WO2012079296A1 - 一种低热导率的多层相变材料 - Google Patents

一种低热导率的多层相变材料 Download PDF

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WO2012079296A1
WO2012079296A1 PCT/CN2011/070450 CN2011070450W WO2012079296A1 WO 2012079296 A1 WO2012079296 A1 WO 2012079296A1 CN 2011070450 W CN2011070450 W CN 2011070450W WO 2012079296 A1 WO2012079296 A1 WO 2012079296A1
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phase change
change material
multilayer
film
thermal conductivity
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French (fr)
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繆向水
童浩
程晓敏
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Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10NELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N70/00Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
    • H10N70/801Constructional details of multistable switching devices
    • H10N70/821Device geometry
    • H10N70/823Device geometry adapted for essentially horizontal current flow, e.g. bridge type devices
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10NELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N70/00Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
    • H10N70/20Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors
    • H10N70/231Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on solid-state phase change, e.g. between amorphous and crystalline phases, Ovshinsky effect
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10NELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N70/00Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
    • H10N70/011Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
    • H10N70/021Formation of switching materials, e.g. deposition of layers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10NELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N70/00Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
    • H10N70/011Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
    • H10N70/021Formation of switching materials, e.g. deposition of layers
    • H10N70/026Formation of switching materials, e.g. deposition of layers by physical vapor deposition, e.g. sputtering
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10NELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N70/00Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
    • H10N70/801Constructional details of multistable switching devices
    • H10N70/821Device geometry
    • H10N70/826Device geometry adapted for essentially vertical current flow, e.g. sandwich or pillar type devices
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10NELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N70/00Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
    • H10N70/801Constructional details of multistable switching devices
    • H10N70/861Thermal details
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10NELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N70/00Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
    • H10N70/801Constructional details of multistable switching devices
    • H10N70/881Switching materials
    • H10N70/882Compounds of sulfur, selenium or tellurium, e.g. chalcogenides
    • H10N70/8822Sulfides, e.g. CuS
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10NELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N70/00Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
    • H10N70/801Constructional details of multistable switching devices
    • H10N70/881Switching materials
    • H10N70/882Compounds of sulfur, selenium or tellurium, e.g. chalcogenides
    • H10N70/8825Selenides, e.g. GeSe
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10NELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N70/00Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
    • H10N70/801Constructional details of multistable switching devices
    • H10N70/881Switching materials
    • H10N70/882Compounds of sulfur, selenium or tellurium, e.g. chalcogenides
    • H10N70/8828Tellurides, e.g. GeSbTe
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10NELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N70/00Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
    • H10N70/801Constructional details of multistable switching devices
    • H10N70/881Switching materials
    • H10N70/883Oxides or nitrides
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10NELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N70/00Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
    • H10N70/801Constructional details of multistable switching devices
    • H10N70/881Switching materials
    • H10N70/884Switching materials based on at least one element of group IIIA, IVA or VA, e.g. elemental or compound semiconductors

Definitions

  • PCRAM phase change memory
  • the recording material is composed of a thin film phase change material mainly composed of a sulfur-based compound, the crystalline state of which is a low resistance state, representing a data bit "1"; the amorphous state is a high resistance state, representing a data bit "0",
  • the temperature that the phase change material needs to reach from the amorphous state to the crystalline state is called the crystallization temperature, and the temperature that the phase change material needs to reach from the crystalline state to the amorphous state is called the melting temperature.
  • phase change memories Since its inception, phase change memories have received much attention for their non-volatility, CMOS process compatibility, high speed, radiation resistance, low cost, and long life.
  • the International Semiconductor Industry Association believes that it is most likely to replace flash memory and dynamics. Current mainstream products such as random access memory have become the mainstream products of future memories.
  • the spacing between adjacent memory cells will also become smaller and smaller.
  • the heat generated by it will inevitably be transferred to the adjacent memory cell. If the temperature rise of the adjacent memory cell caused by the conduction heat exceeds the phase transition temperature of the recording material, the Unexpected changes in the recording state of the memory cells, such thermal crosstalk between adjacent memory cells will greatly affect the reliability of the memory.
  • the melting temperature of the commonly used recording materials is relatively high, so that the thermal energy required for the phase change is large, and the large power consumption caused by this has become another major bottleneck restricting the further practical application of the phase change memory.
  • the commonly used method is to increase the crystallization temperature of the recording material by incorporating elements such as N, bismuth, and Sn into the phase change material of the film, thereby effectively avoiding the temperature of the adjacent memory cells.
  • the data bit information caused by the rise of the phase transition temperature exceeding the recording material is incorrect.
  • this method does not reduce the heat conducted to the adjacent cells. Although the temperature rise does not cause the state of the recording material to change immediately, the resistance value will still change significantly. The data bit information still exists after multiple operations.
  • the possibility of failure thus seriously affecting the service life of the memory.
  • the doping method is used to increase the crystallization temperature
  • the melting temperature of the film phase change material generally increases accordingly, which in turn leads to an increase in the power consumption of the phase change memory.
  • a low thermal conductivity multilayer phase change material in which two single-layer thin film phase change materials are alternately stacked to form a periodic multilayer film structure, and the constituent elements of the two thin film materials are not all the same or identical but different atomic percentages.
  • the single-layer thin film phase change material is any one of GeTe, SbTe, BiTe, SnTe, AsTe, GeSe, SbSe, BiSe, SnSe, AsSe, InSe, GeSbTe, and AglnSbTe, or any one of the above compounds is doped with S or A mixture of N or 0 or Cu or Si or Au elements.
  • the atomic percentage of the single layer of the phase change material is 0. 5 ⁇ 50%
  • each single-layer thin film phase change material ranges from 0.5 nm to 5 nm.
  • the two single-layer thin film phase change materials have the same crystal structure and a close lattice constant.
  • a method for preparing the above multilayer phase change material specifically: depositing a thin film phase change material A on a substrate, and depositing another thin film phase change material B on the thin film material A to form a cycle Structure; then depositing a film material A on the film material B, and depositing a film material B on the film material A to form a second periodic structure; thus cyclically depositing into a periodic multilayer film structure.
  • a sample for testing the thermal conductivity of the multilayer phase change material comprises two layers of an insulating thermally conductive material and a plurality of phase change materials, the multilayer phase change material being located between two layers of insulating and thermally conductive material, wherein a layer of insulating and thermally conductive material is deposited On the Si substrate, a metal strip is deposited on another layer of thermally conductive insulating material.
  • the insulating and thermally conductive material has a thermal conductivity greater than 1 W/mK.
  • the insulating thermally conductive material has a thickness of 5 nm to 20 nm.
  • the metal strip is a "work" shaped structure.
  • the multi-layer phase change material provided by the invention has low thermal conductivity, and the recording material as the phase change memory can effectively reduce the temperature rise of the adjacent storage unit caused by reading and writing operations on a certain storage unit, and reduce the adjacent unit. Thermal crosstalk between them improves memory stability. At the same time, its threshold voltage drops significantly, which reduces the power consumption of the phase change memory. This material does not require the introduction of other non-phase change materials and is fully compatible with existing preparation techniques.
  • Figure 1 is a structural view of a multilayer phase change material of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a structural view of a sample for testing the thermal conductivity of the multilayer phase change material of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a metal strip of a sample for testing the thermal conductivity of the multilayer phase change material of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a structural diagram simulating thermal crosstalk of adjacent phase change units
  • Figure 6 is a graph showing the temperature rise of adjacent cells caused by common phase change materials.
  • Figure 8 is a graph comparing the threshold voltages of the multilayer phase change material of the present invention with conventional phase change materials.
  • the structure of the multilayer phase change material of the present invention is as follows: a second layer of film material 2 is deposited on the first layer of film material 1 to form a first periodic structure 7, and a third layer of film material 3 is deposited in the first On the second film material 2, the fourth film material 4 is deposited on the third film material 3 to form a second periodic structure 8, and thus repeated, N-3 is formed on the fourth film material 4 (N ⁇ IO).
  • the periodic structure 9 the last layer of film material 6 is deposited on the penultimate film material 5 to form the last periodic structure 10.
  • the corresponding layers in different periodic structures are composed of the same material, while the two layers in the same periodic structure are composed of different materials.
  • the amorphous resistance of the single-layer thin film material of the multilayered phase change material of the invention is greater than the crystalline resistance, and the ratio of the amorphous resistance to the crystalline resistance is greater than 5 ; in particular, the amorphous resistance and the crystalline resistance The ratio is greater than 500000.
  • the multilayer film structure introduces a certain number of interfaces to the material. Under the action of interface scattering, the movement of the phonons in the direction perpendicular to the film surface is hindered, resulting in additional interface phonon impedance.
  • phonons are the main heat flux carriers.
  • the macroscopic thermal conductivity of semiconductor materials is mainly determined by phonons. Therefore, the phonon impedance of the interface will produce significant interfacial thermal resistance, thereby reducing the thermal conductivity of the material.
  • a decrease in thermal conductivity means that the heat of diffusion of the material is reduced, and the ability to accumulate heat is greatly enhanced. That is, a decrease in thermal conductivity will enhance the thermal performance of the multilayer phase change material.
  • the two materials constituting the multilayer phase change material of the present invention should be different. Either they differ in at least one constituent element, such as GeTe and Sb 2 Te 3 ; or they are composed of the same element but differ in atomic percentages, such as Gei Sb 2 Te 4 and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 .
  • the thickness of the single layer film thickness of the multilayer multilayer phase change material is 0. 5nm to 5nm. If the thickness of the monolayer is lower than the mean free path of the phonon in the material, the probability of phonon scattering by the interface will be further increased, and the thermal conductivity of the material will be lower, while the sound of the material in the general room at room temperature
  • the mean free path of a sub is about a few to several tens of nanometers.
  • the single-layer thin film material of the thin film phase change material of the invention may be composed of the following sulfur-based compounds: GeTe, SbTe, BiTe, SnTe, AsTe, GeSe, SbSe, BiSe, SnSe, AsSe, InSe GeSbTe, AglnSbTe and the above compound doping
  • a mixture of elements such as S, N, 0, Cu, Si, Au, etc.
  • the atomic percentage is variable.
  • the two different materials of the inventive multilayer multilayer phase change material can be arbitrarily combined from various thin film phase change materials.
  • the two different materials of the inventive multi-layer phase change material have the same crystal structure and the lattice constant is close (the lattice mismatch is less than 10%), and the multilayer phase change material of the present invention becomes crystallographically significant.
  • Superlattice phase change material on. For example, both Sb 2 Te 3 and Bi 2 Te 3 are rhombohedral triangle systems, and Gei Sb 4 Te 7 and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 are both face-centered cubic structures.
  • the periodic potential field along the growth direction causes the phonon to be localized, and the mean free path of the phonon will be greatly reduced.
  • the band edge folding of the phonon spectrum will also cause the phonon group velocity to decrease. From the lattice dynamics, it is known that the phonon thermal conductivity is proportional to the mean free path of the phonon and the phonon group velocity, so the thermal conductivity of the superlattice phase change material will be lower.
  • the lower insulating heat conductive material 13 and the upper insulating heat conductive material 14 can electrically insulate the externally applied signal to prevent the measurement from being inaccurate due to the shunting of the phase change material to be tested.
  • its relative thermal conductivity also avoids large losses on the insulating layer during heat conduction, thus ensuring the accuracy of the test.
  • the thickness of the lower insulating heat conductive material 13 and the upper insulating heat conductive material 14 does not exceed 20 nm.
  • the triple frequency voltage can be measured by the lock-in amplifier through the lower ends of the pad 17 and the right pad 19, and the temperature rise amplitude of the metal strip 18 is calculated. Since the temperature rise amplitude of the metal strip 18 is inversely proportional to the thermal conductivity of the multilayer phase change material 16 of the present invention, the thermal conductivity of the phase change material 16 of the present invention can be measured by this method.
  • the metal strip 18 can be a single layer.
  • the metal thin film is composed; in particular, the metal strip 18 may be composed of a plurality of layers of metal, such as Ni/Ag, Ni/Au, etc., to improve the adhesion and thermal conductivity of the metal strip 18 to the upper insulating heat conductive material 14.
  • FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a heating electrode 15 of a multilayer phase change material thermal conductivity test sample of the present invention, in which the four-pad junction of the conventional "3 ⁇ " method is not used in the thermal conductivity test sample of the multilayer phase change material of the present invention; Instead, it adopts a new type of "work" shape structure.
  • the specific structure is as follows: a narrow and long metal strip 18 is respectively connected to the left pad 17 and the right pad 19 to form a "work"-shaped structure, and the metal strip 18, the left pad 17 and the right pad 19 are both It consists of the same metal material.
  • the "work" shape structure is more convenient to prepare, is not prone to open circuit, and is more flexible when soldered to external circuits.
  • the operation memory unit 25 is wiped, and a short and strong current pulse is applied through the upper electrode 24 and the lower electrode 21 to raise the temperature of the phase change layer 22 to above the melting temperature, and then calculated by the thermodynamic analysis software.
  • the temperature distribution of each point in the space adjacent to the memory unit 26, especially the phase change layer, can be judged by the magnitude of the thermal crosstalk under the condition.
  • Figure 6 is a graph showing the temperature rise of adjacent cells caused by a common phase change material.
  • the temperature rise profile is obtained by software simulation.
  • the temperature distribution in the figure is expressed in the form of an isotherm, and the "T" shaped region is the phase change material region, which represents the adjacent memory unit 26.
  • the present invention is effective for the linear structure, the asymmetric structure, and the edge contact type structure, except that the phase change layer 22 is "T"-shaped.
  • Figure 7 is a graph showing the temperature rise distribution of adjacent cells caused by the multilayer phase change material of the present invention.
  • the memory cell has substantially no temperature distribution gradient, and the temperature of the phase change layer is about 25 ° C, which is basically maintained at room temperature. This indicates that the heat generated by the operation memory unit 25 is not substantially conducted to the adjacent memory unit 26.
  • the multilayer phase change material has a strong heat collecting ability and can effectively prevent heat from being diffused.
  • the multilayer phase change material of the present invention has a higher utilization rate of heat energy, thereby effectively reducing the power consumption of the memory.
  • a 10-cycle GeT e /Sb 2 Te 3 multilayer phase change material was also prepared by the same method, in which the thickness of the single layer GeTe and Sb2Te3 was 10 and 5, respectively, and the total thickness was 150 nm; 30 cycles of GeTe/Sb 2 Te 3 multilayer phase change material, wherein the thickness of the single layer GeTe and Sb2Te3 is 5 nm and 2. 5 nm, respectively, and the total thickness is 150 nm; 50 cycles of GeTe/Sb 2 Te 3 multilayer phase change material, wherein single layer GeTe and The thickness of Sb2Te3 is 2 and 1 respectively, and the total thickness is 150.
  • Gei Sb 2 T e4 /Ge 2 Sb 2 T e5 multilayer phase change materials were prepared, in which the thicknesses of the single layers of Gei Sb 2 Te 4 and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 were respectively Lnm and lnm, the two phase change materials have the same composition elements but different atomic percentages, which can form a stable crystal phase.
  • Ge ei Sb 2 Te 4 has a crystallization temperature of 154 ° C and a melting temperature of 603 ° C. The difference between the crystalline state and the amorphous state is 1000 times; and the crystallization temperature of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 is 175. °C, the melting temperature is 625 ° C, the difference between the crystalline state and the amorphous state is 10,000 times.
  • phase change materials such as SnTe/GeSe, AsTe/SbSe, and Sb2Te3/AgInSbTe were prepared.
  • a 75-cycle doped type (BiJeJ Six/(BiJeA-ySiy multilayer phase change material) in which the subscript X and y represent the percentage of Si element doped in the phase change material Bi 2 Te 3 was also prepared by the same method. And X and y are not equal, the two materials are also composed of the same elements but different atomic percentages. Adding an appropriate amount of Si to the commonly used phase change material Bi 2 Te 3 can increase the phase transition temperature of the material and improve the stability of the phase change material. With the percentage of Si element doped in Bi 2 Te 3 , the single layer phase transition The crystallization temperature of the material may range from 60 ° C to 200 ° C, and the melting temperature may range from 580 ° C to 700 ° C.
  • a 75-cycle doped (Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 ) (Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 ) i- ⁇ multilayer phase change material can also be prepared by the same method, wherein the subscripts x and y represent phase change materials.
  • the percentage of N element incorporated in Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 , and X and y are not equal, and the two materials are also composed of the same element but different atomic percentages. Adding an appropriate amount of N element to the commonly used phase change material Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 can increase the number of times the material is erased and the service life is improved.
  • phase change material can be composed as a single-layer phase change material (SnSe) !-xOx/ (SnSe) !- y 0 y , (BiSe) H (BiSe) ⁇ y S y , (AsSe) i- Multilayer phase change material such as xAg x / (AsSe) i - y Ag y , ( InSe ) Bu x Au x / ( InSe) i - y Au y .
  • phase change materials having the same constituent elements but different atomic percentages generally have the same crystal structure, and the lattice constants are close to each other, and the multilayer phase change materials composed have the same crystal structure, which is a crystallographically superior Lattice structure.
  • the present invention employs a method of sputtering to prepare a sample for testing the thermal conductivity of the multilayer phase change material of the present invention.
  • a 10 nm S or SiO 2 is sputtered on the Si substrate as an insulating and thermally conductive material, wherein the thermal conductivity of S 3 N 4 is 15.5 W/mK, which is much larger than the thermal conductivity of the phase change material, and the test results are The impact can be ignored.
  • the phase change material and the surface layer of the multilayer of the present invention is then stamped to 10nm S 3 N 4 or SiO 2
  • an electrode structure of "work" shape was prepared on the surface of the top layer S 3 N 4 or SiO 2 by photolithography, and the electrode material was an 800-gauge Ag film.
  • GeTe, Sb 2 Te 3 and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 are three commonly used phase change materials in this group.
  • the thickness was 150 nm.
  • Ge ⁇ bJe Ge ⁇ bJes multilayer phase change material G ei Sb 2 Te 4 and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 of the present invention the thickness of a multilayer phase change material embodiment, the composition of the multi-layer phase change material were Lnm and lnm, the two materials are alternately grown for 75 cycles, and the total thickness of the film is 150 nm.
  • the test results show that the thermal conductivity of the multilayer phase change material of the present invention is much smaller than that of the currently used phase change materials.
  • Figure 8 is a graph comparing the threshold voltages of the multilayer phase change material of the present invention with conventional phase change materials.
  • curve 27 represents a DC IV curve of a multilayer phase change material of the present invention, the multilayer phase change material being composed of G ei Sb 2 Te 4 and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 , wherein the thicknesses of the single layers of Gei Sb 2 Te 4 and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 are 1 nm and 1 nm, respectively, the number of cycles is 75, and the thickness is 150 nm;
  • curve 28 The DC I_V curve of a single Ge2Sb2Te5 is shown, and the DC IV curve of the N2-doped Ge2Sb2Te5 is shown by curve 29.
  • the threshold voltages of the three materials are 2. 5V, 4. IV, 14. 5V, of which 75 cycles of GeiSbJe
  • the Ge ⁇ bJes multilayer phase change material has the lowest threshold voltage.
  • the threshold voltage indicates how easy it is for a phase change material to undergo a phase change under the action of an electrical pulse.
  • a material with a higher threshold voltage often requires more energy to achieve a phase change, and also means a memory device as a recording material. The greater the power consumption.
  • N-doped Ge2Sb2Te5 is usually used to improve the stability of the device, but it can be seen from the test results that its power consumption is too large.

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Description

一种低热导率的多层相变材料
技术领域
本发明涉及一种半导体存储器的记录材料, 具体涉及一种低热导率的 多层相变材料。
背景技术
随着信息产业技术的迅速发展, 人们对存储器的要求越来越高, 常用 的存储器分为以下三种: 磁存储器、 光存储器和半导体存储器, 其中半导 体存储器以其优良的性能被最为广泛地使用。 目前主流的半导体存储器是 基于浮栅结构的闪存, 但由于浮栅厚度的限制其很难随着集成电路技术的 进一步发展而突破 32nm瓶颈, 因而人们开始竞相研发以相变存储器为代表 的下一代存储器。
相变存储器(PCRAM)是一种非易失性的半导体存储器, 它利用电脉冲 的热效应使记录材料在晶态和非晶态之间可逆转变, 并由材料在两态下电 阻值的巨大差异来存储数据, 其中记录材料由硫系化合物为主的薄膜相变 材料组成, 其晶态为低阻态, 代表数据位 " 1 "; 非晶态为高阻态, 代表数 据位 " 0 ", 相变材料从非晶态向晶态转变所需要达到的温度称为晶化温度, 相变材料从晶态向非晶态转变所需要达到的温度称为熔化温度。
自问世以来, 相变存储器以其非易失性、 与 CMOS工艺兼容、 高速、 抗 辐射、 廉价、 使用寿命长的优良特性而倍受关注, 国际半导体工业协会认 为其最有可能取代闪存和动态随机存储器等目前主流产品而成为未来存储 器的主流产品。 但是随着相变存储器单元尺寸的不断减小, 相邻存储单元 之间的间距也将越来越小。 当对某一存储单元进行读写操作时, 其产生的 热量将不可避免地传导到邻近存储单元, 如果这种传导热量引起的邻近存 储单元温升超过记录材料的相变温度, 将会导致该存储单元的记录状态发 生非预期的改变, 这种邻近存储单元之间的热串扰将极大地影响存储器的 可靠性。 此外, 目前常用记录材料的熔化温度较高, 因而使其发生相变所 需要的热能较大, 由此导致的大功耗成为了制约相变存储器进一步实用化 的又一重大瓶颈。 为了提高相变存储器的可靠性, 目前普遍采用的方法是通过向薄膜相 变材料中掺入 N、 ◦、 Sn等元素以提高记录材料的晶化温度, 这样可有效避 免因邻近存储单元的温升超过其记录材料的相变温度而引起的数据位信息 错误。 不过该方法并没有减小传导至邻近单元的热量, 虽然引起的温升不 至于使记录材料的状态马上发生转变, 但其阻值仍然会有明显的变化, 多 次操作后数据位信息仍然存在失效的可能, 因而会严重影响存储器的使用 寿命。 此外, 采用掺杂的方法提高晶化温度的同时, 薄膜相变材料的熔化 温度一般也会相应提高, 这又将导致相变存储器功耗的增大。
因此, 目前迫切地需要一种具有优良热学性能的相变材料, 其能有效 减小相变存储器邻近存储单元之间的热串扰并降低器件功耗。 发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种多层相变材料, 该材料有较低的热导率, 能有效减小相变存储器邻近存储单元之间的热串扰并降低器件功耗。
一种低热导率的多层相变材料, 其为两种单层薄膜相变材料交替堆叠 形成周期性的多层膜结构, 两种薄膜材料的组成元素不全相同或完全相同 但原子百分比不同。
所述单层薄膜相变材料为 GeTe、 SbTe、 BiTe、 SnTe、 AsTe、 GeSe、 SbSe、 BiSe、 SnSe、 AsSe、 InSe、 GeSbTe和 AglnSbTe中的任意一种,或者上述任 意一种化合物掺杂 S或 N或 0或 Cu或 Si或 Au元素形成的混合物。
掺杂元素占所述单层薄膜相变材料的原子百分比为 0. 5〜50%
各单层薄膜相变材料的厚度范围为 0.5nm至 5nm。
所述两种单层薄膜相变材料有相同的晶体结构且晶格常数接近。
一种制备上述多层相变材料的方法, 具体为: 先在衬底上沉积一层薄 膜相变材料 A, 再在该层薄膜材料 A上沉积另一种薄膜相变材料 B, 形成一个 周期结构; 然后在薄膜材料 B上沉积一层薄膜材料 A, 再在薄膜材料 A上沉积 一层薄膜材料 B, 形成第二个周期结构; 如此循环沉积成周期性的多层膜结 构。 一种测试所述多层相变材料热导率的样品, 包含两层绝缘导热材料和 多层相变材料,多层相变材料位于两层绝缘导热材料之间,其中一层绝缘导 热材料沉积于 S i衬底上, 另一层导热绝缘材料上沉积有金属条。
所述绝缘导热材料的热导率大于 1 W/mK。
所述绝缘导热材料的厚度为 5nm至 20nm。
所述金属条为 "工"字形结构。
本发明提供的多层相变材料具有较低的热导率, 其作为相变存储器的 记录材料能有效降低对某一储存单元进行读写操作时引起的邻近储存单元 温升, 减小邻近单元之间的热串扰, 提高存储器的稳定性。 同时, 其阈值 电压显著下降, 因而能降低相变存储器的功耗。 该材料不需引入其他非相 变材料, 与现有制备技术完全兼容。
附图说明
图 1是本发明多层相变材料的结构图。
图 2是本发明多层相变材料的另外一种结构图。
图 3是测试本发明多层相变材料热导率的样品结构图。
图 4是测试本发明多层相变材料热导率的样品的金属条俯视图。
图 5是模拟相邻相变单元热串扰的结构图
图 6是常用相变材料引起的邻近单元温升分布图
图 7是本发明多层相变材料引起的邻近单元温升分布图
图 8是本发明多层相变材料与常用相变材料阈值电压的对比图。
图中 1. 第一层薄膜材料, 2. 第二层薄膜材料, 3. 第三层薄膜材料, 4. 第四层薄膜材料, 5. 倒数第二层薄膜材料, 6. 最后一层薄膜材料, 7. 第一个周期结构, 8. 第二个周期结构, 9. N-3个周期结构, 10. 最后一个 周期结构, 11. 附加薄膜材料, 12. Si衬底, 13.下层绝缘导热材料, 14.上 层绝缘导热材料, 15.加热电极, 16.本发明多层相变材料, 17.左焊盘, 18. 金属条, 19.右焊盘, 20.衬底, 21.下电极, 22.相变层, 23.绝缘层, 24. 上 电极, 25.被操作存储单元, 26.邻近存储单元, 27.本发明多层相变材料的 直流 I-V曲线, 28. Ge2Sb2Te5的直流 I-V曲线, 29. 掺 N的 Ge2Sb2Te5的直流 i-v曲线
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
如图 1所示, 本发明多层相变材料的结构为: 第二层薄膜材料 2堆积在 第一层薄膜材料 1上, 形成第一个周期结构 7, 第三层薄膜材料 3堆积在第二 层薄膜材料 2上, 第四层薄膜材料 4堆积在第三层薄膜材料 3上, 形成第二个 周期结构 8, 如此反复, 在第四层薄膜材料 4上形成 N-3 (N^ IO ) 个周期结 构 9, 最后一层薄膜材料 6堆积在倒数第二层薄膜材料 5上, 形成最后一个周 期结构 10。 不同周期结构中的对应膜层由相同的材料组成, 而同一周期结 构中的两膜层则由不同的材料组成。例如第一个周期结构 7的第一层薄膜材 料 1, 第二个周期结构 8的第三层薄膜材料 3, 最后一个周期结构 10的倒数第 二层薄膜材料 5均为同一种材料 A,而第一个周期结构 7的第二层薄膜材料 2, 第二个周期结构 8的第四层薄膜材料 4, 最后一个周期结构 10的最后一层薄 膜材料 6均为同一种材料 B, 薄膜材料 A和薄膜材料 B至少有一种组成元素不 同或由相同的元素组成但原子百分比不同。 这样便由两种单层薄膜材料交 替堆叠形成周期性的多层膜结构。
两种单层薄膜材料应均为相变材料,以保证上述多层相变材料的相变 特性。 当施加一个足够长而弱的电脉冲时, 其产生的热量可使各单层材料 上升至晶化温度以上并维持足够的原子驰豫时间, 材料会由无序的非晶态 转变为有序的晶态; 当施加一个短而强的电脉冲时, 其产生的热量可使各 单层材料上升至熔化温度以上并迅速冷却, 材料会由有序的晶态凝固在无 序的非晶态。 亦即组成该多层相变材料的两种单层薄膜材料均可在热能作 用下实现可逆转变。
一般地, 组成本发明多层相变材料的单层薄膜材料的非晶态电阻大于 晶态电阻, 非晶态电阻与晶态电阻的比值大于 5; 特别地, 非晶态电阻与晶 态电阻的比值大于 500000。
一般地, 组成本发明多层相变材料的单层薄膜材料的晶化温度大于 80 °C, 熔化温度小于 1000°C ; 特别地组成本发明多层相变材料的单层薄膜材 料的晶化温度大于 100°C, 熔化温度小于 800°C。
多层膜结构给材料引入了一定数量的界面, 在界面散射的作用下, 声 子在垂直膜面方向的运动受到阻碍, 产生附加的界面声子阻抗。 而在半导 体中, 声子是主要的热流载体, 半导体材料的宏观热导主要由声子决定, 因而该界面声子阻抗将会产生明显的界面热阻, 从而降低材料的热导率, 而材料热导率的降低就意味着材料扩散热量的减少, 积聚热量的能力将大 大增强。 也就是说, 热导率的降低将会提升多层相变材料的热学性能。
为引入一定数量的界面,组成本发明多层相变材料的两种材料应不同。 要么它们至少有一种组成元素不同, 例如 GeTe和 Sb2Te3 ; 要么它们由相同的 元素组成但原子百分比不同, 例如 GeiSb2Te4和 Ge2Sb2Te5
组成本发明多层相变材料的单层膜厚度范围为 0. 5nm至 5nm。 如果单层 膜的厚度低于声子在该种材料中的平均自由程, 声子被界面散射的几率将 会进一步加大, 材料的热导率也将更低, 而室温下一般材料中声子的平均 自由程约为几个至数十纳米。
具体地, 组成本发明薄膜相变材料的单层薄膜材料可由以下硫系化合 物组成: GeTe,SbTe,BiTe,SnTe, AsTe, GeSe, SbSe, BiSe, SnSe, AsSe, InSe GeSbTe , AglnSbTe以及上述化合物掺入 S、 N、 0、 Cu、 Si、 Au等元素形成的 混合物。 其中, 原子百分比可变。
一般地, 组成本发明多层相变材料的两种不同材料可由各种薄膜相变 材料任意组合。 特别地, 组成本发明多层相变材料的两种不同材料有相同 的晶体结构, 且晶格常数接近 (晶格失配度小于 10%), 则本发明多层相变 材料成为晶体学意义上的超晶格相变材料。 例如 Sb2Te3和 Bi2Te3 均为菱形 三角晶系, GeiSb4Te7和 Ge2Sb2Te5均为面心立方结构。
超晶格相变材料中, 沿生长方向的周期性势场导致声子局域化, 声子 的平均自由程将大大降低, 同时声子谱的带边折叠也将导致声子群速下降。 由晶格动力学可知声子热导率正比于声子的平均自由程和声子群速, 因而 超晶格相变材料的热导率将更低。
制备该低热导率的多层相变材料时, 先在衬底上用蒸镀、 溅射或外延 等方法沉积第一层薄膜材料 1, 再在第一层薄膜材料 1上用同样的方法沉积 第二层薄膜材料 2, 形成一个周期结构 7。然后在第二层薄膜材料 2上沉积一 层第三层薄膜材料 3, 再在第三层薄膜材料 3上沉积第四层薄膜材料 4, 形成 第二个周期结构 8, 如此循环数次直至沉积完最后一个周期结构 10。 这样便 可制备得到本发明多层相变材料。
图 2为本发明多层相变材料的另外一种结构: 第二层薄膜材料 2堆积在 第一层薄膜材料 1上, 形成第一个周期结构 7, 第三层薄膜材料 3堆积在第二 层薄膜材料 2上, 第四层薄膜材料 4堆积在第三层薄膜材料 3上, 形成第二个 周期结构 8, 如此反复, 在第四层薄膜材料 4上形成 N-3 (N^ IO ) 个周期结 构 9, 最后一层薄膜材料 6堆积在倒数第二层薄膜材料 5上, 形成最后一个周 期结构 10。 在最后一个周期结构 10上还堆积有一层附加薄膜材料 11。
不同周期结构中的对应膜层由相同的材料组成, 而同一周期结构中的 两膜层则由不同的材料组成。 例如第一个周期结构 7的第一层薄膜材料 1, 第二个周期结构 8的第三层薄膜材料 3, 最后一个周期结构 10的倒数第二层 薄膜材料 5均为同一种材料 A, 而第一个周期结构 7的第二层薄膜材料 2, 第 二个周期结构 8的第四层薄膜材料 4, 最后一个周期结构 10的最后一层薄膜 材料 6均为同一种材料^ 两种薄膜材料均为相变材料, 两种薄膜材料至少 有一种组成元素不同或由相同的元素组成但原子百分比不同, 各单层薄膜 材料的厚度范围为 0. 5nm至 5nm。附加薄膜材料 11与第一层薄膜材料 1为同种 相变材料, 实际并未破坏该薄膜材料的周期性, 仍然得到由两种单层薄膜 材料交替堆叠形成周期性的多层膜结构。
为了解本发明多层相变材料的热学性能, 需准确测量其热导率。 常用 的 "3 ω "法直接将加热电极覆盖于待测材料表面后施加电流脉冲并提取反 馈电压信号, 而本发明多层相变材料晶态时的电阻太小, 其对电流脉冲的 分流将导致测试结果出现较大的偏差, 因此必须设计特有的样品结构测试 本发明多层相变材料的热导率。
图 3为一种测试本发明多层相变材料热导率的样品结构图:下层绝缘导 热材料 13覆盖在 Si衬底 12上, 本发明多层相变材料 16夹在下层绝缘导热材 料 13和上层绝缘导热材料 14之间, 加热电极 15沉积在上层绝缘导热材料 14 表面。
本发明多层相变材料热导率的测试样品中, 下层绝缘导热材料 13和上 层绝缘导热材料 14一方面可以对外加电信号实现电绝缘, 防止待测相变材 料的分流引起测量的不准确。 此外, 其相对导热性 (相对相变材料) 也可 避免热量传导过程中在绝缘层上的较大损耗, 因而可以保证测试的准确性。
相变材料的热导率位于 0. 01 W/mK到 0. 5 W/mK之间, 一般地, 下层绝缘 导热材料 13和上层绝缘导热材料 14的热导率大于 1 W/mK; 特别地, 下层绝 缘导热材料 13和上层绝缘导热材料 14的热导率大于 5 W/mK, 此时, 下层绝 缘导热材料 13和上层绝缘导热材料 14相对于多层相变材料 16为热的良导 体, 测试准确度将大大提高。
特别地, 为减小热量在绝缘层上的损耗, 下层绝缘导热材料 13和上层 绝缘导热材料 14的厚度不超过 20nm。
由于这种特有的下层绝缘导热材料 13和上层绝缘导热材料 14的存在, 该结构可用原本只适用于绝缘材料的 "3 ω "法来测量半导体薄膜材料的热 导率。测试本发明多层相变材料的热导率时, 一频率为 ω的交流电流 I经左 焊盘 17和右焊盘 19的上端施加在金属条 18上, 在该电流的加热作用下金属 条 18产生 2倍频的加热功率并获得频率为 2 ω的温升, 由此金属条 18的电阻 也会以频率 2 ω波动, 该电阻与频率为 ω的电流耦合将产生一个三倍频电 压。 通过焊盘 17和右焊盘 19的下端可由锁相放大器测得该三倍频电压, 并 计算出金属条 18的温升幅值。 由于金属条 18的温升幅值与本发明多层相变 材料 16的热导率成反比, 因而用该方法可以测得本发明相变材料 16的热导 一般地, 金属条 18可由单层金属薄膜组成; 特别地, 金属条 18可由多 层金属组成, 例如 Ni/Ag, Ni/Au等, 以提高金属条 18与上层绝缘导热材料 14粘附性和导热性。
图 4为本发明多层相变材料热导率测试样品的加热电极 15的俯视图,本 发明多层相变材料热导率测试样品中, 没有采用传统 "3 ω "法的四焊盘结 构, 而是采用了一种新型的其 "工"字形结构。 其具体构成为: 一根窄而 长的金属条 18两端分别与左焊盘 17和右焊盘 19相连, 形成 "工"字形结构, 金属条 18、 左焊盘 17和右焊盘 19均由同种金属材料组成。 "工"字形结构 制备起来更为方便, 不容易发生断路现象, 与外部电路焊接时更为灵活。
图 5为模拟相邻相变单元热串扰的结构图:被操作存储单元 25和邻近存 储单元 26紧紧相连, 两个存储单元的记录材料通过绝缘层 23隔开, 上电极 24互联, 下电极 21也通过绝缘层 23隔开。 两个存储单元结构完全相同, 相 变层 22位于上电极 24和下电极 21之间, 相变层 22形成 " T"字形结构, 其余 空间由绝缘层 23填充, 下电极 24覆盖于衬底 20之上。
模拟过程中, 对被操作存储单元 25进行擦操作, 通过上电极 24和下电 极 21施加一短而强的电流脉冲, 使相变层 22的温度上升至熔化温度以上, 再通过热力学分析软件计算出邻近存储单元 26空间各点尤其是相变层的温 度分布, 便可判断该条件下热串扰的大小。
图 6是一种常用相变材料引起的邻近单元温升分布图。该温升分布图由 软件模拟得到, 图中温度分布以等温线的形式表示, "T"字形区域为相变 材料区域, 代表邻近存储单元 26。 我们可以清晰地看到热流从操作存储单 元 25传导过来引起的温度分布梯度, 并且邻近存储单元 26的温度已上升到 65°C以上, 说明热串扰比较严重, 存储器的可靠性会受到很大影响。
本发明除对相变层 22 为 "T"字形结构时有效外, 对线型结构、 非对 称结构以及边接触型结构同样有效。
图 7是本发明多层相变材料引起的邻近单元温升分布图。从图中我们可 以看到, 该存储单元基本没有温度分布梯度, 相变层的温度在 25°C左右, 基本维持在室温。 这说明操作存储单元 25产生的热量基本没有传导至邻近 存储单元 26, 该多层相变材料有较强的聚热能力, 能有效阻止热量的扩散。
正因为该相变材料有较强的聚热能力, 本发明多层相变材料对热能的 利用率也更大, 从而可有效降低存储器的功耗。
以下为实施例:
以一种 20周期的 GeTe/Sb2Te3多层相变材料来演示本发明相变材料的制 备方法。组成该 GeTe/Sb2Te3多层相变材料的两种材料 GeTe和 Sb2Te3均为相变 材料, 其中 GeTe的晶化温度为 192 °C, 熔化温度为 710 °C, 其晶态与非晶态 的电阻差异达 10万倍而 Sb2Te3的晶化温度为 102 °C, 熔化温度为 593°C, 其晶 态与非晶态的电阻差异则为 1000倍。 采用溅射法制备时, 将 GeTe和 Sb2Te3 靶同时起辉, 基片先转动至 GeTe靶溅射 5nm厚的 GeTe薄膜, 再将基片转动至 Sb2Te3靶溅射 2. 5nm厚的 Sb2Te3薄膜, 然后将基片转动至 GeTe靶溅射 5nm厚的 GeTe薄膜, 再将基片转动至 Sb2Te3靶溅射 2. 5nm厚的 Sb2Te3薄膜, 如此重复 20 次, 便得到了总厚度为 150nm的 GeTe/Sb2Te3多层相变材料。
采用同样的方法还制备了 10周期的 GeTe/Sb2Te3多层相变材料, 其中单 层 GeTe和 Sb2Te3的厚度分别为 10皿和 5皿, 总厚度为 150nm ; 30周期的 GeTe/Sb2Te3多层相变材料, 其中单层 GeTe和 Sb2Te3的厚度分别为 5nm和 2. 5nm,总厚度为 150nm; 50周期的 GeTe/Sb2Te3多层相变材料,其中单层 GeTe 和 Sb2Te3的厚度分别为 2皿和 1皿, 总厚度为 150皿。
采用同样的方法,还制备了 75周期的 GeiSb2Te4/Ge2Sb2Te5多层相变材料, 其中单层 GeiSb2Te4和 Ge2Sb2Te5的厚度分别为 lnm和 lnm,这两种相变材料组成 元素相同但原子百分比不同,都能形成稳定的晶相。其中 GeiSb2Te4的晶化温 度为 154°C, 熔化温度为 603 °C, 其晶态与非晶态的电阻差异为 1000倍; 而 Ge2Sb2Te5的晶化温度为 175°C,熔化温度为 625°C,其晶态与非晶态的电阻差 异则为 10000倍。
采用同样的办法还制备了 75周期的 Sb2Te3/ Sb7Te3多层相变材料, 这两 种材料由相同的元素组成但原子百分比不同。 其中单层 SbJe3和 Sb7Te3的厚 度分别为 lnm和 lnm, Sb2Te3为单晶相, Sb7Te3为共晶相, 但他们组成的多层 膜结构具备稳定的相变温度和电阻差异。
同样的办法还制备了 SnTe/GeSe、 AsTe/SbSe以及 Sb2Te3/AgInSbTe等多 层相变材料。
采用同样的方法还制备 75周期的掺杂型的(BiJeJ Six/ (BiJeA-ySiy 多层相变材料, 其中下标 X和 y表示在相变材料 Bi2Te3中掺入 Si元素的百分 比, 且 X和 y不相等, 这两种材料也由相同的元素组成但原子百分比不同。 往常用相变材料 Bi2Te3中掺入适量 Si元素可提高材料的相变温度进而提升 相变材料稳定性, 随着 Bi2Te3中掺入 Si元素的百分比的不同, 单层相变材料 的晶化温度可从 60°C到 200°C, 熔化温度可从 580°C到 700°C。
一般地, 掺杂元素占单层相变材料的原子百分比在 0. 5%至 50%之间, 即 下标 X和 y的取值在 0. 005到 0. 5之间。掺杂太少对相变材料性能改善不明显; 而掺杂太多会破坏相变材料的晶体结构使其丧失相变性能。
采用同样的方法还可以制备 75周期的掺杂型的 (Ge2Sb2Te5 ) (Ge2Sb2Te5) i-Λ多层相变材料, 其中下标 x和 y表示在相变材料 Ge2Sb2Te5中 掺入 N元素的百分比, 且 X和 y不相等, 这两种材料也由相同的元素组成但原 子百分比不同。 往常用相变材料 Ge2Sb2Te5中掺入适量 N元素可提高材料的擦 写次数, 提升其使用寿命。
同样的, 往相变材料中掺入◦、 S、 Ag以及 Au等元素均可达到细化单层 相变材料的晶粒尺寸从而提高稳定性的作用。 由这些掺杂后的相变材料作 为单层相变材料可以组成(SnSe) !-xOx/ (SnSe) !-y0y, (BiSe) H (BiSe) 卜 ySy、 (AsSe) i-xAgx/ (AsSe) i— yAgy、 ( InSe) 卜 xAux/ ( InSe) i-yAuy等多层相 变材料。
一般地, 两种组成元素相同但原子百分比不同的相变材料一般具有相 同的晶体结构, 且晶格常数接近, 所组成的多层相变材料具有相同的晶体 结构, 为晶体学意义上的超晶格结构。
本发明采用溅射的方法制备了一组测试本发明多层相变材料热导率的 样品。先在 Si衬底上溅射 10nm的 S 或 Si02作为绝缘导热材料,其中 S3N4的热 导率为 15. 5 W/mK,远大于相变材料的热导率,对测试结果的影响可以忽略。 再往 S3N4或 Si02上溅射总厚度为 150nm的本发明多层相变材料,并在本发明多 层相变材料表面再加盖一层 10nm的 S3N4或 Si02, 最后采用光刻法在顶层 S3N4 或 Si02的表面制备出 "工"字形的电极结构, 电极材料为 800皿的 Ag膜。
将制备后的一系列样品应用于 "3 ω "法, 测得的各种相变材料的热导 率如下表 1所示: 表 1 各种相变材料热导率的测试结果对比 材料 GeTe Sb2Te3 Ge2Sb2Te5 GeiSb2Te4/ Ge2Sb2Te5^ ffi 变材料
热导率(W/mK) 0. 25 0. 28 0. 30 0. 12 表 1中, GeTe, Sb2Te3和 Ge2Sb2Te5是三种目前常用的相变材料, 在本组 测试样品中, 厚度均为 150nm。 而 Ge^bJe Ge^bJes多层相变材料是本发明 多层相变材料的一种实施例, 组成该多层相变材料的 GeiSb2Te4和 Ge2Sb2Te5 厚度分别为 lnm和 lnm, 两种材料交替生长 75个周期, 薄膜总厚度为 150nm。 测试结果表明,本发明多层相变材料的热导率远小于目前常用的相变材料。
采用相同的方法我们还分别测试了单层 GeTe和 Sb2Te3的厚度分别为 10nm和 5nm、 5皿和 2. 5皿、 2nm和 lnm的 GeTe/Sb2Te3多层相变材料的热导率, 其周期数分别为 10、 20和 30, 薄膜总厚度均为 150nm,测试结果分别为 0. 24 W/mK, 0. 23 W/mK, 0. 18 W/mK。 说明当单层相变材料的厚度大于 5nm时, 这 种热导率减小表现得不是很明显; 当单层相变材料的厚度小于或等于 5nm 时, 相变材料的热导率将会明显减小。
此外,我们还用该法测试了另外一种 Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3多层相变材料的热导 率,其中组成该多层相变材料的 Bi2Te3和 Sb2Te3的厚度分别为 0. 5nm和 0. 5nm, 两种材料交替生长 75个周期, 这两种材料虽然由不同的元素组成, 但它们 均属于菱形三角晶系, 晶格常数接近,晶格常数失配度小于 5%, 因而该多层 相变材料成为晶体学意义上的超晶格相变材料。 实验测得其热导率仅 0. 11 W/mK, 比表 1中 20周期 GeTe /Sb2Te3多层相变材料的热导率还要低。
从前面的模拟结果可知, 这种相变材料热导率的减小将有效阻止热量 的扩散,减小临近单元间的热串扰。器件测试表明,采用 GeiSbJe GezSbJes 多层相变材料的相变存储单元经过百万次的擦写后, 临近单元的电阻值变 化小于 0. 01%。
图 8是本发明多层相变材料与常用相变材料阈值电压的对比图。 图中, 曲线 27表示一种本发明多层相变材料的直流 I-V曲线, 该多层相变材料由 GeiSb2Te4和 Ge2Sb2Te5组成,其中单层 GeiSb2Te4和 Ge2Sb2Te5的厚度分别为 lnm和 lnm, 周期数为 75, 厚度为 150nm; 曲线 28表示单一 Ge2Sb2Te5的直流 I_V曲 线, 曲线 29表示掺 N的 Ge2Sb2Te5的直流 I-V曲线, 可以看出, 这三种材料的 阈值电压分别为 2. 5V, 4. IV, 14. 5V, 其中 75周期的 GeiSbJe Ge^bJes多层 相变材料阈值电压最小。 阈值电压表示的是一种相变材料在电脉冲作用下 发生相变的难易程度, 阈值电压越高的材料往往需要更大的能量才能实现 相变, 也意味着其作为记录材料的存储器件功耗越大。 掺 N的 Ge2Sb2Te5通 常被用来提高器件的稳定性, 但从本测试结果可以看出其功耗太大。 而实 验结果表明本发明多层相变材料却能在减小邻近单元热串扰的条件下明显 降低器件功耗。 以上所述为本发明的较佳实施例而已, 但本发明不应该局限于该实施 例和附图所公开的内容。 所以凡是不脱离本发明所公开的精神下完成的等 效或修改, 都落入本发明保护的范围。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1、 一种低热导率的多层相变材料, 其特征在于: 其为两种单层薄膜相 变材料交替堆叠形成周期性的多层膜结构, 两种薄膜材料的组成元素不全 相同或完全相同但原子百分比不同。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的多层相变材料, 其特征在于, 所述单层薄膜 相变材料为 GeTe、 SbTe、 BiTe、 SnTe、 AsTe、 GeSe、 SbSe、 BiSe、 SnSe、 AsSe、 InSe、 GeSbTe和 AglnSbTe中的任意一种,或者上述任意一种化合物掺杂 S或 N或 0或 Cu或 S i或 Au元素形成的混合物。
3、 根据权利要求 2所述的多层相变材料, 其特征在于, 掺杂元素占所 述单层薄膜相变材料的原子百分比为 0. 5〜50%
4、 根据权利要求 1或 2或 3所述的多层相变材料, 其特征在于, 各单层 薄膜相变材料的厚度范围为 0.5nm至 5nm。
5、 根据权利要求 1或 2或 3所述的多层相变材料, 其特征在于: 所述两 种单层薄膜相变材料有相同的晶体结构且晶格常数接近。
6、 一种制备权利要求 1至 5之一所述的多层相变材料的方法, 具体为: 先在衬底上沉积一层薄膜相变材料 A, 再在该层薄膜材料 A上沉积另一种薄 膜相变材料 B,形成一个周期结构;然后在薄膜材料 B上沉积一层薄膜材料 A, 再在薄膜材料 A上沉积一层薄膜材料 B, 形成第二个周期结构; 如此循环沉 积成周期性的多层膜结构。
7、 一种测试权利要求 1至 5之一所述的多层相变材料热导率的样品, 包 含两层绝缘导热材料和多层相变材料,多层相变材料位于两层绝缘导热材 料之间, 其中一层绝缘导热材料沉积于 Si衬底上, 另一层导热绝缘材料上 沉积有金属条。
8、 根据权利要求 7所述的测试多层相变材料热导率的样品, 其特征在 于, 所述绝缘导热材料的热导率大于 1 W/mK。
9、根据权利要求 7或 8所述的测试多层相变材料热导率的样品, 其特征 在于, 所述绝缘导热材料的厚度为 5nm至 20nm。
10、 根据权利要求 7或 8所述的测试多层相变材料热导率的样品, 其特 征在于, 所述金属条为 "工"字形结构。
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