WO2011114812A1 - 金属微粒子複合体 - Google Patents
金属微粒子複合体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011114812A1 WO2011114812A1 PCT/JP2011/052608 JP2011052608W WO2011114812A1 WO 2011114812 A1 WO2011114812 A1 WO 2011114812A1 JP 2011052608 W JP2011052608 W JP 2011052608W WO 2011114812 A1 WO2011114812 A1 WO 2011114812A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/08—Metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L79/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon only, not provided for in groups C08L61/00 - C08L77/00
- C08L79/04—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain; Polyhydrazides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08L79/08—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/27—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands using photo-electric detection ; circuits for computing concentration
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
- G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
- G01N21/553—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
- G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
- G01N21/553—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons
- G01N21/554—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons detecting the surface plasmon resonance of nanostructured metals, e.g. localised surface plasmon resonance
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/08—Metals
- C08K2003/0806—Silver
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/08—Metals
- C08K2003/0831—Gold
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
- Y10T428/24372—Particulate matter
- Y10T428/24413—Metal or metal compound
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a metal fine particle composite that can be used for various devices using, for example, surface plasmon resonance.
- LSPR Local Surface Plasmon Resonance
- Patent Documents 1 to 6 have been proposed as techniques related to a metal fine particle composite in which metal fine particles are fixed in a matrix such as a resin.
- Patent Document 1 as a polymer composite material in which particles are small, particle dispersibility and particle-matrix adhesion are good, and thus have a high elastic modulus, particles are compared with thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer matrices.
- a polymer-metal cluster composite having an improved elastic modulus obtained by uniformly dispersing and filling metal particles having a diameter of 10 to 20 angstroms with a volume fraction of 0.005 to 0.01%.
- metal fine particles are dispersed for the purpose of improving the elastic modulus, so that the particle diameter is too small and suitable for the purpose of causing plasmon resonance. is not.
- Patent Document 2 for the purpose of obtaining a dispersion of metal fine particles that can be used for forming a novel conductive film that can be used in place of the electroless plating method or a granular magnetic thin film, a resin substrate containing an ion exchange group is used.
- a method for producing a fine particle dispersion in which reduction is performed in a gas phase after contacting with a solution containing metal ions is disclosed. In this method, since the reaction proceeds while the metal ions diffuse into the resin during hydrogen reduction, the depth from the surface of the resin substrate to several tens of nanometers (80 nm in the example of Patent Document 2). In addition, there are no metal fine particles.
- Such a feature can be an advantage that a protective film is not required when a magnetic thin film is formed using magnetic fine particles.
- metal fine particles are embedded in the deep part of the matrix, other characteristics can be obtained. In some applications, there may be disadvantages. Further, by performing the heat reduction in a hydrogen atmosphere disclosed in Patent Document 2, the metal fine particles deposited by the reduction serve as a catalyst to promote thermal decomposition of the resin matrix by hydrogen, and the shrinkage of the resin matrix associated therewith. May occur. That is, Patent Document 2 does not consider controlling the particle spacing of the metal fine particles in the resin matrix.
- Patent Document 3 a polyimide resin film introduced with a carboxyl group by contact with an alkali aqueous solution is brought into contact with a metal ion-containing liquid to dope metal ions into the resin film, and then the reduction temperature of the metal ions or higher in the reducing gas.
- the first heat treatment is performed to form a layer in which metal nanoparticles are dispersed in the polyimide resin, and the second heat treatment is performed at a temperature different from the first heat treatment temperature.
- Patent Document 3 describes that the volume filling rate of the metal nanoparticles in the composite film can be controlled by adjusting the thickness of the metal nanoparticle dispersion layer by the second heat treatment.
- Patent Document 3 by performing heat treatment in a reducing gas, metal ions bound or adsorbed within a range of about several ⁇ m from the surface of the polyimide resin film undergo a reduction reaction while diffusing inside the resin film. It is described as progressing. Therefore, the metal nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the resin matrix in the range of several tens of nm to several ⁇ m from the surface of the resin film, and no metal nanoparticles exist near the surface. Similar to Patent Document 2, such a feature may be disadvantageous depending on the application. Further, in the technique of Patent Document 3, as in Patent Document 2, it has not been considered to control the particle interval in the metal fine particles in the resin matrix.
- Patent Document 4 and Patent Document 5 disclose a thermosensitive coloring element using a solid matrix in which fine metal fine particles that grow irreversibly by color change and disperse using plasmon resonance are dispersed. These techniques of Patent Documents 4 and 5 are based on the premise that fine metal fine particles are aggregated due to a temperature change to increase the particle diameter and cause plasmon absorption. The particle interval is controlled for each metal fine particle. It is not envisaged to be dispersed independently in the matrix.
- Patent Document 6 in the process of dispersing metal particles in a polymer matrix, a metal precursor is used as a polymer substance in order to solve problems such as compatibility with the polymer matrix, interface defects, and aggregation between particles.
- a method is disclosed in which a metal precursor is photoreduced by irradiating ultraviolet rays after being dispersed in a matrix at a molecular level.
- the method of Patent Document 6 deposits metal fine particles by ultraviolet reduction, it is affected by the ultraviolet irradiation surface, and therefore, a gradient occurs in the deposition density of the metal fine particles between the surface layer portion and the deep portion of the matrix.
- the particle diameter and the filling ratio of the metal fine particles tend to decrease continuously as the matrix proceeds from the surface layer to the deep part.
- the particle diameter of the metal fine particles obtained by photoreduction is the largest at the surface layer portion of the matrix, which is the ultraviolet irradiation surface, but is no more than about a dozen nanometers. It was difficult to control.
- a metal to be detected is detected on the surface of a metal thin film such as gold or silver or a metal fine particle by utilizing the fact that metal plasmon reacts with high sensitivity to the refractive index change of the interface substance.
- a ligand molecule having an interaction specific to (analyte) is immobilized by chemical or physical means, and the concentration of the analyte is measured.
- a technique of applying a metal thin film formed by a vacuum deposition method, or as disclosed in Patent Document 8, a sputtering method is used.
- a technique for applying a metal thin film formed by the above method is known.
- Patent Document 9 discloses a sensor in which metal fine particles are monodispersed and immobilized on a glass substrate surface-modified with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. Has been.
- Patent Documents 7 and 8 use a metal thin film, in a sensor using surface plasmon resonance, optical systems such as a prism and a goniometer are supplementarily used in order to make sensing highly accurate. There are disadvantages that it is necessary to reduce the size of the measuring device and is unsuitable for simple sensing.
- the metal fine particles since the metal fine particles are only chemically fixed to the glass substrate, the metal fine particles may be non-uniformly distributed on the substrate due to the drop of the metal fine particles. Therefore, even in the technique of Patent Document 9, there is a possibility that the intensity and sharpness of the absorption spectrum when the analyte is adsorbed on the receptor may not be stable, and there is room for improvement.
- Japanese Patent Publication No.8-16177 Japanese Patent No. 3846331 Japanese Patent No. 4280221 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2000-290642 Japanese Patent No. 2919612 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-179931 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2009-58263 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2006-234472 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2000-356587
- a metal fine particle composite in which metal fine particles are dispersed in a matrix is used for applications such as a sensor using localized surface plasmon resonance, it is important that at least the intensity of the absorption spectrum is large. In general, the sharper the absorption spectrum, the higher the sensitivity of detection.
- To obtain a strong and sharp absorption spectrum for example, 1) The size of the metal fine particles is controlled within a predetermined range; 2) The shape of the metal fine particles is uniform, 3) The metal fine particles are separated from each other with a certain distance between the adjacent metal fine particles. 4) The volume filling ratio of the metal fine particles to the metal fine particle composite is controlled within a certain range. 5) The metal fine particles are present from the surface layer portion of the matrix, and are dispersed evenly while maintaining a predetermined inter-particle distance in the thickness direction. It is necessary that the metal fine particle composite has structural characteristics such as
- the present invention has been devised for the above-mentioned problems that could not be solved by the prior art, and provides a metal fine particle composite having a high intensity and a sharp absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a metal fine particle composite capable of sensing external changes with high sensitivity.
- the metal fine particle composite of the first aspect of the present invention is a metal fine particle composite comprising a film-like matrix resin and metal fine particles fixed to the matrix resin, and the following 1a to 1d Constitution: 1a) The metal fine particles are obtained by reducing metal ions or metal salts contained in a matrix resin or a precursor resin thereof; 1b) The particle diameter of 90% or more of the total fine metal particles is in the range of 10 nm to 80 nm; 1c) A plurality of metal fine particles are dispersed in a plane direction parallel to the surface within a depth range of 150 nm or less from the surface of the matrix resin to form a metal fine particle layer, and in the metal fine particle layer, , There is only one metal fine particle having the particle diameter defined in 1b) in the depth direction; 1d) The interval between adjacent metal fine particles is equal to or larger than the particle diameter of the larger metal fine particle in the adjacent metal fine particles; It has.
- the volume fraction of the metal fine particles may be in the range of 0.05 to 23% with respect to the metal fine particle composite.
- the metal fine particle composite according to the first aspect of the present invention further includes the following constitution 1e, 1e) Fine metal particles interact with light having a wavelength of 380 nm or more to generate localized surface plasmon resonance; May be provided.
- the metal fine particles may be in a state where a part thereof is exposed from the surface of the matrix resin.
- the metal fine particle layer may have a thickness in the range of 20 nm to 150 nm.
- the matrix resin may be composed of a polyimide resin.
- the polyimide resin may be a transparent or colorless polyimide resin.
- the metal fine particle composite according to the second aspect of the present invention is a metal fine particle composite comprising a matrix resin and metal fine particles fixed to the matrix resin.
- This metal fine particle composite has the following constitutions 2a to 2e: 2a) The metal fine particles are obtained by reducing metal ions or metal salts contained in the matrix resin or the precursor resin; 2b) The particle size of the metal fine particles is in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm, and the average particle size is 3 nm or more; 2c) The metal fine particles are not in contact with each other, and are present at an interval equal to or larger than the larger particle size of the adjacent metal fine particles; 2d) At least a portion of the fine metal particles includes a portion embedded in the matrix resin and a portion exposed to the outside of the matrix resin, and a binding chemical species is fixed to the exposed portion; and 2e) The binding species immobilized on the metal microparticle has a functional group that interacts with a specific substance; It has.
- the metal fine particle composite according to the second aspect of the present invention 90% or more of the metal fine particles are metal fine particles having a particle diameter in the range of 10 nm to 80 nm, and the metal fine particles are 100 nm from the surface of the matrix resin.
- the metal fine particle layer is dispersed in the plane direction parallel to the surface, and the metal fine particle layer has a particle diameter in the range of 10 nm to 80 nm. There may be only one in the depth direction.
- the metal fine particle layer may have a thickness in the range of 20 nm to 100 nm.
- the metal fine particle composite according to the second aspect of the present invention may be one in which the metal fine particles interact with light having a wavelength of 380 nm or more to cause localized plasmon resonance.
- the matrix resin may be composed of a polyimide resin.
- the polyimide resin may be a transparent or colorless polyimide resin.
- the metal fine particle composite according to the first aspect of the present invention is a metal fine particle reduced and precipitated inside the matrix resin (or its precursor resin) from the state of metal ions (or metal salts), Relatively easily, a composite containing nano-sized metal fine particles can be obtained.
- the metal fine particles are dispersed in layers in the matrix resin while maintaining a certain distance between the particles in the matrix resin.
- various sensitivity sensors that sense external changes such as humidity sensors. When used in these applications, it is possible to perform highly accurate detection with a simple configuration.
- the metal fine particle composite according to the second aspect of the present invention is a metal fine particle reduced and precipitated inside the matrix resin (or its precursor resin) from the state of the metal ion (or metal salt), Relatively easily, a composite containing nano-sized metal fine particles can be obtained. Moreover, since the metal fine particles are dispersed in the matrix resin while maintaining a certain inter-particle distance, the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance is sharp. In addition, since the metal fine particles are fixed to the matrix resin, the metal fine particles are not peeled off from the matrix and can be applied to any shape including a curved surface shape. Since the metal fine particle composite according to the second aspect of the present invention has a binding chemical species fixed to the metal microparticle, it is used for applications such as sensors that use the interaction between the binding chemical species and a specific substance. it can.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a cross-sectional structure in the thickness direction of a metal fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite (hereinafter also simply referred to as “nanocomposite”) 10 as a metal fine particle composite according to the present embodiment.
- the nanocomposite 10 includes a matrix resin 1 and metal fine particles 3 fixed to the matrix resin 1.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a cross-sectional structure in the plane direction of the nanocomposite 10
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged view illustrating the metal fine particles 3.
- the nanocomposite 10 may include a base material (not shown).
- a base material for example, glass, ceramics, silicon wafer, semiconductor, paper, metal, metal alloy, metal oxide, synthetic resin, organic / inorganic composite material, and the like can be used.
- a plate shape, a sheet shape, a thin film shape, a mesh shape, a geometric pattern shape, an uneven shape, a fiber shape, a bellows shape, a multilayer shape, a spherical shape, and the like can be applied.
- the surface of these substrates is subjected to, for example, silane coupling agent treatment, chemical etching treatment, plasma treatment, alkali treatment, acid treatment, ozone treatment, ultraviolet treatment, electrical polishing treatment, polishing treatment with an abrasive, etc. You can also use it.
- the entire matrix resin 1 may be formed in a film shape, or may be formed as a part of the resin film.
- the metal fine particles 3 are dispersed in the form of a layer having a certain thickness in the plane direction parallel to the surface S of the matrix resin 1 (the surface of the nanocomposite 10) to form the metal fine particle layer 5.
- the thickness T of the metal fine particle layer 5 varies depending on the particle diameter D of the metal fine particle 3, but is preferably in the range of 20 nm to 150 nm, for example, in the range of 30 nm to 120 nm in applications using localized surface plasmon resonance. Is more preferable.
- the “thickness of the metal fine particle layer 5” means, as shown in FIG.
- the metal fine particles 3 located at the top (surface S side) in the cross section in the thickness direction of the matrix resin 1 (however, in the above 1b) It means the thickness in a range from the upper end of the one having a prescribed particle diameter to the lower end of the metal fine particle 3 located at the lowest (deep part) (however, having the particle diameter prescribed in 1b).
- the thickness of the resin film is preferably 3 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the resin constituting the matrix resin 1 is preferably light-transmitting in order to cause surface plasmon resonance of the metal fine particles 3, and is particularly preferably a material that transmits light having a wavelength of 380 nm or more.
- a matrix resin 1 can measure the localized surface plasmon resonance as a light transmission system.
- a resin having almost no light transmittance can be applied as the matrix resin 1, and the localized surface plasmon resonance can be measured as a light reflection system.
- a part of the metal fine particles 3 can be easily exposed from the surface S of the matrix resin 1.
- Such a form is not limited to the light transmission system and the light reflection system, and can be used as, for example, a sensitivity sensor that senses an external change of the matrix resin 1.
- the resin material that can be used for the matrix resin 1 is not particularly limited.
- a polysiloxane resin such as polyimide resin, polyamic acid resin, cardo resin (fluorene resin), PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), or polyethylene terephthalate.
- resins polyphenylene ether resins, epoxy resins, fluorine resins, vinyl resins, phenol resins, and ion exchange resins.
- a resin having a functional group capable of forming a complex with a metal ion or adsorbing a metal ion by interaction with the metal ion is preferable because the metal ion can be adsorbed in a uniform dispersed state. .
- Examples of such a functional group include a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a quaternary ammonium group, a primary to secondary amino group, and a phenolic hydroxyl group.
- polyamic acid resin and ion exchange resin are preferable.
- a material having heat resistance at a temperature of at least 140 ° C. is preferable.
- the polyimide resin has a carboxyl group in which the precursor polyamic acid resin can form a complex with metal ions, and can adsorb metal ions at the precursor stage.
- the material of the matrix resin 1 since it has heat resistance in heat treatment, it can be particularly preferably used as the material of the matrix resin 1. Details of the polyimide resin and the polyamic acid resin will be described later. Note that the resin material may be a single resin or a mixture of a plurality of resins.
- the metal fine particles 3 have the following requirements 1a) to 1d).
- the metal fine particles 3 are obtained by reducing metal ions or metal salts contained in the resin layer of the matrix resin 1 or its precursor.
- the reduction method include photoreduction and heat reduction. From the viewpoint of easy control of the particle spacing in the metal fine particles 3, a method obtained by heat reduction is preferable.
- the metal fine particles 3 are not particularly limited as long as they are obtained in this way, but for example, gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni ), Palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), tin (Sn), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), and other metal species can be used. Further, alloys of these metal species (for example, platinum-cobalt alloy) can also be used.
- those that can be suitably used as metal species exhibiting localized surface plasmon resonance are gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), tin ( Sn), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir).
- the shape of the metal fine particles 3 may be various shapes such as a sphere, a long sphere, a cube, a truncated tetrahedron, a dihedral pyramid, a regular octahedron, a regular icosahedron, and a regular icosahedron.
- a spherical shape with a sharp absorption spectrum by plasmon resonance is most preferable.
- the shape of the metal fine particles 3 can be confirmed by observing with a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the average particle diameter of the metal microparticle 3 be an area average diameter when 100 arbitrary metal microparticles 3 are measured.
- the spherical metal fine particles 3 are spheres and metal fine particles close to a sphere, and the ratio of the average major axis to the average minor axis is close to 1 or 1 (preferably 0.8 or more). Furthermore, the relationship between the major axis and the minor axis in each metal fine particle 3 is preferably in the range of major axis ⁇ minor axis ⁇ 1.35, more preferably in the range of major axis ⁇ minor axis ⁇ 1.25.
- the metal fine particle 3 is not a sphere (for example, a regular octahedron)
- the longest length of the metal fine particle 3 is defined as the long diameter of the metal fine particle 3
- the minimum length of the metal fine particle 3 is defined as the metal.
- the short diameter of the fine particles 3 the long diameter is further regarded as the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3.
- the particle diameter (D) of 90% or more of the fine metal particles 3 is in the range of 10 nm to 80 nm.
- the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 is preferably 10 nm or more.
- the intensity of the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance tends to be small.
- the particle size distribution of the metal fine particles 3 is within a range in which the relationship between the maximum particle size (Dmax) and the minimum particle size (Dmin) satisfies (1/3 ⁇ Dmax) ⁇ (1 ⁇ Dmin).
- the particle diameter D of the metal fine particle 3 is closely related to the thickness (T) of the metal fine particle layer 5
- the relationship between the thickness T (nm) of the metal fine particle layer 5 and the maximum particle diameter Dmax is (1 / 2 ⁇ T) ⁇ (1 ⁇ Dmax) is preferable.
- the nanocomposite 10 may also have metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 10 nm.
- the particle diameter D is The proportion of the metal fine particles 3 in the range of 1 nm or more and less than 10 nm is preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, and still more preferably less than 1% with respect to the total of all the metal fine particles 3 in the nanocomposite 10. Good.
- the existence ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D in the range of 1 nm or more and less than 10 nm by the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all the metal fine particles 3.
- the nanocomposite 10 when the cross section parallel to the surface S of the matrix resin 1 is observed, it is the most preferable embodiment of the nanocomposite 10 that all the metal fine particles 3 are observed completely independently.
- the total cross-sectional area of the metal fine particles 3 observed completely independently is preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95%, with respect to the total cross-sectional area of all the metal fine particles observed. % Or more, more preferably 99% or more.
- metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm may be present. Such a nanocomposite 10 is not particularly problematic because it hardly affects the localized surface plasmon resonance.
- the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm are preferably 10 parts by weight or less, more preferably when the metal fine particles 3 are silver fine particles with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the metal fine particles 3 in the nanocomposite 10. The amount is preferably 1 part by weight or less.
- the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm can be detected by, for example, an XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analyzer or an EDX (energy dispersive X-ray) analyzer.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray
- a plurality of metal fine particles 3 are dispersed in a plane direction parallel to the surface S within a depth range of 150 nm or less from the surface S of the matrix resin 1 to form the metal fine particle layer 5; and In the metal fine particle layer 5, there is only one metal fine particle 3 having a particle diameter defined in 1b) in the depth direction. That is, when a cross section parallel to the surface S of the matrix resin 1 is observed in the nanocomposite 10, as shown in FIG. 2, the particle diameter D is 10 nm to 80 nm inside the matrix resin 1 (or the surface S). A large number of fine metal particles 3 within the range are interspersed with a distance L between the particles, and a diffused state is observed.
- inter-particle distance L distance between the adjacent fine metal particles 3 (inter-particle distance) L is larger metal particles 3 having a particle diameter D L or more in the adjacent metal fine particles 3, i.e., an L ⁇ D L.
- the relationship between the larger particle diameter D L and the smaller particle diameter D S in adjacent metal fine particles 3 may be D L ⁇ D S.
- the interparticle distance L in the metal fine particles 3 that are dispersed by utilizing thermal diffusion is the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 and the metal described later. Since there is a close relationship with the volume fraction of the fine particles 3, the upper limit of the interparticle distance L is preferably controlled by the lower limit value of the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3.
- the interparticle distance L is large, in other words, when the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3 with respect to the nanocomposite 10 is low, the intensity of the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance becomes small.
- the ratio of the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of 50 nm or more in the nanocomposite 10 is preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, and still more preferably 99% with respect to the total metal fine particles.
- strength of the absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance can be enlarged.
- the existence ratio here is calculated by dividing the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of 50 nm or more by the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all the metal fine particles.
- the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D in the range of 10 nm to 80 nm are single particles scattered with a distance L between the particles having the particle diameter D L or more.
- single particle means that each metal fine particle 3 in the matrix resin 1 is present independently, and does not include an aggregate of a plurality of particles (aggregated particles). That is, the single particle does not include aggregated particles in which a plurality of metal fine particles are aggregated by intermolecular force.
- aggregated particles clearly confirm that a plurality of individual metal fine particles gather together to form one aggregate when observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), for example. Say things.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the metal fine particles 3 in the nanocomposite 10 are also understood to be metal fine particles formed by aggregation of metal atoms generated by reduction due to their chemical structure. Such metal fine particles are formed by metal bonds of metal atoms. Therefore, it is distinguished from the agglomerated particles in which a plurality of particles are aggregated, and is confirmed as one independent metal fine particle 3 when observed with, for example, a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance becomes sharp and stable, and high detection accuracy is obtained.
- the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance becomes broad or unstable, and high detection accuracy is obtained when used for applications such as sensors. It becomes difficult to be.
- the aggregated particles or the particles dispersed at the inter-particle distance L equal to or smaller than the particle diameter D L is 5% or more, the control of the particle diameter D becomes extremely difficult.
- the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3 in the nanocomposite 10 is preferably 0.05 to 23% with respect to the nanocomposite 10.
- the “volume fraction” is a value indicating the total volume of the metal fine particles 3 occupying per certain volume of the nanocomposite 10 as a percentage.
- the metal fine particles 3 further include 1e) in addition to the above requirements 1a) to 1d). That is, 1e)
- the metal fine particles 3 interact with light to generate localized surface plasmon resonance.
- the wavelength range in which localized surface plasmon resonance occurs varies depending on the particle diameter D, particle shape, metal species, interparticle distance L, refractive index of the matrix resin 1 and the like of the metal fine particles 3, but for example, depending on light having a wavelength of 380 nm or more
- localized surface plasmon resonance is induced.
- the metal fine particles 3 are embedded in the matrix resin 1, but the surface layer of the matrix resin 1 is peeled off by, for example, etching, thereby removing the matrix resin as in the nanocomposite 10 a shown in FIG. 4. It is possible to create a state in which a part of one new surface S is exposed. In this state, the lower part of the metal fine particles 3 is buried and fixed in the matrix resin 1, and the upper part of the metal fine particles 3 is exposed on the surface S of the matrix resin 1 to form an exposed portion 3a. By adopting such a form, for example, it is possible to detect a shift in the absorption spectrum accompanying a change in the exposed portion of the metal fine particles 3.
- the refractive index of the medium can be detected, and the adsorption and deposition of substances on the metal fine particles 3 can be detected.
- the matrix resin 1 is in the form of a film (or formed as a part of a resin film) as the present embodiment, it can be applied to any shape including a curved shape.
- the nanocomposite 10 of the present embodiment having the above configuration has a form in which the metal fine particles 3 are dispersed evenly in a state where the metal fine particles 3 maintain a certain inter-particle distance L in the matrix resin 1. Therefore, the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance is sharp, very stable, and excellent in reproducibility and reliability. Accordingly, the nanocomposite 10 is suitable for various sensing devices such as biosensors, chemical sensors, SERS (surface enhanced Raman scattering), SEIRA (surface enhanced infrared absorption), NSOM (scanning near-field optical microscope), and the like. .
- SERS surface enhanced Raman scattering
- SEIRA surface enhanced infrared absorption
- NSOM scanning near-field optical microscope
- the nanocomposite 10 can also be used for other plasmonic devices such as a photonic crystal device, an optical recording / reproducing device, an optical information processing device, an energy enhancement device, and a high-sensitivity photodiode device.
- the nanocomposite 10 is not limited to the field using the localized surface plasmon effect, but can be used in various industrial fields such as an electromagnetic shielding material, a magnetic noise absorbing material, and a high thermal conductive resin material.
- the manufacture of the nanocomposite 10 includes (1) a metal ion (or metal salt) -containing resin film forming step, (2) a reduction step, and may further include (3) an etching step as an optional step.
- a metal ion (or metal salt) -containing resin film forming step includes (1) a metal ion (or metal salt) -containing resin film forming step, (2) a reduction step, and may further include (3) an etching step as an optional step.
- the matrix resin 1 is typically composed of a polyimide resin will be described.
- a polyamic acid resin (or polyamic acid resin layer) containing a metal ion (or metal salt) is prepared.
- the polyamic acid resin film (or polyamic acid resin layer) containing a metal ion (or metal salt) can be prepared, for example, by any one of the following casting methods or alkali modifying methods.
- the casting method is a method of forming a polyamic acid resin film by casting a polyamic acid resin solution containing a polyamic acid resin on an arbitrary substrate, and any of the following (I) to (III): A polyamic acid resin film containing metal ions (or metal salts) can be formed by the method.
- a polyamic acid resin solution containing no metal ions (or metal salts) is cast on an arbitrary substrate to form a polyamic acid resin film, and then metal ions (or metal compounds) are added to the polyamic acid resin film.
- a method of impregnating a contained solution hereinafter also referred to as “metal ion solution”.
- III A method of further impregnating a polyamic acid resin film containing metal ions (or metal salts) formed by the method (I) with a metal ion solution.
- the cast method is more advantageous than the alkali modification method described later in that the thickness of the metal fine particle layer 5 and the matrix resin 1 can be easily controlled, and that the cast method is not particularly limited and can be easily applied. It is.
- the advantage of the method (I) is that the amount of metal compound contained in the nanocomposite 10 can be easily adjusted because the content of the metal compound in the polyamic acid resin solution can be easily adjusted, and the particle diameter D
- the nanocomposite 10 containing relatively large metal fine particles 3 having a diameter exceeding 30 nm can be easily prepared. That is, in the method (I), for example, the particle diameter D can be controlled within a range of 30 nm to 80 nm.
- the advantage of the method (II) is that the polyamic acid resin film is impregnated in a state in which the metal ions (or metal compounds) are uniformly dissolved, and the polyamic acid resin film is converted from the state of the metal ions (or metal salts). Among them, there is little variation, and the nano-composite 10 containing the metal fine particles 3 having a relatively small particle size distribution can be produced.
- the base material As a base material used in the casting method, when the nanocomposite 10 is peeled off from the base material and used for a sensor or the like, or when the base material is attached to the nanocomposite 10, localized surface plasmon resonance is measured as a light reflection system. If you do, there are no particular restrictions. In the case where the localized surface plasmon resonance is measured as a light transmission system with the base material attached to the nanocomposite 10, the base material is preferably light-transmitting, for example, a glass substrate or a transparent synthetic resin substrate. Etc. can be used. Examples of the transparent synthetic resin include polyimide resin, PET resin, acrylic resin, MS resin, MBS resin, ABS resin, polycarbonate resin, silicone resin, siloxane resin, and epoxy resin.
- the polyamic acid resin that is a precursor of the polyimide resin (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “precursor”)
- a known polyamic acid resin obtained from a known acid anhydride and diamine can be used.
- the polyamic acid can be obtained, for example, by dissolving tetracarboxylic dianhydride and diamine in an organic solvent in an approximately equimolar amount and stirring them at a temperature in the range of 0 to 100 ° C. for 30 minutes to 24 hours to cause a polymerization reaction. .
- the reaction components are preferably dissolved so that the resulting polyamic acid resin is in the range of 5 to 30% by weight, preferably in the range of 10 to 20% by weight, in the organic solvent.
- the organic solvent used in the polymerization reaction it is preferable to use a polar one.
- the organic polar solvent include N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-2 -Pyrrolidone, 2-butanone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfate, cyclohexanone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diglyme, triglyme and the like. Two or more of these solvents can be used in combination, and some aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene can also be used.
- the synthesized polyamic acid resin is used as a solution. Usually, it is advantageous to use as a reaction solvent solution, but if necessary, it can be concentrated, diluted or replaced with another organic solvent.
- the solution thus prepared can be used as a coating solution by adding a metal compound.
- the polyamic acid resin is preferably selected so that the polyimide resin after imidization contains a thermoplastic or low thermal expansion polyimide resin.
- a polyimide resin the heat resistant resin which consists of a polymer which has an imide group in structures, such as a polyimide, a polyamideimide, a polybenzimidazole, a polyimide ester, a polyetherimide, a polysiloxaneimide, can be mentioned, for example.
- diamine examples include 2,2′-bis (trifluoromethyl) -4,4′-diaminobiphenyl, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether, and 2′-methoxy-4.
- Diamines include 2,2-bis- [4- (3-aminophenoxy) phenyl] propane, bis [4- (4-aminophenoxy) phenyl] sulfone, and bis [4- (3-aminophenoxy) phenyl.
- diamines include, for example, 2,2-bis- [4- (4-aminophenoxy) phenyl] hexafluoropropane, 2,2-bis- [4- (3-aminophenoxy) phenyl] hexafluoropropane, 4 , 4'-methylenedi-o-toluidine, 4,4'-methylenedi-2,6-xylidine, 4,4'-methylene-2,6-diethylaniline, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylpropane, 3,3 ' -Diaminodiphenylpropane, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylethane, 3,3'-diaminodiphenylethane, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 3,3'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfide, 3, 3'-diaminodiphenyl s
- Particularly preferred diamine components include 2,2′-bis (trifluoromethyl) -4,4′-diaminobiphenyl (TFMB), 1,3-bis (4-aminophenoxy) -2,2-dimethylpropane (DANPG ), 2,2-bis [4- (4-aminophenoxy) phenyl] propane (BAPP), 1,3-bis (3-aminophenoxy) benzene (APB), paraphenylenediamine (p-PDA), 3, Examples thereof include one or more diamines selected from 4′-diaminodiphenyl ether (DAPE34) and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether (DAPE44).
- TFMB 2,2′-bis (trifluoromethyl) -4,4′-diaminobiphenyl
- DANPG 1,3-bis (4-aminophenoxy) -2,2-dimethylpropane
- BAPP 2,2-bis [4- (4-aminophenoxy) phenyl
- Examples of the acid anhydride suitably used for the preparation of the polyamic acid resin include pyromellitic anhydride, 3,3 ′, 4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, 3,3 ′, 4,4 ′. -Diphenylsulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4'-oxydiphthalic anhydride.
- acid anhydrides include pyromellitic anhydride (PMDA), 3,3 ', 4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), 3,3', 4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid
- PMDA pyromellitic anhydride
- BPDA 4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride
- BTDA acid dianhydride
- DSDA 4,4′-diphenylsulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride
- diamine and acid anhydride may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- diamines and acid anhydrides other than those described above can be used in combination.
- thermoplastic polyimide precursor resin varnish SPI-200N (trade name) and SPI-300N (trade name) manufactured by Nippon Steel Chemical Co., Ltd.
- SPI-1000G (trade name)
- Torenice # 3000 (trade name) manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.
- Examples of the polyamic acid resin solution used as a precursor of the non-thermoplastic polyimide resin include U-Varnish-A (trade name), U-Vanice-A, which is a non-thermoplastic polyimide precursor resin varnish manufactured by Ube Industries, Ltd. Varnish-S (trade name) and the like.
- a charge transfer (CT) complex between molecules and molecules is used as a polyimide resin that exhibits transparency or colorlessness.
- CT charge transfer
- a hard-to-form material such as an aromatic polyimide resin having a bulky three-dimensional structure substituent, an alicyclic polyimide resin, a fluorine-based polyimide resin, or a silicon-based polyimide resin.
- Examples of the substituent having a bulky steric structure include a fluorene skeleton and an adamantane skeleton. Such a bulky steric substituent is substituted with either an acid anhydride residue or a diamine residue in the aromatic polyimide resin, or an acid anhydride residue and a diamine residue. Both may be substituted.
- Examples of the diamine having a bulky steric substituent include 9,9-bis (4-aminophenyl) fluorene.
- An alicyclic polyimide resin is a resin formed by polymerizing an alicyclic acid anhydride and an alicyclic diamine.
- the alicyclic polyimide resin can also be obtained by hydrogenating an aromatic polyimide resin.
- Fluorine-based polyimide resins are, for example, acid anhydrides and / or diamines in which monovalent elements bonded to carbon such as alkyl groups and phenyl groups are substituted with fluorine, perfluoroalkyl groups, perfluoroaryl groups, perfluoroalkoxy groups, perfluorophenoxy groups, etc. Is a resin formed by polymerizing. Any fluorine atom may be used in which all or part of the monovalent elements are substituted, but those in which 50% or more of the monovalent elements are substituted with fluorine atoms are preferred.
- the silicon-based polyimide resin is a resin obtained by polymerizing a silicon-based diamine and an acid anhydride.
- such a transparent polyimide resin preferably has a light transmittance of 80% or more at a wavelength of 400 nm and a visible light average transmittance of 90% or more at a thickness of 10 ⁇ m.
- a fluorine-based polyimide resin excellent in transparency is particularly preferable.
- a polyimide resin having a structural unit represented by the general formula (1) can be used.
- Ar 1 represents a tetravalent aromatic group represented by Formula (2), Formula (3), or Formula (4)
- Ar 2 represents Formula (5)
- Formula ( 6) represents a divalent aromatic group represented by formula (7) or formula (8)
- p represents the number of repeating structural units.
- R independently represents a fluorine atom or a perfluoroalkyl group
- Y represents a divalent group represented by the following structural formula
- R 1 represents a perfluoroalkylene group
- n represents a number from 1 to 19. Means.
- Ar 2 can be referred to as a diamine residue, and Ar 1 can be referred to as an acid anhydride residue.
- acid anhydrides tetracarboxylic acids, acid chlorides, esterified compounds and the like
- the fluorine-based polyimide resin is not limited to those obtained from the diamine and acid anhydride described herein.
- any alkyl group excluding an amino group in the molecule, any monovalent element bonded to carbon such as a phenyl ring, etc., having fluorine or a perfluoroalkyl group can be used.
- Examples of the raw acid anhydride to be Ar 1 include 1,4-difluoropyromellitic acid, 1-trifluoromethyl-4-fluoropyromellitic acid, 1,4-di (trifluoromethyl) pyromellitic acid, 1,4-di (pentafluoroethyl) pyromellitic acid, hexafluoro-3,3 ′, 4,4′-bisphenyltetracarboxylic acid, hexafluoro-3,3 ′, 4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid 2,2-bis (3,4-dicarboxytrifluorophenyl) hexafluoropropane, 1,3-bis (3,4'-dicarboxytrifluorophenyl) hexafluoropropane, 1,4-bis (3,4 4-dicarboxytrifluorophenoxy) tetrafluorobenzene, hexafluoro-3,3 ′, 4,
- a compound containing the above metal species constituting the metal fine particles 3 can be used without any particular limitation.
- a salt of the metal, an organic carbonyl complex, or the like can be used as the metal compound.
- the metal salt include hydrochloride, sulfate, acetate, oxalate, and citrate.
- organic carbonyl compound capable of forming an organic carbonyl complex with the above metal species examples include ⁇ -diketones such as acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and dibenzoylmethane, and ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acid esters such as ethyl acetoacetate. it can.
- the metal compound include H [AuCl 4 ], Na [AuCl 4 ], AuI, AuCl, AuCl 3 , AuBr 3 , NH 4 [AuCl 4 ] ⁇ n 2 H 2 O, Ag (CH 3 COO), AgCl , AgClO 4, Ag 2 CO 3 , AgI, Ag 2 SO 4, AgNO 3, Ni (CH 3 COO) 2, Cu (CH 3 COO) 2, CuSO 4, CuSO 4, CuSO 4, CuCl 2, CuSO 4, CuBr 2 , Cu (NH 4 ) 2 Cl 4 , CuI, Cu (NO 3 ) 2 , Cu (CH 3 COCH 2 COCH 3 ) 2 , CoCl 2 , CoCO 3 , CoSO 4 , Co (NO 3 ) 2 , NiSO 4 , NiCO 3, NiCl 2, NiBr 2, Ni (NO 3) 2, NiC 2 O 4, Ni (H 2 PO 2) 2, Ni (CH 3 C CH 2 COCH 3) 2, Pd (CH 3 COO)
- the coating solution containing the polyamic acid resin and the metal compound prepared by the above method (I) metal ions generated by dissociation of the metal compound by the metal species are three-dimensionally formed between the polyamic acid resin and the polyamic acid resin.
- the crosslinking formation reaction may occur.
- the thickening and gelation of the coating solution proceed with the passage of time, which may make it difficult to use the coating solution.
- the viscosity modifier By adding the viscosity modifier, the viscosity modifier and the metal ion form a chelate complex instead of the metal ion in the coating solution forming a chelate complex with the polyamic acid resin. As described above, the viscosity modifier blocks the three-dimensional cross-linking between the polyamic acid resin and the metal ions, and suppresses thickening and gelation.
- the viscosity modifier it is preferable to select a low molecular organic compound that is highly reactive with metal ions (that is, capable of forming a metal complex).
- the molecular weight of the low molecular weight organic compound is preferably in the range of 50 to 300.
- Specific examples of such a viscosity modifier include acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, pyridine, imidazole, picoline and the like.
- the addition amount of the viscosity modifier is preferably in the range of 1 to 50 mol, more preferably in the range of 2 to 20 mol, per 1 mol of the chelate complex compound that can be formed.
- the compounding amount of the metal compound in the coating solution is in the range of 3 to 80 parts by weight, preferably in the range of 20 to 60 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total of the polyamic acid resin, the metal compound and the viscosity modifier.
- the salt may precipitate or the metal fine particles 3 may easily aggregate.
- a leveling agent, an antifoaming agent, an adhesion-imparting agent, a crosslinking agent, etc. can be blended as optional components other than the above components.
- the method of applying a coating solution containing a metal compound or a polyamic acid resin solution not containing metal ions (or metal salts) is not particularly limited, and may be applied by a coater such as a comma, die, knife, lip or the like.
- a coater such as a comma, die, knife, lip or the like.
- a spin coater and a gravure coater that can uniformly form a coating film (or polyamic acid resin film) and can easily control the thickness of the metal fine particle layer 5 and the matrix resin 1 with high accuracy are possible. It is preferable to use it.
- the metal ion solution used in the above method (II) preferably contains a metal compound in the range of 30 to 300 mM, and more preferably in the range of 50 to 100 mM. If the concentration of the metal compound is less than 30 mM, it takes too much time to impregnate the polyamic acid resin film with the metal ion solution, and if it exceeds 300 mM, the surface of the polyamic acid resin film may be corroded (dissolved). .
- the metal ion solution can contain, in addition to the metal compound, components for the purpose of pH adjustment such as a buffer solution.
- the method of impregnating the metal ion solution is not particularly limited as long as the metal ion solution can come into contact with the surface of the polyamic acid resin film, and a known method can be used. For example, a dipping method, a spray method, a brush coating method or a printing method can be used.
- the impregnation temperature may be 0 to 100 ° C., preferably 20 to 40 ° C.
- the impregnation time is preferably, for example, 1 minute to 5 hours, and more preferably 5 minutes to 2 hours when applying the dipping method. If the immersion time is shorter than 1 minute, the polyamic acid resin film is not sufficiently impregnated with the metal ion solution. On the other hand, even when the immersion time exceeds 5 hours, the degree of impregnation of the polyamic acid resin film with the metal ion solution tends to be almost flat.
- drying After applying a coating solution containing a metal compound or a polyamic acid resin solution not containing metal ions (or metal salts), it is dried to form a polyamic acid resin film.
- the temperature is controlled so that imidization due to the progress of dehydration and ring closure of the polyamic acid resin is not completed.
- the drying method is not particularly limited, and for example, the drying may be performed under a temperature condition in the range of 60 to 200 ° C. and taking a time in the range of 1 to 60 minutes, preferably 60 to 150 ° C. It is preferable to perform drying under temperature conditions within the range.
- the polyamic acid resin film after drying may have imidized a part of the structure of the polyamic acid resin, but the imidization rate is 50% or less, more preferably 20% or less, and the polyamic acid resin structure is 50% or more. It is good to leave.
- the imidation ratio of the polyamic acid resin is 1 by measuring the infrared absorption spectrum of the film by a transmission method using a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (commercially available product, for example, FT / IR620 manufactured by JASCO Corporation). , relative to the benzene ring carbon hydrogen bonds of 000cm -1, are calculated from the absorbance from the imide groups of 1,710cm -1.
- the alkali modification method is a method in which the surface of the polyimide film is alkali-modified to form a polyamic acid resin layer, and then the polyamic acid resin layer is impregnated with a metal ion solution.
- a metal ion solution since it is the same as that of the said casting method as a polyimide resin to be used, description is abbreviate
- the advantage of the alkali reforming method is that the polyamic acid resin layer is impregnated in a state where the metal ions (or metal compounds) are uniformly dissolved, and the polyamic acid resin layer is transformed from the state of the metal ions (or metal salts). Since the dispersion is in a uniformly dispersed state, the nanocomposite 10 containing the metal fine particles 3 having a relatively small particle size distribution can be produced, and the integrated nanocomposite 10 having high adhesion to the polyimide film substrate is produced.
- the nanocomposite 10 When the nanocomposite 10 is produced on the front side of the polyimide film, it can be produced on the back side of the polyimide film in the same process at the same time, or the metal ions in the metal ion solution are alkali metal and polyimide resin end caused by the aqueous alkali solution. Can easily be ion-exchanged with a salt with a carboxyl group (impregnation) During can be shortened) that, and the like.
- an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide having a concentration in the range of 0.5 to 50 wt% and a liquid temperature in the range of 5 to 80 ° C. is preferably used.
- the alkaline aqueous solution can be applied by, for example, a dipping method, a spray method, or brushing.
- a dipping method for example, a dipping method, a spray method, or brushing.
- the surface of the polyimide film is preferably treated for 30 seconds to 10 minutes with an alkaline aqueous solution having a concentration in the range of 1 to 30 wt% and a liquid temperature in the range of 25 to 60 ° C.
- an alkaline aqueous solution having a concentration in the range of 1 to 30 wt% and a liquid temperature in the range of 25 to 60 ° C.
- the processing conditions can be appropriately changed. In general, when the concentration of the aqueous alkali solution is low, the processing time of the polyimide film becomes long. Further, when the temperature of the alkaline aqueous solution increases, the processing time is shortened.
- the thickness of the alkali-treated layer formed by the alkali treatment is preferably in the range of 1/5000 to 1/20 of the thickness of the polyimide film, and more preferably in the range of 1/500 to 1/50. From another viewpoint, the thickness of the alkali treatment layer is in the range of 20 nm to 150 nm, preferably in the range of 50 nm to 150 nm, and more preferably in the range of 100 nm to 120 nm. By setting the thickness within such a range, it is advantageous for forming the metal fine particles 3.
- the water absorption rate of the polyimide film is preferably 0.1% or more, more preferably 0.2% or more. If the water absorption is less than 0.1%, it is not preferable because it cannot be sufficiently reformed or the reforming time needs to be sufficiently long.
- the degree of the modification treatment with the alkaline aqueous solution may differ depending on the chemical structure of the polyimide resin constituting the polyimide film, it is preferable to select a polyimide film that is easy to modify.
- a polyimide film that can be suitably modified with an aqueous alkali solution include those having an ester bond in the structure of a polyimide resin, and those using pyromellitic anhydride as a monomer derived from an acid anhydride (acid anhydride).
- it is 50 mol or more, more preferably 60 mol or more) per 100 mol of the product component.
- both sides of the polyimide film may be modified by alkali treatment at the same time.
- Alkali treatment is particularly effective for the polyimide resin layer composed of low thermal expansion polyimide resin, which is preferable. Since the low thermal expansion polyimide resin has good compatibility (wetability) with an alkaline aqueous solution, the ring-opening reaction of an imide ring by an alkali treatment easily occurs.
- a salt of an alkali metal and a carboxyl group at the end of the polyimide resin may be formed due to an aqueous alkali solution.
- the alkali metal salt of the carboxyl group can be replaced with a metal ion salt by a metal ion solution impregnation process in the subsequent impregnation process of the metal ion solution. There is no problem even if the salt is present. Moreover, you may neutralize the surface layer of the polyimide resin changed into alkalinity with acid aqueous solution.
- any aqueous solution can be used as long as it is acidic, but a hydrochloric acid aqueous solution and a sulfuric acid aqueous solution are particularly preferable.
- the concentration of the acid aqueous solution is, for example, preferably in the range of 0.5 to 50% by weight, but preferably in the range of 0.5 to 5% by weight.
- the pH of the aqueous acid solution is more preferably 2 or less. After washing with the acid aqueous solution, it is preferable to wash with water and then dry and use it for the next metal ion solution impregnation step.
- the polyimide film on which the alkali-modified layer is formed is impregnated with a metal ion solution and then dried to form a metal ion (or metal salt) -containing layer.
- a metal ion (or metal salt) -containing layer By this impregnation treatment, the carboxyl group present in the alkali modified layer becomes a metal salt of the carboxyl group.
- the same cast method as that described above can be used as the metal ion and metal compound and the metal ion solution used in the impregnation step.
- the impregnation method is not particularly limited as long as the metal ion solution can come into contact with the surface of the alkali modified layer, and a known method can be used. For example, a dipping method, a spray method, a brush coating method or a printing method can be used.
- the impregnation temperature may be 0 to 100 ° C., preferably 20 to 40 ° C.
- the impregnation time is preferably, for example, 1 minute to 5 hours, and more preferably 5 minutes to 2 hours when applying the dipping method.
- drying After impregnation, dry.
- the drying method is not particularly limited, and for example, natural drying, spray drying with an air gun, drying with an oven, or the like can be used. Drying conditions are 10 to 150 ° C. for 5 seconds to 60 minutes, preferably 25 to 150 ° C. for 10 seconds to 30 minutes, more preferably 30 to 120 ° C. for 1 minute to 10 minutes.
- the metal ion-containing polyamic acid layer obtained as described above is heat-treated preferably at 140 ° C. or more, more preferably within the range of 160 to 450 ° C., and further preferably within the range of 200 to 400 ° C. Thereby, metal ions (or metal salts) are reduced to deposit metal fine particles 3.
- metal ions or metal salts
- the heat treatment temperature is less than 140 ° C.
- metal ions (or metal salts) are not sufficiently reduced, and it may be difficult to set the particle diameter of the metal fine particles 3 to the above lower limit (10 nm) or more.
- the thermal diffusion in the matrix resin 1 of the metal fine particles 3 precipitated by the reduction may not occur sufficiently.
- the heat treatment temperature is less than 140 ° C.
- the matrix resin 1 is decomposed by heat, and new absorption due to decomposition of the matrix resin 1 other than absorption derived from localized surface plasmon resonance is likely to occur.
- the interval between the metal fine particles 3 is reduced, an interaction between the adjacent metal fine particles 3 is likely to occur, which causes a broad absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance.
- the heat treatment time can be determined according to the target interparticle distance, and further according to the heat treatment temperature and the content of metal ions (or metal salts) contained in the metal ion-containing polyamic acid layer.
- the heat treatment temperature is 200 ° C., it can be set within a range of 10 to 180 minutes, and when the heating temperature is 400 ° C., it can be set within a range of 1 to 60 minutes.
- the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L of the metal fine particles 3 can be controlled by the heating temperature and heating time in the reduction step, the content of metal ions (or metal salts) contained in the matrix resin 1 (or its precursor), and the like.
- the heating temperature and the heating time in the heat reduction are constant and the absolute amount of the metal ion (or metal salt) contained in the matrix resin 1 (or its precursor) is different, The knowledge that the particle diameter D of the metal fine particle 3 to precipitate differs was acquired.
- the matrix resin 1 when performing heating reduction without control of the heating temperature and heating time, and that there may be less than the larger particle diameter D L of the metal fine particles 3 adjacent inter-particle distance L, the matrix resin 1 It has also been found that the metal fine particles 3 may agglomerate on the surface S to form islands.
- the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 can be controlled by controlling the heating temperature, and that the interparticle distance L can be controlled by controlling the heating time.
- the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 can be controlled by controlling the heating temperature, and that the interparticle distance L can be controlled by controlling the heating time.
- the particle size D is about 9 nm (average particle size: about 9 nm) by treatment at 200 ° C. for 10 minutes, about 13 nm (average particle size: about 13 nm) by treatment at 300 ° C. for 3 minutes, and 1 minute at 400 ° C.
- the distance between adjacent metal gold fine particles is equal to or larger than the particle diameter of the larger metal gold fine particles in the adjacent metal gold fine particles (in most cases, approximately 15 nm (average particle diameter; about 15 nm)).
- a nanocomposite was formed in a state close to the particle diameter D). Based on such an example, the nanocomposite 10 satisfying the above requirements can be formed by further controlling the thickness of the metal fine particle layer 5 within the above range.
- the heat treatment in the reduction process can be performed in a plurality of steps.
- the interparticle distance control process of holding until the distance L falls within a predetermined range can be performed.
- the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L can be controlled more precisely by adjusting the first and second heating temperatures and the heating time.
- the reason why heat reduction is adopted as the reduction method is that the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L can be controlled relatively easily by controlling the reduction treatment conditions (particularly the heating temperature and the heating time), and from the lab scale to the production scale.
- the heat reduction can be performed, for example, in an inert gas atmosphere such as Ar or N 2 , in a vacuum of 1 to 5 KPa, or in the air.
- gas phase reduction using a reducing gas such as hydrogen or light (ultraviolet) reduction is not suitable.
- the metal fine particles 3 do not exist in the vicinity of the surface S of the matrix resin 1, the thermal decomposition of the matrix resin is promoted by the reducing gas, and it becomes difficult to control the particle interval of the metal fine particles 3. Further, in the photoreduction, the density of the metal fine particles 3 tends to vary in the vicinity of the surface S and in the deep portion due to the light transmittance derived from the matrix resin 1, and the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L of the metal fine particles 3 are controlled. Is difficult and the reduction efficiency is low.
- the imidization of the polyamic acid can be completed using the heat used in the reduction treatment, so the process from the precipitation of the metal fine particles 3 to the imidization can be performed in one pot, simplifying the production process.
- metal ions (or metal salts) present in the matrix resin 1 (or a precursor thereof) can be reduced, and individual metal fine particles 3 can be precipitated in an independent state by thermal diffusion.
- the metal fine particles 3 formed in this way are in a state in which the inter-particle distance L is not less than a certain level and are substantially uniform in shape, and the metal fine particles 3 are perpendicular to the surface S of the matrix resin 1 in the matrix resin 1. It is distributed evenly when viewed from the viewpoint.
- the metal ion (or metal salt) in the metal ion-containing polyamic acid resin layer is adsorbed on the carboxyl group of the polyamic acid resin or forms a complex
- the shape and particle size of the metal fine particles 3 A nanocomposite 10 in which D is homogenized and the metal fine particles 3 are uniformly deposited and dispersed in the matrix resin 1 at a substantially uniform inter-particle distance L can be obtained.
- the structural unit of the resin constituting the matrix resin 1 or by controlling the absolute amount of metal ions (or metal salts) and the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3, the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 and The distribution state of the metal fine particles 3 in the matrix resin 1 can also be controlled.
- the nanocomposite 10 having the configuration shown in FIG. 1 can be manufactured.
- resin other than a polyimide resin (polyamic acid) as the matrix resin 1 it can manufacture according to the said manufacturing method.
- the following optional steps such as (3) etching step and (4) patterning step can be performed. .
- Etching process In the etching step, a part of the metal fine particles 3 existing in the matrix resin 1 of the nanocomposite 10 can be exposed from the surface S of the matrix resin 1.
- the surface layer of the matrix resin 1 on the side where the metal fine particles 3 are to be exposed is removed by etching.
- the etching method include a wet etching method using a hydrazide-based solution or an alkali solution, and a dry etching method using plasma treatment.
- the wet etching method for example, as a matrix resin that can be suitably used for etching with an alkaline solution, it is desirable to select one having a high water absorption rate from the viewpoint of easy penetration of the etching solution, and the water absorption rate is preferably It is good that it is 0.1% or more, more preferably 0.2% or more.
- a matrix resin that can be suitably used for etching by plasma is, for example, a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —O—, — from the viewpoint of high reactivity with a plasma state gas.
- a polar group such as S—, —SO—, —NH—, —CO—, —CN, —P ⁇ O, —PO—, —SO 2 —, —CONH—, —SO 3 H, etc. It is desirable.
- it is desirable to select a matrix resin having a high water absorption rate as in the case of etching with an alkaline solution, and the water absorption rate is preferably 0.1% or more, more preferably 0.2% or more. There should be.
- the thickness of the nanocomposite 10a is thinner than the thickness of the nanocomposite 10 before etching.
- the lower part of the metal fine particles 3 is buried and fixed in the matrix resin 1, and the upper part of the metal fine particles 3 is exposed on the new surface S of the matrix resin 1 to form an exposed portion 3 a.
- the exposed part 3a of the metal fine particle 3 can be used as a ligand fixing part when the nanocomposite 10a is used for, for example, an affinity biosensor.
- the patterning can be performed by combining the photolithography technique and etching, for example, by the following procedure.
- the above-mentioned substrate can be used as the substrate.
- a resist liquid is apply
- the resist layer is exposed using a photomask having a predetermined pattern and developed to pattern the resist layer on the nanocomposite 10.
- a portion of the nanocomposite 10 not masked by the resist layer is removed by the same method as in the etching step described above. Etching can be performed until the substrate is exposed.
- a nanocomposite patterned on the substrate can be obtained by removing the resist layer.
- the nanocomposite thus patterned can be preferably applied to applications such as a multi-channel sensing device, a plasmon waveguide using a fine structure that expresses localized surface plasmon resonance, and a micro optical element.
- the size and shape of the metal fine particles are uniform, there are no aggregated particles, the metal fine particles are not biased, and are uniformly distributed almost two-dimensionally.
- a nanocomposite having the above shape can be provided.
- the metal fine particles 3 can be regularly exposed on the surface S of the matrix resin 1 by performing an etching process as an additional step. Furthermore, by performing a patterning step as an additional step, it is possible to pattern the nanocomposite into a desired shape according to the purpose of use.
- FIG. 5 schematically shows a cross-sectional structure in the thickness direction of the metal fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 20 as the metal fine particle composite according to the present embodiment.
- the nanocomposite 20 includes a matrix resin 1, metal fine particles 3 fixed to the matrix resin 1, and binding chemical species 7 fixed to some or all of the metal fine particles 3.
- FIG. 6 is an enlarged view illustrating the metal fine particles 3 (however, the bonding chemical species 7 is not fixed).
- the larger metal particles 3 of the particle diameter D L of the adjacent metal fine particles 3 has a particle size of the fine metal particles 3 smaller represents a D S, simply when not distinguished from each other This is expressed as particle diameter D.
- the nanocomposite 20 may include a base material not shown.
- a base material the same material as in the first embodiment can be used.
- the entire matrix resin 1 may be formed in a film shape, or may be formed as a part of the resin film.
- the metal fine particles 3 are dispersed in a layer having a certain thickness in a plane direction parallel to the surface S of the matrix resin 1 (the surface of the nanocomposite 20) to form the metal fine particle layer 5.
- the thickness T of the metal fine particle layer 5 varies depending on the particle diameter D of the metal fine particle 3, but is preferably in the range of 20 nm to 25 ⁇ m, for example, in the range of 30 nm to 1 ⁇ m in applications using localized surface plasmon resonance. Is more preferable.
- the “thickness of the metal fine particle layer 5” means the metal fine particles 3 located at the top (side exposed from the matrix resin 1) in the cross section in the thickness direction of the matrix resin 1 (where the particle diameter is 3 nm to 100 nm). Means the thickness in the range from the upper end to the lower end of the metal fine particle 3 located at the bottom (deep part) (where the particle diameter is in the range of 3 nm to 100 nm).
- the thickness T ′ of the metal fine particle layer 5 composed of the metal fine particles 3 having 3a is more preferably in the range of, for example, 20 nm to 100 nm, and particularly preferably in the range of 30 nm to 90 nm.
- the “thickness T ′ of the metal fine particle layer 5” means the metal fine particles 3 having the exposed portion 3a located at the top (side exposed from the matrix resin 1) in the cross section in the thickness direction of the matrix resin 1 (however, , From the upper end of the one having a particle diameter in the range of 10 nm to 80 nm) to the lower end of the metal fine particle 3 having the exposed portion 3a located at the lowest (deep part) (however, the particle diameter is in the range of 10 nm to 80 nm).
- the thickness of the resin film is preferably in the range of 3 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 10 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the resin constituting the matrix resin 1 is preferably light transmissive in order to cause localized surface plasmon resonance of the metal fine particles 3, and is particularly preferably a material that transmits light having a wavelength of 380 nm or more. .
- a matrix resin 1 can measure the localized surface plasmon resonance as a light transmission system.
- a resin having almost no light transmittance can be applied as the matrix resin 1, and the localized surface plasmon resonance can be measured as a light reflection system.
- Such a form is not limited to the light transmission system and the light reflection system, and can be used as, for example, a sensitivity sensor that senses an external change of the matrix resin 1.
- the resin material that can be used for the matrix resin 1 is not particularly limited, and for example, the same resin material as in the first embodiment can be used.
- the metal fine particles 3 have the following requirements 2a) to 2e).
- the metal fine particles 3 are obtained by reducing metal ions or metal salts contained in the matrix resin 1 or its precursor resin.
- the reduction method include photoreduction and heat reduction. From the viewpoint of easy control of the particle spacing in the metal fine particles 3, a method obtained by heat reduction is preferable.
- the metal fine particles 3 are not particularly limited as long as they are obtained in this way, but for example, gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni ), Palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), tin (Sn), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), and other metal species can be used. Further, alloys of these metal species (for example, platinum-cobalt alloy) can also be used.
- gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), tin ( Sn), rhodium (Rh), and iridium (Ir) are mentioned, but gold (Au) or silver (Ag) is particularly preferable.
- the shape of the metal fine particles 3 may be various shapes such as a sphere, a long sphere, a cube, a truncated tetrahedron, a dihedral pyramid, a regular octahedron, a regular icosahedron, and a regular icosahedron.
- a spherical shape with a sharp absorption spectrum by plasmon resonance is most preferable.
- the shape of the metal fine particles 3 can be confirmed by observing with a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the average particle diameter of the metal microparticle 3 be an area average diameter when 100 arbitrary metal microparticles 3 are measured.
- the spherical metal fine particles 3 are spheres and metal fine particles close to a sphere, and the ratio of the average major axis to the average minor axis is close to 1 or 1 (preferably 0.8 or more). Furthermore, the relationship between the major axis and the minor axis in each metal fine particle 3 is preferably in the range of major axis ⁇ minor axis ⁇ 1.35, more preferably in the range of major axis ⁇ minor axis ⁇ 1.25.
- the metal fine particle 3 is not a sphere (for example, a regular octahedron)
- the longest length of the metal fine particle 3 is defined as the long diameter of the metal fine particle 3
- the minimum length of the metal fine particle 3 is defined as the metal.
- the short diameter of the fine particles 3 the long diameter is further regarded as the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3.
- the particle diameter (D) of the metal fine particles 3 is in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm, preferably in the range of 3 nm to 80 nm, and the average particle diameter is 3 nm or more.
- the average particle diameter means an average value (median diameter) of the diameters of the metal fine particles 3.
- the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 exceeds 100 nm, it is difficult to obtain a sufficient localized surface plasmon resonance effect. Further, it is more preferable that the particle diameter D of 90 to 100% of the whole metal fine particles 3 is in the range of 10 nm to 80 nm.
- the nanocomposite 20 in which the maximum particle size of the metal fine particles 3 is about 50 to 60 nm or less even when the particle size distribution is relatively large, the interparticle distance of the metal fine particles 3 equal to or greater than the particle size described later. Therefore, it is easy to obtain a sharp absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance. Therefore, the nanocomposite 20 in which the maximum particle size of the metal fine particles 3 is about 50 to 60 nm or less is not particularly limited, and is a preferable embodiment.
- the nanocomposite 20 including the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter of 60 nm or more has a sharper absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance as the particle size distribution of the metal fine particles 3 becomes smaller. It is preferable to control the particle size distribution of the fine particles 3 to be small.
- the particle diameter D when the metal fine particles 3 are not spherical is preferably Is 30 nm or less, more preferably 20 nm or less, and still more preferably 10 nm or less.
- the shape of the individual metal fine particles 3 present in the matrix resin 1 is preferably 80% or more of the whole, more preferably 90%, compared to the shape of the metal fine particles 3. % Or more of the same shape is preferable, and a relatively same shape is particularly preferable.
- metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm may be present, and such a nanocomposite 20 is not particularly problematic because it hardly affects the localized surface plasmon resonance.
- the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm are preferably 10 parts by weight or less, more preferably when the metal fine particles 3 are silver fine particles with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the metal fine particles 3 in the nanocomposite 20.
- the amount is preferably 1 part by weight or less.
- the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm can be detected by, for example, an XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analyzer or an EDX (energy dispersive X-ray) analyzer.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray
- the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles 3 is 3 nm or more, preferably 5 nm or more and 50 nm or less.
- the intensity of the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance tends to be small.
- the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 is preferably in the range of 10 nm to 80 nm.
- the existence ratio of the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D in the range of 1 nm or more and less than 10 nm is observed by cross-sectional observation of the matrix resin 1 using, for example, a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- the total of 3 is preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, and still more preferably less than 1%.
- the existence ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D in the range of 1 nm or more and less than 10 nm by the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all the metal fine particles 3. It is.
- the total cross-sectional area of the metal fine particles 3 observed completely independently is preferably 90% or more, more preferably, with respect to the total cross-sectional area of all the metal fine particles 3 observed. 95% or more, more preferably 99% or more.
- the particle size distribution of the metal fine particles 3 is within a range in which the relationship between the maximum particle size (Dmax) and the minimum particle size (Dmin) satisfies (1/3 ⁇ Dmax) ⁇ (1 ⁇ Dmin). Preferably there is. Further, since the particle diameter D of the metal fine particle 3 is closely related to the thickness (T ′) of the metal fine particle layer 5, the relationship between the thickness T ′ (nm) of the metal fine particle layer 5 and the maximum particle diameter Dmax is It is preferable to be within the range of (1/2 ⁇ T ′) ⁇ (1 ⁇ Dmax).
- the metal fine particles 3 are not in contact with each other, and are present at an interval equal to or larger than the larger particle size of the adjacent metal fine particles.
- an interval between adjacent metal fine particles 3 (inter-particle distance) L is the particle size of the fine metal particles 3 larger in adjacent metal fine particles 3 D L or more (L ⁇ D L).
- the relationship between the larger particle diameter D L and the smaller particle diameter D S in adjacent metal fine particles 3 may be D L ⁇ D S.
- the upper limit of the interparticle distance L is preferably controlled by the lower limit value of the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3.
- the proportion of the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of 50 nm or more in the nanocomposite 20 is preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, and still more preferably 99% with respect to the total metal fine particles.
- the existence ratio here is calculated by dividing the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of 50 nm or more by the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all the metal fine particles.
- the metal fine particles 3 may be three-dimensionally dispersed inside the matrix resin 1. That is, when observing the film-like matrix resin 1 of a cross-section in the thickness direction in nanocomposite 20, as shown in FIG. 6, a large number of fine metal particles 3 at a distance L between the particle diameter D L or more particles Vertical It is in a state of being scattered in the direction and the horizontal direction. Further, opened when observing a cross section parallel to the surface of the matrix resin 1 in nanocomposite 20, although not shown, a number of fine metal particles 3 inside the matrix resin 1 the distance L between the particle diameter D L or more particles Scattered and diffused state is observed.
- the metal fine particles 3 are single particles interspersed with a distance L between the particles having a particle diameter D L or more.
- single particle means that each metal fine particle 3 in the matrix resin 1 is present independently, and does not include an aggregate of a plurality of particles (aggregated particles). That is, the single particle does not include aggregated particles in which a plurality of metal fine particles are aggregated by intermolecular force.
- aggregated particles clearly confirm that a plurality of individual metal fine particles gather together to form one aggregate when observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), for example. Say things.
- the metal fine particles 3 in the nanocomposite 20 are also understood as metal fine particles formed by aggregation of metal atoms generated by heat reduction due to their chemical structure. Such metal fine particles are formed by metal bonds of metal atoms. Since it is considered to be formed, it is distinguished from agglomerated particles in which a plurality of particles are aggregated, and is confirmed as one independent metal fine particle 3 when observed with, for example, a transmission electron microscope (TEM). .
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- particles dispersed in agglomerated particles or the particle diameter D L less inter-particle distance L means that 10% or less.
- the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance becomes broad or unstable, so that the detection accuracy is high when used for applications such as sensors. Is difficult to obtain.
- the aggregated particles or the particles dispersed at the inter-particle distance L equal to or smaller than the particle diameter D L exceeds 10%, the control of the particle diameter D becomes extremely difficult.
- the metal fine particles 3 are provided inside the matrix resin 1. It is preferable that they are dispersed almost two-dimensionally. In other words, 90% or more of the entire metal fine particles are dispersed in the plane direction parallel to the surface S in the depth range within 100 nm from the surface S of the matrix resin 1 to form the metal fine particle layer 5. In the metal fine particle layer 5, it is preferable that only one metal fine particle 3 having a particle diameter D in the range of 10 nm to 80 nm exists in the depth direction.
- the particle diameter D is within the range of 10 nm to 80 nm inside the matrix resin 1 (or the surface S).
- FIG. 5 when a cross-section in the depth direction of the matrix resin 1 is observed, a large number of metal fine particles 3 are scattered with a distance L between the particles, and a diffused state is observed.
- a large number of metal fine particles 3 having a diameter D in the range of 10 nm to 80 nm are almost completely independent of each other within the range of the metal fine particle layer 5 (although there is some variation, there are almost one row). It will be in a scattered state.
- a scanning electron microscope (SEM) provided with a sputtering function can be used as a method of observing a cross section parallel to the surface S of the matrix resin 1.
- the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3 in the matrix resin 1 is preferably 0.05 to 23% with respect to the nanocomposite 20.
- the “volume fraction” is a value indicating the total volume of the metal fine particles 3 occupying per certain volume of the nanocomposite 20 as a percentage.
- the metal fine particles 3 interact with light to generate localized surface plasmon resonance.
- the wavelength range in which localized surface plasmon resonance occurs varies depending on the particle diameter D, particle shape, metal species, interparticle distance L, refractive index of the matrix resin 1 and the like of the metal fine particles 3, but for example, depending on light having a wavelength of 380 nm or more
- localized surface plasmon resonance is induced.
- At least a part of the metal fine particles 3 includes a part embedded in the matrix resin 1 and a part exposed to the outside of the matrix resin 1 (exposed part 3a). Is fixed.
- the metal fine particle 3 By providing the metal fine particle 3 with a portion embedded in the matrix resin 1, the metal fine particle 3 can be firmly fixed to the matrix resin 1 by an anchor effect. Further, the metal fine particles 3 are provided with the exposed portion 3a, whereby the binding chemical species 7 can be fixed thereto. Therefore, it is preferable that all the metal fine particles 3 fixed to the matrix resin 1 have the exposed portion 3a and have the binding chemical species 7 fixed thereto. There may be metal fine particles 3 that are embedded and to which the binding chemical species 7 is not fixed.
- the ratio of the metal fine particles 3 having the exposed portion 3a for example, the total area ratio of the exposed portion 3a to the surface area of the matrix resin 1 is preferably 0.1 to 20%.
- the binding chemical species 7 fixed to the metal fine particle 3 has a functional group that interacts with a specific substance.
- the binding chemical species 7 will be described in detail.
- the binding chemical species 7 includes a functional group X that can bind to, for example, the metal fine particles 3 and a functional group Y that interacts with a specific substance such as a detection target molecule. Can be defined.
- the binding chemical species 7 is not limited to a single molecule but also includes a substance such as a complex composed of two or more components.
- the bonding chemical species 7 is fixed by bonding with the metal fine particles 3 by the functional group X at the exposed portion 3 a of the metal fine particles 3.
- the bond between the functional group X and the metal fine particle 3 means, for example, a chemical bond, a physical bond such as adsorption, or the like.
- the interaction between the functional group Y and a specific substance means, for example, a physical bond such as a chemical bond or adsorption, or a partial or total change (modification or desorption) of the functional group Y. .
- the functional group X possessed by the binding chemical species 7 is a functional group that can be immobilized on the surface of the metal fine particle 3, and may be a functional group that is immobilized by chemical bonding with the surface of the metal fine particle 3, or is immobilized by adsorption. It may be a functional group obtained.
- Examples of such a functional group X include —SH, —NH 2 , —NH 3 X (where X is a halogen atom), —COOH, —Si (OCH 3 ) 3 , —Si (OC 2 H 5 ) 3 , —SiCl 3 , —SCOCH 3 and other monovalent groups, and —S 2 — and —S 4 — and the like. Of these, those containing a sulfur atom such as a mercapto group, sulfide group or disulfide group are preferred.
- the functional group Y possessed by the binding chemical species 7 is removed by a substituent capable of binding to an inorganic compound such as a metal or metal oxide, or an organic compound such as DNA or protein, for example, an acid or an alkali. Examples thereof include a leaving group that can be separated. Examples of the functional group Y capable of such interaction include —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 3 X (where R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and X is a halogen atom).
- binding species 7 include 2-amino-1,3,5-triazine-4,6-dithiol, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol, 2-amino-5- Trifluoromethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 5-amino-2-mercaptobenzimidazole, 6-amino-2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 4-amino-6-mercaptopyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine, 2-amino-4-methoxybenzothiazole, 2-amino-4-phenyl-5-tetradecylthiazole, 2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole, 4 -Amino-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol, 2-amino-6- (methylsulfonyl) benzothiazole, 2- Mino-4-methylthiazole, 2-amino-5-
- the space between the functional group X and the functional group Y is an atom selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, and a nitrogen atom. It may have a linear, branched, or cyclic chemical structure having a number of 2 to 20, preferably 2 to 15, more preferably 2 to 10, and may be a single molecular species. It may be designed using two or more molecular species.
- the thickness of the monomolecular film (or monomolecular layer) formed by the binding chemical species 7 is about 1.3 nm to 3 nm.
- the binding chemical species 7 having an alkane chain having 11 to 20 carbon atoms as the molecular skeleton is preferable, and is fixed to the surface of the metal fine particle 3 by the functional group X, and the long alkane chain extends almost perpendicularly from this surface.
- the monomolecular film (or monomolecular layer) is formed, it is considered that the surface of the formed monomolecular film (or monomolecular layer) can be filled with the functional group Y.
- a known thiol compound applied as a reagent for forming a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) can be suitably used.
- the nanocomposite 20 having the above-described configuration is used for applications such as affinity biosensors by causing the binding chemical species 7 to function as a ligand having specific binding properties to the detection target substance (analyte). It can.
- a nanocomposite 20 having a ligand 7 ⁇ / b> A as a binding chemical species 7 is prepared at the exposed portion 3 a of the metal fine particle 3.
- the ligand 7A has a specific binding property to the analyte 30.
- the sample containing the analyte 30 and the non-detection target substance 40 is brought into contact with the nanocomposite 20 in which the ligand 7 ⁇ / b> A is bound to the metal fine particle 3, whereby the analyte 30, the ligand 7 ⁇ / b> A, Specific binding occurs between the two.
- the non-detection target substance 40 that does not have specific binding property to the ligand 7A does not bind to the ligand 7A.
- the nanocomposite 20 to which the analyte 30 is bonded via the ligand 7A is more localized than the nanocomposite 20 to which only the ligand 7A is bonded without the analyte 30 being bonded.
- the analyte 30 in the sample can be detected with high sensitivity by measuring the change in the absorption spectrum of the localized surface plasmon resonance.
- An affinity biosensor using localized surface plasmon resonance does not require the use of a labeling substance, and can be used in a wide range of fields as a biosensing technique with a simple configuration.
- the production of the nanocomposite 20 includes (1) a process for forming a metal ion (or metal salt) -containing resin film, (2) a reduction process, (3) an etching process, and (4) an immobilization process for the binding chemical species 7.
- the matrix resin 1 is composed of a polyimide resin will be described as a representative example.
- a polyamic acid resin film (or polyamic acid resin layer) containing metal ions (or metal salts) is prepared.
- the polyamic acid resin film (or polyamic acid resin layer) containing a metal ion (or metal salt) can be prepared, for example, by any one of the following casting methods or alkali modifying methods.
- the casting method is a method of forming a polyamic acid resin film by casting a polyamic acid resin solution containing a polyamic acid resin on an arbitrary substrate, and any of the following (I) to (III): A polyamic acid resin film containing metal ions (or metal salts) can be formed by the method.
- metal ions or metal salts
- metal ions are added to the polyamic acid resin film.
- a method of impregnating a contained solution hereinafter also referred to as “metal ion solution”.
- III A method of impregnating a polyamic acid resin film containing a metal ion (or metal salt) formed by the method (I) with a solution containing a metal ion (or metal salt).
- the cast method is more advantageous than the alkali modification method described later in that the thickness of the metal fine particle layer 5 and the matrix resin 1 can be easily controlled, and that the cast method is not particularly limited and can be easily applied. It is.
- the advantage of the method (I) is that the content of the metal compound in the polyamic acid resin solution can be easily adjusted, so that the amount of metal contained in the nanocomposite 20 can be easily adjusted, and the particle diameter
- the nanocomposite 20 containing the metal fine particles 3 having a relatively large D exceeding 30 nm can be easily prepared. That is, in the method (I), for example, the particle diameter D can be controlled within a range of 30 nm to 100 nm.
- the advantage of the method (II) is that the polyamic acid resin film is impregnated in a state in which the metal ions (or metal salts) are uniformly dissolved, and the polyamic acid resin film is converted from the state of the metal ions (or metal salts). Among them, since there is little variation and the particles are uniformly dispersed, the nanocomposite 20 containing the metal fine particles 3 having a relatively small particle size distribution can be produced.
- the base material used in the casting method when the nanocomposite 20 is peeled off from the base material and used for a sensor or the like, or the base material is attached to the nanocomposite 20, the localized surface plasmon resonance of the light reflection system is used. If you do, there are no particular restrictions.
- the base material is preferably light-transmitting, for example, a glass substrate or a transparent synthetic resin substrate. Etc. can be used.
- the transparent synthetic resin include polyimide resin, PET resin, acrylic resin, MS resin, MBS resin, ABS resin, polycarbonate resin, silicone resin, siloxane resin, and epoxy resin.
- the polyamic acid resin that is a precursor of the polyimide resin (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “precursor”)
- a known polyamic acid resin obtained from a known acid anhydride and diamine can be used.
- the polyamic acid resin can be obtained by, for example, dissolving tetracarboxylic dianhydride and diamine in an organic solvent in approximately equimolar amounts and stirring them at a temperature in the range of 0 to 100 ° C. for 30 minutes to 24 hours for polymerization reaction. It is done.
- the reaction components are preferably dissolved so that the resulting polyamic acid resin is in the range of 5 to 30% by weight, preferably in the range of 10 to 20% by weight, in the organic solvent.
- the organic solvent used in the polymerization reaction it is preferable to use a polar one.
- the organic polar solvent include N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-2 -Pyrrolidone, 2-butanone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfate, cyclohexanone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diglyme, triglyme and the like. Two or more of these solvents can be used in combination, and some aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene can also be used.
- the synthesized polyamic acid resin is used in the form of a solution. Usually, it is advantageous to use as a reaction solvent solution, but if necessary, it can be concentrated, diluted or replaced with another organic solvent. The solution thus prepared can be used as a coating solution by adding a metal compound.
- the polyamic acid resin is preferably selected so that the polyimide resin after imidization contains a thermoplastic or low thermal expansion polyimide resin.
- a polyimide resin the heat resistant resin which consists of a polymer which has an imide group in structures, such as a polyimide, a polyamideimide, a polybenzimidazole, a polyimide ester, a polyetherimide, a polysiloxaneimide, can be mentioned, for example.
- the diamine preferably used for the preparation of the polyamic acid resin is the same as that exemplified in the first embodiment.
- the acid anhydride suitably used for the preparation of the polyamic acid resin is the same as that exemplified in the first embodiment.
- diamine and acid anhydride may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- diamines and acid anhydrides other than those described above can be used in combination.
- thermoplastic polyimide precursor resin varnish SPI-200N (trade name) and SPI-300N (trade name) manufactured by Nippon Steel Chemical Co., Ltd.
- SPI-1000G (trade name)
- Torenice # 3000 (trade name) manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.
- Examples of the polyamic acid resin solution used as a precursor of the non-thermoplastic polyimide resin include U-Varnish-A (trade name), U-Vanice-A, which is a non-thermoplastic polyimide precursor resin varnish manufactured by Ube Industries, Ltd. Varnish-S (trade name) and the like.
- a charge transfer (CT) complex between molecules and molecules is used as a polyimide resin that exhibits transparency or colorlessness.
- CT charge transfer
- a hard-to-form material such as an aromatic polyimide resin having a bulky three-dimensional structure substituent, an alicyclic polyimide resin, a fluorine-based polyimide resin, or a silicon-based polyimide resin.
- the coating solution containing the polyamic acid resin and the metal compound prepared by the above method (I) metal ions generated by dissociation of the metal compound by the metal species are three-dimensionally formed between the polyamic acid resin and the polyamic acid resin.
- the crosslinking formation reaction may occur.
- the thickening and gelation of the coating solution proceed with the passage of time, which may make it difficult to use the coating solution.
- the viscosity modifier and the metal ion form a chelate complex instead of the metal ion in the coating solution forming a chelate complex with the polyamic acid resin.
- the viscosity modifier blocks the three-dimensional cross-linking between the polyamic acid resin and the metal ions, and suppresses thickening and gelation.
- the same one as in the first embodiment can be used.
- the compounding amount of the metal compound in the coating solution is in the range of 3 to 80 parts by weight, preferably in the range of 20 to 60 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total of the polyamic acid resin, the metal compound and the viscosity modifier.
- the salt may precipitate or the metal fine particles 3 may easily aggregate.
- the particle diameter D of the formed metal fine particles 3 may be 100 nm or more, and localized surface plasmon resonance may not be generated.
- a leveling agent, an antifoaming agent, an adhesion-imparting agent, a crosslinking agent, etc. can be blended as optional components other than the above components.
- the method of applying a coating solution containing a metal compound or a polyamic acid resin solution not containing metal ions (or metal salts) is not particularly limited, and may be applied by a coater such as a comma, die, knife, lip or the like.
- a coater such as a comma, die, knife, lip or the like.
- a spin coater, a gravure coater, and a bar coater that can uniformly form a coating film (or polyamic acid resin film) and that can easily control the thickness of the matrix resin 1 with high accuracy are used. Is preferred.
- the metal ion solution used in the above method (II) preferably contains a metal compound in the range of 30 to 300 mM, and more preferably in the range of 50 to 100 mM. If the concentration of the metal compound is less than 30 mM, it takes too much time to impregnate the polyamic acid resin film with the metal ion solution, and if it exceeds 300 mM, the surface of the polyamic acid resin film may be corroded (dissolved). .
- the metal ion solution can contain, in addition to the metal compound, components for the purpose of pH adjustment such as a buffer solution.
- the method of impregnating the metal ion solution can be performed in the same manner as in the first embodiment.
- the polyamic acid resin film may be a single layer or a laminated structure formed from a plurality of polyamic acid resin films. In the case of a plurality of layers, other polyamic acid resins can be sequentially applied on the polyamic acid resin layer composed of different components. When the polyamic acid resin layer is composed of three or more layers, the polyamic acid resin having the same configuration may be used twice or more. Two layers or a single layer, in particular a single layer, having a simple layer structure can be advantageously obtained industrially.
- a polyamic acid resin film is further formed thereon. It is also possible to form In this case, in order to improve the adhesion between the polyimide resin layer and the polyamic acid resin film layer, the surface of the polyimide resin layer is preferably surface-treated with plasma. By this surface treatment with plasma, the surface of the polyimide resin layer can be roughened or the chemical structure of the surface can be changed. As a result, the wettability of the surface of the polyimide resin layer is improved, the affinity with the polyamic acid resin solution is increased, and the polyamic acid resin film can be stably held on the surface.
- the alkali reforming method can be performed in the same manner as in the first embodiment.
- the thickness of the alkali treatment layer formed by alkali treatment is preferably in the range of 1/5000 to 1/2 of the thickness of the polyimide film, and more preferably in the range of 1/3000 to 1/5.
- the thickness of the alkali treatment layer is in the range of 0.005 to 3.0 ⁇ m, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 2.0 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 ⁇ m. Good. By setting the thickness within such a range, it is advantageous for forming the metal fine particles 3.
- the thickness of the alkali treatment layer is less than the lower limit (0.005 ⁇ m), it is difficult to sufficiently impregnate metal ions.
- the treatment with an alkaline aqueous solution of polyimide resin tends to cause dissolution of the outermost layer portion of the polyimide resin simultaneously with the opening of the imide ring of the polyimide resin, so it is difficult to exceed the upper limit (3.0 ⁇ m). is there.
- the thickness of the alkali-treated layer formed by the alkali treatment is preferably in the range of 1/5000 to 1/20 of the thickness of the polyimide film, and 1/500 A range of ⁇ 1 / 50 is more preferable.
- the thickness of the alkali treatment layer is in the range of 20 nm to 150 nm, preferably in the range of 50 nm to 150 nm, and more preferably in the range of 100 nm to 120 nm. By setting the thickness within such a range, it is advantageous for forming the metal fine particles 3.
- metal ions May be adsorbed to a carboxyl group or may form a complex due to the interaction between the polyamic acid resin and the carboxyl group of the polyamic acid resin.
- Such a phenomenon acts to homogenize the concentration distribution of metal ions in the metal ion-containing polyamic acid resin layer, so that uneven distribution and aggregation of the metal fine particles 3 precipitated in the matrix resin 1 are prevented, and a uniform shape is obtained. This has the effect of precipitating the metal fine particles 3 with a uniform distribution.
- the metal ion-containing polyamic acid resin layer obtained as described above is preferably heat treated at 140 ° C. or higher, more preferably within the range of 160 to 450 ° C., and even more preferably within the range of 200 to 400 ° C.
- the metal ions (or metal salt) are reduced to deposit the metal fine particles 3. If the heat treatment temperature is less than 140 ° C., metal ions (or metal salts) are not sufficiently reduced, and it may be difficult to make the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles 3 equal to or more than the above-mentioned lower limit (3 nm).
- the heat treatment temperature is less than 140 ° C.
- the thermal diffusion in the matrix resin 1 of the metal fine particles 3 precipitated by the reduction may not occur sufficiently.
- the heat treatment temperature is less than 140 ° C.
- imidation of the polyimide resin precursor may be insufficient, and an imidization step by heating may be necessary again.
- the heat treatment temperature exceeds 450 ° C.
- the matrix resin 1 is decomposed by heat, and new absorption due to decomposition of the matrix resin 1 other than absorption derived from localized surface plasmon resonance is likely to occur.
- the interval between the metal fine particles 3 is reduced, an interaction between the adjacent metal fine particles 3 is likely to occur, which causes a broad absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance.
- the heat treatment time can be determined according to the target interparticle distance, and further according to the heat treatment temperature and the content of metal ions (or metal salts) contained in the metal ion-containing polyamic acid layer.
- the heat treatment temperature is 200 ° C., it can be set within a range of 10 to 180 minutes, and when the heating temperature is 400 ° C., it can be set within a range of 1 to 60 minutes.
- the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L of the metal fine particles 3 can be controlled by the heating temperature and heating time in the reduction step, the content of metal ions (or metal salts) contained in the matrix resin 1 (or its precursor), and the like.
- the heating temperature and the heating time in the heat reduction are constant and the absolute amount of the metal ion (or metal salt) contained in the matrix resin 1 (or its precursor) is different, The knowledge that the particle diameter D of the metal fine particle 3 to precipitate differs was acquired.
- the matrix resin 1 when performing heating reduction without control of the heating temperature and heating time, and that there may be less than the larger particle diameter D L of the metal fine particles 3 adjacent inter-particle distance L, the matrix resin 1 It has also been found that the metal fine particles 3 may agglomerate on the surface to form islands.
- the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 can be controlled by controlling the heating temperature, and that the interparticle distance L can be controlled by controlling the heating time.
- the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 can be controlled by controlling the heating temperature, and that the interparticle distance L can be controlled by controlling the heating time.
- the particle size D is about 9 nm (average particle size: about 9 nm) by treatment at 200 ° C. for 10 minutes, about 13 nm (average particle size: about 13 nm) by treatment at 300 ° C. for 3 minutes, and 1 minute at 400 ° C.
- the distance between adjacent metal gold fine particles is equal to or larger than the particle diameter of the larger metal gold fine particles in the adjacent metal gold fine particles (in most cases, approximately 15 nm (average particle diameter; about 15 nm)).
- a nanocomposite was formed in a state close to the particle diameter D). Based on such an example, the nanocomposite 20 satisfying the above requirements can be formed by further controlling the thickness of the metal fine particle layer 5 within the above range.
- the heat treatment in the reduction process can be performed in a plurality of steps.
- the interparticle distance control process of holding until the distance L falls within a predetermined range can be performed.
- the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L can be controlled more precisely by adjusting the first and second heating temperatures and the heating time.
- the reason why heat reduction is adopted as the reduction method is that the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L can be controlled relatively easily by controlling the reduction treatment conditions (particularly the heating temperature and the heating time), and from the lab scale to the production scale.
- the heat reduction can be performed, for example, in an inert gas atmosphere such as Ar or N 2 , in a vacuum of 1 to 5 KPa, or in the air.
- gas phase reduction using a reducing gas such as hydrogen or light (ultraviolet) reduction is not suitable.
- the metal fine particles 3 do not exist in the vicinity of the surface of the matrix resin 1, the thermal decomposition of the matrix resin 1 is promoted by the reducing gas, and it becomes difficult to control the particle interval of the metal fine particles 3. Further, in the photoreduction, the density of the metal fine particles 3 tends to vary near the surface and in the deep part due to the light transmittance derived from the matrix resin 1, and the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L of the metal fine particles 3 can be controlled. It is difficult and the reduction efficiency is low.
- the process from the precipitation of the metal fine particles 3 to the imidization can be performed in one pot, and the production process can be performed. It can be simplified.
- metal ions (or metal salts) present in the matrix resin 1 can be reduced, and individual metal fine particles 3 can be precipitated in an independent state by thermal diffusion.
- the metal fine particles 3 thus formed have a substantially uniform shape while maintaining a certain inter-particle distance L, and the metal fine particles 3 are uniformly distributed in the matrix resin 1.
- the metal ion (or metal salt) in the metal ion-containing polyamic acid resin layer is adsorbed on the carboxyl group of the polyamic acid resin or forms a complex
- the shape and particle size of the metal fine particles 3 A nanocomposite 20 in which D is homogenized and the metal fine particles 3 are uniformly deposited and dispersed in the matrix resin 1 at a substantially uniform inter-particle distance L can be obtained.
- the structural unit of the resin constituting the matrix resin 1 or by controlling the absolute amount of metal ions (or metal salts) and the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3, the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 and The distribution state of the metal fine particles 3 in the matrix resin 1 can also be controlled.
- Etching process In the etching step, a part of the metal fine particles 3 present in the matrix resin 1 of the nanocomposite 20 is exposed from the surface of the matrix resin 1. For example, in the nanocomposite 20, the surface layer of the matrix resin 1 on the side where the metal fine particles 3 are to be exposed is removed by etching.
- the etching method include a wet etching method using a hydrazide-based solution or an alkali solution, and a dry etching method using plasma treatment.
- the matrix resin 1 that can be suitably used for etching with an alkaline solution
- the matrix resin 1 that can be suitably used for etching by plasma is, for example, a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —O—, from the viewpoint of high reactivity with a plasma state gas.
- a halogen atom such as —S—, —SO—, —NH—, —CO—, —CN, —P ⁇ O, —PO—, —SO 2 —, —CONH—, —SO 3 H It is desirable to do.
- a matrix resin 1 having a high water absorption rate as in the case of etching with an alkaline solution, and the water absorption rate is preferably 0.1% or more, more preferably 0.2% or more. It is good that it is.
- the bonding chemical species 7 is immobilized on the surface of the exposed portion 3a of the metal fine particle 3 exposed to the outside of the matrix resin 1.
- the immobilization step can be performed by bringing the binding chemical species 7 into contact with the surface of the exposed portion 3 a of the metal fine particle 3.
- Solvents for dissolving the bonding chemical species 7 include water, hydrocarbon alcohols having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, tert-butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, etc.
- Hydrocarbon ketones having 3 to 6 carbon atoms such as acetone, propanone, methyl ethyl ketone, pentanone, hexanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, etc.
- hydrocarbon ethers having 4 to 12 carbon atoms such as diethyl ether, ethylene C3-7 hydrocarbon esters such as glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, etc.
- Amides having 3 to 6 carbon atoms such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetramethylurea, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, 2 carbon atoms, such as ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, diethyl malonate, etc.
- a sulfoxide compound such as dimethyl sulfoxide, a halogen-containing compound having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as chloromethane, bromomethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,4-dichlorobutane,
- a hydrocarbon compound having 4 to 8 carbon atoms such as trichloroethane, chlorobenzene, O-dichlorobenzene, etc., for example, butane, hexane, heptane, octane, benzene, toluene, xylene, etc. can be used, but is not limited thereto. It is not something.
- the concentration of the binding chemical species 7 in the treatment liquid is preferably 0.0001 to 1 M (mol / L), and the lower the concentration, the less the binding chemical species 7 adheres to the surface of the metal fine particles 3. Although it is considered advantageous in terms of the point, it is more preferably 0.05 to 0.005M when it is desired to obtain a sufficient film formation effect by the binding chemical species 7.
- the treatment liquid and the surface of the metal fine particles 3 may be in contact with the entire treatment surface, and the method is not limited, but it is preferable to uniformly contact the surface.
- the metal fine particles 3 having the exposed portion 3a may be immersed in the treatment liquid together with the matrix resin 1, or may be sprayed on the exposed portion 3a of the metal fine particles 3 in the matrix resin 1 by spraying or the like. You may apply by.
- the temperature of the treatment liquid at this time is preferably in the range of ⁇ 20 to 100 ° C., more preferably in the range of ⁇ 10 to 50 ° C.
- the immersion time is preferably set to 1 minute to 24 hours.
- an organic solvent capable of dissolving the bonding chemical species 7 can be used.
- the above-mentioned solvents can be used.
- a method for cleaning the surface of the metal fine particles 3 with an organic solvent in the cleaning step is not limited. It may be immersed in a solvent, may be sprayed off with a spray or the like, or may be wiped off by being soaked in a suitable base material. In this cleaning, the bonding chemical species 7 that are excessively attached to the surface of the metal fine particles 3 are dissolved and removed, but the entire bonding chemical species 7 must not be removed.
- the bonding chemical species 7 is washed away so that the film of the bonding chemical species 7 has a thickness of about a monomolecular film on the surface of the metal fine particles 3.
- a step of washing with water is first provided before the washing step, then the washing step is performed, and then a step of washing with water is further provided.
- the temperature of the solvent in the washing step at this time is preferably in the range of 0 to 100 ° C., more preferably 5 to 50 ° C.
- the washing time is preferably in the range of 1 to 1000 seconds, more preferably 3 to 600 seconds.
- the amount of the solvent used is preferably in the range of 1 to 500 L, more preferably 3 to 50 L, per 1 m 2 of the surface area of the nanocomposite 20.
- the alkaline aqueous solution used at this time preferably has a concentration of 10 to 500 mM (mmol / L) and a temperature of 0 to 50 ° C.
- the immersion time is preferably 5 seconds to 3 minutes.
- the nanocomposite 20 having the configuration shown in FIG. 5 can be manufactured.
- resin other than a polyimide resin (polyamic acid resin) as the matrix resin 1 it can manufacture according to the said manufacturing method.
- an optional step such as a patterning step can be performed.
- This step is, for example, between the reduction step (2) and the etching step (3), or between the etching step (3) and the bonding species fixing step (4). Furthermore, it can be performed at any timing after the step (4) of immobilizing the binding chemical species.
- the patterning can be performed, for example, by the following procedure by combining photolithography technology and etching.
- stacked the nanocomposite 20 on arbitrary base materials is prepared.
- the above-mentioned substrate can be used as the substrate.
- a resist liquid is apply
- the resist layer is exposed using a photomask having a predetermined pattern and developed to pattern the resist layer on the nanocomposite 20.
- a portion of the nanocomposite 20 not masked by the resist layer is removed by the same method as in the etching step described above. Etching can be performed until the substrate is exposed.
- a nanocomposite patterned on the substrate can be obtained by removing the resist layer.
- the nanocomposite thus patterned can be preferably applied to applications such as a multi-channel sensing device, a plasmon waveguide using a fine structure that expresses localized surface plasmon resonance, and a micro optical element.
- the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles was measured by preparing a cross section of the sample using a microtome (produced by Leica Co., Ltd., Ultra Cut UTC Ultra Microtome), and transmitting a transmission electron microscope (TEM; JEOL Co., Ltd., JEM- 2000EX). In addition, since it was difficult to observe the sample produced on the glass substrate by said method, it observed using what was produced on the polyimide film on the same conditions.
- the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles was the area average diameter.
- the exposed area diameter of the metal fine particles was measured by observing the surface of the sample with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM; manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation).
- the light transmittance was measured using ultraviolet / visible spectroscopic analysis (manufactured by JASCO Corporation, UV-vis V-550).
- the linear thermal expansion coefficient was measured using a thermomechanical analyzer (manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc.), heated to 250 ° C., held at that temperature for 10 minutes, then cooled at a rate of 5 ° C./minute, from 240 ° C. The average linear thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) up to 100 ° C. was determined.
- Synthesis example 1 In a 500 ml separable flask, 15.24 g of 2,2′-bis (trifluoromethyl) -4,4′-diaminobiphenyl (TFMB) 47.6 mmol was dissolved in 170 g of DMAc with stirring. Next, 14.76 g of 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) 47.6 mmol was added to the solution under a nitrogen stream, and the polymerization reaction was continued at room temperature for 4 hours to obtain a colorless viscous liquid. to obtain a polyamic acid resin solution S 1.
- ODPA 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride
- the resulting polyamic acid resin solution S 1 had a viscosity of 3251 cP (25 ° C.) as a result of measurement with an E-type viscometer (DV-II + Pro CP type, manufactured by Brookfield).
- the polyamic acid resin solution S 1 obtained was coated on a stainless steel substrate, it was dried 3 minutes at 125 ° C., further 2 minutes at 160 ° C., 30 minutes at 190 ° C., 30 minutes at 200 ° C., 220 ° C. For 3 minutes at 280 ° C., 320 ° C., 360 ° C. for 1 minute each to complete imidization and obtain a polyimide film laminated on a stainless steel substrate.
- the polyimide film was peeled from the stainless steel substrate, to obtain a polyimide film P 1 of 10 ⁇ m thickness.
- the film had a light transmittance of 95% at 400 nm and an average visible light transmittance of 96%. Moreover, the water absorption of this film was 0.35%.
- a test piece of alkali-free glass (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., AN-100) 10 cm ⁇ 10 cm (thickness 0.7 mm) was treated with a 5N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution at 50 ° C. for 5 minutes.
- the glass substrate of the test piece was washed with pure water, dried, and then immersed in a 1 wt% aqueous solution of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (hereinafter abbreviated as “ ⁇ -APS”).
- ⁇ -APS 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
- a test piece of 1 cm ⁇ 3 cm (thickness 0.7 mm) of alkali-free glass (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., AN-100) was treated with a 5N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution at 50 ° C. for 5 minutes.
- the glass substrate of the test piece was washed with pure water, dried, and then immersed in a 1% by weight ⁇ -APS aqueous solution.
- the glass substrate was taken out from the ⁇ -APS aqueous solution, dried, and heated at 150 ° C. for 5 minutes to produce a glass substrate G2.
- Example 1-1 0.522 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate dissolved in 17.33 g of DMAc was added to 2.67 g of the polyamic acid resin solution S 1 obtained in Synthesis Example 1, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere. As a result, a gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin solution was prepared. The obtained gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin solution was applied onto the glass substrate G1 of Preparation Example 1 using a spin coater (manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd., SPINCOATER 1H-DX2), then at 70 ° C. for 3 minutes and 130 ° C.
- a spin coater manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd., SPINCOATER 1H-DX2
- This gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin film was heat-treated at 400 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air to produce a red-colored metal gold particle-dispersed nanocomposite film 1-1 (thickness 30 nm).
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite film 1-1 were completely independent of each other, and were dispersed in a layered structure at intervals equal to or larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles.
- the characteristics of the metal gold fine particles formed in the film were as follows.
- Shape almost spherical, average particle size: about 20 nm, maximum particle size: about 26 nm, minimum particle size: about 12 nm, volume fraction relative to nanocomposite film 1-1; 3.96%, average value of interparticle distance; about 25 nm. Further, in the absorption spectrum of localized surface plasmon resonance by the metal gold particles of the nanocomposite film 1-1, an absorption peak having a peak top of 546 nm and a half-value width of 102 nm was observed.
- Example 1-2 0.522 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate dissolved in 17.33 g of DMAc was added to 2.67 g of the polyamic acid resin solution S 1 obtained in Synthesis Example 1, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere. As a result, a gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin solution was prepared. The obtained gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin solution was applied onto the glass substrate G1 of Preparation Example 1 using a spin coater (manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd., SPINCOATER 1H-DX2), then at 70 ° C. for 3 minutes and 130 ° C.
- a spin coater manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd., SPINCOATER 1H-DX2
- a gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin film having a thickness of 235 nm on a glass substrate.
- This gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin film was heat-treated at 400 ° C. for 120 minutes in the air to produce a metal gold particle-dispersed nanocomposite film 1-2 (thickness 140 nm) colored red.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite film 1-2 were completely independent of each other, and were dispersed in a layered structure at intervals equal to or larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles.
- the characteristics of the metal gold fine particles formed in the film were as follows.
- Shape Polyhedral and spherical particles mixed, average particle size: about 52 nm, maximum particle size: about 90 nm, minimum particle size: about 10 nm, volume fraction with respect to nanocomposite film 1-2; 3.96%, between particles Average distance: about 71 nm. Further, in the absorption spectrum of localized surface plasmon resonance by the metal gold particles of the nanocomposite film 1-2, an absorption peak having a peak top of 554 nm and a half-value width of 133 nm was observed.
- Example 1-3 In the same manner as in Example 1-1, a metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite film 1-3 (thickness 30 nm) colored red was produced.
- the region from the surface side of the nanocomposite film 3 to a thickness range of 7 nm is removed by plasma etching, and the nanocomposite is removed.
- Film 1-3 ′ was obtained. It was confirmed that a part of the metal gold fine particles was exposed on the surface side of the film. At this time, in the nanocomposite film 1-3 ', the total area fraction of the exposed portions of the metal gold fine particles with respect to the surface area of the nanocomposite film 1-3' was 5.1%.
- Example 1-4 In the same manner as in Example 1-2, a metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite film 1-4 (thickness 140 nm) colored red was produced.
- Nanocomposite film 1-4 ′ was obtained. It was confirmed that a part of the metal gold fine particles was exposed on the surface side of the film. At this time, in the nanocomposite film 1-4 ', the total area fraction of the exposed portions of the metal gold fine particles relative to the surface area of the nanocomposite film 1-4' was 5.4%.
- Example 1-5 In the same manner as in Example 1-1, a metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite film 1-5 (thickness 30 nm) was formed on a glass substrate.
- a positive liquid resist (OFPR-800LB manufactured by Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd.) is applied at a spin coat of 2600 rpm for 16 sec. And then dried at 90 ° C. for 90 seconds to form a resist film.
- the glass substrate 1-5a is treated with oxygen plasma to remove the nanocomposite film 1-5 in the region not masked with the resist layer, and the residue is removed as an etchant (trade name: AURUM-302, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.). Removed. Thereafter, the entire surface of the resist film was again exposed and dissolved using a developer to obtain a glass substrate 1-5b on which a fine pattern of the metal-gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite was formed. Evaluation of the fine pattern in the obtained glass substrate 1-5b was performed by microscopic observation (manufactured by Keyence Corporation, laser microscope, trade name: VK-8500), and formation of a line pattern of a minimum of 10 ⁇ m was confirmed.
- an etchant trade name: AURUM-302, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.
- Example 2-1 ⁇ Nanocomposite production process> Synthesis Example 1 obtained in the polyamic acid resin solution S 1 2.67 g, added chloroauric acid tetrahydrate of 0.174g dissolved in DMAc of 17.33 g, under a nitrogen atmosphere for 15 minutes at room temperature A gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin solution was prepared by stirring. The obtained gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin solution was applied onto the glass substrate G2 of Preparation Example 2 using a spin coater (manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd., SPINCOATER 1H-DX2), then at 70 ° C. for 3 minutes and 130 ° C.
- a spin coater manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd., SPINCOATER 1H-DX2
- This gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin film was heat-treated at 300 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air to prepare a metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite film 2-1 (thickness 30 nm) colored red.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite film 2-1 are completely independent from each other in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and the larger particle size of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was dispersed at the above intervals.
- the metal gold fine particles were also present within a thickness range of 0 nm to 50 nm from the surface side of the film.
- the characteristics of the metal gold fine particles formed in the film were as follows. Shape: almost spherical, average particle size: about 4.2 nm, minimum particle size: about 3.0 nm, maximum particle size: about 9.8 nm, volume fraction relative to nanocomposite film 2-1, 1.35%, interparticle Average distance: about 17.4 nm. Further, in the absorption spectrum of localized surface plasmon resonance by the metal gold fine particles of the nanocomposite film 2-1, an absorption peak having a peak top of 544 nm and a half width of 78 nm was observed.
- Nanocomposite film 2-1 ′ was obtained. It was confirmed that a part of the metal gold fine particles was exposed on the surface side of the film, and the average value of the exposed area diameter of the metal gold fine particles was about 3.8 nm. Further, the total area fraction of the exposed portions of the metal gold fine particles with respect to the surface area of the nanocomposite film 2-1 ′ at this time was 1.08%. Further, in the absorption spectrum of the localized surface plasmon resonance by the metal gold fine particles of the nanocomposite film 2-1 ′, an absorption peak having a peak top of 525 nm and a half width of 68 nm was observed.
- the nanocomposite film 2-1 ′ was immersed in a 1 mM ethanol solution of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (Shin-Etsu Silicone KBM-803), which is a binding chemical species, and treated at ⁇ 6 ° C. for 2 hours. Washed with ethanol. Subsequently, the nanocomposite film 2-1 was soaked in a 100 mM aqueous potassium hydroxide solution, treated at 23 ° C. for 30 seconds, washed with pure water, and a binding chemical species immobilized on the exposed portion of the metal gold fine particles. Was made.
- Reference example 1 An Au thin film having a thickness of about 20 nm was formed on one side of a test piece of alkali-free glass (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., AN-100) 1 cm ⁇ 3 cm (thickness 0.7 mm) using vacuum deposition. Next, in the same manner as in Example 2-1, treatment with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane was performed, followed by treatment with a colloidal silica solution. When the surface of the test piece prepared using FE-SEM was observed, it was observed that the silica nanoparticles were agglomerated in some places and fixed to the surface of the test piece in a non-uniform state.
- Example 2-2 In the same manner as in Example 2-1, nanocomposite film 2-2 ′ in which metal gold fine particles were partially exposed was obtained.
- the nanocomposite film 2-2 ′ was bonded to biotinylated thiol (trade name; FT003, chemical structural formula; HS— (CH 2 ) 11 —NH—C (O) — Biotin) was immersed in a 0.1 mM ethanol solution, treated at ⁇ 6 ° C. for 2 hours, and then washed with ethanol. Subsequently, after washing with phosphate buffered saline (mixed aqueous solution of 150 mM sodium chloride, 7.5 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate and 2.9 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate), it was immersed in phosphate buffered saline.
- phosphate buffered saline mixed aqueous solution of 150 mM sodium chloride, 7.5 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate and 2.9 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate
- a nanocomposite film 2-2 ′′ in which the binding chemical species was immobilized on the exposed portion of the metal gold fine particle was the peak top.
- the nanocomposite film 2-2 ′′ is immersed in the avidin solution of Preparation Example 4, stirred at 23 ° C. for 2 hours, washed with phosphate buffered saline, and then immersed in phosphate buffered saline. Then, avidin was adsorbed on the binding chemical species of the nanocomposite film 2-2 ′′. With respect to the absorption spectrum of this nanocomposite film 2-2 ′′ in phosphate buffered saline, an absorption peak with a peak top of 531 nm, a half width of 70 nm, and a peak top absorbance of 0.035 was observed.
- Example 2-3 Example 2-1 except that 0.522 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate was used instead of 0.174 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate in Example 2-1.
- a 50 nm-thick gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin film was formed on a glass substrate. This gold complex-containing polyamic acid resin film was heat-treated at 400 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air to produce a metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite film 2-3 (thickness 30 nm) colored red.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite film 2-3 were completely independent of each other, and were dispersed in a layered structure at intervals equal to or larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles.
- the characteristics of the metal gold fine particles formed in the film were as follows. Shape: almost spherical, average particle size: about 20 nm, minimum particle size: about 12 nm, maximum particle size: about 26 nm, volume fraction relative to nanocomposite film 3; 3.96%, average value of interparticle distance; about 25 nm. Further, in the absorption spectrum of localized surface plasmon resonance by the metal gold fine particles of the nanocomposite film 2-3, an absorption peak having a peak top of 546 nm and a half-value width of 102 nm was observed.
- Nanocomposite film 2-3 ′ in which metal gold fine particles were partially exposed was obtained.
- the average value of the exposed area diameter of the metal gold fine particles was about 17.9 nm.
- the total area fraction of the exposed portions of the metal gold fine particles with respect to the surface area of the nanocomposite film 2-3 'at this time was 5.1%.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 528 nm and a half width of 80 nm was observed.
- the nanocomposite film 2-3 ′ was treated with biotinylated thiol in the same manner as in Example 2-2 to obtain a nanocomposite film 2-3 ′′.
- Phosphorus of this nanocomposite film 2-3 ′′ was obtained.
- an absorption peak with a peak top of 534 nm, a half width of 80 nm, and a peak top absorbance of 0.131 was observed.
- the above-mentioned nanocomposite film 2-3 ′′ was treated with an avidin solution in the same manner as in Example 2-2.
- the absorption spectrum of this nanocomposite film 2-3 ′′ in phosphate buffered saline has a peak top.
- An absorption peak at 536 nm, a half width of 80 nm, and a peak top absorbance of 0.140 was observed.
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Abstract
Description
1)金属微粒子の大きさが所定の範囲内に制御されていること、
2)金属微粒子の形状が均一であること、
3)金属微粒子が隣り合う金属微粒子とある一定以上の粒子間隔を保った状態でお互いが離れていること、
4)金属微粒子複合体に対する金属微粒子の体積充填割合がある一定の範囲で制御されていること、
5)金属微粒子がマトリックスの表層部から存在するとともに、その厚さ方向にも所定の粒子間距離を保ちながら偏りなく分散していること、
などの構造的特性を金属微粒子複合体が備えていることが必要である。
1a)金属微粒子は、マトリックス樹脂又はその前駆体の樹脂に含まれる金属イオン又は金属塩を還元することによって得られたものである;
1b)全体の90%以上の金属微粒子の粒子径が、10nm~80nmの範囲内である;
1c)複数の金属微粒子が、前記マトリックス樹脂の表面から150nm以内の深さの範囲において、該表面と平行な面方向に分散して金属微粒子層を形成しており、かつ、該金属微粒子層において、前記1b)に規定する粒子径を有する金属微粒子が、前記深さ方向に一つのみ存在する;
1d)隣り合う金属微粒子の間隔が、隣り合う金属微粒子における大きい方の金属微粒子の粒子径以上である;
を備えている。
1e)金属微粒子は、380nm以上の波長の光と相互作用して局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を生じる;
を備えていてもよい。
2a)金属微粒子は、マトリックス樹脂又はその前駆体の樹脂に含まれる金属イオン又は金属塩を還元することによって得られたものである;
2b)金属微粒子の粒子径は、1nm~100nmの範囲内であり、平均粒子径は3nm以上である;
2c)金属微粒子は、各々の金属微粒子同士が接することなく、隣り合う金属微粒子における粒子径が大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で存在する;
2d)少なくとも一部分の金属微粒子は、マトリックス樹脂に埋包された部位と、マトリックス樹脂の外部に露出した部位とを備えており、該露出した部位に結合化学種が固定されている;及び
2e)金属微粒子に固定された結合化学種は、特定の物質と相互作用する官能基を有している;
を備えている。
まず、本発明の第1の実施の形態に係る金属微粒子複合体及びその製造方法について説明する。
<ナノコンポジット>
図1は、本実施の形態に係る金属微粒子複合体としての金属微粒子分散ナノコンポジット(以下、単に「ナノコンポジット」ともいう)10の厚み方向の断面構造を模式的に示している。ナノコンポジット10は、マトリックス樹脂1と、該マトリックス樹脂1に固定された金属微粒子3とを備えている。図2は、ナノコンポジット10の面方向の断面構造を模式的に示しており、図3は、金属微粒子3を拡大して説明する図面である。
マトリックス樹脂1は、全体がフィルム状に形成されていてもよいし、樹脂フィルムの一部分として形成されていてもよい。金属微粒子3は、マトリックス樹脂1の表面S(ナノコンポジット10の表面)と平行な面方向に、一定の厚みを有する層状に分散して金属微粒子層5を形成している。金属微粒子層5の厚みTは、金属微粒子3の粒子径Dによっても異なるが、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を利用する用途においては、例えば20nm~150nmの範囲内が好ましく、30nm~120nmの範囲内がより好ましい。ここで、「金属微粒子層5の厚み」とは、図1に示すように、マトリックス樹脂1の厚み方向の断面において、最も上(表面S側)に位置する金属微粒子3(ただし、前記1bに規定する粒子径を有するもの)の上端から、最も下(深部)に位置する金属微粒子3(ただし、前記1bに規定する粒子径を有するもの)の下端までの範囲の厚さ、を意味する。
本実施の形態のナノコンポジット10において、金属微粒子3は、以下に示す1a)~1d)の要件を具備するものである。
図1では、金属微粒子3は、マトリックス樹脂1に埋包されて存在するが、例えばエッチングによって、マトリックス樹脂1の表層を剥離することによって、図4に示したナノコンポジット10aのように、マトリックス樹脂1の新たな表面Sからその一部分が露出した状態を作ることができる。この状態では、金属微粒子3の下部は、マトリックス樹脂1に埋まって固定されており、金属微粒子3の上部は、マトリックス樹脂1の表面Sに露出して露出部位3aを形成している。このような形態とすることにより、例えば金属微粒子3の露出部の変化に伴う吸収スペクトルのシフトを検出することができる。このような機能を利用して、例えば媒質の屈折率を検出するようなこともでき、また金属微粒子3への物質の吸着や堆積を検出することができるようになる。また、本実施の形態として、マトリックス樹脂1がフィルム状(又は樹脂フィルムの一部として形成されてなるもの)であるので、曲面形状を含む任意の形状に対してもその適用が可能となる。
次に、本実施の形態のナノコンポジット10の製造方法について説明する。ナノコンポジット10の製造は、(1)金属イオン(又は金属塩)含有樹脂膜の形成工程、(2)還元工程、を含み、さらに、任意工程として、(3)エッチング工程を含むことができる。ここでは、代表的にマトリックス樹脂1がポリイミド樹脂により構成される場合について説明を行う。
まず、金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂(又はポリアミド酸樹脂層)を準備する。金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂膜(又はポリアミド酸樹脂層)は、例えば以下に挙げるキャスト法又はアルカリ改質法のいずれかの方法で調製できる。
キャスト法は、ポリアミド酸樹脂を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂溶液を任意の基材上にキャストすることによりポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成する方法であるが、以下の(I)~(III)のいずれかの方法によって、金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成することができる。
(I)ポリアミド酸と金属化合物とを含有する塗布液を任意の基材上にキャストすることにより金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成する方法。
(II)金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有しないポリアミド酸樹脂溶液を任意の基材上にキャストしてポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成した後に、該ポリアミド酸樹脂膜に金属イオン(又は金属化合物)を含有する溶液(以下、「金属イオン溶液」とも記す)を含浸させる方法。
(III)上記の(I)の方法によって形成した、金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂膜に、更に金属イオン溶液を含浸させる方法。
アルカリ改質法は、ポリイミドフィルムの表面をアルカリ改質してポリアミド酸樹脂層を形成した後に、該ポリアミド酸樹脂層に金属イオン溶液を含浸させる方法である。なお、使用するポリイミド樹脂としては、上記キャスト法と同様であるため、説明を省略する。
還元工程では、上記のようにして得られた金属イオン含有ポリアミド酸層を、好ましくは140℃以上、より好ましくは160~450℃の範囲内、更に好ましくは200~400℃の範囲内で熱処理することにより金属イオン(又は金属塩)を還元して金属微粒子3を析出させる。熱処理温度が140℃未満では、金属イオン(又は金属塩)の還元が十分に行われず、金属微粒子3の粒子径を前述の下限(10nm)以上にすることが困難となる場合がある。また、熱処理温度が140℃未満では、還元によって析出した金属微粒子3のマトリックス樹脂1中での熱拡散が十分に起こらない場合がある。さらに、熱処理温度が140℃未満では、マトリックス樹脂1としてポリイミド樹脂を適用した場合に、ポリイミド樹脂の前駆体のイミド化が不十分となり、再度加熱によるイミド化の工程が必要となる場合がある。一方、熱処理温度が450℃を超えると、マトリックス樹脂1が熱により分解し、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴に由来する吸収以外のマトリックス樹脂1の分解に伴う新たな吸収が生じやすくなることや、隣り合う金属微粒子3の間隔が小さくなることによって、隣り合う金属微粒子3同士での相互作用を生じやすくなるなど、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴による吸収スペクトルがブロードになる原因となる。
エッチング工程では、ナノコンポジット10のマトリックス樹脂1中に存在する金属微粒子3の一部をマトリックス樹脂1の表面Sから露出させることもできる。例えばナノコンポジット10において、金属微粒子3を露出させたい面側のマトリックス樹脂1の表層をエッチングによって除去することによって行う。エッチング方法としては、例えばヒドラジド系溶液やアルカリ溶液を用いた湿式のエッチング方法や、プラズマ処理を用いた乾式のエッチング方法が挙げられる。
パターニングは、フォトリソグラフィー技術とエッチングを組み合わせて、例えば以下の手順で実施できる。まず、任意の基材上に、ナノコンポジット10を積層形成したものを準備する。ここで、基板としては、上述のものを使用できる。そして、ナノコンポジット10の上に、レジスト液を塗布し、乾燥することによりレジスト層を形成する。次に、レジスト層を所定のパターンのフォトマスクを使用して露光し、現像することにより、ナノコンポジット10上のレジスト層をパターン形成する。このパターン形成されたレジスト層をマスクとして用い、上述のエッチング工程と同様の方法によって、レジスト層でマスクされていない部分のナノコンポジット10を除去する。エッチングは、基材が露出するまで行うことができる。次に、レジスト層を除去することにより、基材上にパターン化されたナノコンポジットを得ることができる。このようにパターン化されたナノコンポジットは、例えばマルチチャンネルのセンシングデバイス、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を発現する微細構造を利用したプラズモン導波路や微小光学素子等の用途に好ましく適用できる。
次に、本発明の第2の実施の形態について詳細に説明する。
<金属微粒子複合体>
図5は、本実施の形態に係る金属微粒子複合体としての金属微粒子分散ナノコンポジット20の厚み方向の断面構造を模式的に示している。ナノコンポジット20は、マトリックス樹脂1と、該マトリックス樹脂1に固定された金属微粒子3と、一部もしくは全部の金属微粒子3に固定された結合化学種7とを備えている。図6は、金属微粒子3(ただし、結合化学種7が固定されていない状態)を拡大して説明する図面である。なお、図6では、隣り合う金属微粒子3における大きい方の金属微粒子3の粒子径をDL、小さい方の金属微粒子3の粒子径をDSと表しているが、両者を区別しない場合は単に粒子径Dと表記する。
マトリックス樹脂1は、全体がフィルム状に形成されていてもよいし、樹脂フィルムの一部分として形成されていてもよい。金属微粒子3は、マトリックス樹脂1の表面S(ナノコンポジット20の表面)と平行な面方向に、一定の厚みを有する層状に分散して金属微粒子層5を形成している。金属微粒子層5の厚みTは、金属微粒子3の粒子径Dによっても異なるが、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を利用する用途においては、例えば20nm~25μmの範囲内が好ましく、30nm~1μmの範囲内がより好ましい。ここで、「金属微粒子層5の厚み」とは、マトリックス樹脂1の厚み方向の断面において、最も上(マトリックス樹脂1から露出した側)に位置する金属微粒子3(但し、粒子径が3nm~100nmの範囲にあるもの)の上端から、最も下(深部)に位置する金属微粒子3(但し、粒子径が3nm~100nmの範囲にあるもの)の下端までの範囲の厚さ、を意味する。
本実施の形態のナノコンポジット20において、金属微粒子3は、以下に示す2a)~2e)の要件を具備するものである。
<結合化学種>
本実施の形態のナノコンポジット20において、結合化学種7は、例えば金属微粒子3と結合可能な官能基Xと、例えば検出対象分子などの特定の物質と相互作用する官能基Yと、を有する物質と定義できる。結合化学種7は、単一の分子に限らず、例えば二以上の構成成分からなる複合体等の物質も含む。結合化学種7は、金属微粒子3の露出部位3aにおいて、官能基Xによって金属微粒子3との結合により固定される。この場合、官能基Xと金属微粒子3との結合は、例えば化学結合、吸着等の物理的結合等を意味する。また、官能基Yと特定の物質との相互作用は、例えば化学結合、吸着等の物理的結合のほか、官能基Yの部分的若しくは全体的な変化(修飾や脱離など)などを意味する。
次に、本実施の形態のナノコンポジット20の製造方法について説明する。ナノコンポジット20の製造は、(1)金属イオン(又は金属塩)含有樹脂膜の形成工程、(2)還元工程、(3)エッチング工程、(4)結合化学種7の固定化工程を含む。ここでは、マトリックス樹脂1がポリイミド樹脂により構成される場合について代表的に例示して説明を行う。
まず、金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂膜(又はポリアミド酸樹脂層)を準備する。金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂膜(又はポリアミド酸樹脂層)は、例えば以下に挙げるキャスト法又はアルカリ改質法のいずれかの方法で調製できる。
キャスト法は、ポリアミド酸樹脂を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂溶液を任意の基材上にキャストすることによりポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成する方法であるが、以下の(I)~(III)のいずれかの方法によって、金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成することができる。
(I)ポリアミド酸樹脂と金属化合物とを含有する塗布液を任意の基材上にキャストすることにより金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成する方法。
(II)金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有しないポリアミド酸樹脂溶液を任意の基材上にキャストしてポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成した後に、該ポリアミド酸樹脂膜に金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有する溶液(以下、「金属イオン溶液」とも記す)を含浸させる方法。
(III)上記の(I)の方法によって形成した、金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有するポリアミド酸樹脂膜に、更に金属イオン(又は金属塩)を含有する溶液を含浸させる方法。
アルカリ改質法は、第1の実施の形態と同様に実施できる。本実施の形態では、アルカリ処理により形成されるアルカリ処理層の厚みはポリイミドフィルムの厚みの1/5000~1/2の範囲内が好ましく、1/3000~1/5の範囲内がより好ましい。別の観点からは、アルカリ処理層の厚みは0.005~3.0μmの範囲内、好ましくは0.05~2.0μmの範囲内、更に好ましくは0.1~1.0μmの範囲内がよい。このような厚みの範囲とすることで、金属微粒子3の形成に有利となる。アルカリ処理層の厚みが上記下限(0.005μm)未満であると、金属イオンを十分に含浸することが困難である。一方、ポリイミド樹脂のアルカリ水溶液による処理では、ポリイミド樹脂のイミド環の開環と同時に、ポリイミド樹脂の最表層部の溶解を生じる傾向があるので、上記上限(3.0μm)を超えることは困難である。更に、金属微粒子3をほぼ二次元的に分散させる場合には、アルカリ処理により形成されるアルカリ処理層の厚みはポリイミドフィルムの厚みの1/5000~1/20の範囲内が好ましく、1/500~1/50の範囲内がより好ましい。また、別の観点からは、アルカリ処理層の厚みは20nm~150nmの範囲内、好ましくは50nm~150nmの範囲内、更に好ましくは100nm~120nmの範囲内がよい。このような厚みの範囲とすることで、金属微粒子3の形成に有利となる。
還元工程では、上記のようにして得られた金属イオン含有ポリアミド酸樹脂層を、好ましくは140℃以上、より好ましくは160~450℃の範囲内、更に好ましくは200~400℃の範囲内で熱処理することにより金属イオン(又は金属塩)を還元して金属微粒子3を析出させる。熱処理温度が140℃未満では、金属イオン(又は金属塩)の還元が十分に行われず、金属微粒子3の平均粒子径を前述の下限(3nm)以上にすることが困難となる場合がある。また、熱処理温度が140℃未満では、還元によって析出した金属微粒子3のマトリックス樹脂1中での熱拡散が十分に起こらない場合がある。さらに、熱処理温度が140℃未満では、マトリックス樹脂1としてポリイミド樹脂を適用した場合に、ポリイミド樹脂の前駆体のイミド化が不十分となり、再度加熱によるイミド化の工程が必要となる場合がある。一方、熱処理温度が450℃を超えると、マトリックス樹脂1が熱により分解し、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴に由来する吸収以外のマトリックス樹脂1の分解に伴う新たな吸収が生じやすくなることや、隣り合う金属微粒子3の間隔が小さくなることによって、隣り合う金属微粒子3同士での相互作用を生じやすくなるなど、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴による吸収スペクトルがブロードになる原因となる。
エッチング工程では、ナノコンポジット20のマトリックス樹脂1中に存在する金属微粒子3の一部をマトリックス樹脂1の表面から露出させる。例えばナノコンポジット20において、金属微粒子3を露出させたい面側のマトリックス樹脂1の表層をエッチングによって除去することによって行う。エッチング方法としては、例えばヒドラジド系溶液やアルカリ溶液を用いた湿式のエッチング方法や、プラズマ処理を用いた乾式のエッチング方法が挙げられる。
結合化学種7の固定化工程では、結合化学種7をマトリックス樹脂1の外部に露出した金属微粒子3の露出部位3aの表面に固定させる。固定化工程は、結合化学種7を金属微粒子3の露出部位3aの表面に接触させることにより行うことができる。例えば結合化学種7を溶剤に溶解した処理液で、金属微粒子3の表面処理を行うことが好ましい。結合化学種7を溶解する溶剤としては、水、炭素数1~8の炭化水素系アルコール類、例えば、メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、イソプロパノール、ブタノール、tert-ブタノール、ペンタノール、ヘキサノール、ヘプタノール、オクタノール等、炭素数3~6の炭化水素系ケトン類、例えば、アセトン、プロパノン、メチルエチルケトン、ペンタノン、ヘキサノン、メチルイソブチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等、炭素数4~12の炭化水素系エーテル類、例えば、ジエチルエーテル、エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジブチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン等、炭素数3~7の炭化水素系エステル類、例えば、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸プロピル、酢酸ブチル、γ-ブチロラクトン、マロン酸ジエチル等、炭素数3~6のアミド類、例えば、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、テトラメチル尿素、ヘキサメチルリン酸トリアミド、炭素数2のスルホキシド化合物、例えば、ジメチルスルホキシド等、炭素数1~6の含ハロゲン化合物、例えば、クロロメタン、ブロモメタン、ジクロロメタン、クロロホルム、四塩化炭素、ジクロロエタン、1、2-ジクロロエタン、1、4-ジクロロブタン、トリクロルエタン、クロルベンゼン、O-ジクロルベンゼン等、炭素数4~8の炭化水素化合物、例えば、ブタン、ヘキサン、ヘプタン、オクタン、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等を用いることができるが、これに限定されるものではない。
本工程は、例えば、上記(2)の還元工程と上記(3)のエッチング工程との間、あるいは、上記(3)のエッチング工程と上記(4)の結合化学種の固定化工程との間、さらに、上記(4)の結合化学種の固定化工程の後、のいずれかのタイミングで行うことができる。
金属微粒子の平均粒子径の測定は、試料の断面をミクロトーム(ライカ社製、ウルトラカットUTCウルトラミクロトーム)を用いて超薄切片を作製し、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM;日本電子社製、JEM-2000EX)により観測した。尚、ガラス基板上に作製した試料を上記の方法で観測することは困難であるため、ポリイミドフィルム上に同条件で作製したものを用い観測した。また、金属微粒子の平均粒子径は面積平均径とした。
金属微粒子の露出面積径の測定は、試料の表面を電界放出型走査電子顕微鏡(FE-SEM;日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製)により観測して行った。
作製した試料の吸収スペクトルは、紫外・可視・近赤外分光法(日立製作所社製、U-4000)により観測した。
光透過率は、紫外・可視分光分析(日本分光社製、UV-vis V-550)を用いて測定した。
線熱膨張係数の測定は、サーモメカニカルアナライザー(セイコーインスツルメンツ社製)を用い、250℃まで昇温し、更にその温度で10分保持した後、5℃/分の速度で冷却し、240℃から100℃までの平均線熱膨張係数(CTE)を求めた。
吸水率の測定は、試料を80℃の温度条件で2時間乾燥させ、乾燥後の試料の質量aを測定し、次に、乾燥後の試料を温度23℃、湿度50%で24時間放置(環境試験)し、24時間放置後の試料の質量bを測定した。このようにして測定された試料の質量を利用して下記式(A)にしたがって吸水率を求めた。
500mlのセパラブルフラスコ内において、撹拌しながら、15.24gの2,2’-ビス(トリフルオロメチル)-4,4’-ジアミノビフェニル (TFMB)47.6mmolを170gのDMAcに溶解させた。次に、その溶液に窒素気流下で14.76gの4,4’-オキシジフタル酸無水物 (ODPA)47.6mmolを加え、室温で4時間攪拌を続けて重合反応を行い、無色の粘調なポリアミド酸樹脂溶液S1を得た。得られたポリアミド酸樹脂溶液S1の粘度は、E型粘度計(ブルックフィールド社製、DV-II +Pro CP型)により測定した結果、3251cP (25℃)であった。重量平均分子量(Mw)は、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー(GPC;東ソー株式会社製、HLC-8220GPC)により測定し、Mw=163,900であった。
無アルカリガラス(旭硝子株式会社製、AN-100)の試験片10cm×10cm(厚み0.7mm)を50℃の5N水酸化ナトリウム水溶液により5分間処理した。次に、試験片のガラス基板を、純水で洗浄し、乾燥した後、1重量%の3-アミノプロピルトリメトキシシラン(以下、「γ-APS」と略す)水溶液に浸漬させた。このガラス基板を、γ-APS水溶液から取り出した後乾燥し、150℃で5分間加熱して、ガラス基板G1を作製した。
無アルカリガラス(旭硝子株式会社製、AN-100)の試験片1cm×3cm(厚み0.7mm)を50℃の5N水酸化ナトリウム水溶液により5分間処理した。次に、試験片のガラス基板を、純水で洗浄し、乾燥した後、1重量%のγ-APS水溶液に浸漬させた。このガラス基板を、γ-APS水溶液から取り出した後乾燥し、150℃で5分間加熱して、ガラス基板G2を作製した。
粒子径40~50nmのシリカナノ粒子がコロイド状に分散したコロイダルシリカのイソプロパノール溶液(日産化学株式会社製、商品名;IPA-ST、固形分濃度;約30wt%)をイソプロパノールで希釈し、固形分濃度1wt%のコロイダルシリカ溶液を調製した。
アビジンの粉末試薬(ナカライテスク社製、商品名;Avidin from egg white)の1mgをリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(150mMの塩化ナトリウム、7.5mMのリン酸水素二ナトリウム及び2.9mMのリン酸二水素ナトリウムの混合水溶液)の10mlに溶解し、1.47μMのアビジン溶液を調製した。
合成例1で得られたポリアミド酸樹脂溶液S1 2.67gに、17.33gのDMAcに溶解した0.522gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、窒素雰囲気下、室温で15分間攪拌することにより、金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂溶液を調整した。得られた金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂溶液をスピンコーター(ミカサ株式会社製、SPINCOATER 1H-DX2)を用いて、作製例1のガラス基板G1の上に塗布した後、70℃で3分間及び130℃で20分間乾燥して、ガラス基板上に厚さ50nmの金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成した。この金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂膜を大気下において400℃、10分間加熱処理することによって赤色に呈色した金属金粒子分散ナノコンポジットフィルム1-1(厚さ30nm)を作製した。ナノコンポジットフィルム1-1中に形成した金属金微粒子は、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で、一層並んだ構造で分散していた。また、該フィルム中に形成した金属金微粒子の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
形状;ほぼ球形、平均粒子径;約20nm、最大粒子径;約26nm、最小粒子径;約12nm、ナノコンポジットフィルム1-1に対する体積分率;3.96%、粒子間距離の平均値;約25nm。
また、ナノコンポジットフィルム1-1の金属金粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが546nm、半値幅が102nmの吸収ピークが観測された。
合成例1で得られたポリアミド酸樹脂溶液S1 2.67gに、17.33gのDMAcに溶解した0.522gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、窒素雰囲気下、室温で15分間攪拌することにより、金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂溶液を調整した。得られた金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂溶液をスピンコーター(ミカサ株式会社製、SPINCOATER 1H-DX2)を用いて、作製例1のガラス基板G1の上に塗布した後、70℃で3分間及び130℃で20分間乾燥して、ガラス基板上に厚さ235nmの金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成した。この金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂膜を大気下において400℃、120分間加熱処理することによって赤色に呈色した金属金粒子分散ナノコンポジットフィルム1-2(厚さ140nm)を作製した。ナノコンポジットフィルム1-2中に形成した金属金微粒子は、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で、一層並んだ構造で分散していた。また、該フィルム中に形成した金属金微粒子の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
形状;多面体状および球状の粒子が混在、平均粒子径;約52nm、最大粒子径;約90nm、最小粒子径;約10nm、ナノコンポジットフィルム1-2に対する体積分率;3.96%、粒子間距離の平均値;約71nm。
また、ナノコンポジットフィルム1-2の金属金粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが554nm、半値幅が133nmの吸収ピークが観測された。
実施例1-1と同様にして、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジットフィルム1-3(厚さ30nm)を作製した。
実施例1-2と同様にして、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジットフィルム1-4(厚さ140nm)を作製した。
実施例1-1と同様にして、ガラス基板上に金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット膜1-5(厚さ30nm)を形成した。
<ナノコンポジットの作製工程>
合成例1で得られたポリアミド酸樹脂溶液S1の2.67gに、17.33gのDMAcに溶解した0.174gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、窒素雰囲気下、室温で15分間攪拌することにより、金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂溶液を調整した。得られた金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂溶液をスピンコーター(ミカサ株式会社製、SPINCOATER 1H-DX2)を用いて、作製例2のガラス基板G2の上に塗布した後、70℃で3分間及び130℃で20分間乾燥して、ガラス基板G2上に厚さ50nmの金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成した。この金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂膜を大気下において300℃、10分間加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジットフィルム2-1(厚さ30nm)を作製した。ナノコンポジットフィルム2-1中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。なお、金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表面側の面から0nm~50nmの厚さ範囲内にも存在していた。また、該フィルム中に形成した金属金微粒子の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
形状;ほぼ球形、平均粒子径;約4.2nm、最小粒子径;約3.0nm、最大粒子径;約9.8nm、ナノコンポジットフィルム2-1に対する体積分率;1.35%、粒子間距離の平均値;約17.4nm。
また、ナノコンポジットフィルム2-1の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが544nm、半値幅が78nmの吸収ピークが観測された。
真空プラズマ装置(モリエンジニアリング社製、プラズマクリーナー VE-1500II)を用いて、ナノコンポジットフィルム2-1の表面側の面から7nmの厚さ範囲内に至るまでの領域をプラズマエッチングによって除去して、ナノコンポジットフィルム2-1’を得た。このフィルムの表面側の面には、金属金微粒子の一部が露出しており、金属金微粒子の露出面積径の平均値は約3.8nmであることが確認された。また、このときのナノコンポジットフィルム2-1’の表面積に対する金属金微粒子における露出部の合計の面積分率は、1.08%であった。また、ナノコンポジットフィルム2-1’の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが525nm、半値幅が68nmの吸収ピークが観測された。
次に、ナノコンポジットフィルム2-1’を、結合化学種である3-メルカプトプロピルトリメトキシシラン(信越シリコーン KBM-803)の1mMのエタノール溶液に浸漬し、-6℃で2時間処理した後、エタノールにて洗浄した。続いて、100mMの水酸化カリウム水溶液に浸漬し、23℃で30秒間処理した後、純水にて洗浄し、金属金微粒子の露出部分に結合化学種が固定化されたナノコンポジットフィルム2-1”を作製した。
予めエタノールにて洗浄したナノコンポジットフィルム2-1”を、作製例3の固形分濃度1%のコロイダルシリカ溶液に浸漬し、23℃で2時間攪拌処理した後、エタノールにて洗浄し乾燥させて、ナノコンポジットフィルム2-1”の金属金微粒子の露出面側にシリカナノ粒子を付加した。FE-SEMを用いて表面観察を行ったところ、粒径40~50nmのシリカナノ粒子が、凝集せず、ほぼ均一に分散した状態で、ナノコンポジットフィルム2-1”の表面に固定されていることが観察された。また、TEMによる断面観察を行ったところ、シリカナノ粒子が金属金微粒子の露出部分の上側にほぼ接して固定されていることが確認された。
無アルカリガラス(旭硝子株式会社製、AN-100)の試験片1cm×3cm(厚み0.7mm)の片面に真空蒸着を用いて厚み約20nmのAu薄膜を形成した。次に、実施例2-1と同様にして、3-メルカプトプロピルトリメトキシシランによる処理を行い、続くコロイダルシリカ溶液による処理を行った。FE-SEMを用いて作製した試験片の表面観察を行ったところ、シリカナノ粒子が所々凝集し、不均一な状態で試験片の表面に固定されていることが観察された。
実施例2-1と同様にして、金属金微粒子が一部露出したナノコンポジットフィルム2-2’を得た。
実施例2-1における0.174gの塩化金酸・四水和物を使用したことの代わりに、0.522gの塩化金酸・四水和物を使用したこと以外は、実施例2-1と同様にして、ガラス基板上に厚さ50nmの金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂膜を形成した。この金錯体含有ポリアミド酸樹脂膜を大気下において400℃、10分間加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジットフィルム2-3(厚さ30nm)を作製した。ナノコンポジットフィルム2-3中に形成した金属金微粒子は、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で、一層並んだ構造で分散していた。また、該フィルム中に形成した金属金微粒子の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
形状;ほぼ球形、平均粒子径;約20nm、最小粒子径;約12nm、最大粒子径;約26nm、ナノコンポジットフィルム3に対する体積分率;3.96%、粒子間距離の平均値;約25nm。
また、ナノコンポジットフィルム2-3の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが546nm、半値幅が102nmの吸収ピークが観測された。
Claims (13)
- フィルム状のマトリックス樹脂と、該マトリックス樹脂に固定された金属微粒子とを備えた金属微粒子複合体であって、以下の1a~1dの構成:
1a)金属微粒子は、マトリックス樹脂又はその前駆体の樹脂に含まれる金属イオン又は金属塩を還元することによって得られたものである;
1b)全体の90%以上の金属微粒子の粒子径が、10nm~80nmの範囲内である;
1c)複数の金属微粒子が、マトリックス樹脂の表面から150nm以内の深さの範囲において、該表面と平行な面方向に分散して金属微粒子層を形成しており、かつ、該金属微粒子層において、前記b)に規定する粒子径を有する金属微粒子が、前記深さ方向に一つのみ存在する;
1d)隣り合う金属微粒子の間隔が、隣り合う金属微粒子における大きい方の金属微粒子の粒子径以上である;
を備えた金属微粒子複合体。 - 金属微粒子の体積分率は、金属微粒子複合体に対して、0.05~23%の範囲内である請求項1に記載の金属微粒子複合体。
- 更に、下記の構成1e、
1e)金属微粒子は、380nm以上の波長の光と相互作用して局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を生じる;
を備えた請求項1又は2に記載の金属微粒子複合体。 - 前記金属微粒子は、マトリックス樹脂の表面からその一部分が露出した状態である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子複合体。
- 前記金属微粒子層の厚みが、20nm~150nmの範囲内である請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子複合体。
- 前記マトリックス樹脂が、ポリイミド樹脂により構成されている請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載に金属微粒子複合体。
- 前記ポリイミド樹脂が、透明又は無色を呈するポリイミド樹脂である請求項6に記載の金属微粒子複合体。
- マトリックス樹脂と、該マトリックス樹脂に固定された金属微粒子と、を備えた金属微粒子複合体であって、
以下の2a~2eの構成:
2a)金属微粒子は、マトリックス樹脂又はその前駆体の樹脂に含まれる金属イオン又は金属塩を還元することによって得られたものである;
2b)金属微粒子の粒子径は、1nm~100nmの範囲内であり、平均粒子径は3nm以上である;
2c)金属微粒子は、各々の金属微粒子同士が接することなく、隣り合う金属微粒子における粒子径が大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で存在する;
2d)少なくとも一部分の金属微粒子は、マトリックス樹脂に埋包された部位と、マトリックス樹脂の外部に露出した部位とを備えており、該露出した部位に結合化学種が固定されている;及び
2e)金属微粒子に固定された結合化学種は、特定の物質と相互作用する官能基を有している;
を備えた金属微粒子複合体。 - 金属微粒子の全体の90%以上が、粒子径10nm~80nmの範囲内である金属微粒子であり、該金属微粒子は、マトリックス樹脂の表面から100nm以内の深さの範囲において、該表面と平行な面方向に分散して金属微粒子層を形成しており、かつ、該金属微粒子層において、粒子径10nm~80nmの範囲内である金属微粒子が、前記深さ方向に一つのみ存在することを特徴とする請求項8に記載の金属微粒子複合体。
- 前記金属微粒子層の厚みが、20nm~100nmの範囲内である請求項9に記載の金属微粒子複合体。
- 金属微粒子が、380nm以上の波長の光と相互作用して局在型プラズモン共鳴を生じることを特徴とする請求項8又は9に記載の金属微粒子複合体。
- 前記マトリックス樹脂が、ポリイミド樹脂により構成されている請求項8又は9に記載の金属微粒子複合体。
- 前記ポリイミド樹脂が、透明又は無色を呈するポリイミド樹脂である請求項12に記載の金属微粒子複合体。
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US20130011616A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
EP2548912A4 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
CN102822249A (zh) | 2012-12-12 |
JPWO2011114812A1 (ja) | 2013-06-27 |
CN102822249B (zh) | 2016-04-06 |
KR20130049767A (ko) | 2013-05-14 |
TW201200346A (en) | 2012-01-01 |
JP5627137B2 (ja) | 2014-11-19 |
EP2548912A1 (en) | 2013-01-23 |
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