Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
  • A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
  • A23P10/20—Agglomerating; Granulating; Tabletting
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23C11/00—Milk substitutes, e.g. coffee whitener compositions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
  • A23C9/18—Milk in dried and compressed or semi-solid form
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23F—COFFEE; TEA; THEIR SUBSTITUTES; MANUFACTURE, PREPARATION, OR INFUSION THEREOF
  • A23F5/00—Coffee; Coffee substitutes; Preparations thereof
  • A23F5/24—Extraction of coffee; Coffee extracts; Making instant coffee
  • A23F5/36—Further treatment of dried coffee extract; Preparations produced thereby, e.g. instant coffee
  • A23F5/38—Agglomerating, flaking or tabletting or granulating
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23F—COFFEE; TEA; THEIR SUBSTITUTES; MANUFACTURE, PREPARATION, OR INFUSION THEREOF
  • A23F5/00—Coffee; Coffee substitutes; Preparations thereof
  • A23F5/24—Extraction of coffee; Coffee extracts; Making instant coffee
  • A23F5/36—Further treatment of dried coffee extract; Preparations produced thereby, e.g. instant coffee
  • A23F5/40—Further treatment of dried coffee extract; Preparations produced thereby, e.g. instant coffee using organic additives, e.g. milk, sugar
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23C2260/00—Particular aspects or types of dairy products
  • A23C2260/20—Dry foaming beverage creamer or whitener, e.g. gas injected or containing carbonation or foaming agents, for causing foaming when reconstituted
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method of sintering at least two powdered compounds with different water activities and glass transition temperatures keeping the total water content constant.
• Compaction will usually destroy such a porous internal structure.
• Solid shapes may also be produced by sintering wherein humidity is applied and powdered ingredients are brought above their glass transition temperature to produce binding between the powder particles.
• Drawbacks of this technology is e.g. the need to dry the sintered material after sintering to remove excess humidity to ensure stability, collapse of internal structure, loss of aroma, and/or unwanted chemical reactions, due to heating above the glass transition temperature.
• the present invention relates to a method of sintering a composition comprising two powdered components, wherein the water activity of the first powdered component is higher than the water activity of the second powdered component, and the glass transition temperature of the first powdered component is lower than the glass transition temperature of the second powdered component; the method comprising heat treating a mixture of the two powdered components at a temperature which is above the glass transition temperature of the first powdered component and less than 20°C above the glass transition temperature of the second powdered component; and wherein the total water content of the mixture is kept constant during the heat treatment.
• the method of the present invention involves sintering of a mixture of at least two powdered components.
• the two components differ as to their water activities and glass transition temperatures.
• the first powdered component functions as a binder during the sintering process when it is heated to a temperature above its glass transition temperature, whereas the second powdered component remains, largely, intact as the heating is performed at a temperature less than 20°C above the glass transition temperature of this component.
• less than 20°C above the glass transition temperature of the second component is meant that the treatment temperature is lower than the glass transition temperature of the second component plus 20°C, it thus includes temperatures below the glas transition temperature of the second powdered component.
• heating is performed at a temperature less than 20°C above the glass transition temperature of the second powdered component, such as less than 10°C or less than 5°C above the glass transition temperature of the second powdered component.
• the glass transition temperature and the water activity are related such that increasing the water activity leads to a lower glass transition temperature. Since the sintering is performed under conditions wherein the total water content of the mixture is kept constant, it is possible to determine suitable values for the water activity for both powdered components based on the desired final water content and a suitable treatment temperature. During and after the sintering process water will diffuse from the component with the highest water activity to the component with lower water activity to produce a sintered material with a homogenous water activity.
• the at least two powdered components are preferably water-soluble, and preferably in an amorphous state.
• suitable food materials for use as the at least two powdered ingredients include e.g. vegetable extracts, e.g. coffee or tea extracts; yeast extracts; meat extracts; hydrolysed meat and/or fish proteins; meat powders; vegetable powders, e.g. tomato powder and onion powder; cereal flours, e.g. wheat flour; hydrolysed plant proteins; maltodextrins; sugar syrups; dextrose; urea; organic acids such as e.g. citric acid; spray-dried dairy powders; brown sugar; and mixtures thereof.
• vegetable extracts e.g. coffee or tea extracts
• yeast extracts meat extracts
• hydrolysed meat and/or fish proteins meat powders
• vegetable powders e.g. tomato powder and onion powder
• cereal flours e.g. wheat flour
• hydrolysed plant proteins maltodextrins
• sugar syrups e.
• the glass transition temperature may be determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) by methods well known in the art.
• the glass transition temperature (T g ) can be expressed vs. the water content of the product using the Gordon & Taylor equation (Gordon, M., & Taylor, J. S. (1952). Ideal copolymers and second-order transitions in synthetic rubbers. I. Non-crystalline polymers. Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2, 493-500):
• the water activities of the first and second powdered components are preferably selected so that both components will have a glass transition temperature above the storage temperature of the product at the water activity reached after equilibration, to ensure physical robustness of the final product.
• the first powdered component may preferably comprise maltodextrin, coffee extract, tomato powder, and/or onion powder. If the first powdered component comprises maltodextrin, it preferably has a dextrose equivalent value (DE) of between about 10 and about 50. Maltodextrins are usually produced by the hydrolysis of starches, and DE is a measure of the percentage of reducing sugars in the product. DE describes the degree of conversion of starch into glucose and a DE value of 100 corresponds to complete conversion into glucose.
• DE dextrose equivalent value
• the glass transition temperature and the water activity of the first powdered component may be chosen depending on the kind of materials to be used, the desired treatment temperature and the desired water activity of the final product.
• the glass transition temperature of the first powdered component may preferably be in the range of between 10°C and 50°C, such as between 15°C and 40°C.
• the water activity of the first powdered component may preferably be in the range of between 0.2 and 0.8, such as between 0.3 and 0.6.
• the second powdered component may preferably be selected among milk powder, such as e.g. skim milk powder or whole milk powder; soluble coffee powder; coffee creamer, e.g. non-dairy coffee creamer; starch; maltodextrin; flour, e.g. wheat flour; and mixtures thereof.
• the glass transition temperature and the water activity of the second powdered component may be chosen depending on the kind of materials to be used, the desired treatment temperature and the desired water activity of the final product.
• the glass transition temperature of the second powdered component may preferably be above 40°C, such as above 50°C, or above 60°C.
• the water activity of the second powdered component may preferably be in the range of between 0.01 and 0.4, such as between 0.05 and 0.2.
• the second powdered component may e.g. be a component with an internal structure that it is desired to retain in the final product.
• the method of the invention can thus be used to provide sintered materials wherein one or more powdered components retain their physical structure. This may e.g. be useful if the sintered material is to be used for forming foam upon dissolution, in this case a porous component containing gas may be used. It may also be useful to ensure that flavours; nutritional components, e.g.
• the mixture to be sintered comprises a foam boosting agent, e.g. a powder of particles comprising entrapped gas, preferably gas entrapped under pressure, e.g. a powder as disclosed in WO 01/08504 (Societe des Produits Nestle S.A.).
• a mixture to be sintered comprises a porous soluble coffee powder, preferably a coffee powder suited for producing a foam upon dissolution in an aqueous liquid, e.g.
• a coffee powder as disclosed in WO 2009/040249 (Nestec S. A.) or WO 2009/080596 (Nestec S. A.). If the internal powder structure of the second powdered component is to remain intact, it is preferable that the glass transition temperature of the second powdered component at the water activity reached during equilibration of the water content between the ingredients during and/or after the heat treatment is above the temperature of the heat treatment. In this way it is assured that the second component will not be treated at a temperature above its glass transition temperature at any point.
• a mixture of the two powdered components is heat treated at a temperature which is less than 5°C above the glass transition temperature of the second powdered component at the water activity reached after full equilibration of the water activity of all ingredients of the mixture being treated.
• a mixture of the two powdered components is heat treated at a temperature which is below the glass transition temperature of the second powdered component at the water activity reached after full equilibration of the water activity of all ingredients of the mixture being treated.
• the mixture of the two powdered components is heated to a temperature which is below the glass transition temperature of the first powdered component at the water activity reached after full equilibration of the water activities of all ingredients of the mixture being treated. In this way the sintering process becomes self-stopping. During sintering water will be transferred from the first powdered component to the second powdered component resulting in a gradual increase in glass transition temperature of the first powdered component. When the glass transition temperature of the first powdered component increases above the treatment temperature, sintering will stop.
• the water activity of the powdered components of the mixture may be controlled in any suitable manner, e.g. the components may be produced by a method yielding the desired water activity, or water may be added or removed by any suitable means.
• a powdered component may e.g. be placed under a controlled atmosphere with the humidity required to achieve the desired water activity of the component, or a component may be subjected to drying.
• the glass transition temperature of a powdered component is affected by changes in water activity, but may also be controlled by adjusting the chemical composition of the powdered component.
• composition of the invention may comprise further ingredients depending on the nature and desired characteristics of the final product.
• the composition may contain ingredients such as e.g. sweeteners, e.g. sugar; colorants; flavour; aroma; vitamins; minerals; bulking agents; salts; emulsifiers; stabilisers; and combinations thereof.
• the composition may comprise additional ingredients that will not take part in the sintering process and thus remain intact in the final product, e.g. ingredients in crystalline form, e.g. sugars, and/or encapsulated ingredients such as encapsulated aroma; encapsulated nutrients, e.g. vitamins and/or minerals; and/or encapsulated bioactive ingredients, e.g. enzymes and/or microorganisms.
• a mixture of the two powdered components is heated to a temperature which is above the glass transition temperature of the first powdered component.
• the maximum average temperature of the mixture reached during the heat treatment is above the glass transition temperature of the first powdered component.
• the temperature to which the mixture is heated is less than 20°C above the glass transition temperature of the second powdered component.
• the maximum average temperature of the mixture reached during the heat treatment is less than 20°C above the glass transition temperature of the second powdered component.
• the heat treatment is preferably performed so that the second powdered component is not sintered. To achieve this, the treatment temperature may depend on the time of treatment.
• a high temperature may be chosen whereas for longer treatments a lower temperature may be chosen, depending on the properties of the materials to be sintered.
• Some materials may be heated somewhat above their glass transition temperature for some time before any sintering takes place, while for other materials sintering will start almost immediately when the glass transition temperature is exceeded. In a preferred embodiment the temperature is below the glass transition temperature of the second powdered component.
• the sintered mixture is preferably not dried after sintering.
• the total water content of the mixture is kept constant during the heat treatment. This is preferably achieved by performing the heat treatment with the mixture in a closed environment.
• the closed environment may e.g. be a closed mould or the like.
• the mixture is heat treated in the closed packaging in which it will subsequently be stored, transported and/or sold.
• the mixture may e.g. be heat treated in a blister packaging, sachet, pouch, bag, or any other suitable closed packaging.
• the packaging is preferably impermeable to water.
• the total water content of the mixture is kept constant meaning that no substantial amount of water is lost to the environment. If the heat treatment is performed in a closed environment, a minor amount of water may evaporate to the atmosphere within the closed environment.
• the method of the invention is a method for preparing a solid sintered creamer material.
• a creamer material is understood a material useful for adding to a beverage, e.g. a coffee, cocoa or tea beverage, to whiten the beverage, add flavour to the beverage, and/or to produce a foam in the beverage.
• Creamer materials in liquid or powder form is well known in the art.
• a creamer material may comprise dairy ingredients such as milk fat, and milk protein, e.g. casein, caseinate, whey protein, whey protein isolate, and/or whey protein concentrate.
• a creamer material may be a non- dairy creamer comprising non-dairy ingredients such as e.g. vegetable fat, e.g. soybean oil, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, corn oil, cotton seed oil, canola oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, and/or blends thereof; and/or vegetable protein.
• a creamer material further often comprises sugar, e.g. sucrose and/or maltodextrin; emulsifiers; stabilisers; flavours; and/or buffer salts.
• the first powdered component may e.g. be maltodextrin
• the second powdered component may e.g. be a dried powdered emulsion of fat, protein, emulsifier, and/or buffering salt.
• the method of the invention is a method for preparing a solid sintered coffee mix material.
• a coffee mix material is meant a material useful for the preparation of a coffee beverage comprising soluble coffee and additional ingredients, e.g. coffee creamer and/or sugar. Such materials are well known in the art in powdered form.
• the first powdered component may e.g. be maltodextrin
• the second powdered component may e.g. be a creamer material, e.g. a dried powdered emulsion of fat, protein, emulsifier, and/or buffering salt. Soluble coffee will often form part of the second powdered component, but may also form part of the first powdered component.
• the method of the invention is a method for preparing a solid sintered coffee material.
• a solid sintered coffee material may be prepared from powdered soluble coffee, e.g. by using two powdered soluble coffee components differing in water activity and glass transition temperature as the first and second powdered components of the method of the invention.
• two powdered soluble coffee components may be produced from the same, or similar, coffee extract, but differ in water activity and thus in glass transition temperature. Methods of producing powdered soluble coffee components are well known in the art.
• Skim milk powder was treated in a closed dessicator with a saturated salt solution to produce a controlled humidity in the head space, to produce a skim milk powder with a water content of 2.67% (weight/weight) and a water activity (a w ) of 0.113 as measured with a rotronic Hygrolab device.
• the glass transition temperature was 67.2°C as measured with DSC.
• Powdered maltodextrin with DE of 40 was treated in a closed dessicator with a saturated salt solution to produce a controlled humidity in the head space, to produce a maltodextrin powder with a water content of 7.24% (weight/weight) and a water activity (a w ) of 0.432.
• the glass transition temperature was 21.3°C.
• a mixture of 75% (weight/weight) treated skim milk powder and 25% treated maltodextrin was filled into plastic blister packaging which was sealed air- and watertight. Filled packs were heated at 55°C for 60 minutes in an oven, other packs where heated in a microwave oven for 5 , 10, or 20 seconds to exceed the glass transition temperature of the maltodextrin. In all cases solid sintered shapes were formed.
• the final product in the pack reached a calculated equilibrium water activity of 0.197, with a water content of 4.03% and glass transition temperature of 52.9°C for the skim milk powder part, and water content of 3.09% and glass transition temperature of 56.6°C for the maltodextrin part.
• Example 2 coffee mix material Skim milk powder was treated as in example 1 yielding a similar material as in example 1.
• Non-dairy creamer (52% corn syrup maltodextrin, 48% vegetable fat) was in a closed dessicator with a saturated salt solution, to produce a controlled humidity in the head space, to produce a powder with a water content of 3.65% (weight/weight) and a water activity (a w ) of 0.432.
• the glass transition temperature was 35.3°C.
• Soluble coffee was in a closed dessicator with a saturated salt solution, to produce a controlled humidity in the head space, to produce a coffee powder with a water content of 2.34%) (weight/weight) and a water activity (a w ) of 0. 1 13.
• the glass transition temperature was 65.4°C.
• a mixture of 16%> (weight/weight) treated skim milk powder, 28%> treated non-dairy creamer, 15%> treated soluble coffee, and 41% sucrose was filled into plastic blister packaging which was sealed air- and watertight. Filled packs were heated at 65°C for 60 minutes in an oven, other packs where heated in a microwave oven for 5, 10, or 20 seconds to exceed the glass transition temperature of the non-dairy creamer. In all cases solid sintered shapes were formed.
• the final product in the pack reached a calculated equilibrium water activity of 0.21 1, with a water content of 4.24% and glass transition temperature of 50.8°C for the skim milk powder part, water content of 1.85% and glass transition temperature of 69.1°C for the maltodextrin part, and water content of 3.94% and glass transition temperature of 46.3°C for the soluble coffee part.
• Skim milk powder and maltodextrin is treated like in example 1 yielding similar materials as in example 1.
• An agglomerated porous foaming soluble coffee powder as disclosed in WO 2009/080596 is treated as in example 2 to produce a coffee powder with a water content of 2.07% (weight/weight), water activity (a w ) of 0.1 13, and glass transition temperature of 70.1°C.
• a foaming agent in the form of a powder comprising a matrix of protein and carbohydrate with entrapped gas under pressure is produced as disclosed in WO 01/08504 (Societe des Produits Nestle S.A.), with a water content of 1 .82%, water activity of 0.050, and glass transition temperature of 81.1 °C.
• a mixture of 45% (weight/weight) treated skim milk powder, 25 % treated maltodextrin, 15% treated soluble coffee, and 15% foaming agent is filled into blister packs which are sealed air- and watertight. Filled packs are heated at 55°C for 60 minutes in an oven, or in a microwave oven for 5, 10, or 20 seconds.
• the final product in the pack reaches a calculated equilibrium water activity of 0.187, with a water content of 3.88%) and glass transition temperature of 54.4°C for the skim milk powder part, water content of 2.93% and glass transition temperature of 58.2°C for the maltodextrin part, water content of 4.10% and glass transition temperature of 54.4°C for the foaming agent part and water content of 3.22% and glass transition temperature of 55.9°C for the soluble coffee part.
• Whole milk powder is treated to produce a whole milk powder with a water content of 2.11% (weight/weight) and a water activity (a w ) of 0.113
• the glass transition temperature is 64.1°C.
• Powdered maltodextrin with DE of 29 is treated to produce a maltodextrin powder with a water content of 7.03% (weight/weight) and a water activity (a w ) of 0.432.
• the glass transition temperature is 35.6°C.
• a mixture of 75% (weight/weight) treated whole milk powder and 25% treated maltodextrin is filled into blister packs which are sealed air- and watertight. Filled packs are heated at 65°C for 60 minutes in an oven.
• the final product in the pack reaches a calculated equilibrium water activity of 0.205, with a water content of 3.27% and glass transition temperature of 47.8°C for the whole milk powder part, and water content of 3.53% and glass transition temperature of 71.4°C for the maltodextrin part.
• Example 5 foaming coffee mix material - theoretical example
• Skim milk powder and maltodextrin is treated like in example 1 yielding similar materials as in example 1.
• An agglomerated porous foaming soluble coffee powder as disclosed in WO 2009/080596 is treated as in example 2 to produce a coffee powder with a water content of 2.07% (weight/weight), water activity (a w ) of 0.113, and glass transition temperature of 70.1°C.
• a mixture of 60% (weight/weight) treated skim milk powder, 25 % treated maltodextrin, and 15% treated soluble coffee is filled into blister packs which are sealed air- and watertight. Filled packs are heated at 55°C for 60 minutes in an oven.
• the final product in the pack reaches a calculated equilibrium water activity of 0.198, with a water content of 4.04% and glass transition temperature of 52.8°C for the skim milk powder part, water content of 3.10% and glass transition temperature of 56.5°C for the maltodextrin part, and water content of 3.38% and glass transition temperature of 54.0°C for the soluble coffee part.
• Tomato powder is treated in a closed desiccator with a saturated salt solution to produce a controlled humidity in the head space, to produce a tomato powder with a water content of 4.85% (weight/weight) and a water activity (aw) of 0.230.
• the glass transition temperature is 8.3°C.
• a starch is treated in a vacuum chamber to produce a starch with a water content of 3.36%) (weight/weight), water activity (aw) of 0.030 and glass transition temperature above 100°C.
• a mixture of 72.22%> (weight/weight) treated tomato powder, 16.67%> treated starch, 1 1.1 1% sodium chloride is filled into blister packs which are sealed air- and watertight. Filled packs are heated at 60°C for 60 minutes in an oven, or in a microwave oven for 5, 10, or 20 seconds.
• the final product in the pack reaches a calculated equilibrium water activity of 0.179, with a water content of 3.74% and glass transition temperature of 15.7°C for the tomato powder part and water content of 8.03%> and glass transition temperature of above 100°C for the starch part.
• Example 7 onion powder mix - theoretical example Onion powder is treated in a climatic chamber, to produce an onion powder with a water content of 6.56 % (weight/weight) and water activity (aw) of 0.300.
• the glass transition temperature is 41.0°C.
• a starch is treated in a vacuum chamber to produce a starch with a water content of 3.36% (weight/weight), water activity (aw) of 0.030 and glass transition temperature above 100°C.
• a mixture of 10.00%) (weight/weight) treated onion powder, 3.33% treated starch and 86.67%) sodium chloride is filled into blister packs which are sealed air- and watertight. Filled packs are heated at 65°C for 60 minutes in an oven.
• the final product in the pack reaches a calculated equilibrium water activity of 0.191, with a water content of 4.97% and glass transition temperature of 55.4°C for the onion powder part and water content of 8.21% and glass transition temperature above 100°C for the starch part.
• Example 8 solid milk powder tablet
• a coffee creamer was prepared with the following composition (all amounts in %> weight/weight):
• the creamer had a water activity of 0.180.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Food Science & Technology (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Tea And Coffee (AREA)
• Glass Compositions (AREA)
• Grain Derivatives (AREA)
• General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
• Dairy Products (AREA)
• Preparation Of Fruits And Vegetables (AREA)
• Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
• Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
• Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
• Detergent Compositions (AREA)

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