RU2599836C1 - Method for biological reclamation of disturbed permanently frozen soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular, to reclamation of soils. In the method onto a reclaimed surface a preliminarily prepared mineral soil is uniformly applied with a layer of not less than 10 cm. Then successively added is a required amount of lime and mineral fertilizers forming a layer of vegetable soil. Then the layer of vegetable soil is planned, rolled and sowed with grass and rolled again. Herewith the composition of soil and the grass is selected depending on type of the reclaimed soil, and seeds are sown immediately after adding the lime and mineral fertilizers into the soil, resulting in a stable thatch grass coating.

EFFECT: method enables forming a stable grass coating on permanently frozen disturbed soils for protection against water and wind erosion.

8 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and the restoration of disturbed soils during the construction of oil and gas road facilities and can be used to restore vegetation on permafrost soils.

The following methods for soil remediation are known in the art.

So, from the description of the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2307869 (published on 10.10.2007), a method is known for the biological reclamation of oil-contaminated soil in the natural conditions of the Far North, which is carried out by preliminary liming and mineral fertilizers, treatment of contaminated areas with a biological oil-destructor containing a microbial fertilizer-carrier in in the form of fermented agricultural waste and a culture of bacteria immobilized on a carrier, the subsequent application of seeds and harrowing. The treatment is carried out with a dry biological product once a season during a warm period at a dose of 100 g / m ² , a Bacillus cereus 3 K. strain with a titer of 10 ¹² cells / g of carrier is used as a bacterial culture. At the same time, the biological product is scattered when seeds are placed or in front of it, followed by harrowing to a depth of 5-10 cm. The invention allows to increase the adaptability of biological reclamation, improve soil restoration processes and reduce the time for reclamation, use advanced technology for producing dry, bulk biological products-oil destructors, simplify the technology biological recultivation, to clean oil-contaminated soils in areas with a short thermal period.

The closest analogue to the patented solution is a method of reclamation of disturbed lands, in particular man-made wastelands. The method includes applying waste, mineral fertilizers to the soil surface and sowing perennial grasses. At the same time, mining wastes are applied to the soil surface with a layer of at least 5 cm containing calcite and / or magnesium hydrosilicate. Complex fertilizers N ₇₀ P ₇₀ K _{70 are introduced} , then expanded vermiculite with granules up to 4 mm is scattered with a layer up to 1 cm, the seeds of the perennial plants are sown, watered with water and covered with a polymer film, which is removed on the 5-7th day. Carbonatite waste, or screening of olivinite ore, or serpentinite magnesite are also used as mining wastes. As seeds of perennial plants, red fescue, timothy grass meadow, beechless rind, sandy screech in the amount of 50-100 g / m ^{2 are used} . Watering is carried out at the rate of 5 l / m ² (RF patent No. 2484613, published on 06/20/2013).

A disadvantage of the known methods is that they do not include the creation of a fertile layer for growing perennial grasses on permafrost soils, and since these soils are represented by sandy and sandy loam soils having extremely low fertility, growing perennial grasses on them is problematic. In addition, there is no data on the composition, sowing dates and sowing rates of grass mixtures of perennial grasses, depending on the natural zone, there are no differentiated fertilizer application rates for these zones taking into account the agrochemical characteristics of soils. There is no data on the composition of plant soils necessary for reclamation depending on the area using local materials.

The technical result of the patented solution is the formation of stable grass cover on permafrost disturbed lands to protect oil and gas production facilities and the road complex from water and wind erosion.

The claimed technical result is achieved due to the implementation of the method of reclamation of disturbed permafrost soils, which consists in the fact that the pre-harvested organomineral soil is uniformly applied to the reclaimed surface with a layer of at least 10 cm, then the required amount of lime and mineral fertilizers are applied successively, forming a layer of plant soil, then a layer plant soil is planned, milled, rolled and sowing mixtures of grass, then rolled again, while the soil and ravosmes selected depending on the natural area: the northern taiga, forest tundra, tundra, arctic tundra, and the seeds are sown after making lime the soil and fertilizers.

The features of the method is that data are established on the composition, sowing dates and sowing rates of grass mixtures of perennial grasses, depending on the natural zone. The norms for the application of mineral fertilizers and lime were established for these zones, taking into account the agrochemical characteristics of soils. The composition of the organomineral soils necessary for reclamation, depending on the zone and the soils represented here, has been developed.

The lithological composition of soils in the northern taiga zone is represented by sand, less often sand with clay interbedding. Peat thickness does not exceed 2-5 m. For the preparation of plant soil, it is necessary to use peat, sand or clay soils. The composition of the organomineral soil for reclamation in this zone should be as follows: peat 40% + sand 60% or clay soil 40% + sand 60%.

In the forest-tundra zone, sandy loamy soils prevail. Peat thickness is 0.5-3 m. Vegetable soil is prepared using peat, sand and loamy soils and its composition is as follows: peat 40% + sand 60% or loamy soil 60% + sand 40%.

In the tundra and arctotundra zones of the Yamal Peninsula, the soil complex is developed on medium and light loams, underlain by sands and clays with a high dust content. Vegetable soil in these areas is prepared using sand and loamy or clay soils. The soil composition for this zone is as follows: sand 50% + clay 50% or sand 30% + loam 70%.

As a result of studies, it was found that the thickness of the plant layer should be no more than 10 cm (table 1).

A further increase in the layer of plant soil does not give a significant increase in the collection of both the aerial parts of perennial grasses and the root system.

Organomineral soil is prepared at special sites or on the right of way by mixing peat and sandy soils, or peat and loamy soils, or sand and clay soils. Mixing is carried out by milling cutters. Types of soils used for the preparation of organic mineral soil in different zones are shown in table 1.

Liming of plant soil is carried out immediately before sowing herbs. The introduced calcareous fertilizers are closed up in a layer of plant soil by harrowing.

In plant soil, the content of mineral forms of nitrogen should be at least 60 mg per 1 kg (GOST 26488-85 and GOST 26489-85), phosphorus dioxide and potassium oxide (GOST 26207-91) - at least 100 mg per 1 kg. The need for nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers is determined by calculation. Indicative doses of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers for all zones are also shown in table 2.

With excessive acidity of plant soil, liming is performed. The introduction of calculated doses of lime reduces the acidity of plant soil to a pH of 5.6-5.8 in a salt extract.

The rates of added lime are determined by hydrolytic acidity (Ng) based on the following ratio: to neutralize 1 mg - equiv. hydrolytic acidity requires 1 mg - eq. calcium ions or 50 mg CaCO ₃ per 100 g of soil. The calculation is carried out according to the generally accepted formula

, $$D_{CaC{O}_3}=0.05\cdot Ng*d*h$$

,

- норма извести, т/га;Where $$D_{CaC{O}_3}$$

- rate of lime, t / ha;

Ng - hydrolytic acidity, mEq. per 100 g of soil according to Kappen;

d is the design density of the plant soil, g / cm ³ ;

h is the thickness of the layer of plant soil, see

The calculation according to the formula based on hydrolytic acidity allows you to accurately determine the dose of lime necessary to neutralize soil acidity.

The procedure for determining the doses of mineral fertilizers for the preparation of plant soil:

- the normative content of nutrients is transferred in kg / ha of active substance. The translation is carried out according to the formula

LW = 10000 × V _about. × H × N, P, K;

Where

DW - nutrient content, kg / ha of active substance;

V _about - volumetric mass of organic mineral soil (according to surveys), kg / m ³ ;

H - the thickness of the layer of organic mineral soil, m;

N, P, K - regulatory content in the plant soil of mineral forms of nitrogen, phosphorus dioxide and potassium oxide, in mg / kg of active substance;

- establish the actual content in the soil of mineral forms of nitrogen, phosphorus dioxide and potassium oxide, in mg / kg of active substance. The actual content is determined on the basis of agrochemical analyzes of soil samples;

- determine the actual nutrient content per 1 ha (in the active substance), kg / ha;

- determine the amount of nutrients (doses of fertilizers of the active substance) as the difference between their normative and actual content;

- recalculate the doses of fertilizers expressed in the active substance on the physical weight of the fertilizers. Recalculation is carried out according to the formula

H = D * 100 / P,

Where

N - the amount of fertilizers of physical weight, kg / ha;

D - dose of fertilizers of the active substance, kg / ha;

P is the content of the active substance in the fertilizer,%.

Sustainable turf cover is created using frost-resistant local species of perennial grasses whose ecological and biological properties are most consistent with the soil and climatic conditions of the area and allow all phases of development to pass through the short warm period with the resumption of growth next year (table 1).

Grass sowing is carried out from early spring (at a temperature transition through + 5 ° C) and completed 30 days before the end of the growing season.

Winter sowing of perennial grasses is possible in the following dates: northern taiga after September 20, forest tundra - September 10, tundra - September 1, Arctic tundra - August 20. The seeding rate in this case is increased by 30%.

Sowing qualities of seeds of perennial herbs must meet the requirements of GOST R 52325-2005. Sowing substandard seeds below the third expiration class is prohibited.

Seeds are sown with the SZT-3.6 seeder with further rolling. Depth of embedment is 1-2 cm.

When sowing in the dry period, the crops are regularly irrigated with water. The amount of water is determined by the irrigation rate. The irrigation rate is 200-400 m ³ / ha in two doses with a daily interval between irrigation.

Claims (8)

1. The method of reclamation of disturbed permafrost soils, which consists in the fact that pre-prepared organic mineral soil is uniformly applied to the reclaimed surface with a layer of at least 10 cm, then the required amount of lime and mineral fertilizers are applied successively, forming a layer of plant soil, then a layer of plant soil is planned, rolled , sow the grass mixture and pack, while the composition of the soil and the grass mixture are selected depending on the type of cultivated soil, and the seeds are sown immediately after making lime soil and fertilizer, form stable sod turf as a result. 2. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that organomineral soil is prepared at special sites by mixing cutters of peat and sandy soils, or peat and loamy soils or loamy and sandy soils. 3. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that the plant soil is prepared by sequentially adding the necessary amount of lime and mineral fertilizers to the organomineral soil. 4. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that the calculation of the norm of the introduced lime is determined by hydrolytic acidity (Ng) and is carried out according to the formula
$$D_{CaC{O}_3}=0.05\cdot Ng*d*h$$

,
Where $$D_{CaC{O}_3}$$

- rate of lime, t / ha;
Ng - hydrolytic acidity, mEq per 100 g of soil according to Kappen;
d is the design density of the plant soil, g / cm ³ ;
h is the thickness of the layer of plant soil, see 5. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that a stable turf coating is created using frost-resistant local species of perennial grasses whose ecological and biological properties are as close as possible to the soil and climatic conditions of the terrain and allow all phases of development to pass through during a short warm period its growth for next year. 6. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that when sowing in the dry period, water is regularly irrigated, the amount of water is determined by the irrigation rate. 7. The method according to p. 7, which consists in the fact that the irrigation rate is 200-400 m ³ / ha in two doses with a daily interval between irrigation. 8. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that the soil composition for the sand type or sand with clay interbedded with the type of reclaimed soil is a mixture of high peat, sand and loamy soils, and for a loamy type - a mixture of sand and loamy soils.