WO2011084079A1

WO2011084079A1 - Method for biologically recultivating industrial wastelands

Info

Publication number: WO2011084079A1
Application number: PCT/RU2010/000001
Authority: WO
Inventors: Владимир Александрович КОТЕЛЬНИКОВ; Любовь Андреевна ИВАНОВА
Original assignee: Kotelnikov Vladimir Aleksandrovich; Ivanova Liubov Andreevna
Priority date: 2010-01-11
Filing date: 2010-01-11
Publication date: 2011-07-14
Also published as: RU2012117842A; RU2512171C2

Abstract

A method for biologically recultivating industrial wastelands is claimed which comprises planting perennial grasses and applying mineral fertilizers. The method differs from known methods in that a layer of up to 1 cm of vermiculite substrate having granules of up to 2-4 mm and a pH of from 6.5 to 7.2 is scattered on the soil, families of grasses are sown across the substrate surface and are watered with an aqueous solution of mineral fertilizers, and the substrate surface is covered with polymer film which is removed after 5-7 days. If the surface layer of the wastelands is highly compacted, the soil can be ploughed prior to application of the substrate layer. The vermiculite substrate can be produced by a method of high-temperature annealing at a temperature of up to 850°C with the annealing speed and temperature being controlled.

Description

The method of biological reclamation of man-made disturbed lands

The invention relates to methods for biological reclamation of disturbed lands and can be used both for restoration of lands disturbed as a result of mining, and for fixing dusty surfaces of dumps, tailings.

Known methods of land reclamation (RF patents for inventions 1 ^" o2336684, 2338355 2321979, 2101901, etc.), including the formation of the soil layer with the introduction of mineral or organic fertilizers and the subsequent sowing of seeds of various plants. Their disadvantages are the need not only to fertilize and mix grass, but also plowing the land, which is time-consuming and often impossible to fix the dusty surfaces of dumps, tailings.

Various formulations or compositions for land reclamation are known, including various organomineral additives and sorbents (patents for inventions of the Russian Federation JfeNs 1730742, 2193590, 2277326, 2293103, etc.), for example, peat-sand mixture, sapropel, aluminum powder, lignin, etc. . derived from local wastes. It is known to use expanded vermiculite as additives for soils and soils in an amount of 25 to 70% to improve their composition and increase crop yields, as well as in soil mixtures consisting of vermiculite and peat in a ratio of 1: 1 or vermiculite with soil or soil in a ratio 12. The disadvantages of expanded vermiculite produced at temperatures of 850-1000 ° С, which do not allow using it as a pure substrate, are its high alkalinity, as well as a partially destroyed crystal lattice that does not carry enough air and releases alkalizing magnesium when watering, which does not allow maintaining preset pH level. A known method of reclamation of post-technogenic and remote territories in the Far North (patent for the invention of the Russian Federation N ° 2093974 dated 09/11/1995), including the introduction of granular fertilizer and seed material obtained by microbiological transformation of a mixture of lignin-sawdust-bird droppings enriched with mineral fertilizers, in which seeds of perennial grasses of local species were added. The disadvantage of the proposed method is the complexity of the manufacture of granular material.

The closest is the method of restoration of disturbed lands according to the patent of the Russian Federation for invention N ° 2030851 of 07/10/92, including sowing perennial herbs with the introduction of mineral fertilizers and subsequent tillage with a binder composition - latex water emulsion. Latex polymer coating protects seeds located on the surface from the adverse effects of the environment and provides the possibility of their growth and rooting in extreme hydrothermal conditions. The emergence of seedlings - in 10-15 days. The duration of coverage is 5 years. The disadvantage of this method is the use of techniques and mechanisms for applying (spraying) an aqueous solution of latex emulsion, the operation of which requires the presence of a network of roads, approaches and entrances, as a result of the inability to cover hard-to-reach areas of technologically disturbed territories.

The claimed invention as well as well-known, includes the sowing of perennial herbs with the introduction of mineral fertilizers.

The problem solved by the invention was to create high-quality seed culture phytocenosis in a short time, including in the Far North.

The technical result consists in increasing the efficiency of the formation of planting crop phytocenoses and their durability, in initiating the processes of seed germination and further growth and development of herbaceous plants and thereby reducing the formation time cultural phytocenoses up to 7-10 days, in reducing the complexity of technical and biological rehabilitation works.

A technical result is achieved by the fact that vermiculite substrate with granules up to 2-4 mm and pH from 6.5 to 7.2 is scattered on the soil with a layer of up to 1 cm, grass seeds are sown on the surface of the substrate and they are irrigated with an aqueous solution of mineral fertilizers, then the surface the substrate is covered with a polymer film, which is removed on the 5-7th day. With a strong compaction of the surface layer of disturbed lands before applying a layer of substrate, loosening of the soil can be made.

The use of expanded vermiculite as a vermiculite substrate obtained by high-temperature firing at temperatures up to 850 ° C with regulation of the speed and temperature of firing containing, wt.%:

silicon oxide (Si0 ₂ ) 34.0-36.6

iron oxide (Fe ₂ 0 ₃ ) 5.6-6.5

alumina (A1 ₂ 0 ₃ ) 9.1-9.9

magnesium oxide (MgO) 24.7-26.6

iron oxide (FeO) 0.20-0.27

titanium oxide (Ti0 ₂ ) 0.40-0.47

calcium oxide (CaO) 1, 02-1.22

Manganese (Mp) 0.05-0.07

potassium oxide (K ₂ 0) 0.70-0.87

provides neutral or slightly alkaline alkalinity of vermiculite - pH from 6.5 to 7.2, which allows it to be used as an environmentally friendly substrate, able to maintain a given pH level and create various types of phytocenoses due to the possibility of selection and use of various types of herbaceous plants. The substrate is an independent carrier of valuable macro- and microelements, which increases the durability of grass cover.

Application to the soil with a layer of up to 1 cm of vermiculite substrate with granules up to 2-4 mm and pH from 6.5 to 7.2, sowing on the surface of the substrate of grass seeds and watering them with an aqueous solution of mineral fertilizers provides optimal conditions (a large amount of moisture, air, nutrients) necessary for initiating the processes of seed germination and further growth and development of herbaceous plants, thereby reducing the formation of culture phytocenoses to 7-10 days, contribute to the formation of a powerful sod layer 40 cm or more high and increase the durability of grass cover. The possibility of using expanded vermiculite as a substrate with neutral or weak alkalinity for the restoration of disturbed lands provides the possibility of sowing various types of herbaceous plants, protects them from freezing in severe frosts due to good thermal insulation properties, and also reduces the laboriousness of technical restoration works due to the low weight of the substrate.

Covering the surface of the substrate with a polymer (polyethylene, for example) film preserves the temperature and moisture of the substrate with seeds in the initial, starting period of seed germination and seedling growth, which also ensures the initiation of seed germination processes, thereby reducing the formation of culture phytocenoses to 7-10 days.

Loosening the soil before applying the substrate layer (with a strong compaction of the surface layer of disturbed lands) provides better penetration of the roots of sprouted plants into the soil and fixing the substrate on the surface of the cultivated areas.

The combination of the above distinguishing features, combined, provides the claimed technical results.

The invention is as follows.

The site on which the creation of vegetation is planned (crop phytocenosis) is cleared of garbage. In the case of a strong compaction of the surface of the reclamation site, it slightly (to a depth of 2-5 cm) loosens, for example, with a rake. Vermiculite substrate scatters on the surface area with a layer of 1 cm manually or with special devices, for example, solid fertilizer spreaders. Seeds of herbaceous plants are sown manually or by seeders on the surface of a vermiculite substrate in an even layer without gaps (the rate of sowing of seeds depends on the type of plants, quality, market germination of seeds and the planned density of the future grass stand). A 0.2% aqueous solution of complex mineral fertilizers is being prepared, for example, Azofoska nitrogen-phosphate-potassium fertilizers manufactured by the industry - a rate of 20 g / l of water, to which microelements are added, for example, microfertilizers Effect-или or Uniflor- micro ”, the rate of their application is 1 tablet per Yul of the Azofoski solution. You can prepare a concentrated solution of micronutrient fertilizers from mineral salts, g / 1 l of water: boric acid - 19.6, cobalt nitrate - 1.0, zinc sulfate, ammonium molybdenum acid, copper sulfate - 1.4 each, sulfuric acid (concentrated) -6 , 0 ml. On Yul prepared solution "Azofoski" should take 1, 4 ml of a concentrated solution of micronutrients.

A highly concentrated solution of a complete mineral mixture is prepared, for example, in any room convenient for this, and at the site of reclamation it is diluted with water to the desired concentration, which facilitates the transportation of the fertilizer solution. Seeds and substrate are wetted with a solution of prepared fertilizers at the rate of 5 l of solution / m using a watering can or a hose with a spray. Crops on top of the sown seeds are covered with a plastic film to protect against the influence of adverse external factors (wind, precipitation, low temperatures, mechanical and chemical influences). Along the perimeter, the film is pressed by improvised means (stones, boards, etc.). In this position, the crops are left for 4-6 days, on the fifth - seventh day, with the advent of mass green shoots, the film is removed and no longer used. For the accelerated formation of culture phytocenosis, it is necessary to initiate not only the process of seed germination, but also the growth and development of seedlings, protect them from the harmful effects of external conditions (drought, rainfall, cold, harmful microorganisms and pests), and also achieve intensive (also rapid) growth and development herbaceous plants during the subsequent stages of their development in culture phytocenosis. For this, vital, and in non-limiting and optimal quantities, water, 0 ₂ , favorable temperature and pH level (acidity of the medium), the presence of nutrients. This can be achieved only by sowing seeds in a substrate with high moisture, air, sterility, buffering, rich in nutrients. The substrate should provide the plant with all these conditions for a certain time (until the seeds hatch - 2-3 days, until the root fixes in the substrate - another 1-2 days, while seedlings develop their roots and penetrate the ground - another 2-3 days, and until the small plant gets stronger, it will form 1-2 real green leaves). It should be able to hold a large amount of available water, air, withstand temperature extremes that maintain the required level of acidity (in an acidic environment with a pH below 3.5 and alkaline with a pH above 8.0) most seeds do not germinate) and sterile to protect those who hatch seeds and young shoots from pathogenic microflora. Vermiculite substrate with granules up to 2-4 mm and a pH from 6.5 to 7.2, obtained by high-temperature electric firing at temperatures up to 850 ° C with speed and firing temperature regulation, is a substitute for the vermiculite natural mineral, which has a number beneficial properties (sterility, high moisture and air absorption, buffering, optimal sorption and ion exchange properties), even in northern latitudes, helps to create a biologically active, soil-like body, optimal water-air o, temperature and nutritional conditions, causing high rates of seed germination (regardless of the type of plants for 4-5 days), further growth and development of plants at all stages of ontogenesis. As a result, obtaining high-quality phytocenoses resistant to adverse environmental factors of a wide range of purposes became possible in a short time - in 7-10 days.

The method was tested in Karelia and the Murmansk region. He showed high efficiency when creating a vegetation cover on the apatite-nepheline tailing dump, on soils with pH less than 4.0, as well as on soils contaminated with oil and oil products. The universality of the application of the proposed method is ensured not only due to the fact that expanded vermiculite is an active absorber (sorbent) of chemical compounds, heavy metal ions and radionuclides, but mainly due to the formation of a soil-like layer on heavily contaminated areas of the soil, due to which plants of the created cover can grow and develop over the long term. This layer of vermiculite protects both sown seeds and plants grown from them from the influence of these pollutants.

Industrial applicability of the method is illustrated by examples.

Example 1. In 2006-2009 On the territory of the reserve apatite-nepheline tailing dump ANOF-2 of JSC Apatit, research was conducted on the method of accelerated formation of anti-erosion culture phytocenosis. The sand dumps of this tailing dump are characterized by a low species diversity of plants: 21 species (2.2% of the local flora). The natural processes of phytocenosis development are poorly expressed here, the overgrowing of the territory proceeds slowly. Most native species are characterized by low vitality, density, coverage and anti-erosion functions; Leymus arenarius and Puccinella distans, which have prospects for independent settlement and reclamation of nepheline sands, can be classified as edificators of natural phytocenoses. Cultural phytocenosis was formed by horizontal zigzag chevrons of arbitrary length, width and spacing of 0.5 m. This makes it possible to construct primitive (consisting of 3–8 plant species) erosion-free phytocenoses with a 50% projective cover almost instantly, more complex (30 species) closed in 2 years. The increase in species diversity in such a phytocoenosis proceeds in several ways: due to the self-propagation of bands, the settlement of bare inter-strip spaces by invasive species from nearby sections of the tailings pond, which ensures high similarity of the general indicators of the systematic diversity and cenotic spectra of natural and cultural flora and by attracting indigenous rhizome plants.

Thus, using the proposed method using a vermiculite substrate with granules up to 2-4 mm and a pH from 6.5 to 7.2, a biologically active soil-like body is created that performs the functions traditionally used for bioremediation of the peat-soil layer.

Example 2. The method was tested in Monchegorsk district of the Murmansk region on man-made wasteland with soil pH less than 4.0. As a rule, under these conditions, plant roots cannot penetrate into such acidic soil and die. A layer of vermiculite with nutrients ensures the rapid creation of a vegetative cover, then the sprouted vegetative cover begins to form a secondary pillow from the roots, the height of its turf layer increases due to the constant formation and growth of new roots of those plants that make up the created herbage, since in this case the coating lives not due to the nutrients of the soil, but due to the nutrients, moisture and air that are contained in the inventive substrate. Thus created turf does not grow to the soil immediately, but gradually: in the first year, its roots penetrate the soil by 1-2 cm, in the second - up to 4 cm. Adaptation culture phytocenosis occurs only due to the supply of moisture, air and nutrients in the vermiculite substrate, the centimeter layer of which protects the roots of plants from the direct influence of pollutants, provides vital conditions for the further growth and development of culture phytocenosis; later on, grass stand litter, microbiological processes taking place in the emerging turf contribute to the formation of an additional supply of nutrients of an organic nature, thereby softening the conditions in the soil at the place where the vegetation cover was created by the claimed method.

Example 3. Experimental work was conducted to study the possibility of using the proposed method in a landfill for household waste in the village of Drovyanoye, Murmansk Region. in July-October 2009 Fuel oil (2 boxes) and crude oil (2 boxes) were added to boxes with substrates from a mixture of peat and sand. Then, in some baskets, ready-made lawn mats were laid on the surface of the substrates, in others, grass seeds were sown according to the claimed method. The results of observations showed that after 2 weeks the degree of growth of turf of lawn mats in the variants with the addition of fuel oil was more than 70%, in the variants using crude oil - 10%. With the direct sowing method with the initiation of the processes of seed germination and the growth of seedlings of perennial cereal plants in just 1 week, a high-quality vegetative cover was formed with 100% projective cover and deep penetration of the root system into the technogenic substrate.

Thus, the supply of nutrients in the seed, the highest energy of its germination, growth and development at the first stage of ontogenesis, laid down by nature, + 100% vermiculite substrate with a pH level of 6.5-7.2, which has a set of unique, favorable for sowing and growing properties of plants and is able to provide optimal conditions necessary for the initiation of ontogenesis processes, + watering with an aqueous solution of mineral fertilizers + a plastic film that preserves temperature and moisture during these processes and protecting crops - all of them taken together allow you to create high-quality culture phytocenosis in the shortest possible time - in just 7 days.

The method is simple to implement, applicable even in adverse climatic conditions of the Far North and can significantly reduce the cost of creating high-quality grass-turf cover, plan ahead for the timing and density of the future grass stand and the type of cultivated phytocenosis.

List of used literature:

1. Obrucheva N.V., Antipova O.V. Starting the growth of axial organs and its preparation during the germination of seeds in forced rest // Plant Physiology, 1994. Volume 41. JNTe 3. P. 443-447.

2. Obrucheva N.V., Antipova O.V. Physiology of initiation of seed germination // Plant Physiology, 1997. Volume 44. N ° 2. S. 287-302.

3. Botany: Morphology and anatomy of plants: a textbook for students of ped. Institute of Biol. and chem. special / Vasiliev A.E., Voronin N.S., Elenevsky A.G. et al. M .: Education, 1988. 488 p.

4. Gelston A., Davis P., Satter R. Life of a green plant. Per. from English M: Mir, 1983. 552 p.

5. Biology of the development of cultivated plants: a manual for students of pedagogical biology. special universities / Kuperman F.M., Rzhanova E.I., Murashev V.V. et al. Edited by F. Cooperman M .: Higher school. 1982.2342 p.

Claims

FORMULA

1. The method of biological reclamation of man-made disturbed lands, including sowing perennial grasses with the addition of mineral fertilizers, characterized in that vermiculite substrate with granules up to 2-4 mm and a pH from 6.5 to 7.2 is scattered on the ground with a layer of up to 1 cm grass seeds are sown on the surface of the substrate and irrigated with an aqueous solution of mineral fertilizers, then the surface of the substrate is covered with a polymer film, which is removed on the 5-7th day.

2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the vermiculite substrate is a swollen vermiculite with a pH from 6.5 to 7.2, obtained by high-temperature firing at temperatures up to 850 ° C with speed and firing temperature control, containing, wt. %:

silicon oxide (Si0 ₂ ) 34.0-36.6

iron oxide (Re ₂ Oz) 5.6-6.5

alumina (A1 ₂ Oz) 9.1-9.9

magnesium oxide (MgO) 24.7-26.6

iron oxide (FeO) 0.20-0.27

titanium oxide (TU ₂ ) 0.40-0.47

calcium oxide (CaO) 1.02-1.22

Manganese (Mp) 0.05-0.07

potassium oxide (K ₂ 0) 0.70-0.87

3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that before applying a layer of vermiculite substrate on a highly compacted soil, it is loosened.