RU2497608C1 - Method of biological revegetation of far north soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: process engineering.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to revegetation. Proposed method comprises harrowing and forming of growth and top soil by spreading local plant types phytomass on top bare soil. Note here that after harrowing, seed of grass mixes of local plants are sown to introduce nitrogenous phosphatic potash fertilisers on the basis of 100 kg per one hectare. Layer of 8-20 cm-thick aged local plants are applied on the surface to make a protective layer. Seed of grass mix of annual and perennial local far north alien species can be used to this end.

EFFECT: higher quality of revegetation.

2 cl, 1 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of restoration of disturbed lands and can be used to restore soil and vegetation on bare soils in the Arctic and Subarctic.

A known method of restoring completely destroyed natural plant communities (ed. St. USSR No. 1217284, IPC ³ A01B 79/02, publ. 1986), which consists in dense and ultra-rare planting of turf and leaving strips for self-growth. At the same time, a strip 10-12 m wide with a dense turf landing is located in the center of the plot, empty strips 30-35 m wide and ultra-rare landing strips 10-12 m wide are sequentially placed on both sides of it.

The disadvantage of this known method is environmental error and economic waste. If you take sod at the site of reclamation from the surrounding phytocenoses, then the area of bare soils that need to be immediately reclaimed will be increased. And if sod is brought from other natural zones, it will be not only economically wasteful, but also environmentally unjustified, since most plant species do not take root in the brought sod due to inadequacy of local soil and climatic conditions.

There is also known a method, including harrowing the soil and the formation of vegetation and soil cover by introducing into the bare soil a mixture of unsorted seeds along with their reproductive, particles of the axes of inflorescences, leaves and stems (RU 2157605 C1, IPC ⁷ AB 79/02, publ. 2000).

The disadvantage of this method is the use of seeds of plants grown in other, more southern climatic zones, which require mineral fertilizers. Plants of other natural zones in the Far North quickly complete their life cycle and die. An economically known method is more expensive than the proposed one.

Closest to the proposed technical result achieved is the method of land reclamation, including the formation of vegetation and soil cover by spreading on the bare ground the aerial part of the phytomass of local climax species of plants (RU 2321979 C2, IPC ⁶ A01B 79/02, published December 10, 2011).

The disadvantage of this method is the use of the aerial part of the phytomass of local climax species of plants, in particular at the stage of wax ripeness of seeds. In the conditions of the Far North, the aerial part of plants by no means always provides the quality phytomass necessary for the normal growth of sown grass mixtures on bare soils of disturbed lands. It is difficult enough to provide the necessary amount for reclamation work, especially with given uniformity parameters - at the stage of wax ripeness of seeds. In addition, our experimental studies showed that on bare soils, sowing grass mixtures of local climax species of plants without the introduction of mineral fertilizers has practically no effect.

The technical result of the invention is to improve the quality of reclamation of disturbed lands of the Far North.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of reclamation of destroyed lands in the Arctic and Subarctic, including the formation of vegetation and soil cover by making cultivating additives, including harrowing the soil and the formation of vegetation and soil cover by spreading on bare ground the aboveground part of the phytomass of local plant species, after harrowing the soil, sowing seeds of grass mixtures of local plant species is carried out and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (azofoska) are applied, comb m nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilizers are applied at the rate of 100 kg / ha, and the old man of local plant species applied to the surface with a layer of 8-20 cm is applied as phytomass. Seeding of grass mixtures of local plant species is carried out with a mixture of annual and perennial seeds introduced in conditions North plants.

Reclamation of land disturbed by technology in Yakutia has the following features:

- there are no fertile or potentially fertile breeds for dumping dumps due to the insignificant thickness of the fertile layer of natural soils;

- the process of self-growth of dumps lasts a very long time, therefore it does not interfere with cryogenic and erosion processes;

- there are no forest plantation nurseries, and there are no forest areas in the north.

In the Far North, there is not enough fertile or potentially fertile soil to fill the technogenic surface, and harsh climatic conditions, as well as erosion and cryogenic processes slow down the growth and development of plants on disturbed lands.

All these conditions determine the main task - the development of an economically feasible, but at the same time effective method for biological reclamation.

The method suggests the use of old people (last year's meadow grass) as a cultivating additive when sowing grass mixtures without dumping the fertile layer.

Old people or rags are called last year’s dry grass in the meadows. Currently resorting to the cheapest way to clean hayfields and pastures or waste disposal - burning. In the proposed method, it is planned to use it in the biological reclamation of disturbed lands. The composition of the old people usually includes all not mown plants or aftermath after haying, these are meadow cereals, sedge, legumes and forbs. The old man is last year's grass without seeds. The use of old people as a cultivating additive creates a layer to protect crops from frost, wind, water and mechanical influences, evaporation of moisture, and the application of fertilizers will allow supplying empty rocks with nutrients necessary for plant growth and development.

The advantages of the proposed method is the following:

- the collection and procurement of the elderly, which is a low-cost covering material, can be carried out everywhere and without reference to seasonal changes;

- the availability of use and the widespread distribution of the elderly provides the possibility of implementing the method of reclamation in both spring and autumn;

- in the absence of regular watering on the dumps, the old man will retain moisture in the summer season, and in winter serve as a protective layer from frost and wind, with an additional positive anti-erosion effect;

- with the growth and development of plants sown grass mixtures, the old man will delay the growth of weeds, which are easily spread and inhibit the growth of other plant species, will also be a protective layer for fertilizers;

- for old soil, the old man will be an additional substrate, and when rotting, a source of nutrients;

- sowing seeds of grass mixtures of local species with a mixture of seeds of annual and perennial plants ensures uniform germination for several years.

The method is implemented as follows.

The old people are collected and delivered to reclaimed sites. The surface of the reclaimed sites is leveled by harrowing. After preparation of the sowing rows, the seeds of the grass mixture of local plant species are sown. Mineral fertilizers are applied to the reclaimed surface. Shelter is carried out by the old man and secured.

The introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers at the rate of 100 kg / ha provides a complete feeding of seedlings of planted grass mixtures of both annual and perennial plants.

The optimal thickness of the layer of cultivating additives (old people) when applied to a horizontal surface is 8-10 cm, on the slopes of dumps - up to 20 cm.

It is most effective to use the old man in combination with sowing one-year-old plants, since the seeds of annual plants, in subsequent years of perennial grasses, sprout in the first season.

Concrete implementation example

In the area of experimental work in the valley of the river. Sokhsolokh (the village of Aikhal, Mirny district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)) of the old man consists of such meadow species as reedweeds (terrestrial, Langsdorf), sedge (unnoticed, russet, wintering), meadow foxtail. From year to year these meadows are not used or are partially used by a few cattle of private owners. For this experiment, prepared sites measuring 10 × 10 m: at different levels of the surface of the reclaimed dump. The old men made a preliminary collection with a rake and transported to the experimental site. Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilizers were applied to the flattened surface of the experimental sites - at a dose of 100 kg / ha of the active substance of nitrogen (AI). At the prepared sites, a parallel ordinary method was used to sow a mixture of seeds of local herbs. Rows, the distance between which is 0.5 m, were formed so as to interfere with erosion processes. After sowing the seeds in the experimental plots, they were shelled by an old man.

Table 1 Table 1 presents the experimentally determined optimal parameters for the implementation of the method. Stages Job title Optimal ratio one Preparation of the surface of the blade for sowing seeds and sowing seeds 35.0 kg / ha 2 The introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilizers 100.0 kg / ha 3 Shelter surface old man The average thickness is 10-15 cm, on the surface 8-10 cm, on the slope up to 20 cm.

The first season of experimental work showed:

- total projective cover of vegetation up to 40%;

- average seedling height 30-40 cm;

- the prevalence of the following species among sown species - sowing oats, white melilot, chamomile;

- in the dry summer of 2011 and in the absence of watering, the emergence of seedlings in August.

Thus, the application of this method of biological reclamation in the first season gave positive results.

Claims (2)

1. The method of reclamation of disturbed lands in the Arctic and Subarctic, including harrowing the soil and the formation of vegetation and soil cover by spreading on the bare ground the aerial part of the phytomass of local plant species, characterized in that after harrowing the soil, sowing seeds of grass mixtures of local plant species is carried out and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied, and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilizers are applied at the rate of 100 kg / ha, and an old man of local plant species used on the surface is used as a protective layer a layer of 8-20 cm. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the sowing of seeds of grass mixtures of local plant species is carried out with a mixture of seeds of annual and perennial plants introduced in the North.