RU2407262C2 - Method of reclamation tillage - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method relates to agriculture, namely, to subsurface tillage. Method is carried out without regard to availability of conditions for irrigation. Method includes soil tillage without soil overturning, with simultaneous application of organic fertilisers into subsurface and crop sowing. Soil tillage and organic fertilisers placement are carried out by tiller plough RN-4. Soil is tilled for depth of 0.3-0.4 m. Organic fertiliser placed into subsurface is represented by ground specially grown green manure crops of up to 40% of organic mass for depth of 0.18-0.28 m in slots formed in process of tillage, and remaining organic mass is introduced into layer of 0-10 cm with further smoothing and rolling of field surface. Green manure crops are annual grass crops, such as peas, vetch, rape, oats, etc.

EFFECT: realisation of this method will make it possible to accelerate process of reclamation effect of organic fertilisers at tilled and previously compacted low-fertility subsurface, using single-stage combined treatment of soil, reducing power inputs.

2 cl, 3 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to a method of subsurface tillage.

There is a method of phytomelioration of the subsurface horizon of soils (US Pat. RF No. 2152146, АВВ 79/00, BI No. 19, 2000), which includes loosening the arable layer with the simultaneous formation of cracks in the subsurface layer and filling them with loose concentrated organic fertilizer, and the inter-slit space is sown with annual or perennial crops with a well-developed root system.

The disadvantage of this method is that vertically cut cracks do not cover the entire field, therefore, only those plants whose roots are directly in the gap can use fertilizers, almost exclusively due to which the cultivation of the subsoil layer occurs. This process is long, inefficient and expensive.

Closest to the proposed method is a land reclamation method (US Pat. RF No. 2229780, АВВ 79/02, BI No. 16, 2004), including loosening the soil without turning the formation, simultaneous application of organic fertilizers in the subsurface layer and sowing of the reclamation culture.

However, this method has several disadvantages: high energy costs for deep (0.5-1.2 m) soil compaction; the method is applicable only under irrigation conditions; the reclamation process is stretched over time.

The objective of the invention is to accelerate the reclamation effect of organic fertilizers on previously compacted low-fertile subsoil horizon, loosened by treatment, using a single-stage combined soil treatment that reduces energy costs. The method is carried out regardless of the availability of conditions for irrigation.

The task is realized by the fact that in the method, which includes loosening the soil without turning the formation, while adding organic fertilizers to the subsoil layer and sowing the culture, loosening the soil and incorporating organic fertilizers is carried out with a PH-4 cultivator, and the soil is loosened to a depth of 0, 3-0.4 m, as an organic fertilizer, crushed specially grown sideral crops up to 40% of the organic mass to a depth of 0.18-0.28 m are introduced into the subsurface layer into the cracks formed at the time of loosening, and the remaining organic This mass is introduced into a layer of 0-10 cm, followed by leveling and rolling of the field surface. As sidereal crops, annual herbaceous plants are used (for example, peas, vetch, rape, oats, etc.). The method is as follows.

Loosening the soil without turning the bed is carried out with a PH-4 cultivator plow to a depth of 0.3-0.4 m. This allows you to loosen the previously compacted low-fertile subsoil layer. Simultaneously with loosening, organic fertilizer is introduced into the subsurface layer. Organic fertilizer is added to the subsurface layer in the form of a crushed specially grown sideral culture, and up to 40% of the organic mass is applied to a depth of 0.18-0.28 m in the cracks formed at the time of loosening, and the remaining organic mass is introduced into the 0-10 cm layer As annual crops, annual herbaceous plants (for example, peas, vetch, rape, oats, etc.) are used, which form a powerful root system in this zone and the height of the aerial mass at the time of soil cultivation is 0.4-0.7 m. green manure applied tional on the known parameters, but with their seeding in the direction perpendicular to the intended direction of tillage. After applying organic fertilizer, leveling and rolling of the surface of the field is carried out. Soil rolling is carried out depending on the moisture content of the treated soil with a needle chain or plate roller. In both cases, the soil surface is mulched and excess evaporation due to capillary inflow of moisture is excluded.

The proposed method of processing infertile soils is to provide deep loosening of the subsurface horizon simultaneously with the arable, but with the forced incorporation into the processed subsurface horizon of green manure fertilizers at the time of formation of cracks behind the counter of loosening working bodies.

The proposed method was tested in a field production experiment on a field with a complex soil cover typical of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. Soil cultivation according to the technology described above has been carried out since autumn in the preparation of the autumnal background. A pea-oat mixture for green fodder was grown on the field. In autumn, when harvesting in the control, without autumn tillage on medium-sized solonetz spots, the yield was 3 t / ha of green mass, which is three times lower than in the meadow-chernozem soil prevailing on the field (table 1). After combined treatment, it reached a level of 10-11 t / ha of green mass on all components of the soil cover, thereby ensuring relative equality of fertility of various types of soils.

Table 1 Productivity of pea-oat mix, t / ha of green mass Option Productivity Meadow chernozem soil Control (no processing) 9.44 Processing RFN-4,5 11.22 Processing RN-4 14.33 Solonets medium Control (no processing) 2.87 Processing RFN-4,5 11.85 Processing RN-4 11.89

The achieved result is due to the improvement of aggregate addition (table 2), which created the prerequisites for optimizing the water-air, thermal, nutritional regimes and accelerated the reclamation effect of organic fertilizers on the previously compacted low-fertile subsurface horizon loosened by treatment. So, for the period from August (during the treatment of winter fallow) to the end of May (during the sowing season), the plants shredded by disks embedded in the soil decomposed by 93-97% (table 3).

table 2 Aggregate addition of soils of the solonetzic complex according to the experimental options,% Option Depth cm Fraction size, mm > 10 3-10 1-3 <1 Meadow chernozem soil Control (without 0-20 25.9 30.9 31.7 11.5 processing) 20-40 32,4 29.1 29.3 8.7 Processing RFN-4,5 0-20 14.3 27.5 39.5 18.9 20-40 24.5 30.6 33.6 11,4 Processing RN-4 0-20 25.0 30.9 32,4 11.7 20-40 19.2 41.1 31,0 8.7 Solonets medium Control (without 0-20 78.3 10.5 7.3 3.9 processing) 20-40 96.4 2,8 0.7 0.1 Processing RFN-4,5 0-20 69.5 12.8 11.7 5.9 20-40 90.3 7.0 2.0 0.6 Processing RN-4 0-20 54.7 15.9 18.1 11,4 20-40 59.2 17.3 19.5 4.0

Table 3 Decomposition of green mass of green manure crops in the subsurface horizon of soils of the solonetz complex,% The soil Culture Green matter decomposition Meadow-chernozem medium-power Peas 96.86 medium humus medium clay soil Oats 93.98 Rape 96.71 Solonets meadow chernozem soda sulfate Peas 96.34 shallow low sodium medium clay Oats 92.90 Rape 94.54

The increase in the fertility of the subsurface horizon occurs due to improved moisture permeability and even distribution of moisture within a meter soil layer. The duration of the conservation of the slit space, which ensures the improvement of the nutrient and water regimes of plant growth and development, is ensured by filling the gap with a mixture of fertile soil from the arable layer with an organic mass of green manure and crop residues. Loosening of the compacted subsurface horizon creates the conditions for better development of the plant root system. The part of green manure remaining on the surface serves as a mulching barrier against soil desiccation, prevents wind and significantly inhibits water erosion of soils.

Loosening the subsoil layer, the cultivator provides its aeration without disturbing the biologically active humus horizon, and promotes the oxidation of toxic soil compounds that limit the penetration of the root system into the horizons of natural deep compaction.

The proposed method of processing provides for the forced filling of the gap at the time of its formation with crop residues of plants, which limits their falling asleep with soil, and at the same time, after gradual decomposition in a humid environment, vertical highly fertile filtering columns are created in a monolithic low-fertile soil layer.

Unlike other methods of soil cultivation, the use of the proposed method using a PH-4 cultivator plow allows you to prepare the soil for sowing in one pass and provides significant energy savings, since crumbling fresh soil is less energy intensive. In addition, resource and energy savings are achieved by reducing the number of passes of equipment in the field.

Claims (2)

1. The method of reclamation processing of the soil, including loosening the soil without turnover of the formation with the simultaneous application of organic fertilizers in the subsurface layer, sowing crops, characterized in that the loosening of the soil and incorporation of organic fertilizers is carried out with a PH-4 cultivating plow, and the soil is loosened to a depth of 0 , 3-0.4 m, as an organic fertilizer, crushed specially grown sideral crops up to 40% of the organic mass to a depth of 0.18-0.28 m are introduced into the subsurface layer into the cracks formed at the time of loosening, and the remaining I put the organic mass in a layer of 0-10 cm, followed by leveling and rolling the surface of the field. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that annual green plants, for example peas, vetch, rape, oats, etc., are introduced as green manure crops.