CN115067044A - Fertilizing method and organic cultivation method for organic cultivation of gramineous forage grass in alpine pasturing area - Google Patents
Fertilizing method and organic cultivation method for organic cultivation of gramineous forage grass in alpine pasturing area Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
Abstract
The invention discloses a fertilizing method for organically cultivating gramineous forage grasses in alpine pasturing areas and an organic cultivating method for gramineous forage grasses in alpine pasturing areas, wherein the fertilizing method comprises the steps of land preparation and base fertilizer application, seed fertilizer application during sowing and top dressing before nodulation of the gramineous forage grasses; the organic cultivation method comprises the steps of land selection, land preparation and fertilization, seed selection and planting, field management and mature harvesting. Wherein, the step of land preparation fertilization includes: uniformly spreading the base fertilizer on the surface of the selected land, and carrying out deep soil turning and soil solarization on the soil of the land; the seed selection and planting steps comprise: applying seed manure during seeding, and applying the seed manure by using a seed manure layered seeding machine; the field management method comprises the following steps: applying additional fertilizer before the pasture is subjected to jointing; wherein, the base fertilizer, the seed fertilizer and the additional fertilizer are farmyard manure or biological organic fertilizer or the combination of the two.
Description
The application is a divisional application with the application date of 2017, 7 and 28 months and the application number of 201710627905.5, and the invention name of the method is 'organic cultivation method of gramineous pasture in alpine pasturing areas'.
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of pasture cultivation in alpine pasturing areas, in particular to a fertilizing method and an organic cultivation method for organic cultivation of gramineous pasture in alpine pasturing areas.
Background
In recent years, the awareness of people on health and environmental protection is continuously increased, and the organic animal husbandry with the concept of protecting ecological environment and producing healthy food is rapidly developed in the world. Forage in organic animal husbandry production is a material base and a nutrient source which is relied on by animal husbandry for production and development, and is also a pollution source for producing animal husbandry public nuisance. The organic cultivation and management of the forage can solve the problem of 'environmental brands', and simultaneously provides solid foundation guarantee for the authentication of organic milk and organic beef and mutton.
The cold season supplementary forage feeding in the alpine pasturing area of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau is insufficient, the dependence of livestock on forage is large, especially the organic forage source is insufficient, and the conventional forage can be produced only by a non-organic agricultural production area. With the development of economic globalization, environmental pollution has become a global significant environmental problem while conventional cultivation brings highly developed labor productivity and riches various products to human beings. In the production process of conventional pasture, by using a large amount of agricultural chemicals such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides and the like, the ecological environment and forage grass are polluted to different degrees, such as the problem of pesticide residue exceeding standard, the problem of nitrate caused by excessive nitrogen fertilizers, the problem of heavy metal (such as Zn and Cd) pollution of soil, water sources and the like caused by long-term phosphate fertilizer application, a natural ecological system is damaged, and the land production capacity is continuously reduced. Heavy metals in soil have the characteristics of difficult degradability, difficult migration, concealment, high toxicity and the like, are easily accumulated on the surface layer of the soil and can be absorbed by plants, thereby not only influencing the growth of crops, but also threatening the health of human beings through a food chain. Therefore, there is a need to develop an alternative production method for the conventional cultivation method of forage grass, which can maintain the productivity and the product quality and reduce the environmental pollution while maintaining the economic benefits.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides an organic cultivation method for fertilizing gramineous pasture in alpine pasturing areas and an organic cultivation method for gramineous pasture in alpine pasturing areas.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a fertilizing method for organically cultivating gramineous forage grass in alpine pasturing areas, which comprises the steps of applying base fertilizer on the whole land, applying seed fertilizer during sowing and topdressing before the gramineous forage grass is subjected to node removal; the base fertilizer accounts for 60-70% of the total fertilizer amount in the planting process; the seed fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total fertilizer application amount in the planting process, and the additional fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total fertilizer application amount in the planting process;
the content of pure nitrogen in the base fertilizer is not more than 200kg/hm 2 The application amount of the farm manure is 15000kg/hm 2 ～18000kg/hm 2 The application amount of the biological organic fertilizer is 600kg/hm 2 ～2700kg/hm 2 (ii) a One or more of mineral potash magnesium fertilizer, plant ash and phosphate rock powder are also added into the base fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the mineral potash magnesium fertilizer is 600kg/hm 2 ～700kg/hm 2 The application amount of the plant ash is 700kg/hm 2 ～800kg/hm 2 The application amount of the ground phosphate rock is 300kg/hm 2 ～350kg/hm 2 ；
Uniformly spreading the base fertilizer on the ground surface of the selected land, carrying out deep soil turning and soil solarization on the soil of the organic land by using a machine or animal power, wherein the turning depth is about 25-35 cm, fully and uniformly mixing the soil and the fertilizer, and simultaneously turning root stubbles, broadleaf weeds and the like into the lower layer of the soil to eliminate hidden pathogenic bacteria and pests;
applying seed manure during seeding, and applying the seed manure by using a seed manure layered seeding machine;
when the additional fertilizer is applied before the jointing of the pasture, the main fertilizer types are selected according to the difference of the nutrition requirement and the production purpose of the pasture, specifically:
if the final purpose of harvesting the grass stems and leaves is to apply additional fertilizer, the organic fertilizer rich in nitrogen and phosphorus is taken as the main material, and farmyard manure or other organic fertilizers are taken as the auxiliary materials;
if the final purpose of harvesting the grass seeds is to apply additional fertilizer, the organic fertilizer rich in potassium and calcium is taken as the main material, and farmyard manure or other organic fertilizers are taken as the auxiliary material;
wherein, before the top dressing, the soil is tested, and according to the detection result, essential elements which are lacked in the soil are supplemented when the top dressing is applied;
the base fertilizer, the seed fertilizer and the top dressing are farmyard manure or biological organic fertilizer or the combination of the two, the farmyard manure is farmyard manure, livestock manure, green manure and straw composting rotten in farms or livestock farms, and the biological organic fertilizer is a biological organic fertilizer approved by certification institutions;
the soil with sticky texture and poor air permeability is suitable for applying organic fertilizer with higher decomposition degree and higher mineralization and decomposition speed; the soil with light texture and good air permeability is suitable for applying organic fertilizer with low decomposition degree; in areas with low temperature and little rainfall, organic fertilizers with higher decomposition degree and higher mineralization and decomposition speed are preferably applied.
The invention provides an organic cultivation method of gramineous pasture in alpine pasturing areas, which comprises the steps of land selection, land preparation and fertilization, seed selection and planting, field management and mature harvesting, wherein,
the step of selecting the place comprises the following steps: selecting plots in an organic certification or organic certification conversion period, or selecting plots which are allowed to be replanted or approved new wasteland after more than three years of leisure; the land is a complete land which is not clamped for conventional production, the periphery of the land is provided with a buffer zone, and the buffer zone is a mountain, a river, a lake or a forest or crop which is artificially built and cultivated in an organic mode;
the steps of land preparation and fertilization comprise: uniformly spreading the base fertilizer on the ground surface of the selected land, and carrying out deep soil layer turning and soil drying on the soil of the land by using a machine or animal power, wherein the turning depth is 25-35 cm, so that the soil and the fertilizer are fully and uniformly mixed;
the seed selection and planting steps comprise: applying seed manure during seeding, and applying the seed manure by using a seed manure layered seeding machine;
the field management steps include: applying additional fertilizer before the pasture is subjected to jointing, wherein the application mode of the additional fertilizer comprises broadcasting, furrow application or foliage spraying;
the base fertilizer, the seed fertilizer and the top dressing are farmyard manure or bio-organic fertilizer or the combination of the two, the farmyard manure is farmyard manure, livestock manure, green manure and straw compost decomposed farmyard manure in a farm or a livestock farm, and the bio-organic fertilizer is approved by a certification authority.
Preferably, a crop rotation system is established for the selected plot: planting deep root crops or leguminous crops without organic forbidden substances in the previous crop for planting the gramineous forage grass, and performing crop rotation system of the deep root crops or leguminous crops and the gramineous crops with shallow roots; high-stubble harvesting is adopted in autumn, and soil conservation and water storage capacity of soil is improved through ground covering measures, so that water loss and soil erosion are prevented; the crops are harvested in autumn and then are free from tillage, and livestock is allowed to graze in winter.
Preferably, the pH value of the soil of the selected land is detected, and if the pH value is less than 6.0, dolomite powder or limestone is used for adjusting the soil to increase the pH value to between 6.5 and 7.5; if the pH value is more than 9.0, the sulfur powder is used for adjusting the soil to reduce the pH value to between 6.5 and 7.5.
Preferably, the base fertilizer accounts for 60-70% of the total amount of fertilizer applied in the planting process, the seed fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total amount of fertilizer applied in the planting process, and the additional fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total amount of fertilizer applied in the planting process.
Preferably, when topdressing is applied before the jointing of pasture, main fertilizer types are selected according to the difference of the nutrition requirement and the production purpose of the pasture, and specifically: if the final purpose of harvesting the grass stems and leaves is to apply additional fertilizer, the organic fertilizer rich in nitrogen and phosphorus is taken as the main material, and farmyard manure or other organic fertilizers are taken as the auxiliary materials; if the purpose of harvesting the pasture seeds is finally achieved, when additional fertilizer is applied, organic fertilizer rich in potassium and calcium is taken as a main material, and farmyard manure or other organic fertilizer is taken as an auxiliary material; wherein, before the top dressing, the soil is tested, and according to the detection result, necessary elements which are lacked in the soil are supplemented when the top dressing is applied.
Preferably, in the field management step, when the risk of lacking elements in the pasture is determined, the lacking elements are supplemented by spraying foliar fertilizer; the foliar fertilizer is one or more of mineral fertilizer, microelement fertilizer and microbial fertilizer.
Preferably, the content of pure nitrogen in the base fertilizer is not more than 200kg/hm 2 The application amount of the farm manure is 15000kg/hm 2 ～18000kg/hm 2 The application amount of the biological organic fertilizer is 600kg/hm 2 ～2700kg/hm 2 。
Preferably, one or more of mineral potash magnesium fertilizer, plant ash and phosphate rock powder are also added into the base fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the mineral potash magnesium fertilizer is 600kg/hm 2-700 kg/hm 2 The application amount of the plant ash is 700kg/hm 2-800 kg/hm 2 The application amount of the ground phosphate rock is 300kg/hm 2-350 kg/hm 2 。
Preferably, the step of selecting seeds and planting specifically comprises:
(a) and seed cleaning: the grass seeds are cleaned manually or mechanically, and the cleaning device is fully cleaned by using clear water to remove pollutant residues and remove miscellaneous grains, broken grains and shriveled grains mixed in the grass seeds;
(b) soaking seeds and removing awns: soaking the grass seeds in biological bacteria and quicklime water in sequence, then tedding and air-drying, and mechanically striking to perform awn removal treatment and eliminate seed-borne diseases on the grass seeds;
(c) and sun-seeding treatment before sowing: selecting clear weather before sowing, spreading the seeds to a thickness of 3-5 cm, and sunning the seeds for 2-3 days in a dry sunny place to sterilize and promote enzyme activity in the seeds so as to improve the germination rate and the vitality of the seeds;
(d) and seeding: the seed and fertilizer layered seeder is used for seeding, seeding and earthing, raking and timely compacting.
Preferably, when the seed and fertilizer layered sowing machine is used for sowing, the sowing row spacing is 15-30 cm, and the sowing depth is 0.5-5 cm; wherein, the larger the grass seed particle diameter is, the deeper the sowing depth is; the smaller the soil moisture content, the deeper the depth of sowing.
Preferably, when the pasture seeds are small-sized seeds, the sowing depth is 0.5-1 cm when the soil water content is more than 16%, and the sowing depth is 2-3 cm when the soil water content is 10-16%; when the forage grass seeds are large-grain forage grass seeds, the sowing depth is 2-3 cm when the soil water content is more than 16%, and the sowing depth is 5cm when the soil water content is 10-16%.
Has the advantages that:
the organic cultivation method for the gramineous pasture in the alpine pasturing area provided by the embodiment of the invention adopts an organic cultivation method to plant and produce the gramineous pasture in the alpine pasturing area. According to the natural law and the ecological principle, the balance of the planting industry and the breeding industry system is coordinated, the cultivation management mode adopted by the environmental load is reduced, and the aims of producing natural safe products and enabling the soil to operate and cultivate forever are fulfilled. Organic pasture cultivation is an environment-friendly cultivation mode, organic fertilizers are advocated to replace chemical fertilizers in organic pasture production, agricultural measures such as leguminous crop rotation and green manure planting are matched to maintain and improve soil fertility, poison of chemical pesticides to soil microorganisms is reduced, external input is reduced from the root, pesticide residues are reduced, the organic pasture cultivation method has the remarkable characteristics that soil physicochemical properties can be obviously improved, soil microorganisms are increased, the healthy and continuous utilization of soil is facilitated, and a series of environmental pollution problems of the pesticides, the chemical fertilizers and the like are reduced. Meanwhile, the forage grass is beneficial to the safety of forage grass products and the stability of an ecological system is maintained. Compared with the conventional cultivation, the ecological effect is obvious in the aspects of preventing water and soil loss, reducing non-point source pollution, improving the soil environment, improving the product quality, increasing the biological diversity of an ecological system and the like. The production mode not only provides safe and high-quality products for society, but also reduces the pollution to the environment, and improves the soil, so that the organic cultivation has sustainability compared with the conventional cultivation, and is more favorable for ecological balance and environmental protection. The organic planting industry has the characteristics of resource saving, environmental friendliness, ecological diversity and the like, and simultaneously gives consideration to the product safety and the environmental benefit.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below.
Selecting the ground
The soil is required to be uncontaminated, the soil permeability is good, the soil is fertile, the organic matter content is high, the porosity is proper, and the water and fertilizer retention property is strong. The base is provided with abundant organic fertilizer sources around or in the base, water and soil conservation measures around the base, good biological diversity and stronger sustainable production capacity. Avoid the areas with obvious human interference, such as industrial areas, villages, traffic main roads, industrial and mining areas and the like in the flourishing cities as much as possible. The plot with the organic authentication and the organic authentication conversion period is preferred; the next selection is to allow the re-ploughing of the land blocks or the approved new wasteland blocks after more than three years of leisure; for organic pasture cultivation in fields which do not meet the above conditions, a conversion period of at least two years is generally required, but for fields which have been cultivated conventionally, a conversion period of at least 1 year is required. The start time of the conversion period is calculated from the date of the certification application to the certification authority and the producer must operate exactly as required for the organic production during the conversion period.
The land of the plot should be a complete plot with no conventionally produced plots sandwiched between, but allowing for organic conversion plots. If the parallel production exists around the organic pasture, the buffer zone must be arranged between the organic pasture planting area and the conventional pasture planting area. The arrangement of the buffer zone is determined according to factors such as the intensity, the distance, the wind direction and the like of the pollution source. The buffer zone is preferably a natural barrier of a mountain, a river, a lake and the like, and can also be used for artificially building a forest and planting crops. Natural vegetation is generally no less than 10 meters to prevent drift of forbidden materials near conventional plots. If crops with plants are buffered, the crops must be cultivated in an organic manner, but harvested products can only be sold as conventional products.
The organic certification and the organic certification conversion period or the buffer zone are arranged to ensure that the content of harmful residual substances in soil, atmosphere and water reaches the national standard, ensure the clean and pollution-free inorganic environment in the organic planting production system, provide precondition for ensuring the organic production and stop the pollution in all aspects from the source.
In a preferred scheme, the pH value of the soil of the selected land is detected, and if the pH value is less than 6.0, dolomite powder or limestone is used for adjusting the soil to increase the pH value to between 6.5 and 7.5; if the pH value is more than 9.0, the sulfur powder is used for adjusting the soil to reduce the pH value to between 6.5 and 7.5.
In a preferred approach, a crop rotation system is established for the selected plot: planting leguminous crops without organic forbidden substances in the previous stubbles for planting the gramineous forage, and performing crop rotation system of deep-rooted crops or leguminous crops and superficial-rooted gramineous crops; high-stubble harvesting is adopted in autumn, and soil conservation and water storage capacity of soil is improved through ground covering measures, so that water loss and soil erosion are prevented; the crops are harvested in autumn and then are free from tillage, and livestock is allowed to graze in winter.
The previous and current crops are crop rotation system of leguminous crops, gramineous crops, deep root crops and shallow root crops. The previous crops are deep root crops or leguminous crops without organic forbidden substances, so that the aims of restoring soil fertility and balancing balanced absorption of plant nutrition are fulfilled. In autumn, high stubble harvesting is adopted, and measures such as ground covering are adopted to improve the soil conservation and water storage capacity of soil and prevent water and soil loss. After autumn harvest, no tillage is carried out, non-exotic livestock is allowed to graze in winter, a production mode combining planting and breeding is advocated, a benign substance circulation system is formed while insect pests and weeds are prevented and controlled, and the substance circulation efficiency of an organic production unit is improved. It is not suitable for first-crop and second-crop planting of annual gramineous forage grass. Except perennial grasses. Fallow or leguminous crops are arranged according to local conditions in an organic annual pasture production system, a reasonable rotation system is adopted, so that the continuous single consumption of soil nutrients can be reduced, germs are inhibited, the occurrence of diseases, insect pests and weed is reduced, and a foundation is laid for geographical fertilization of organic production and prevention and control of the diseases, insect pests and weed. The cultivation of bean forage grass and leguminous crops for improving soil fertility is an effective measure for raising land and improving the physical and chemical properties of soil. Increase the biodiversity and is beneficial to the soil fertility maintenance.
(II) land preparation and fertilization
And (3) uniformly spreading the base fertilizer on the ground surface of the selected land block 2 weeks before sowing, deeply turning over the soil layer and drying the soil of the organic land block by using a machine or animal power, wherein the turning depth is about 25-35 cm, so that the soil and the fertilizer are fully mixed, and meanwhile, root stubbles, broadleaf weeds and the like are turned into the lower layer of the soil to eliminate hidden pathogenic bacteria and pests. Meanwhile, the root system of perennial weeds is killed by deeply ploughing the land. Before sowing, raking soil preparation and raking are carried out to achieve the effects of deficiency in the upper part, excess in the lower part and consistent depth, so that the surface soil is level and the live soil layer is deep. The organic matter content of the pasture organic planting soil is more than 2 percent.
The base fertilizer is farmyard manure or bio-organic fertilizer or the combination of the farmyard manure and the bio-organic fertilizer, the farmyard manure is farmyard manure, livestock manure, green manure and straw composting decomposed farmyard manure in a farm or a livestock farm, and the bio-organic fertilizer is approved by a certification authority. The variety of the applied organic fertilizer is preferably changed year by year or a plurality of organic fertilizers are simultaneously applied in a mixed manner year by year, the carbon-nitrogen ratio is adjusted by adopting a balanced fertilization and formula fertilization mode according to the soil fertility and the characteristics of the fertilizers, and the fertilization amount is determined.
It should be noted that, as for the selection of fertilizers in the planting process, the application of urban and rural garbage, sewage sludge, factory wastewater and waste residues, untreated sewage and the like is strictly forbidden; the application of various artificially synthesized chemical fertilizers, such as urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium bicarbonate, various compound fertilizers, rare earth element fertilizers, various artificially synthesized multifunctional nutrient solutions and the like, is forbidden. Organic fertilizers which are not polluted by heavy metals, pesticides and other harmful chemicals and are subjected to harmless treatment, such as human excrement, various poultry and livestock excrements, composts, retts, various cake fertilizers, leftovers of agricultural and sideline products and the like, must be applied. Organic planting requires the use of organic, diversified, harmless and low-cost organic fertilizers. Not only has comprehensive nutrition and lasting fertility, but also can improve the soil structure and increase the content of organic matters in the soil. Wherein, the soil with heavy texture and poor air permeability is suitable for applying organic fertilizer with higher decomposition degree and higher mineralization and decomposition speed. The soil with light texture and good air permeability is suitable for applying organic fertilizer with low decomposition degree. In areas with low temperature and little rainfall, organic fertilizers with higher decomposition degree and higher mineralization and decomposition speed are preferably applied.
By reducing the demand for agricultural chemicals, the use of non-renewable energy sources is reduced. The organic farm reduces the amount of waste by recycling the waste. Poultry and livestock excreta, crop residues, straw and other materials used as waste in conventional farms, after proper treatment, can be used as a source of soil nutrients and organic matter, improve soil properties, provide nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and improve yield and quality. The organic cultivation mode can be in soil the carbon restriction, is favorable to promoting the land productivity, increases soil carbon and stores efficiency. The external low input is reduced, and the environmental pollution is further reduced. Deep ploughing to improve soil, creating deep soft soil layer, deep ploughing to improve soil gap, deepen soil layer, improve soil moisture preserving capability, enhance air permeability, promote microorganism activity, improve soil effective nutrient, promote crop root system extension, and reduce plant diseases and insect pests. The deep ploughing can increase the yield by 10.15 percent and even more than one time.
In a preferred scheme, the base fertilizer accounts for 60-70% of the total fertilizer amount in the planting process by weight. Further, the content of pure nitrogen in the base fertilizer is not more than 200kg/hm 2 The application amount of the farm manure is 15000kg/hm 2 ～18000kg/hm 2 The application amount of the biological organic fertilizer is 600kg/hm 2 ～2700kg/hm 2 . More closely, the base fertilizerOne or more of mineral potash magnesium fertilizer, plant ash and phosphate rock powder are also added, wherein the application amount of the mineral potash magnesium fertilizer is 600kg/hm 2 ～700kg/hm 2 The application amount of the plant ash is 700kg/hm 2 ～800kg/hm 2 The application amount of the ground phosphate rock is 300kg/hm 2 ～350kg/hm 2 . The use of mineral fertilizers should be tightly controlled to prevent heavy metal accumulation in the soil. Before the mineral source substance is applied, the heavy metal content or other pollution factors of the mineral source substance are detected and a detection report is provided. The cadmium content in the ground phosphate rock is not more than 90mg/kg, and the solubility of the ground phosphate rock cannot be improved by adopting a chemical treatment mode before use.
(III) selecting seeds and planting
(1) And seed selection: the grass seeds used for organic cultivation need to come from an organic production system. However, when there is sufficient evidence that the desired organic crop seed is not available, conventional seeds produced by conventional production means without the use of prohibited materials and methods can be used, but must be approved by the relevant regulatory authorities, such seeds meeting more than two seed standards as set forth in the state, while a plan for obtaining organic grass seed is established and implemented. The introduced seeds must be quarantined to prevent the spread of malignant pests. Seeds do not allow treatment with synthetic chemicals, phytochemicals or mineral materials that are harmful to humans. In case seed treatment is necessary, certain plant or animal preparations, microbial preparations, bacterial inoculations may be used. Seeds treated with transgenic, irradiated, coating techniques are prohibited. The genetic diversity of the pasture needs to be fully considered and protected in the selection of the variety, and the pasture variety which is suitable for the soil and climatic characteristics of the alpine pasturing area, drought-resistant and cold-resistant is selected. If necessary, a three-dimensional planting mode is adopted to prevent the prevalence of diseases and insect pests caused by large-area cultivation of the same crop.
(2) Seed cleaning: before sowing, people are cleaned manually or mechanically, and the cleaning device is fully cleaned by using clean water to remove pollutant residues. And selecting plump, balanced and disease-free seeds. Before sowing, impurity grains, broken grains and shriveled grains mixed in crop seeds are removed, and the purity is not lower than 95% and the purity is not lower than 98%.
(3) Soaking seeds and removing awns: when grass seeds with awns are directly sowed without treatment, the seeds are easy to conglobate and are not sowed uniformly, so that awns need to be removed before sowing. The seeds can be soaked for 1 hour by biological bacteria such as Bt and the like, then soaked for 2-3 days by using 1% quicklime water, and then spread and dried in the sun, air-dried and mechanically beaten to prevent seed-borne diseases, and chemical agent soaking is strictly forbidden.
(4) And sun-seeding treatment before sowing: before sowing, the seeds are spread to be 3-5 cm thick in sunny and windless weather, and the seeds are dried in the sun for 2-3 days to achieve sterilization and promote enzyme activity in the seeds so as to improve the germination rate and the vitality of the seeds.
(5) And a seed germination test: and performing a seed germination test before sowing, wherein the germination rate is required to be more than 95%.
(6) And seeding: and (5) sowing by using a seed and fertilizer layered sowing machine. When the conventional land and the organic land are combined with equipment such as farm tools and the like, the equipment needs to be cleaned before sowing, and records are left to ensure that seeds and fertilizers are not polluted. The row spacing is controlled to be 15-30 cm during sowing; the operations such as ditching, sowing and the like are completed at one time, and soil covering, raking and timely pressing are performed after sowing. Wherein, the seed manure is applied during seeding, and the seed manure is applied by using a seed manure layered seeding machine. The seed manure is selected from farmyard manure or biological organic fertilizer or a combination of the farmyard manure and the biological organic fertilizer.
In a preferred scheme, the seed fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total fertilizer amount in the planting process by weight.
Wherein, regarding the seeding rate:
and calculating the seeding amount according to the planting density, the germination rate, the field emergence rate and the thousand seed weight of the seeds. The theoretical seeding rate is calculated by the formula: the seeding amount (kg/hectare) ═ basic seedling (ten thousand/hectare) × thousand kernel weight (g) ]/[ 100 × germination percentage (%) × field emergence rate (%) × purity (%) × ].
The seeding rate calculated by the formula is only theoretical data, and the actual seeding rate is generally 20-30% higher than the theoretical seeding rate. And seedling checking and completion are carried out about 15 days after sowing. The seeding rate of the general gramineous large-grain seeds is 17-20 kg/mu, the seeding rate of the gramineous small-grain seeds is 1-2 kg/mu, and about 110 thousands of seeds are kept per hectare. The soil property is determined, and the soil is slightly thin and the soil is slightly dense.
Wherein, regarding the seeding time:
and (5) sowing in due time. The sowing period is determined by considering the soil moisture content of the seedbed and the peak period of plant diseases and insect pests, the water content of the soil in 20cm is more than 10%, the soil can be sown when the soil temperature is more than 5 ℃ in 5cm, and the specific sowing period is determined according to the climate, geographical conditions and planting purposes. Specifically, aiming at the areas of Qinghai province, in view of the unique natural environment of the local area, severe cold in winter and thick frozen soil, the damage of plant diseases and insect pests rarely occurs, the seeding begins in late 4 months in the lake region, and the late 6 months are not suitable at the latest; sowing is started in the last 5 th of month in the southerly region, and the sowing is not late in the last 6 th of month at the latest.
Wherein, regarding the seeding depth:
determining the sowing depth according to the size of the seeds and the soil moisture content, wherein the sowing depth is generally 0.5-5 cm, and the larger the grain size of the pasture seeds is, the deeper the sowing depth is; the smaller the soil moisture content, the deeper the depth of sowing. For small-sized seeds, the sowing depth is 0.5-1 cm when the soil water content is more than 16%, and the sowing depth is 2-3 cm when the soil water content is 10% -16%. For large-sized seeds, the sowing depth is 2-3 cm when the soil water content is more than 16%, and the sowing depth is 5cm when the soil water content is 10% -16%. The seeds are required to be uniform, no seeding leakage, no ridge breaking and consistent depth during seeding, and the seeds must be pressed after seeding to facilitate seedling emergence.
(IV) field management
(1) As to top dressing
According to the different nutritional requirements and production purposes of the pasture, additional fertilizer is applied before the nodulation of the gramineous pasture. The nitrogen fertilizer is absorbed more in the growth period of the stems and leaves of gramineous forage grass; phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are absorbed more in the grass of Gramineae during the booting and flowering period, so the top dressing should be performed around the characteristic. If the final purpose of harvesting the grass stems and leaves is to be achieved, organic fertilizers rich in nitrogen and phosphorus can be applied before the gramineous grass is subjected to jointing, and farmyard manure or other organic fertilizers are used as auxiliary materials; if the forage grass seeds are harvested as the final purpose, organic fertilizer rich in potassium and calcium can be applied before the gramineous forage grass is subjected to jointing, and farmyard manure or other organic fertilizer is used as auxiliary fertilizer. The soluble organic fertilizer is applied to roots or leaves, the application amount is determined according to the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium requirements of different pastures and the content of each component of the organic fertilizer, the soil is preferably tested by adopting a soil testing formula fertilization technology, and necessary elements lacking in the soil are supplemented when additional fertilizer is applied according to the detection result. The top dressing selects to use farmyard manure or biological organic fertilizer or the combination of the farmyard manure and the biological organic fertilizer. The total amount of the organic fertilizer should be controlled. The soil fertility and the heavy metal element content of the soil are detected regularly, and the detection is generally finished once every year in the growing season.
Wherein, the application modes of the top dressing comprise broadcasting application, furrow application and foliage spraying. The application amount of the top dressing should be controlled to be 10% -20% of the total application amount. The application method of the furrow application is generally to cut a 10 cm-deep small furrow on the lacerated grassland and then carry out the strip application of the fertilizer, and the application method of the furrow application and the broadcasting is preferably carried out on the day before the rainy day. The foliar spraying is used as a nutrition supplement form for the external root fertilization, and the maximum amount of the effective components of the foliar spraying cannot exceed 10-15% of the total effective component dosage of the supplementary fertilizer. Selecting cloudy days, cloudy days or 10 am and 16 pm later, and avoiding the hot days of noon for additional fertilization. The fully decomposed human excrement can only be used for irrigating the root of the pasture, but not used as a foliar fertilizer, and chemical topdressing is strictly forbidden.
(2) Supplement of trace elements
When the danger of lacking elements in the pasture is confirmed, the elements are supplemented by spraying the foliar fertilizer; the foliar fertilizer is one or more of mineral fertilizer, microelement fertilizer and microbial fertilizer. Mineral source fertilizers, trace element fertilizers and microbial fertilizers can only be used as auxiliary materials for soil fertilization. The use of slag which can cause the accumulation of heavy metals in soil is forbidden, potassium sulfate and trace element mineral salt containing sulfate are allowed to be used, and the slag is prepared into a solution before use and is uniformly sprayed by a sprayer.
The organic fertilizer is collected from livestock breeding to fertilize soil, so that the dependence on the external environment is reduced. Organic cultivation techniques emphasize the integrity, cyclicity, coordination, environmental protection and safety of the system. By reducing the demand on agricultural chemicals, the use of non-renewable energy sources is reduced, and high-solubility chemical fertilizers which are toxic to soil microorganisms and can cause soil structure damage after long-term use are eliminated. On the basis of the relationship of root system-microorganism-soil, the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil are comprehensively improved, soil microorganisms and the like are increased, the relationship of root system-microorganism-soil is coordinated, a normal material circulation system and a biological ecosystem are created, a more stable cultivation system is established, meanwhile, the nutrient and energy circulation is increased, the capability of soil for keeping nutrients and moisture is improved, the vacancy of mineral fertilizer is made up, the nutrient loss is reduced, the health and continuous utilization of soil are facilitated, the quality of pasture products is improved, and the product safety is guaranteed. Because no artificially synthesized nitrogen fertilizer is used, the emission of nitrogen oxides is reduced, the release of greenhouse gases is less than that of the conventional cultivation, and the atmospheric environment is protected.
(V) mature harvesting: and (4) harvesting the grass stems and leaves or grass seeds according to different production purposes.
In the above-described cultivation method, the parts not specifically described may be performed with reference to the prior art, and for example, the steps of field management further include weed removal, irrigation, and the like. Wherein the article material or the tool equipment used need not contain organic forbidden substances.
The foregoing is illustrative of the present disclosure and it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made in this embodiment without departing from the principles of the disclosure, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A fertilization method for organically cultivating gramineous forage grass in alpine pasturing areas is characterized in that the fertilization method comprises the steps of soil preparation and base fertilizer application, seed fertilizer application during sowing and top dressing before nodulation of the gramineous forage grass; the base fertilizer accounts for 60-70% of the total fertilizer amount in the planting process; the seed fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total fertilizer application amount in the planting process, and the additional fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total fertilizer application amount in the planting process;
the content of pure nitrogen in the base fertilizer is not more than 200kg/hm 2 The application amount of the farm manure is 15000kg/hm 2 ～18000kg/hm 2 The application amount of the bio-organic fertilizer is 600kg/hm 2 ～2700kg/hm 2 (ii) a One or more of mineral potash magnesium fertilizer, plant ash and phosphate rock powder are also added into the base fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the mineral potash magnesium fertilizer is 600kg/hm 2 ～700kg/hm 2 The application amount of the plant ash is 700kg/hm 2 ～800kg/hm 2 The application amount of the ground phosphate rock is 300kg/hm 2 ～350kg/hm 2 ；
Uniformly spreading the base fertilizer on the ground surface of the selected land, carrying out deep soil layer turning and soil drying on the soil of the organic land by using a machine or animal power, wherein the turning depth is about 25-35 cm, so that the soil and the fertilizer are fully and uniformly mixed, and meanwhile, turning root stubbles, broad-leaved weeds and the like into the lower layer of the soil to eliminate hidden pathogenic bacteria and pests;
applying seed manure during seeding, and applying the seed manure by using a seed manure layered seeding machine;
when the topdressing is applied before the jointing of the pasture, the main fertilizer types are selected according to the difference of the nutrition requirement and the production purpose of the pasture, specifically:
if the final purpose of harvesting the grass stems and leaves is to apply additional fertilizer, the organic fertilizer rich in nitrogen and phosphorus is taken as the main material, and farmyard manure or other organic fertilizers are taken as the auxiliary materials;
if the final purpose of harvesting the grass seeds is to apply additional fertilizer, the organic fertilizer rich in potassium and calcium is taken as the main material, and farmyard manure or other organic fertilizers are taken as the auxiliary material;
wherein, before the top dressing, the soil is tested, and according to the detection result, essential elements which are lacked in the soil are supplemented when the top dressing is applied;
the base fertilizer, the seed fertilizer and the top dressing are farmyard manure or biological organic fertilizer or the combination of the two, the farmyard manure is farmyard manure, livestock manure, green manure and straw composting rotten in farms or livestock farms, and the biological organic fertilizer is a biological organic fertilizer approved by certification institutions;
the soil with heavy texture and poor air permeability is suitable for applying organic fertilizer with higher decomposition degree and higher mineralization and decomposition speed; the soil with light texture and good air permeability is suitable for applying organic fertilizer with low decomposition degree; in areas with low temperature and little rainfall, organic fertilizers with higher decomposition degree and higher mineralization and decomposition speed are preferably applied.
2. An organic cultivation method of gramineous pasture in alpine pasturing areas, which comprises the steps of land selection, land preparation and fertilization, seed selection and planting, field management and mature harvest, and is characterized in that the fertilization method of claim 1 is adopted for fertilization;
the step of selecting the place comprises the following steps:
selecting plots in an organic certification or organic certification conversion period, or selecting plots which are allowed to be replanted or approved new wasteland after more than three years of leisure; the land is a complete land which is not clamped for conventional production, the periphery of the land is provided with a buffer zone, and the buffer zone is a mountain, a river, a lake or a forest or crop which is artificially built and cultivated in an organic mode;
the steps of land preparation and fertilization comprise: uniformly spreading the base fertilizer on the ground surface of the selected land, and carrying out deep soil turning and soil solarization on the soil of the land by using a machine or animal power, wherein the turning depth is 25-35 cm, so that the soil and the fertilizer are fully and uniformly mixed;
the seed selection and planting steps comprise: applying seed manure during seeding, and applying the seed manure by using a seed manure layered seeding machine;
the field management steps include: applying additional fertilizer before the pasture is subjected to jointing, wherein the application mode of the additional fertilizer comprises broadcasting, furrow application or foliage spraying; the base fertilizer, the seed fertilizer and the top dressing are farmyard manure or bio-organic fertilizer or the combination of the two, the farmyard manure is farmyard manure, livestock manure, green manure and straw compost decomposed farmyard manure in a farm or a livestock farm, and the bio-organic fertilizer is approved by a certification authority.
3. The organic cultivation method as claimed in claim 2, wherein a crop rotation system is established for the selected plot: in the previous crop of grass, deep root crops or leguminous crops without organic forbidden substances are planted, and a rotation system of the deep root crops or leguminous crops and the shallow root gramineous crops is implemented; high-stubble harvesting is adopted in autumn, and soil conservation and water storage capacity of soil is improved through ground covering measures, so that water loss and soil erosion are prevented; the crops are harvested in autumn and then are free from tillage, and livestock is allowed to graze in winter.
4. The organic cultivation method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the soil of the selected plot is subjected to pH value detection, and if the pH value is less than 6.0, the soil is adjusted to increase the pH value to between 6.5 and 7.5 by using dolomite powder or limestone; if the pH value is more than 9.0, the sulfur powder is used for adjusting the soil to reduce the pH value to between 6.5 and 7.5.
5. The organic cultivation method as claimed in claim 2, wherein in the step of field management, when the risk of lack of elements in the pasture is confirmed, the lack of elements is supplemented by spraying foliar fertilizer; the foliar fertilizer is one or more of mineral fertilizer, microelement fertilizer and microbial fertilizer.
6. The organic cultivation method of gramineous pasture in alpine pasturing areas according to any one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the steps of seed selection and planting specifically comprise:
(a) and seed cleaning: manually cleaning or mechanically cleaning the grass seeds to remove pollutant residues and remove miscellaneous grains, broken grains and shrivelled grains mixed in the grass seeds;
(b) soaking seeds and removing awns: soaking the grass seeds in biological bacteria and quicklime water in sequence, then spreading for drying in the sun, air-drying, mechanically striking, and performing awn removal treatment and seed-borne disease elimination on the grass seeds;
(c) and sun-seeding treatment before sowing: selecting clear weather before sowing, spreading the seeds to a thickness of 3-5 cm, and sunning the seeds for 2-3 days in a dry sunny place to sterilize and promote enzyme activity in the seeds so as to improve the germination rate and the vitality of the seeds;
(d) and seeding: the seed and fertilizer layered seeder is used for seeding, seeding and earthing, raking and timely compacting.
7. The organic cultivation method as claimed in claim 6, wherein when a seed-fertilizer layered sowing machine is used for sowing, the sowing row spacing is 15-30 cm, and the sowing depth is 0.5-5 cm; wherein, the larger the grass seed particle diameter is, the deeper the sowing depth is; the smaller the soil moisture content, the deeper the depth of sowing.
8. The organic cultivation method according to claim 7, wherein when the grass seeds are small-sized seeds, the sowing depth is 0.5 to 1cm when the soil water content is more than 16%, and the sowing depth is 2 to 3cm when the soil water content is 10 to 16%; when the forage grass seeds are large-grain forage grass seeds, the sowing depth is 2-3 cm when the soil water content is more than 16%, and the sowing depth is 5cm when the soil water content is 10% -16%.
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| CN102077747A (en) * | 2009-12-01 | 2011-06-01 | 张文 | High-yield planting method of organic pasture |
| CN102144461A (en) * | 2010-11-29 | 2011-08-10 | 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所 | Quick regenerating method for vegetation of returning farmland to grassland zone in extremely cold areas |
| CN102150546A (en) * | 2010-12-31 | 2011-08-17 | 苏州硒谷科技有限公司 | High-selenium corn straw and cultivation method and application thereof |
| CN102428820A (en) * | 2011-09-26 | 2012-05-02 | 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所 | Alpine area oat-common vetch mixed sowing method |
| CN104686187A (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2015-06-10 | 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所 | Method for artificial pasture planting in greenhouses in arctic-alpine pasturing areas |
| CN105145083A (en) * | 2015-09-15 | 2015-12-16 | 青海省畜牧兽医科学院 | Directional breeding and utilization method of cutting type organic natural pasture |
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| CN104686257B (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2017-07-28 | 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所 | A kind of Alpine-arctic Pastoral Around the house Planting Grass technology |
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| CN102077747A (en) * | 2009-12-01 | 2011-06-01 | 张文 | High-yield planting method of organic pasture |
| CN102144461A (en) * | 2010-11-29 | 2011-08-10 | 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所 | Quick regenerating method for vegetation of returning farmland to grassland zone in extremely cold areas |
| CN102150546A (en) * | 2010-12-31 | 2011-08-17 | 苏州硒谷科技有限公司 | High-selenium corn straw and cultivation method and application thereof |
| CN102428820A (en) * | 2011-09-26 | 2012-05-02 | 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所 | Alpine area oat-common vetch mixed sowing method |
| CN104686187A (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2015-06-10 | 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所 | Method for artificial pasture planting in greenhouses in arctic-alpine pasturing areas |
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