RU2454064C1 - Method to cultivate spaced tilled crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. The method includes chisel treatment of soil with formation of a ridgy furrow bottom and crop sowing above grooves in the furrow bottom - in the next but one groove in the first year of sowing. At the same time in the second year sowing is carried out above spare grooves of the furrow bottom in the first year. The width between traces after treatment of soil is equal to the half of distances between rows. A spaced tilled crop is corn or sunflower.

EFFECT: method provides for higher efficiency of irrigated and dry lands, reduced number of heavy equipment passages when cultivating tilled crops and saving of resources.

2 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to crop production.

A known method of tillage for planting potatoes, including the main and surface tillage, and the main tillage is carried out by deep chisel loosening, in which, as you know, the crested bottom of the furrow is formed (SU 1464924 A1, IPC ⁴ A01B 79/02, 03/15/1989 )

The technical drawback of such methods: the main tillage does not fully meet the criterion of “deep chisel loosening”, since with the latter the inter-track width (the distance between the grooves of the bottom of the furrow) is 0.35 ... 0.40 m, and for potatoes the distance between the rows is usually 0.7 m.

A known method of sowing corn under irrigation conditions, in which the soil is loosened with a chisel tool with the formation of a crested bottom of the furrow, the crop is placed over the recesses of the furrow bottom through one inter-track (Pyndak V.I. et al. Deep chisel soil cultivation under irrigation conditions // // Reports of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. - 2009. - No. 2. - P.54-55).

Technical disadvantage of this method: the possibilities of chiseling of the soil are not fully used, since half of the formed deepenings of the furrow bottom are not involved.

Technical task: increasing the productivity of fields when cultivating row crops, maintaining or improving soil fertility.

Effect: increasing the efficiency of irrigated and rainfed lands, reducing the number of passes of heavy equipment when cultivating row crops, saving resources.

According to the invention, the method of cultivating wide-row row crops includes chisel cultivation of the soil with the formation of a crested bottom of the furrow and sowing the culture over the grooves of the furrow bottom through one groove in the first year of sowing, in the second year, sowing is carried out over the unused grooves of the furrow bottom of the first year, while the after-treatment width Soil is equal to half the distance between the rows. As a wide-row row crop, for example, corn or sunflower is used.

Figure 1 shows the chisel soil tillage with the formation of a ridge bottom of the furrow; figure 2 is a section through the treated soil with the formation of the soil bed in the process of sowing crops; figure 3 - placement and vegetation of crops with the spread of the root system in the first year of sowing; figure 4 - placement of cultures over the idle recesses of the bottom of the furrow in the second year, vegetation and the spread of the root system.

The method of cultivation of wide-row row crops is implemented as follows.

The main (autumn) tillage is carried out in autumn once every two years by means of chisel implements 1 with inclined racks 2 (with chisels 3 at the end of the racks), the racks are equipped with dumps 4. As a result of chisel cultivation, the ridged bottom of the furrow with depressions 5 is formed (along the trail the passage of the bit 3) and elevations (ridges) 6. The soil is chiseled by the rotation (by means of dumps 4) of the upper (loosened) soil layer to a depth h with the incorporation of fertilizers and organic matter (stubble, etc.) into the soil and additional crushing of this layer. The tillage and its comb-like bottom of the furrow are characterized by the following indicators: depth of cultivation (along the track of the passage of the bit 3) N = 0.38 ... 0.42 m; inter-track width M = 0.35 ... 0.40 m (gun characteristic); the width of the recess B = 0.06 m; the angles of the slopes of the ridges α≈45 ° (equal to the angles of inclination of the racks 2 and the angles of natural slope of the soil); the depth of the dumps h = 0.15 ... 0.20 m. In the process of tillage, markers are installed on the field surface (or use the modern satellite navigation system (GPS) - precision farming) indicating the location of ridges (elevations 6) of the furrow bottom.

Sowing crops - corn, sunflower, etc. carried out in the spring (after pre-sowing harrowing and cultivation of the soil) with a corn or universal seeder over the recesses of the bottom of the furrow 5 through one (figure 2, 3). The coulters are arranged in such a way that the row spacing M '(distance between the soil bed 7) is 0.70 ... 0.80 m, which corresponds to two inter-tracks M (M' = 2M). During the growing season, appropriate care of the plants is carried out. Upon the onset of wax ripeness of corn (or yellow-brown and brown color of baskets of sunflower), they are harvested by corn harvesters, while the crushed stubble residues 9 are left on the soil surface.

In the spring of next year, the soil was harrowed and cultivated, the culture was sown over the unused grooves 5 of the bottom of the furrow (figure 4). The remains of the 9 predecessor culture make up the mulching layer due to the cultivation of the soil, including inter-row.

The cultivation of row crops, in this example corn, was carried out on light chestnut soils under irrigation conditions. Along with the main chisel tillage, for comparison, on the adjacent field, traditional plow-plow-tillage plowing to a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m was carried out with fertilizer being embedded at this depth. But, of course, the crops were not located above the grooves of the bottom of the furrow due to the absence of the latter after plow-blade plowing, after which, as you know, a plow "sole" is formed that prevents the development of plant roots.

The application of the proposed method allows to reduce energy costs for the technology of cultivating row crops, to increase the profitability of crop production in general. This is due to the following indicators:

1. Decrease in energy characteristics: chiseling is accompanied by collapse of the soil after digging through a bit of the 3 deepest and densest horizons. As a result, the specific traction resistance of the chisel gun is 30 ... 35% less than the same index for the plow-blade, despite the greater depth of processing, the specific fuel consumption in the tractor is proportionally reduced;

2. Reducing the irrigation norm: when the field is sloping, plowing is carried out across the slope, thereby preventing water erosion of the soil and subsoil water flows, since moisture “shelters” behind the elevations 6. After the soil has chelified, moisture from precipitation and irrigation accumulates and is kept in the recesses for a longer time the furrow bottom is 5, and evaporation is limited by its deep occurrence and the presence of a “shielding” upper layer 8. The absence of water runoff and subsoil flows also contributes to the retention of soil moisture.

3. Reducing the application of doses of mineral fertilizers: cutting and planting weeds and stubble in the "shielding" layer 8, where active microbiological processes of decomposition of organic substances with the help of soil microflora begin to occur in autumn. This process continues in the spring - after the onset of warm weather. Due to this, the topsoil is replenished with nutrients that are readily available to the roots of plants, such as mobile nitrogen, carbon compounds, humic acids, etc. This contributes to humus formation and increased fertility. Together with moisture, part of the nutrients slide into the recesses 5 of the bottom of the furrow.

4. Sowing through recess 5 allows you to use the fields for highly profitable crops for at least two consecutive years without reducing yield and load on the soil, which is not possible with conventional cultivation technologies.

5. Increase in grain yield of row crops, in our case, corn, by 10 ... 15% due to the effect of chizeleva and method of cultivation.

6. The main (autumn) tillage once every two years is possible due to the accumulation in the recesses of the 5th bottom of the furrow, including unused, moisture and nutrients. Being located below the loosened upper layer 8, the recesses are not re-sealed, this is also facilitated by the reduction of passes along the field of heavy equipment. In this case, weed control and incorporation of fertilizers and natural organic matter (in the form of a mulching layer) is carried out by surface treatment (in particular, cultivation) of the upper soil layer 8.

Thus, the proposed method provides not only an increase in the yield of cultivated row crops and soil fertility, but also reduces their cost, allows you to grow highly profitable crops in one place for several years in a row, maintains soil fertility, and also reduces energy costs associated with tillage and irrigation .

Claims (2)

1. A method of cultivating wide-row row crops, including chisel cultivation of the soil with the formation of a crested bottom of the furrow and sowing the culture above the recesses of the furrow bottom through one recess in the first year of sowing, characterized in that in the second year the sowing is carried out on unused grooves of the bottom of the furrow of the first year, the width of the inter-track after soil cultivation is equal to half the distance between the rows. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, for example, corn or sunflower is used as a wide-row row crop.

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