CN113950887B - Precise alignment mechanical sustainable farming method for crops - Google Patents
Precise alignment mechanical sustainable farming method for crops Download PDFInfo
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- CN113950887B CN113950887B CN202111488882.7A CN202111488882A CN113950887B CN 113950887 B CN113950887 B CN 113950887B CN 202111488882 A CN202111488882 A CN 202111488882A CN 113950887 B CN113950887 B CN 113950887B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/005—Precision agriculture
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
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Abstract
The invention discloses a crop precise alignment mechanical sustainable cultivation method, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: contain crop results, incomplete membrane is retrieved, accurate row straw is smashed still field, accurate fertilization to the row, accurate row-to-row just in place ploughing is turned over deeply and is buried, accurate row-to-row layering is fertilized deeply, accurate row-to-row seeding and accurate row-to-row intertillage management step, above-mentioned each step goes on in proper order, and a circulation is a crop growth cycle, divides the plot of planting the crop into the crisscross crop growth district and the non-crop growth district that sets up of interval, and a crop growth cycle only is in the operation of crop growth district.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of agricultural planting, particularly relates to a planting method, and particularly relates to a precise alignment mechanical sustainable farming method for crops.
Background
Crop growth depends on land resources, but plots operated throughout the year present a number of problems, such as: white pollution caused by residual film, soil pollution caused by fertilizer and the like. In northern areas, the land is generally planted once a year, although intercropping can be realized after some crops are planted, the land for planting cotton can only be used for planting cotton, other crops cannot be sown after the cotton is harvested, and the harvested cotton is in a free state from the viewpoint of land utilization.
Although the land planted with cotton in successive years has the time of idle state, the land is not maintained during idle state, and the land is continuously consumed as a cultivation function in the next year.
If the land can be recovered for a longer time, potential excavation of the land is facilitated.
For example, when working, part of land is used, the other part of land is left unused, and in the next year, when working, the land which was in the idle state in the previous year is cultivated, and the land which was worked in the previous year is left unused. The recuperation time of the land can be increased, and the land utilization and recovery are more facilitated.
Therefore, the applicant proposes a method for mechanically and continuously cultivating crops in a precise alignment manner.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a planting method which does not change the existing planting mode, can utilize land resources to the maximum extent, has the function of preventing land impoverishment and is suitable for mechanized farming.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention discloses a crop precise alignment mechanical sustainable cultivation method, which is characterized in that: comprises the steps of crop harvesting, residual film recovery, accurate row-aligning straw smashing and returning, accurate row-aligning fertilization, accurate row-aligning in-situ ploughing and deep ploughing and burying, accurate row-aligning layered deep fertilization, accurate row-aligning seeding and accurate row-aligning intertillage management, wherein the steps are sequentially carried out, one cycle is a crop growth period, a land block for planting crops is divided into a crop growth area and a non-crop growth area which are alternately arranged at intervals,
accurate row straw is smashed still field, accurate row fertilization, accurate row just ploughing is ploughed deeply to burying, accurate row layering is fertilizeed deeply, accurate row seeding and accurate row intertillage management all in the operation of crop growth district, promptly to going:
the accurate row-aligning straw smashing and returning is to smash the smashed straw and only spread the smashed straw on the ground surface of a crop growing area;
the precise row-aligning fertilization is to carry out fertilization operation only on an operation growth area;
the accurate row-aligning in-situ ploughing deep-ploughing burying is realized by only ploughing the operation growth area, and no land ploughing operation is carried out in the non-crop growth area;
the precise row-oriented layered deep fertilization is that the layered fertilization operation is only carried out in an operation growth area;
the precise row-aligning seeding is to perform seeding operation in a crop growth area;
the intertillage management is to carry out water and fertilizer application management on the planted crops in the crop growing area.
The crop growth area and the non-crop growth area are exchanged every N crop growth periods, namely the original crop growth area is changed into a new non-crop growth area, the original non-crop growth area is changed into a new crop growth area, and N is an integer of 1-5.
The soil width of the crop growth area is 35-40 cm; the soil width of the non-crop growth area is 36-41 cm; the crop growth area is narrow row sowing, and the sowing distance is 10cm; the spacing between crops in adjacent crop growing areas is 66cm.
The method and the purpose of each operation link are as follows:
(1) Recovering residual films: and residual film is recovered after autumn crops are harvested, and the purpose of residual film recovery is to solve the problem of white soil pollution.
(2) And (3) crushing and returning straw to the field in a precise alignment manner: after the residual film in autumn is recovered, the straws are smashed and returned to the field, so that the soil fertility can be improved, and the soil humus and organic matters are increased. When the straw is smashed and returned to the field, the height of the stubble is less than 8cm, the smashing size of the straw is less than 100mm, and the earth surface opposite-row throwing uniformity is more than 90%. Better promotes the straw to decay in the soil quickly.
The straw which is accurately aligned to the row is crushed and returned to the field for crushing, and can also be laid in a crop growth area and a non-crop growth area simultaneously.
(3) Accurate row-aligning fertilization: after crops are harvested in autumn and straws are smashed and returned to the field, only fertilization operation is carried out in a crop growth area, namely, the soil surface of the row organic fertilizer is precisely broadcast or the liquid fertilizer plough layer is precisely shallow applied, the soil fertility is improved by applying fertilizer, the proportion of soil elements is improved, and the rotting of the returned straws is promoted.
(4) Accurate row-aligning in-situ ploughing, deep ploughing and deep burying: in autumn, the crop growth area is ploughed and deeply ploughed and buried, the soil in the non-crop growth area does not need to be ploughed, the ploughing of the crop growth area is vertical exchange of the soil on the surface layer and the deep layer when ploughing, and the straw fertilizer mixture on the surface layer is overturned to the plough bottom layer, so that the straw fertilizer mixture is uniformly paved in the soil where the plough bottom layer is connected with the plough layer. The deep ploughing has the advantages that the deep ploughing greatly increases the depth of the plough bottom layer, and after the hard plough bottom layer and the straws are deeply buried, a partition layer is generated, so that the up-and-down exchange of soil water is blocked, the upward movement of water and salt of the brine below the subsoil layer is inhibited, and the nutrient loss caused by the downward penetration of the soil water of the fertile soil on the upper layer is also prevented.
Meanwhile, the soil above the plough bottom layer is subjected to straw returning and fertilizer application, so that the fertility is improved, and the soil with rich fertility is turned to the surface layer through accurate in-situ plough and deep turning in the next year, so that sufficient nutrients are provided for the development and growth of crop seeds. No stubble straw is left in 10cm of the surface plough layer. Another method of plowing: shallow rotation of opposite row + deep loosening of opposite row. The pair of rows, i.e., rows, refers to a crop growth area.
(5) Accurate row-aligning layered deep fertilization: after ploughing in autumn, carrying out layered deep fertilization in a crop growth area, wherein the specific fertilization comprises the following steps: and applying three layers of organic granular fertilizers to ensure that the nutrients of the fertilizers are absorbed by the crops in the whole growth period, wherein the fertilizer type of each layer is applied according to the actual needs of the crops, and the nutrients of the fertilizers are fully dissolved in the soil by freezing and thawing of snow water in winter. The layered fertilization depth interval distance is 8-12 cm, and meanwhile, saline-alkali soil conditioner can be applied in layers to promote the soil improvement. Based on the fertilization, the fertilizer efficiency of the crop growth can be fully ensured, and the fertilization is not needed again in the crop growth period.
(6) Accurate row-aligning seeding: when sowing in spring, the sowing is carried out in rows accurately, namely, the sowing is carried out in the position of the accurate row-to-row layered fertilization in spring, so that the seed and fertilizer are sown accurately in the same row, and the fertilizer efficiency is fully utilized.
(7) And (3) accurate row alignment intertillage management: intertillage management precision watering is performed at the seed row position by drip irrigation under the mulch. Intertillage and plant protection also adopts a row aligning technology.
(8) In the whole crop growth period, the double-row mechanized farming is adopted, the precise double-row farming is realized, and the Beidou navigation positioning system is specifically utilized to realize the double-row farming. In order to fully utilize the land, the crop growth areas and the non-crop growth areas are exchanged at intervals of N crop growth periods, namely, cultivation is realized in the crop growth periods in part of the crop growth periods, and cultivation is realized in the non-crop growth areas in part of the crop growth periods. The specific interval time is determined according to the growth of crops and soil conditions. Namely, precise alignment and mechanical tillage is carried out in the soil c area in the year, and then precise alignment and mechanical tillage is carried out in the d area in the next year or years. And the c area refers to a crop growth area, and the d area refers to a non-crop growth area.
The method of staggered row-to-row cultivation, 1, the row-to-row cultivation is directly carried out in the area d, and the cultivation is carried out in the area c; 2, exchanging the soil in the area c with the soil in the area d through a side deep ploughing plough.
The method adopts a plastic film mulching wide-narrow row ridge planting mode, and carries out precise mechanical cultivation on the narrow row area formed by the narrow rows c and h, namely the crop growth area.
Taking cotton as an example: the narrow row a is 10cm, the wide row b is 66cm, the effective width c of the soil is 35-40 cm, the effective width refers to the width of a crop growing area, the ineffective width d of the soil is 36-41 cm, the ineffective width refers to the width of a non-crop growing area, and the plowing depth h is 35-40 cm.
The invention can adopt mechanized sustainable cultivation, carries out mechanized cultivation in places where the crops need to grow, and does not carry out cultivation in places where the crops do not need to grow. The precise alignment mechanized farming technology adopts a Beidou navigation-based precise positioning technology.
The method mainly aims at northwest arid areas, the soil conditions of the areas are greatly different from those of northeast black land, and protective cultivation of the northeast black land cannot be carried out, so that the mechanized sustainable cultivation method for the crops is provided. The soil fertility is improved, the saline-alkali soil is improved, the yield of crops is increased, the cultivated soil is protected, and water and soil loss is avoided.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a wide and narrow row mode of operation according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of precise row-by-row straw shredding and returning to the field.
Fig. 3 is a precise in-line fertilizer surface application or a precise in-line shallow application of liquid fertilizer plough layer.
FIG. 4 is a view of precise alignment and in-situ ploughing and deep-ploughing.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a precise row-aligning layered deep fertilization state.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a precise row-to-row seeding state.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart of the planting and cultivating method of the present invention.
Shown in the figure: 1 is a crop plant, 2 is ridge culture plastic film mulching, 3 is a plough bottom layer, 4 is straw crushed and returned to the field, 5 is crop stubble, 6 is ground surface fertilizer application, 7 is liquid fertilizer ploughing layer shallow application, 8 is straw fertilizer mixture, 9 is fertilizer particles, and 10 is seed particles.
Wherein: a is the crop narrow row spacing, b is the crop wide row spacing, c is the effective soil width for crop growth between narrow rows, d is the ineffective soil width for crop growth between wide rows, h is the depth of plowing 1 、h 2 Is the distance of different layers of fertilizer from the earth's surface.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail by the following examples, and it is apparent that the described examples are only a part of the examples of the present invention, and not all of the examples. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1: referring to fig. 1 to 7, which are schematic structural views of embodiment 1 of the present invention, the present embodiment discloses a method for mechanically and continuously cultivating crops in a precise alignment manner, which is characterized in that: comprises the steps of crop harvesting, residual film recovery, accurate row-aligning straw smashing and returning, accurate row-aligning fertilization, accurate row-aligning in-situ ploughing and deep ploughing and burying, accurate row-aligning layered deep fertilization, accurate row-aligning seeding and accurate row-aligning intertillage management, wherein the steps are sequentially carried out, one cycle is a crop growth period, a land block for planting crops is divided into a crop growth area and a non-crop growth area which are alternately arranged at intervals,
accurate straw of going to smash still field, accurate fertilization of going to, accurate just ploughing of going to the row is ploughed deeply to bury, accurate layered fertilization of going to the row, accurate seeding of going to the row and accurate intertillage management of going to the row all in the operation of crop growth district, promptly:
the accurate row-aligning straw smashing and returning is to smash the smashed straws and only spread the smashed straws on the ground surface of a crop growth area;
the straw returning can also adopt another mode, namely the crushed straws are uniformly spread in a crop growth area and a non-crop growth area, and the crushed straws in the crop growth area are ploughed and buried; ground straw in non-crop growing region can cover the earth's surface, can realize the effect that soil moisture conservation soil avoids hardening.
The precise row-aligning fertilization is to perform fertilization operation only on an operation growth area;
the accurate row-aligning in-situ ploughing deep-ploughing burying is realized by only ploughing the operation growth area, and no land ploughing operation is carried out in the non-crop growth area;
the precise row-oriented layered deep fertilization is that the layered fertilization operation is only carried out in an operation growth area;
the precise row-aligning seeding is to perform seeding operation in a crop growth area;
the intertillage management is to perform water and fertilizer application management on planted crops in a crop growth area.
The crop growth area and the non-crop growth area are exchanged every N crop growth periods, namely the original crop growth area is changed into a new non-crop growth area, the original non-crop growth area is changed into a new crop growth area, and N is an integer of 1-5.
The soil width of the crop growth area is 35-40 cm; the soil width of the non-crop growth area is 36-41 cm; the crop growth area is narrow row seeding, and the seeding distance is 10cm; the spacing between crops in adjacent crop growing areas is 66cm.
The method and the purpose of each operation link are as follows:
(9) Recovering residual films: and residual film is recovered after autumn crops are harvested, and the purpose of residual film recovery is to solve the problem of white soil pollution.
(10) And (3) crushing and returning the straw to the field in a precise row alignment manner: after the residual film in autumn is recovered, the straws are smashed and returned to the field, so that the soil fertility can be improved, and the soil humus and organic matters are increased. When the straw is smashed and returned to the field, the height of the stubble is less than 8cm, the smashing size of the straw is less than 100mm, and the earth surface opposite-row throwing uniformity is more than 90%. Better promotes the straw to decay in the soil quickly.
(11) Accurate row-aligning fertilization: after crops are harvested in autumn and straws are smashed and returned to the field, only fertilization operation is carried out in a crop growth area, namely, the soil surface of the row organic fertilizer is precisely broadcast or the liquid fertilizer plough layer is precisely shallow applied, the soil fertility is improved by applying fertilizer, the proportion of soil elements is improved, and the rotting of the returned straws is promoted.
(12) Accurate row alignment is ploughed deeply to turn over deeply and is buried on spot: in autumn, the crop growth area is ploughed and deeply ploughed and buried, the soil in the non-crop growth area does not need to be ploughed, the ploughing of the crop growth area is vertical exchange of the soil on the surface layer and the deep layer when ploughing, and the straw fertilizer mixture on the surface layer is overturned to the plough bottom layer, so that the straw fertilizer mixture is uniformly paved in the soil where the plough bottom layer is connected with the plough layer. The deep ploughing has the advantages that the deep ploughing greatly increases the depth of the plough bottom layer, and after the hard plough bottom layer and the straws are deeply buried, a partition layer is generated, so that the up-and-down exchange of soil water is blocked, the upward movement of water and salt of the brine below the subsoil layer is inhibited, and the nutrient loss caused by the downward penetration of the soil water of the fertile soil on the upper layer is also prevented.
Meanwhile, the soil above the plough bottom layer is subjected to straw returning and fertilizer application to improve the fertility, and in the next year, the soil with rich fertility is ploughed to the surface layer through accurate row-aligning in-situ ploughing and deep ploughing, so that sufficient nutrients are provided for the development and growth of crop seeds. No stubble straw is left in 10cm of the surface plough layer. Another method of plowing: shallow rotation of opposite row + deep loosening of opposite row. The pair of rows, i.e., rows, refers to a crop growth area.
(13) Accurate row-aligning layered deep fertilization: after ploughing in autumn, carrying out layered deep fertilization in a crop growth area, wherein the specific fertilization comprises the following steps: and applying three layers of organic granular fertilizers to ensure that the nutrients of the fertilizers are absorbed by the crops in the whole growth period, applying the fertilizer type of each layer according to the actual needs of the crops, and fully blending the nutrients of the fertilizers into the soil by freezing and thawing of snow water in winter. The layered fertilization depth interval distance is 8-12 cm, and meanwhile, saline-alkali soil conditioner can be applied in layers to promote the soil improvement. Based on the fertilization, the fertilizer efficiency of the growth of the crops can be fully ensured, and the crops do not need to be fertilized any more in the growth period.
(14) Accurate row-aligning seeding: when sowing in spring, the sowing is carried out in rows accurately, namely, the sowing is carried out in the position of the accurate row-to-row layered fertilization in spring, so that the seed and fertilizer are sown accurately in the same row, and the fertilizer efficiency is fully utilized.
(15) And (3) accurate row alignment intertillage management: intertillage management precision watering is performed at the seed row position by drip irrigation under the mulch. Intertillage and plant protection also adopts a row aligning technology.
(16) In the whole crop growth period, the opposite mechanized farming is adopted, the accurate opposite farming is realized by using a positioning system of Beidou navigation. In order to fully utilize the land, every N crop growth periods, the crop growth areas and the non-crop growth areas are exchanged, namely cultivation is realized in the crop growth periods in part of the crop growth periods, and cultivation is realized in the non-crop growth areas in part of the crop growth periods. The specific interval time is determined according to the growth of crops and soil conditions. Namely, precise alignment and mechanical tillage is carried out in the soil c area in the year, and then precise alignment and mechanical tillage is carried out in the d area in the next year or years. The c region refers to a crop growth region, and the d region refers to a non-crop growth region.
The method of staggered row-to-row cultivation, 1, the row-to-row cultivation is directly carried out in the area d, and the cultivation is carried out in the area c; 2, exchanging the soil in the area c with the soil in the area d through a side deep ploughing plough.
The method adopts a mode of mulching film covering wide and narrow row ridge planting, and carries out precise mechanical cultivation on rows in an area formed by narrow rows c and h, namely the crop growth area.
Taking cotton as an example: the narrow row a is 10cm, the wide row b is 66cm, the effective width c of the soil is 35-40 cm, the ineffective width d of the soil is 36-41 cm, and the plowing depth h is 35-40 cm.
The invention can adopt mechanized sustainable cultivation, carries out mechanized cultivation in places where the crops need to grow, and does not carry out cultivation in places where the crops do not need to grow. The precise alignment mechanized farming technology adopts a precise positioning technology based on Beidou navigation.
The method is mainly used for the arid northwest areas, the difference between the soil conditions of the areas and the black northeast areas is large, and protective cultivation of the black northeast areas cannot be carried out, so that the mechanized sustainable cultivation method for the crops is provided. The soil fertility is improved, the saline-alkali soil is improved, the yield of crops is increased, the cultivated soil is protected, and the water and soil loss is avoided.
Claims (3)
1. A crop precise alignment mechanization sustainable cultivation method is characterized in that: comprises the steps of crop harvesting, residual film recovery, accurate row-aligning straw smashing and returning to the field, accurate row-aligning fertilization, accurate row-aligning in-situ plowing, deep ploughing and burying, accurate row-aligning layered deep fertilization, accurate row-aligning sowing and accurate row-aligning intertillage management, which are sequentially carried out, wherein one cycle is a crop growth period, the steps of crop harvesting, residual film recovery, accurate row-aligning straw smashing and returning to the field, accurate row-aligning fertilization, accurate row-aligning in-situ plowing, deep ploughing and burying, accurate row-aligning layered deep fertilizing are autumn, the steps of accurate row-aligning sowing and accurate row-aligning intertillage management are spring of the second year,
dividing a land block for planting crops into a crop growth area and a non-crop growth area which are arranged in a staggered mode at intervals,
accurate row straw is smashed still field, accurate row fertilization, accurate row just ploughing is ploughed deeply to burying, accurate row layering is fertilizeed deeply, accurate row seeding and accurate row intertillage management all in the operation of crop growth district, promptly to going:
the accurate row-aligning straw smashing and returning is to smash the smashed straws and only spread the smashed straws on the ground surface of a crop growth area;
the precise row-aligning fertilization is to perform fertilization operation only on an operation growth area;
the accurate row-aligning in-situ ploughing deep-ploughing and burying is to only carry out ploughing operation on an operation growing area, and a non-crop growing area is not to carry out land ploughing operation;
the precise row-oriented layered deep fertilization is that the layered fertilization operation is only carried out in an operation growth area;
the precise row-aligning seeding is to perform seeding operation in a crop growth area;
the intertillage management is to perform water and fertilizer application management on planted crops in a crop growth area.
2. The method for precision aligned mechanized sustainable cultivation of crops according to claim 1, wherein: and exchanging the crop growth area and the non-crop growth area every N crop growth periods, namely changing the original crop growth area into a new non-crop growth area, changing the original non-crop growth area into a new crop growth area, wherein N is an integer of 1-5.
3. The method for precision aligned mechanized sustainable cultivation of crops according to claim 1, wherein: the width of the soil in the crop growth area is 35-40 cm; the soil width of the non-crop growth area is 36-41 cm; the crop growth area is narrow row sowing, and the sowing distance is 10cm; the spacing between crops in adjacent crop growing areas is 66cm.
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| CN102550258A (en) * | 2012-01-18 | 2012-07-11 | 山东省农业科学院作物研究所 | Wheat alternated protective tillage and wide-breadth wide-row sowing and fertilizing method |
| CN103931378A (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2014-07-23 | 吉林农业大学 | Corn planting and straw returning separated crop succession farming system |
| WO2016183182A1 (en) * | 2015-05-14 | 2016-11-17 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Methods and systems for crop land evaluation and crop growth management |
| CN106304991A (en) * | 2015-06-16 | 2017-01-11 | 安志国 | Corn straw turnover corrosion-promotion soil moisture conservation cultivation method |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102550258A (en) * | 2012-01-18 | 2012-07-11 | 山东省农业科学院作物研究所 | Wheat alternated protective tillage and wide-breadth wide-row sowing and fertilizing method |
| CN103931378A (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2014-07-23 | 吉林农业大学 | Corn planting and straw returning separated crop succession farming system |
| WO2016183182A1 (en) * | 2015-05-14 | 2016-11-17 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Methods and systems for crop land evaluation and crop growth management |
| CN106304991A (en) * | 2015-06-16 | 2017-01-11 | 安志国 | Corn straw turnover corrosion-promotion soil moisture conservation cultivation method |
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