds 94%, the volume fraction of the crystal 401 with respect to the amorphous 402 in the coating 103 is too high, and the charge / discharge capacity retention rate may be reduced.
- the main crystal 401 in the vanadium oxide film 103 is preferably monoclinic. That is, it is preferable that the crystal that occupies the most in the possible crystal lattice of the vanadium oxide film 103 is monoclinic.
- FIG. 6 is a conceptual view showing a crystal structure of a monoclinic X a V 2 O 5 crystal (0.26 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.59). Note that X is at least one element selected from Cu, Ag, Fe, an alkaline earth metal and an alkali metal. Further, in the figure, O atom represents an oxygen atom, V atom represents a vanadium atom, and X atom represents at least one element selected from the selected group.
- the X a V 2 O 5 crystal is composed of a double chain VO 6 octahedron 601 arranged in the b-axis direction.
- the double chain is also connected in the a-axis direction and the c-axis direction to form a three-dimensional tunnel structure.
- the void of the tunnel along the a-axis direction is the widest, and reversible ions are inserted in the tunnel. Insertion of ions into the tunnel is easier when the crystals 401 of the coating 103 are oriented, and more particularly when the [100] crystal orientation is oriented perpendicular to the surface of the conductor 102. It is easily done.
- the tunnel along the a-axis direction is formed to be parallel to the thickness direction of the conductor 102.
- the insertion and desorption of ions are facilitated, the deterioration of the crystal structure accompanying the charge and discharge cycle is reduced, and the charge and discharge capacity retention rate can be improved.
- cations that is, X
- the layers composed of double chain VO 6 octahedron 601 are accompanied by expansion and contraction of the tunnel due to insertion and desorption of ions. Peeling between layers is suppressed. Thereby, the deterioration of the crystal structure accompanying the charge and discharge cycle can be reduced, and the charge and discharge capacity retention rate can be improved.
- Such crystallization of the vanadium oxide film 103 can be performed also by electric furnace heating, but it is more preferable to carry out crystallization in a microwave heating furnace from the viewpoint of shortening the degree of orientation of the precipitated crystal and heating time.
- the heating by the microwave can be performed, for example, by irradiating a microwave with a frequency of 2.45 GHz by controlling an appropriate time and an output.
- the temperature of the film 103 may be measured by a radiation thermometer or the like so that the temperature of the film 103 is equal to or higher than the crystallization temperature of the glass (for example, about 370 ° C.). Note that if the heating temperature is less than the crystallization temperature, crystallization can not be performed.
- a vanadium oxide film formed by using V 2 O 5 of 0.703, Li 2 O of 0.107, Fe 2 O 3 of 0.1, and P 2 O 5 of 0.09 in mole fraction When the above-described process is performed for the film 103 and X-ray diffraction analysis is performed on the film 103, it is possible to confirm the deposition of monoclinic Li 0.3 V 2 O 5 oriented in [100]. In addition, the volume fraction of the crystal 401 with respect to the amorphous 402 is about 90%.
- the crystallization of the vanadium oxide film 103 and the formation of the unevenness can be simultaneously performed.
- the ratio of amorphous 402 in the surface layer portion of the vanadium oxide film 103 can be made higher than that in the inside. This is more preferable because it facilitates the removal and insertion of ions.
- the vanadium oxide film 103 can be pre-doped in advance with metal ions such as lithium ions and magnesium ions. These ions may be any ions suitable for the ion secondary battery to be produced. For example, in the case of a lithium ion secondary battery, lithium ion may be pre-doped, and in the case of a magnesium ion secondary battery, magnesium ion may be pre-doped.
- Pre-doping of metal ions can be performed by an electrochemical method.
- this electrode 101 is used as a cathode and a metal to be predoped with lithium or magnesium is used as an anode. They can be pre-doped by immersing them in a non-aqueous electrolyte and applying a voltage between the two electrodes.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- the voltage to be applied may be, for example, 3 V, and the application time may be, for example, one hour.
- lithium salts such as lithium chloride (LiCl) and lithium acetate (AcOLi), or butyl lithium (C 4 H 9 Li) or naphthalene lithium (C 10 H) 8 Li) and the like, and the method of immersing the electrode 101 for ion secondary batteries in the liquid mixture of an organic lithium compound and an organic solvent is mentioned.
- ultrasonic wave irradiation, microwave irradiation or the like is performed in a state where the film 103 is immersed, or a noble metal anode electrode is provided to apply a voltage between the anode electrode and the ion secondary battery electrode 101.
- the pre-doping amount and the pre-doping efficiency can be improved.
- lithium ion for example, a lithium-containing molten salt such as lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ) which melts at or below the melting point of an aluminum alloy foil used as the conductor 102 The temperature is higher than the melting point of the aluminum alloy foil and is heated to a temperature between the transition point and the softening point of the glass of the coating 103, and the ion secondary battery electrode 101 is immersed therein, or the anode electrode of noble metal is further added.
- pre-doping can be performed by applying a voltage between the anode electrode and the ion secondary battery electrode 101.
- An electrode for an ion secondary battery 101 according to an embodiment of the present invention is provided with a vanadium oxide film 103 on the surface of a conductor 102. Since the film 103 does not contain an organic binder, the charge and discharge capacity can be improved accordingly. In addition, when the film 103 is formed by thermal spraying, the number of manufacturing steps can be significantly reduced, and cost reduction can be achieved. Furthermore, when such a film 103 is made amorphous 402, it is possible to improve the charge / discharge capacity retention rate, and when it is made to contain crystals 401 and amorphous 402, it is possible to achieve high charge / discharge capacity and charge / discharge capacity. The discharge capacity retention rate can be made compatible.
- the ion secondary battery electrode 101 according to the embodiment of the present invention has been described above in detail.
- an ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention using the above-described ion secondary battery electrode 101 will be described.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using lithium a magnesium ion secondary battery using magnesium and the like can be mentioned. Since these can be embodied with the same structure, in the following description, a lithium ion secondary battery will be representatively described.
- the lithium ion secondary battery 701 uses the above-described electrode for an ion secondary battery 101 (not shown in FIG. 7) as the positive electrode 702
- the lithium ion secondary battery 701 contacts the positive electrode 702 and the positive electrode 702.
- Positive electrode current collector 703 for collecting electricity
- a negative electrode 704 serving as a counter electrode of the positive electrode 702
- a negative electrode current collector 705 for collecting electricity by contacting the negative electrode 704
- a separator 708 which can be impregnated with the electrolyte solution 707 so as not to abut each other, and is configured in a liquid-tight manner in the container 706.
- Conductive carbon (not shown) may be attached to the negative electrode 704 by application or the like.
- the positive electrode current collector 703 can be formed of an aluminum alloy foil or the like
- the negative electrode current collector 705 can be formed of a copper alloy foil or the like
- the separator 708 is a laminate of polyethylene and polypropylene having a micropore structure. It can be formed of a film or the like.
- the container 706 may be made of, for example, stainless steel or aluminum alloy in a bottomed cylindrical or bottomed rectangular tube shape, and can be sealed in a liquid tight manner by the lid 709 and the gasket 710.
- the electrolyte solution 707 is, for example, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) are mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 2. 1 mol / L and further adding 0.8% by mass of vinylene carbonate (VC) can be used.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- a PC solution of 0.4 mol% / L of Mg (ClO 4 ) 2 and 0.1 mol% / L of NaClO 4 can be used.
- the positive electrode current collector 703, the negative electrode 704, the negative electrode current collector 705, the container 706, the electrolyte 707, the separator 708, the lid 709, and the gasket 710 are not limited to those described above, and secondary lithium ion It can be embodied with a known material used for an ion secondary battery such as a battery or a magnesium ion secondary battery.
- the negative electrode of the magnesium ion secondary battery can be formed of an AZ31 alloy (a magnesium alloy in which 3% of aluminum and 1% of zinc are added) or the like.
- the initial charge / discharge capacity is 345 mAh / g
- the charge / discharge capacity after 51 cycles is 331 mAh / g
- the charge / discharge capacity maintenance ratio after 51 cycles is 96%.
- the magnesium ion secondary battery having such a configuration achieves, for example, an initial charge / discharge capacity of 300 mAh / g, a charge / discharge capacity after 10 cycles of 285 mAh / g, and a charge / discharge capacity retention rate of 10 cycles of 95%. be able to.
- a glass powder to be a thermal spray material was produced.
- V 2 O 5 Li 2 O, Fe 2 O 3 and P 2 O 5 in molar fractions of 0.703, 0.107, 0.100 and 0.090, respectively.
- the mixture was mixed to prepare 200 g of mixed powder. And this was heated by the electric furnace. In the heating with an electric furnace, the temperature rising rate was 5 ° C./min, and the glass was heated and maintained while stirring for 1 hour from the time when the target temperature (1000 to 1100 ° C.) was reached. Thereafter, the platinum crucible was taken out of the melting furnace, and cast into a graphite mold which was previously heated and held at 150 to 300 ° C.
- the glass transition point (Tg) is 252 ° C.
- the deformation point (Mg) is 271 ° C.
- the first crystallization start temperature is 315 ° C.
- the second The crystallization onset temperature was 428 ° C.
- a vanadium oxide film was formed on the surface of the conductor using the glass powder produced in [1].
- the film was formed by flame spraying.
- the flame spraying was performed using a film forming apparatus (see FIG. 2).
- As a conductor an aluminum alloy foil (N5-8X-073 manufactured by Mitsubishi Aluminum Corporation) having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was used.
- the thermal spraying conditions were as follows, and the average thickness of the vanadium oxide film to be formed was about 10 ⁇ m.
- the film was irradiated with microwaves and heated, and as a result of X-ray diffraction analysis of the surface of the film, it was found that monoclinic Li 0.3 V 2 O 5 oriented in [100] was precipitated, and non-crystal The volume fraction of crystals to quality was found to be 90%.
- lithium ion was pre-doped on the vanadium oxide film crystallized in [3].
- the lithium ion pre-doping was performed by an electrochemical method. First, a conductor provided with a film was used as a cathode and metal lithium was used as an anode, and these were immersed in a non-aqueous electrolyte and applied at a voltage of 3 V for 1 hour between both electrodes to pre-dope lithium ions into the film.
- the electrolytic solution is prepared by dissolving 1 mol / L of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) are mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 2 It was.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- FIG. 8 shows a schematic configuration of a two-electrode model cell used for characteristic evaluation of an electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- PIC Pseudo Isotropic Carbon
- the electrolyte used is prepared by dissolving 1 mol / L of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) are mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 2, and further 0.8 What added the mass% vinylene carbonate (VC) was used.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- the evaluation of charge and discharge performance was carried out at room temperature using a charge and discharge tester (TOSCAT 3100U manufactured by Toyo System Co., Ltd.), and charge was started. Charging and discharging were performed in a CC (Constant Current) mode, and the cell voltage was 1.5 to 4.2V. The current density during charging and discharging, the first time a 0.057mA / cm 2, the second and subsequent cycles was 0.28mA / cm 2.
- an electrode for comparison with the electrode according to Example 1 was manufactured by a conventional method.
- Such an electrode includes the glass powder produced in [1], ketjen black (EC 600 JD manufactured by Lion Corporation, particle size: 34.0 nm or less) as a conductive aid, and N-methyl-2-pyrodoline (as a binder) Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (Kreha Co., Ltd. # 7305) dissolved in 5% by mass in NMP) was mixed using a mortar at a mass ratio of 85: 5: 10. At this time, slurry was formed while appropriately mixing NMP for viscosity adjustment.
- PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride
- the obtained slurry was applied onto a 20 ⁇ m thick aluminum alloy foil (N5-8X-073 manufactured by Mitsubishi Aluminum Corporation) using a blade coater with a gap of 200 ⁇ m.
- the resultant was dried in the atmosphere at 90 ° C. ⁇ 2 hours and then punched into a disc having a diameter of 15 mm.
- the electrode according to Comparative Example 1 was manufactured by vacuum drying at 120 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the manufactured electrode according to Comparative Example 1 as a positive electrode (shown in FIG. 9 as a positive electrode 901), charge and discharge characteristics were evaluated by a three-electrode model cell.
- FIG. 9 shows a schematic configuration of a three-electrode model cell used for characteristic evaluation of an electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the positive electrode 901 and the aluminum current collector foil 902, the Li plate 903 for the negative electrode, and the Li plate 904 for the reference electrode are laminated via a 30 ⁇ m-thick separator 905 impregnated with an electrolytic solution These were sandwiched by two SUS jigs 906 and then placed in a glass container to make a battery cell.
- the electrolyte used was one in which 1 mol / L of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) was dissolved in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 2. .
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- the charge and discharge evaluation was carried out at room temperature using the same apparatus as described above.
- the charge and discharge were performed in a CC (Constant Current) mode, the cell voltage was 1.5 to 4.2 V, and the discharge was started.
- Current density during charging and discharging the first time a 0.057mA / cm 2, the second and subsequent cycles was 0.28mA / cm 2.
- the charge / discharge capacity of the positive electrode was a value obtained by dividing the obtained charge / discharge capacity by the mass of the mixture consisting of the glass powder, the conductive additive and the binder.
- the electrode (positive electrode) according to Example 1 had improved charge / discharge capacity and improved charge / discharge capacity retention ratio after 51 cycles.
- the initial charge / discharge capacity is 320 mAh / g
- the charge / discharge capacity after 51 cycles is 260 mAh / g. That is, the charge / discharge capacity retention rate after 51 cycles was 81%.
- the initial charge / discharge capacity was 345 mAh / g
- the charge / discharge capacity after 51 cycles was 331 mAh / g. That is, the charge / discharge capacity retention ratio after 51 cycles was 96%.
- FIG. 10 shows a schematic configuration of a three-electrode model cell used to evaluate the characteristics of the magnesium ion secondary battery electrode.
- the positive electrode 1001 and the aluminum current collector foil 1002, the magnesium alloy (AZ31 alloy) negative electrode 1003, and the magnesium alloy (AZ31 alloy) plate 1004 of the reference electrode are impregnated with an electrolyte solution of 30 ⁇ m thickness After laminating through the separator 1005 and sandwiching them with two SUS jigs 1006, they were put in a glass container to make a battery cell.
- the electrolyte used was a PC solution containing 0.4 mol% / L of Mg (ClO 4 ) 2 and 0.1 mol% / L of NaClO 4 .
- the charge / discharge evaluation was performed at room temperature using a charge / discharge tester (TOSCAT 3100U manufactured by Toyo System Co., Ltd.) as described above, and started from charge. Charging and discharging were performed in a CC (Constant Current) mode, and the cell voltage was 0.5 to 3.0V. The current density during charging and discharging, the first time a 0.057mA / cm 2, the second and subsequent cycles was 0.28mA / cm 2.
- an electrode for comparison with the electrode according to Example 2 was manufactured by a conventional method.
- Such an electrode includes the glass powder produced in [1], ketjen black (EC 600 JD manufactured by Lion Corporation, particle size: 34.0 nm or less) as a conductive aid, and N-methyl-2-pyrodoline (as a binder) Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (Kreha Co., Ltd. # 7305) dissolved in 5% by mass in NMP) was mixed using a mortar at a mass ratio of 85: 5: 10. At this time, slurry was formed while appropriately mixing NMP for viscosity adjustment.
- PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride
- the obtained slurry was applied onto a 20 ⁇ m thick aluminum alloy foil (N5-8X-073 manufactured by Mitsubishi Aluminum Corporation) using a blade coater with a gap of 200 ⁇ m.
- the resultant was dried in the atmosphere at 90 ° C. ⁇ 2 hours and then punched into a disc having a diameter of 15 mm.
- the electrode according to Comparative Example 2 was manufactured by vacuum drying at 120 ° C. for 1 hour. Then, using the manufactured electrode according to Comparative Example 2 as a positive electrode, charge and discharge characteristics were evaluated by the same model cell and conditions as the three-electrode model cell described with reference to FIG.
- the electrode (positive electrode) according to Example 2 was improved in charge / discharge capacity and the charge / discharge capacity retention ratio after 10 cycles.
- the initial charge / discharge capacity was 250 mAh / g
- the charge / discharge capacity after 10 cycles was 175 mAh / g. That is, the charge / discharge capacity retention rate after 10 cycles was 70%.
- the initial charge / discharge capacity was 300 mAh / g
- the charge / discharge capacity after 10 cycles was 285 mAh / g. That is, the charge / discharge capacity retention rate after 10 cycles was 95%.
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Abstract
Description
また、当該粉末または薄膜を製造する方法として、ブロック高分子または界面活性化剤を鋳型とし、金属アルコキシドまたは金属の塩化物、PO(OC2H5)3の水溶液またはこれらをエタノールなどのアルコールに溶かした溶液に、塩酸(HCl)を加える工程、ゾル-ゲル法によってガラス相の金属酸化物-無機酸化物複合メソストラクチャ構造を有する粉末を製造する工程、室温~90℃で熟成させゲル化させる工程、これを空気中350~400℃で加熱処理することによってブロック高分子または界面活性化剤を除去しガラス相の金属酸化物-ガラス相複合メソポーラス粉末を製造する工程、さらにこれを400~700℃で熱処理することによってガラス相の金属酸化物を微結晶に相転移させる工程を行う旨が記載されている。
また、従来法には、有機系バインダーを含ませる必要があることから、その分、充放電容量が低下するという問題があった。
また、本発明は、前記したイオン二次電池用電極を製造するイオン二次電池用電極の製造方法であって、導電体の表面に、バナジウム酸化物を含む粉末状の溶射材料を溶射してバナジウム酸化物被膜を設けることを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極の製造方法とした。
さらに、前記したイオン二次電池用電極を用いたことを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池またはマグネシウムイオン二次電池とした。
図1に示すように、一実施形態に係るイオン二次電池用電極101は、導電体102の表面に、バナジウム酸化物被膜(以下、単に「被膜」ということもある。)103が設けられている。このバナジウム酸化物被膜103は、非晶質であるバナジウム酸化物、または結晶と非晶質であるバナジウム酸化物を含んでいる。
かかる電極101は、イオン二次電池の正極として好適に用いることができる。
さらに、当該被膜103は、バナジウム酸化物を含んでいるため良導電性であり、これを電極活物質として作用させることができるため、カーボンブラック、グラファイト、炭素繊維などの導電助剤を添加する必要がない。従って、これによっても低コスト化を図ることができるだけでなく、有機バインダーや導電助剤を添加しない分だけバナジウム酸化物を含ませることができるため、充放電容量を向上させることが可能となる。
バナジウム酸化物は、バナジウム酸化物被膜103中に、モル分率で0.5~0.9程度、一例として0.703程度含有させることができる。
図2に示すように、当該被膜成膜装置201は、ガス供給装置202と、ガス供給管203と、ガス加熱器204と、作動ガス供給管205と、スプレーノズル206と、ガラス粉末供給装置207と、ガラス粉末供給管208とを備えている。
例えば、モル分率で、V2O5を0.703、Li2Oを0.107、Fe2O3を0.1、P2O5を0.09用いて成膜したバナジウム酸化物被膜103について前記した処理を行い、かかる被膜103についてX線回折分析を行うと、[100]に配向した単斜晶のLi0.3V2O5の析出を確認することができる。また、非晶質402に対する結晶401の体積分率は約90%になる。
以上、本発明の一実施形態に係るイオン二次電池用電極101について詳細に説明した。
かかるイオン二次電池としては、リチウムを用いるリチウムイオン二次電池やマグネシウムを用いるマグネシウムイオン二次電池などが挙げられる。これらは同様の構造で具現できるので、以下の説明では、代表的にリチウムイオン二次電池について説明する。
例えば、マグネシウムイオン二次電池の負極は、AZ31合金(アルミニウムを3%、亜鉛を1%添加したマグネシウム合金)などで形成することができる。
また、かかる構成のマグネシウムイオン二次電池は、例えば、初期充放電容量が300mAh/g、10サイクル後の充放電容量が285mAh/g、10サイクル後の充放電容量維持率が95%を達成することができる。
まず、溶射材料となるガラス粉末を製造した。白金るつぼ内にV2O5、Li2O、Fe2O3、P2O5をそれぞれモル分率で、0.703、0.107、0.100、0.090となるように配合して混合し、混合粉末200gを調製した。
そして、これを電気炉で加熱した。電気炉での加熱は、昇温速度を5℃/minとし、目標温度(1000~1100℃)に到達した時点から1時間、ガラスを撹拌しながら加熱保持した。
その後、白金るつぼを溶解炉から取り出し、予め150~300℃に加熱保持していた黒鉛鋳型に鋳込んでガラスブロックを製造し、これを粉砕した。粉砕したガラス粉末の平均粒径は10μmであった。
示差熱分析(DTA)により、当該ガラス粉末の特性点を測定した結果、ガラス転移点(Tg)は252℃、屈伏点(Mg)は271℃、第一結晶化開始温度は315℃、第二結晶化開始温度は428℃であった。
次に、〔1〕で製造したガラス粉末を用いて導電体の表面にバナジウム酸化物被膜を成膜した。被膜の成膜は、フレーム溶射により行った。フレーム溶射は、被膜成膜装置(図2参照)を用いて行った。なお、導電体は、厚さ20μmのアルミニウム合金箔(三菱アルミニウム株式会社製N5-8X-073)を用いた。溶射条件は、次のとおりであり、成膜されるバナジウム酸化物被膜の平均厚さが約10μmとなるようにした。
・スプレーノズルの先端からアルミニウム合金箔までの距離:約15mm
・作動ガス:空気
・作動ガスの供給圧力:0.5MPa
・作動ガスの供給温度:300℃
・ガラス粉末の供給速度:10g/分
・アルミニウム合金箔の加熱温度:150℃
次に、〔2〕で導電体の表面に成膜したバナジウム酸化物被膜の結晶化を行った。バナジウム酸化物被膜の結晶化は、マイクロ波加熱炉を用いて行った。マイクロ波加熱炉は、四国計測工業株式会社製マイクロ波反応装置μリアクター(マイクロ波周波数:2.45GHz)を使用した。マイクロ波による加熱は、被膜の温度を放射温度計で計測し、被膜の温度が約370℃となるようにマイクロ波の出力と照射時間を制御した。なお、今回の検討では1000Wで10min程度であった。
被膜にマイクロ波を照射して加熱した後、当該被膜の表面をX線回折分析した結果、[100]に配向した単斜晶のLi0.3V2O5が析出していること、および非晶質に対する結晶の体積分率は90%であることがわかった。
次に、〔3〕で結晶化したバナジウム酸化物被膜にリチウムイオンをプレドープした。リチウムイオンのプレドープは、電気化学的手法により行った。まず、被膜を設けた導電体をカソードとし、金属リチウムをアノードとし、これらを非水系の電解液に浸漬させ、両極間に3Vの電圧で1時間印加して、被膜へリチウムイオンをプレドープした。なお、電解液は、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)を体積比1:2で混合した溶媒に、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を1mol/L溶解させたものを用いた。
〔4〕でバナジウム酸化物被膜にリチウムイオンをプレドープした導電体を直径15mmの円盤状に打ち抜き、実施例1に係る電極を製造した。製造した実施例1に係る電極を正極(正極801として図8に示す)として用い、2極式モデルセルにより充放電特性を評価した。
実施例1に係る電極(正極)は比較例1に係る電極(正極)に比べて充放電容量が向上しかつ51サイクル後の充放電容量維持率が向上していた。
具体的には、比較例1に係る電極を正極として用いたリチウムイオン二次電池では、初期充放電容量が320mAh/gであり、51サイクル後の充放電容量が260mAh/gであった。つまり、51サイクル後の充放電容量維持率は81%であった。
これに対し、実施例1に係る電極を正極として用いたリチウムイオン二次電池では、初期充放電容量が345mAh/gであり、51サイクル後の充放電容量が331mAh/gであった。つまり、51サイクル後の充放電容量維持率は96%であった。
非晶質に対する結晶の体積分率が94%であったNo.4に係る電極は、初期充電容量が高く、51サイクル後の充放電容量維持率も比較的良好であったため、高い充放電容量リチウムイオン二次電池を提供するのに好適であることが示唆された。
その一方で、非晶質に対する結晶の体積分率が94%を超えたNo.5、6に係る電極は、初期充放電容量および51サイクル後の充放電容量維持率のいずれも良好でない結果となった。
次に、〔1〕から〔3〕に記載の条件と同様の条件でアルミニウム合金箔の表面にバナジウム酸化物被膜を成膜し、マグネシウムイオンのプレドープを行わずに、〔5〕に記載のとおり、直径15mmの円盤状に打ち抜き、実施例2に係る電極を製造した。これを正極(正極1001として図10に示す)として用い、3極式モデルセルにより充放電特性を評価した。
実施例2に係る電極(正極)は比較例2に係る電極(正極)に比べて充放電容量が向上しかつ10サイクル後の充放電容量維持率が向上していた。
具体的には、比較例2に係る電極を正極として用いたマグネシウムイオン二次電池では、初期充放電容量が250mAh/gであり、10サイクル後の充放電容量が175mAh/gであった。つまり、10サイクル後の充放電容量維持率は70%であった。
これに対し、実施例2に係る電極を正極として用いたマグネシウムイオン二次電池では、初期充放電容量が300mAh/gであり、10サイクル後の充放電容量が285mAh/gであった。つまり、10サイクル後の充放電容量維持率は95%であった。
102 導電体
103 バナジウム酸化物被膜(被膜)
201 被膜成膜装置
202 ガス供給装置
203 ガス供給管
204 ガス加熱器
205 作動ガス供給管
206 スプレーノズル
207 ガラス粉末供給装置
208 ガラス粉末供給管
301 イオン二次電池用電極
302 導電体
303 バナジウム酸化物被膜(被膜)
401 結晶
402 非晶質
501 結晶
502 非晶質
601 2重鎖状のVO6八面体
701 リチウムイオン二次電池
702 正極
703 正極集電体
704 負極
705 負極集電体
706 容器
707 電解液
708 セパレータ
709 蓋体
710 ガスケット
801 正極
802 アルミニウム集電箔
803 負極
804 銅集電箔
805 セパレータ
806 SUS製治具
901 正極
902 アルミニウム集電箔
903 負極のLi板
904 参照極のLi板
905 セパレータ
906 SUS製治具
1001 正極
1002 アルミニウム集電箔
1003 マグネシウム合金(AZ31合金)負極
1004 参照極のマグネシウム合金(AZ31合金)板
1005 セパレータ
1006 SUS製治具
Claims (15)
- 導電体の表面に、バナジウム酸化物被膜を設けたことを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極。
- 請求の範囲第1項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記バナジウム酸化物被膜が、バナジウムと、リンと、銅、銀、鉄、アルカリ土類金属およびアルカリ金属の中から選択される少なくとも一つの元素と、を含有することを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極。 - 請求の範囲第1項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記バナジウム酸化物被膜が、結晶と非晶質とを含んでいることを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極。 - 請求の範囲第3項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記バナジウム酸化物被膜中の非晶質に対する結晶の体積分率が94%以下であることを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極。 - 請求の範囲第3項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記バナジウム酸化物被膜における主たる結晶が単斜晶であることを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極。 - 請求の範囲第3項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記バナジウム酸化物被膜中の前記結晶が配向していることを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極。 - 請求の範囲第6項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記バナジウム酸化物被膜中で配向している前記結晶の[100]結晶方位が前記導電体の表面に対して垂直であることを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極。 - 請求の範囲第1項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記バナジウム酸化物被膜が、非晶質であることを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極。 - 請求の範囲第1項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記バナジウム酸化物被膜表面に凹凸が形成されていることを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極。 - 請求の範囲第1項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記バナジウム酸化物被膜にリチウムイオンがプレドープされていることを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極。 - 請求の範囲第1項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記導電体が、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、銅、銅合金および炭素のうちの少なくとも一つで形成されていることを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極。 - 請求の範囲第1項から請求の範囲第11項のいずれか1項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極を製造するイオン二次電池用電極の製造方法であって、
導電体の表面に、バナジウム酸化物を含む粉末状の溶射材料を溶射してバナジウム酸化物被膜を設ける工程を含むことを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極の製造方法。 - 請求の範囲第12項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極の製造方法であって、
前記工程の後に、前記バナジウム酸化物被膜を設けた導電体を、当該バナジウム酸化物被膜の結晶化温度で加熱する工程を含むことを特徴とするイオン二次電池用電極の製造方法。 - 請求の範囲第1項から請求の範囲第11項のいずれか1項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極を用いたことを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求の範囲第1項から請求の範囲第11項のいずれか1項に記載のイオン二次電池用電極を用いたことを特徴とするマグネシウムイオン二次電池。
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CN2011800095097A CN103003981A (zh) | 2011-07-19 | 2011-07-19 | 离子二次电池用电极、离子二次电池用电极的制造方法、锂离子二次电池及镁离子二次电池 |
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JP2015043310A (ja) * | 2013-07-25 | 2015-03-05 | 株式会社デンソー | アルカリ金属含有活物質の製造方法および二次電池 |
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JP2021158119A (ja) * | 2014-11-03 | 2021-10-07 | 24エム・テクノロジーズ・インコーポレイテッド24M Technologies, Inc. | 半固体電極中の電極材料のプレリチオ化 |
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CN104538669B (zh) * | 2014-12-16 | 2017-11-10 | 上海交通大学 | 一种可充镁电池 |
CN104616906A (zh) * | 2015-01-27 | 2015-05-13 | 上海奥威科技开发有限公司 | 负极嵌镁离子超级电容器及其制备方法 |
KR101876665B1 (ko) * | 2017-02-02 | 2018-07-09 | 한국산업기술대학교산학협력단 | 마그네슘 전극, 이를 포함하는 마그네슘 이차전지 및 하이브리드 전지 |
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