CN106613263B - Method for constructing soil plough layer of low-yield cotton field in drip irrigation continuous cropping of oasis in southern Xinjiang - Google Patents
Method for constructing soil plough layer of low-yield cotton field in drip irrigation continuous cropping of oasis in southern Xinjiang Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for constructing a soil plough layer of a cotton field with low yield in continuous cropping of drip irrigation of oasis in southern Xinjiang, which comprises the steps of crushing straws of crops at the upper part before sowing the cotton field, returning the straws to the field, putting farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer into the field, deeply turning, leveling the cotton field, ultra-deep scarification, irrigating before sowing, excavating grooves in the cotton field, planting salt-resistant plants, constructing a windproof forest belt at the periphery of the cotton field, constructing a irrigation and drainage canal system and managing the field; after use, the survey results show that: the water content of the soil in the seedling stage is increased by 0.5 percent, the quick-acting potassium in the plough layer is increased by 35.2 percent, the temperature of the soil 5cm below the film is increased by 0.6 ℃, the thickness of the plough layer in the seedling stage is increased by 7.1cm, the salt content of the soil is reduced by 2.1g/kg, the porosity (%) of the soil is increased by 8.5 percent, the penetration resistance (PSI) of the soil is reduced by 130 percent, and the volume weight of the soil is reduced by 0.11g/cm3The pH value of the soil is reduced by 0.4, the content of residual films in the soil of the plough layer is reduced by 11.3 kg/mu, the cotton field has no premature senility phenomenon, and the yield of the seed cotton is increased by 57.5 kg/mu, so the method has the effects of improving the soil and increasing the yield, and can meet the production requirement.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a construction method of a soil plough layer of a low-yield cotton field in continuous drip irrigation of oasis in southern Xinjiang.
Background
The oasis in southern Xinjiang has a unique natural ecological environment, a cotton area is far away from the sea, the cotton area is cold in winter, hot in summer, dry and rainy in nature, air is dry, the soil evaporation capacity is abnormally large, the typical continental drought climate is obtained, the severe wind and sand disasters are frequently threatened all year round, particularly when the seasons of autumn, winter and winter are changed, taking the Afghatti county in the relative central position of southern Xinjiang as an example, the average temperature of 10.4 ℃ for many years, the average temperature of the hottest month (7 months), the extreme maximum temperature of 40.4 ℃, the average temperature of the coldest month (1 month) of-8.3 ℃, the extreme minimum temperature of-25 ℃ and the effective accumulated temperature of 10 ℃ of 4147 and 4658 ℃ are obtained; average precipitation for many years is 46.7mm, average evaporation for many years is 1890.7mm, frost-free period is 205-; the temperature is 34 ℃ worse year by year, the average day by year is 15 ℃, the average wind speed per year is 3 m/s, the average day of strong wind per year is 15 days, and the average day of floating dust is 52 days. In spring (3-5 months), the temperature rise is fast and unstable, the cold and warm are alternated frequently, and the wind is dry and strong; in summer (6-8 months), the sunshine is long, the precipitation is concentrated, and hail harm is frequent; in autumn (9-11 months), the climate is cool, the temperature is rapidly reduced, and frost appears earlier; the weather is cold and long in winter (12-2 months in the next year), and the average temperature is-8.3 ℃;
the unique natural ecological environment causes serious phenomena of salinization and desertification of cotton fields of oases in southern Xinjiang, even the cotton fields of oases with rich water sources, the cotton fields of all areas have few and monotonous vegetation except various crops, trees and related plants planted in agricultural production, the cotton fields of the cotton areas mostly have light loam, sand loam and medium loam, the soil at the plough bottom layer is generally reddish brown or gray black clay mostly, and the soil also has pure sandy soil, the content of organic matters of the soil is low, and the average content is about 10.0 g/kg. Compared with other cotton areas in China, the cultivation time of the Xinjiang cotton fields is shorter, about 50% of the average cultivation time of the Xinjiang cotton fields is estimated to be about 25 years, and the Xinjiang cotton fields are also related to the severe natural ecological environment of the area. Although the Xinjiang cotton area has higher mechanization level and is beneficial to intensive production of cotton, because of repeated mechanical rolling, in particular large-scale wheel type mechanical rolling, the special planting management mode and the single planting structure, the cotton field can be continuously planted for a long time, the continuous cropping time of most cotton fields reaches more than 10 years, some cotton fields even reach more than 20 years, and the cotton field has the soil compactness (PSI) of 0-30cmThe soil is hardened and has a volume weight of 0-25cm and a soil weight of 1.46g/cm3The soil is obviously higher than the soil before reclamation and is also higher than other cotton areas in China, in a word, the soil is poor in water and fertilizer retention except for the severe ecological environment, and human factors of the soil are also one of the main reasons for causing the soil structure to be poor.
Considering that the cotton field with low yield has hardened soil, high saline-alkali content, poor physicochemical property, increased PH value, higher disease incidence of cotton plants, lower organic matter content of soil and relatively poor physicochemical property of soil plough layer in continuous drip irrigation of oasis in southern Xinjiang, the high yield and repeatability of cotton are poor, and the cotton field yield of at least 15 percent is less than 75 percent of the average yield in reality. In addition, the contradiction between large irrigation amount before sowing and limited water resource is more and more acute (because cotton needs to ensure soil moisture content before sowing, needs to wash soil saline and alkaline, and has large evaporation amount, the water consumption of irrigation before sowing reaches 210m each time3About one mu, the gap of water resources reaches more than 30 percent throughout the year), aiming at the compact soil of a plough layer and large solid phase proportion after cotton is harvested, straw is returned to the field in time, organic fertilizer is put into the field, deep ploughing and large water quantity winter irrigation are carried out, other agricultural measures such as variety selection, sand pulling soil improvement and soil conditioner drip application are combined, so that the plough bottom layer is periodically broken, saline and alkaline washing, water storage and soil moisture preservation are facilitated, evaporation, runoff and leakage are reduced, in addition, the stubble can be buried through deep ploughing, the stubble is fused with soil fertilizer, the soil with poor characteristics at the lower layer is turned to the ground surface and is organically mixed with the existing mature soil layer, and then the thicker mature soil plough layer is formed by means of the natural force of dry and wet freezing and thawing in winter; after the salt-tolerant plants are planted, physical properties such as soil volume weight, total voidage, permeability, total aggregates and the like are improved due to the interpenetration of plant root systems. Due to the humus action of the dry branches, fallen leaves and dead roots of the plants, the organic matters of the soil are increased, the growth and the propagation of soil microorganisms are promoted, the nutrient condition and the chemical properties of the soil are improved, the permeability and the physicochemical structure of the soil are comprehensively improved, the soil fertility is improved, finally, the germination of seeds is facilitated, the drought resistance of farmlands is enhanced, the growth resistance of root systems of crops can be reduced, and the activity of the root systems of cotton is enhanced. The production practice proves that the method is suitable for oasis cotton fields, in particular for oasis cotton fieldsThe saline-alkali soil with sticky texture or adhesion barrier layer has obvious improvement effect, and is easy to realize the cotton harvest landscape with deep roots and luxuriant leaves.
As the natural ecological environment of the cotton planting area of other countries in the world is greatly different from that of the cotton area of southern Xinjiang oasis, even if the difference between the natural ecological environment and the cotton area of southern Xinjiang oasis is relatively small, the saline-alkali content and the drought and rainless degree of the cotton area of the countries are less or lighter than those of southern Xinjiang, and the problem of the soil plough layer of southern Xinjiang oasis is not a main limiting factor of the high yield of cotton of the countries. At present, no systematic research report is carried out on the problems of the soil plough layer under the similar ecological condition of oasis in southern Xinjiang at home and abroad, so that the method for improving the soil of the cotton field plough layer by drip irrigation is lacked.
The invention constructs a reasonable soil plough layer of the low-yield cotton field in the southern Xinjiang oasis drip irrigation by heavily applying organic fertilizer before sowing the cotton field, deeply ploughing and deeply ploughing, irrigating with large water amount before sowing, selecting proper varieties and deeply ploughing soil in a growth period, and applying a soil conditioner with water drop in a bud period in combination with the seedling bud period, thereby reducing the soil compactness, the soil volume weight and the soil salt content, periodically breaking the plough bottom layer, realizing the purposes of deep soil, loose texture, good drainage, strong water and fertilizer retention capacity, good soil tilth and light pest and weed damage of the plough layer of the southern Xinjiang oasis drip irrigation cotton field, being beneficial to realizing the purpose of 'one-sowing whole seedling' of cotton in the area, meeting the requirements of high-yield and stable reasonable plough layer soil, and finally achieving the purpose of continuously high quality and high yield of the cotton.
The southern Xinjiang oasis is the maximum cotton planting area in Xinjiang and is one of the maximum cotton planting areas in China, the planting area is 1800 plus 2100 mu per year, and the method has continuous development and social stability for local cotton production and profound significance;
disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for constructing a soil plough layer of a cotton field with low yield in continuous cropping of drip irrigation in oasis in southern Xinjiang, which comprises the steps of crushing straws of crops on the upper crops before sowing the cotton field, returning the straws to the field, putting a large amount of farmyard manure into the field, selecting fertilizers favorable for constructing a good soil plough layer, deeply ploughing, deeply loosening and irrigating before sowing with large water amount, selecting proper varieties and aiming at the local cotton field during the growth and development period of cottonExcavating a groove in a hardened land block with poor seedling emergence, irrigating in time, selectively planting salt-resistant plants, building a windproof forest belt by combining the periphery of a cotton field, applying a soil conditioner along with water drops in a seedling bud period, building a irrigation and drainage channel system, and applying fertilizer by adopting a soil testing formula; the survey result shows that: after the method is used, the soil moisture in the seedling stage is increased by 0.5 percentage point, although the contents of organic matters, quick-acting nitrogen and quick-acting phosphorus in a soil plough layer are slightly reduced, the quick-acting potassium in the plough layer is increased by 35.2%, the temperature of the soil 5cm below the film is increased by 0.6 ℃, the thickness of the plough layer in the seedling stage is increased by 7.1cm, the salt content of the soil is reduced by 2.1g/kg, the porosity (%) of the soil is increased by 8.5 percentage points, the soil penetration resistance (PSI) is reduced by 130, and the volume weight of the soil is reduced by 0.11g/cm3The pH value of the soil is reduced by 0.4, the residual film content of the soil of the plough layer is reduced by 11.3 kg/mu, the pesticide cost is reduced by 27.6 yuan/mu, the cotton field has no premature senility phenomenon, and the seed cotton yield is increased by 57.5 kg/mu, so the method has the effects of improving the soil and increasing the yield, and can meet the production requirement.
The invention relates to a construction method of a soil plough layer of a low-yield cotton field in continuous drip irrigation of oasis in southern Xinjiang, which comprises the following steps:
preparing a cotton field:
a. deep ploughing: deep ploughing 1 time before the last winter irrigation or 5-10 days before the cotton is sown in the same year, deep ploughing 1 time before each cotton crop is sown in a cotton field which is not ploughed for 55-70cm or is ploughed for 40-60cm, deep ploughing depth is 25-30cm at other time, deep ploughing for 2 years is realized by alternately opening and closing ridges, the deep ploughing is finished before winter irrigation in a cotton area with rich water resources, and deep ploughing operation of 25-30cm is finished in 4-8 days before sowing, wherein the straws of the previous crops are crushed and returned to the field before the deep ploughing, and farmyard manure is added for 3.5-4.5m3Applying 20-30 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate or heavy calcium superphosphate fertilizer and 10-15 kg/mu of potassium sulfate or 60-80 kg/mu of humic acid phosphate fertilizer and 10-15 kg/mu of potassium sulfate per mu, wherein the cotton field fertilizer application time is finished 1-3 days before deep ploughing at 55-70 cm;
b. ultra-deep scarification: performing ultra-deep scarification in the 3-4 year after ultra-deep ploughing, wherein each time of ultra-deep scarification is completed before irrigation is performed before sowingThe time is finished before last 10 th ten days to 11 middle ten days of the month, the depth of the super deep scarification is 40-60cm, when the super deep ploughing is not carried out on the cotton field, the super deep scarification is carried out before the soil is prepared in the same year, the super deep scarification is carried out for 1 time every 3-5 years later, before the super deep scarification, the straws of the crops at the previous time are crushed and returned to the field, and the farmyard manure is put in for 1.5-2.5m3Applying 10-15 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate or heavy calcium superphosphate fertilizer and 5-10 kg/mu of potassium sulfate or 30-40 kg/mu of humic acid phosphate fertilizer and 5-10 kg/mu of potassium sulfate per mu, wherein the cotton field fertilizer is finished 1-3 days before the ultra-deep scarification;
c. irrigation before sowing: irrigating before sowing in 10-12 15 days of last year, the irrigation quantity is 180-3Per mu;
d. selecting varieties: selecting the cotton variety with relatively strong growth vigor of 1100-1300 kg/mu as No. 36, 42, 47, 56 or 68 of the upland cotton variety and No. 21, 36, 45 or 48 of the sea island cotton variety;
and (3) management of the growth period:
e. deep intertillage: deep intertillage is carried out within 1 week after the cotton is sowed, the intertillage depth is 15-18cm, and the distance between an intertillage row and a cotton planting row is 10-12 cm;
f. excavating and filling a groove of a cotton field: performing zebra-line-type layout groove excavation and filling on local hardened land blocks in 28-6-7 months in the current year, wherein the direction of the excavated groove is vertical to the perennial deep turnover direction, the groove depth is 160cm, the width is 60-80cm, the vertical distance between the grooves is 200-300cm, the excavated and filled local hardened land blocks are subjected to independent stem surrounding irrigation, and the first irrigation quantity is 150m3And (3) planting salt-resistant plants such as corn, oil sunflower, beet, sweet clover, alfalfa, cauliflower, broccoli or tomato in the plot when the water content of the soil plough layer reaches 13-16% in terms of per mu, and performing other management methods according to the conventional management method of the plants.
According to the method for constructing the soil plough layer of the low-yield cotton field in continuous cropping of southern Xinjiang oasis by drip irrigation, before the next cotton field is turned deeply, the weed condition of the cotton field needs to be investigated in the boll opening period of the cotton in the last year, if the weed damage degree is found to be more than 3 (the visual grading standard of 7 grades of weed community dominance degree), the first manual cotton picking in the field is ensured to be completed in 18-25 days in 9 months in the last year, and then a herbicide is selected to be sprayed and controlled independently according to the weed type, wherein the herbicide can be glyphosate, methoxone or other herbicides; or 2 herbicides can be selected to be mixed and sprayed for use, usually methoxone + glyphosate or methoxone + other mixed and sprayed for use, the dosage is 40-50 ml/mu, when spraying the herbicide, the height of a spray head is controlled to be 25-35cm, the daily average temperature is not lower than 18 ℃ within 7-10 days after the herbicide is applied, and the lowest temperature is not lower than 12 ℃ within 3-5 days before and after the herbicide is applied;
removing fertilizer input before ultra-deep ploughing, and continuously ploughing the cotton field for 3-4 years N, P2O5The total input amount of the fertilizer and the organic fertilizer is 10 to 20 percent more than that of the conventional high-yield cotton field without ultra-deep ploughing, and K is not applied2O fertilizer, after the super deep ploughing, leveling the cotton field by using a laser grader immediately to ensure that the height difference of the area per hundred mu of the cotton field is controlled within +/-10 cm;
before ultra-deep loosening, the straws of the previous crops are crushed and returned to the field, and farmyard manure is also thrown into the field for 1.5 to 2.5m3Applying 10-15 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate or heavy calcium superphosphate fertilizer, 5-10 kg/mu of potassium sulfate or 30-40 kg/mu of humic acid phosphate fertilizer and 5-10 kg/mu of potassium sulfate per mu, strictly prohibiting applying fertilizers with chloride ions or sodium ions, such as potassium chloride, sodium nitrate and the like, wherein the cotton field fertilizer is finished 1-3 days before the ultra-deep loosening;
when irrigation is carried out before actual planting, irrigation is carried out on high land firstly and then on low land;
in the management of the growth period, the local hardened plots refer to local hardened cotton fields formed by the soil penetration resistance (PSI) of 0-30cm reaching 280-400, the permeability and the salt washing effect are poor, the emergence rate of the continuous cotton is less than 25 percent, and the plots comprise plots with sporadic emergence or non-emergence. The trench is excavated by the power of 45-60kw/rpm and the bucket capacity of 0.2-0.5m3The small caterpillar track type excavator is completed;
the salt-resistant plants selected for planting are corn, oil sunflower, beet crops or sweet clover, alfalfa green manure or cauliflower, broccoli, tomato vegetables. Irrigating for 2-3 times during the growth of the plants according to the growth and development requirements, and planting the salt-resistant plants according to the conventional management method of the plants;
the crushed crop straws or organic fertilizer and silt soil are mixed to fill and level up the groove, and the silt soil selected by the groove comes from a large amount of channel silt soil generated during dredging of a local channel, so that the aim of sand pulling and soil improvement is fulfilled;
when the drip irrigation device is used for on-site concrete operation, the drip irrigation pipeline facilities need to be prevented from being damaged;
by using the method, the windproof forest belts are only required to be built around the periphery of the cotton field every 500-800 mu, and the forest belts are 8-10 m wide, so that the wind erosion is reduced. The soil conditioner is applied with water drop in bud period every 2-3 years, such as Hekang brand soil conditioner produced by Beijing eagle green land science and technology development Limited company, the dosage is 2.0-2.5 kg/mu, and other brands of soil conditioners such as Kangdibao, Shidijia, Dilian and the like can also be used.
Other management of the cotton field establishes a matched irrigation and drainage canal system according to a conventional method of the area where the cotton field is located, and adopts a common method for planting the drip irrigation high-yield cotton field by adopting the southern Xinjiang oasis soil testing formula for fertilization.
Detailed Description
The method is carried out in medium-low yield cotton fields of 40 degrees 25 ' 34.53 degrees in northern latitude N, 80 degrees 22 ' 25.21 degrees in east longitude E80 degrees 22 ' 25.21 degrees in Xinjiang Avandi county Lutai Harvest cotton company Limited company eight divisions in 2011, 4 examples are provided in total, the area of each example is 145-mu, and the total area is 550.2 mu, before the method is implemented, the cotton field is subjected to ultra-deep ploughing of 55-70cm or deep loosening of 40-60cm, the cotton field is positioned at southern foot of Tianshan, northern desert edge of Takraoma, northwest of Talima basin, and alluvian river, Wilqiang river and Kaishi river on alluvial plain of alluma, is a typical southern Xinjiang Luzhou natural ecological condition, the cotton field is a medium-low yield cotton field of 23 years in continuous cropping, and a cotton field soil layer is constructed from 2011 to 2016, and the concrete operation is carried out according to the following steps:
example 1
2011-2012:
preparing a cotton field:
ultra-deep ploughing and fertilizer input:
after the cotton field is picked up, the cotton field can be cleaned of the residual cotton in the field by a residual film recovery machine in 2011, 11 months and 10-12 daysAnd (3) film-mulching, then crushing cotton straws by using a straw crushing and returning machine and throwing the crushed cotton straws on the ground surface of a cotton field, thereby realizing that the crop straws are crushed and returned to the field, and throwing the organic fertilizer for farmhouses to captive livestock for about 4.5m in 11, 12 days in 20113Per mu, simultaneously, 80 kg/mu of humic acid phosphate fertilizer and potassium sulfate (K) produced by Xinjiang pine building material chemical industry (group) member company are mechanically spread on the ground surface2SO4)10 kg/mu, chemical fertilizers with chloride ions or sodium ions, such as potassium chloride, sodium nitrate and the like, are not added, a suspended single-furrow turnover deep ploughing plow is used for deep ploughing operation of the cotton field in 13-14 days in the current year in 11 months, and the average deep ploughing depth is 68.5cm, so that the plough bottom layer with poor water permeability and air permeability is broken;
irrigation before sowing and other preparation works before sowing: leveling cotton fields by using a laser leveling machine at 14-15 days 11 months in 2011, ensuring that the height difference of the cotton fields per area of one hundred mu is controlled to be +/-8.5 cm, after the land is leveled up, after determining that the surrounding high lands are subjected to winter irrigation, completing the winter irrigation of the cotton fields in the embodiment at 8-9 days 12 months in 2011, wherein the irrigation amount is 260m3Per mu;
in addition to the fertilizer which is put in before the ultra-deep ploughing, the amount of the urea and the diammonium phosphate base fertilizer is determined to be 18.5 kg/mu and 25.0 kg/mu respectively according to the requirement of the high-yield drip irrigation cotton field management scheme of the soil testing formula fertilization in 2012 (after the ultra-deep ploughing and before sowing), and the fertilizer which needs to be applied is put into a fertilizer box after being uniformly mixed during harrowing, so that the mechanical operation mode of harrowing while applying fertilizer is realized to complete the fertilizer putting operation;
selecting varieties and planting plans:
planting upland cotton in 30% area of the cotton field, and planting other island cotton, wherein the variety of upland cotton is New Luzhong No. 36, and the variety of island cotton is New Hai No. 21;
and (3) management of the growth period:
deep intertillage: sowing seeds at 10-12 days 4 months in 2012, deep intertillage at 16 days 4 months, wherein the average depth of the intertillage is 17.6cm, and the distance between the intertillage row and the cotton planting row is 10-12 cm;
excavating and filling a groove: in the field with less than 20% emergence rate in cotton field in 6 months 3-5 days 2012, a small-sized SY95C-9 caterpillar excavator (rated power 53.8kw/rpm, capacity 0.2-0.45 m) made by Sanyi group Limited company is used3) Carrying out groove excavation and filling, carrying out groove excavation and filling in a zebra-line layout on local hardened land blocks, enabling the direction of the groove excavation to be vertical to the perennial deep turning direction, enabling the groove depth to be 100cm, the width to be 60cm and the vertical distance between the grooves to be 200cm, filling the grooves by mixing crushed corn straws and silt generated when a main channel of the Afa county is cleared, and then carrying out independent peduncle surrounding irrigation on hardened cotton fields which are locally excavated and filled with the grooves, wherein the first irrigation quantity is 120m3Planting the oil sunflower on the plot when the water content of the soil plough layer reaches 15%, irrigating for 2 times according to the growth and development requirements of the oil sunflower, and performing other management methods according to the conventional management method of the oil sunflower;
carrying out first drip irrigation on cotton fields 6, 8 days in 2012, applying a soil conditioner along with water drops, wherein the soil conditioner is a 'Hekang' brand soil conditioner produced by Beijing eagle green field science and technology development Limited company, and the using amount of the soil conditioner is 2.0 kg/mu;
investigating the weed condition of the cotton field in 14/9/2012, and finding that the cover degree of the weeds in the cotton field reaches about 70%, the main species of the weeds are reed and Convolvulus arvensis, 70% glyphosate and 30% methoxone are sprayed in 29/9/2012, the using amount is 50 ml/mu, the water consumption is 40 l/mu, the height of a spray head is controlled to be about 25cm averagely during spraying, the daily average temperature is 19.7 ℃ within 10 days after spraying, and the lowest temperature is 15.2 ℃ within 5 days before and after spraying;
in 2013-2016, deep ploughing is carried out before each cotton stubble is planted, the deep ploughing depth is 26cm at 7-8 days of 4 months in 2013, the deep ploughing depth is 28cm at 5-6 days of 4 months in 2014, the deep ploughing depth is 25cm at 12-13 days of 4 months in 2015, the deep ploughing depth is 30cm at 12-13 days of 2016, deep ploughing is carried out alternately at open ridges and closed ridges at 2 years continuously, 3-furrow deep ploughing plows produced by Aksu Tiancheng mechanical equipment Limited company are adopted as deep ploughing machines, wherein Germany Raken (L abrador) deep ploughing machines are also used in 2015 before deep ploughing, 220 horsepower JOHN DEERE 2204 wheeled tractor is used as matched power, ultra-deep ploughing operation is carried out, the straws of the previous crops are crushed and returned to the field before ultra-deep ploughing operation, farmyard manure is also put in 1.5m3Applying 10 kg/mu of heavy calcium superphosphate fertilizer and 5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate per mu, and completing the application of the cotton field fertilizer 1-3 days before the ultra-deep scarification; super-superThe deep scarification time is 12-14 days at 11 months in 2015 year, the ultra-deep scarification depth is 40cm, and winter irrigation is carried out immediately after ultra-deep scarification; 2013. ultra-deep scarification is not carried out in 2014 and 2016;
irrigation before sowing: the irrigation amount is 200m in 12-13 days of 12 months in 20133The irrigation quantity per mu is 230m in 11 months and 16-18 days in 20143The irrigation quantity is respectively 200m per mu and 11 months and 28-30 days in 20153The irrigation quantity per mu is 180m in 2016, 11 months and 12-13 days3Per mu;
selecting varieties: 2013-2016, selecting No. 36 and No. 21 of New land, No. 42 and No. 36 of New land, No. 56 and No. 45 of New land, No. 68 and No. 48 of New land in turn, planting the area of the upland cotton accounting for 20-30% of the embodiment every year, and planting the island cotton in the rest;
deep intertillage: the time is that the average depth of the intertillage is 16.7cm in 21-22 days in 4 months in 2013, the average depth of the intertillage is 15.4cm in 20-21 days in 4 months in 2014, the average depth of the intertillage is 16.2cm in 26-27 days in 4 months in 2015, the average depth of the intertillage is 17.8cm in 25-26 days in 4 months in 2016, and the distance between the intertillage row and the cotton planting row is 10-12 cm;
excavating and filling a groove: in the period of 2013-2016, land blocks with the continuous emergence rate of less than 20% appear in cotton fields only in 2014, the land blocks are subjected to trench digging and filling in the current year for 6, 4-5 days, and then the hardened cotton fields subjected to local digging and groove filling are subjected to independent peduncle surrounding irrigation, wherein the first irrigation quantity is 120m3Planting corns in the land when the water content of a soil plough layer reaches 13%, irrigating for 3 times according to the growth and development requirements of the corns, carrying out other management methods according to the conventional management method of the corns, and carrying out other groove excavation and filling methods in the same 2012 year; as the plots with the emergence rate of less than 20 percent are not produced in the cotton fields in other years, the grooves are not dug and filled;
carrying out first drip irrigation on the cotton field in 6 and 20 days in 2014, applying a soil conditioner along with water drops, wherein the soil conditioner is a soil conditioner of 'Kangdibao' brand of Beijing Kangdibao biotechnology limited, the using amount of the soil conditioner is 2.3 kg/mu, and the soil conditioner is not used in 2013, 2015 and 2016;
building windproof forest belts around the periphery of the cotton field according to each 600 mu of the field, wherein the width of the forest belts is 8-10 m, so that the wind erosion of the cotton field in the embodiment is reduced;
other management of the cotton fields establishes a matched irrigation and drainage canal system according to a conventional method of the area where the cotton fields are located, and manages the drip irrigation high-yield cotton fields which are fertilized by adopting a common southern Xinjiang oasis soil testing formula.
Example 2
2011-2012:
preparing a cotton field:
ultra-deep ploughing and fertilizer input:
after picking up normal boll-spitting seed cotton in a cotton field, cleaning field residual film by using a residual film recycling machine in 2011 for 11-14 months in combination with manpower, then crushing cotton straws by using a straw crushing and returning machine to the field, throwing the crushed cotton straws on the ground surface of the cotton field, thus crushing crop straws to return to the field, and throwing farmer captive livestock organic fertilizer about 4.0m in 2011 for 11-15 days3Per mu, simultaneously, 70 kg/mu of humic acid phosphate fertilizer and potassium sulfate (K) produced by Xinjiang pine building material chemical industry (group) member company are mechanically spread on the ground surface2SO4)12 kg/mu, chemical fertilizers with chloride ions or sodium ions, such as potassium chloride, sodium nitrate and the like, are not added, a suspended single-furrow turnover deep ploughing plow is used for deep ploughing operation of the cotton field in 16-17 days in the current year in 11 months, and the average deep ploughing depth is 63.5cm, so that the plough bottom layer with poor water permeability and air permeability is broken;
irrigation before sowing and other preparation works before sowing: leveling cotton fields by using a laser leveling machine at 18-19 days 11 months in 2011 to ensure that the height difference of the cotton fields per area of one hundred mu is controlled to be +/-8.5 cm, after the land is leveled up, after determining that the surrounding high lands are filled in winter, completing the winter filling of the cotton fields in the embodiment at 10-11 days 12 months 12 in 2011, wherein the irrigation quantity is 220m3Per mu;
in addition to the fertilizer which is put in before the ultra-deep ploughing, the usage amount of urea and diammonium phosphate base fertilizer is respectively determined to be 18.5 kg/mu and 25.0 kg/mu according to the requirement of the high-yield drip irrigation cotton field management scheme of soil testing formula fertilization in 2012 (after the ultra-deep ploughing and before sowing), and the fertilizer which needs to be applied is put into a fertilizer box after being uniformly mixed during harrowing, so that the mechanical operation mode of harrowing while applying fertilizer is realized to complete the fertilizer putting operation;
selecting varieties and planting plans:
planting upland cotton in 30% area of the cotton field, and planting other island cotton, wherein the variety of upland cotton is selected from No. 42 of New land, and the variety of island cotton is selected from No. 36 of New sea;
and (3) management of the growth period:
deep intertillage: sowing seeds in 13-14 days 4 months in 2012, deep intertillage in 19 days 4 months, wherein the average depth of the intertillage is 16.7cm, and the distance between the intertillage row and the cotton planting row is 10-12 cm;
excavating and filling a groove: in the field with less than 20% emergence rate in cotton field 6-7 days 6.2012, a small-sized SY95C-9 caterpillar excavator (rated power 53.8kw/rpm, capacity 0.2-0.45 m) made by Sanyi group of GmbH is used3) Carrying out groove excavation and filling: carrying out zebra-line layout groove excavation and filling on local hardened land, wherein the direction of the groove excavation is vertical to the perennial deep ploughing direction, the groove depth is 130cm, the width is 70cm, the vertical distance between the grooves is 250cm, the crushed corn straws and silt soil generated when clearing the grooves of the dry ditch in Afa county are mixed to fill the grooves, then carrying out independent peduncle surrounding irrigation on the hardened cotton field which is locally excavated and filled and leveled the grooves, and the first irrigation quantity is 135m3Planting beet in the field when the water content of the soil plough layer reaches 14.2%, irrigating for 2 times according to the growth and development requirements of the beet, and performing other management methods according to the conventional management method of the beet;
carrying out first drip irrigation on cotton fields 6, 12 days in 2012, applying a soil conditioner along with water drops, wherein the soil conditioner is a 'Hekang' brand soil conditioner produced by Beijing eagle green field science and technology development Limited company, and the using amount of the soil conditioner is 2.2 kg/mu;
investigating the weed condition of the cotton field at 9, 16 and 2012 months, and finding that the cover degree of the weeds in the cotton field reaches about 70 percent, the main species of the weeds are reed and Convolvulus arvensis, 70 percent glyphosate and 30 percent methoxone are sprayed at 19 and 9 months at 2012, the using amount is 40 ml/mu, the water consumption is 40 l/mu, the height of a spray head is averagely controlled at about 30cm when spraying the weeds, the daily average temperature is 18.7 ℃ within 10 days after pesticide application, and the lowest temperature is 13.2 ℃ within 5 days before and after pesticide application;
in 2013-2016, deep ploughing is carried out before each cotton crop is planted, wherein the deep ploughing time is 25cm in 4 months and 8-9 days in 2013The deep ploughing depth is 27cm at 6-7 days at 4 months in 2014, 28cm at 13-14 days in 2015, 29cm at 13-14 days in 2016, and is alternately opened and closed ridges at 2 continuous years, wherein the deep ploughing machine adopts a 3-furrow deep ploughing plough produced by Aksu Sujin Chengcheng mechanical equipment Limited company, a German Rankine (L abrador) deep loosener is also used before deep ploughing in 2014, a JOHN DEERE 2204 wheel tractor with the model of 220 horsepower is used as a matched power, ultra-deep loosening operation is carried out, the straws of the previous crops are crushed and returned to the field before the ultra-deep loosening operation, and 2.1m of farmyard manure is also put into the deep ploughing machine3Applying 12 kg/mu of heavy calcium superphosphate fertilizer and 8 kg/mu of potassium sulfate per mu, and applying no fertilizers with chloride ions or sodium ions such as potassium chloride and sodium nitrate, wherein the cotton field fertilizer is applied 1-3 days before the ultra-deep soil loosening; the ultra-deep scarification time is 14-15 days at 11 months in 2014, the ultra-deep scarification depth is 50cm, and winter irrigation is carried out immediately after ultra-deep scarification; 2013. ultra-deep scarification is not carried out in 2015 and 2016;
irrigation before sowing: the irrigation amount is 205m in 12 months and 11-12 days in 20133The irrigation quantity per mu is 210m in 11 months and 14-15 days in 20143The irrigation quantity per mu is 225m in 11 months and 26-27 days in 20153The irrigation quantity per mu is 220m in 2016, 11 months and 14-15 days3Per mu;
selecting varieties: 2013-2016, selecting No. 36 and No. 21 of New land, No. 42 and No. 36 of New land, No. 47 and No. 45 of New land, No. 68 and No. 48 of New land in turn, planting the area of the upland cotton accounting for 20-30% of the embodiment every year, and planting the island cotton in the rest;
deep intertillage: the time is that the average depth of the intertillage is 16.6cm in 20-21 days in 4 months in 2013, the average depth of the intertillage is 15.4cm in 18-19 days in 4 months in 2014, the average depth of the intertillage is 16.5cm in 25-26 days in 4 months in 2015, the average depth of the intertillage is 17.6cm in 26-27 days in 4 months in 2016, the distance between the intertillage row and the cotton planting row is 10-12cm,
excavating and filling a groove: in the period of 2013-2016, land blocks with the continuous emergence rate of less than 20% appear in cotton fields only in 2014, the land blocks are subjected to trench digging and filling in the current year within 5-6 days 6 months 6, and then the hardened cotton fields subjected to local digging and groove filling are subjected to independent peduncle surrounding irrigation, wherein the first irrigation quantity is 135m3The weight per mu is less than one and less than one,when the water content of the soil plough layer reaches 13%, planting tomatoes in the land, and irrigating for 3 times according to the growth and development requirements of the tomatoes, wherein other management methods are carried out according to the conventional management method of the tomatoes, and the excavation and filling methods of other grooves are the same as those in 2012; as the plots with the emergence rate of less than 20 percent are not produced in the cotton fields in other years, the grooves are not dug and filled;
carrying out first drip irrigation on the cotton field in 6 months and 14 days in 2014, applying a soil conditioner along with water, wherein the soil conditioner is a soil conditioner named 'Kangdibao' brand of Beijing Kangdibao biotechnology limited company, and the using amount of the soil conditioner is 2.2 kg/mu;
building windproof forest belts around the periphery of the cotton field according to each 600 mu of the field, wherein the width of the forest belts is 8-10 m, so that the wind erosion of the cotton field in the embodiment is reduced;
other management of the cotton fields establishes a matched irrigation and drainage canal system according to a conventional method of the area where the cotton fields are located, and manages the drip irrigation high-yield cotton fields which are fertilized by adopting a common southern Xinjiang oasis soil testing formula.
Example 3
2011-
Preparing a cotton field:
ultra-deep ploughing and fertilizer input:
after picking up normal boll-spitting seed cotton in a cotton field, cleaning field residual film by using a residual film recycling machine in 2011 for 6-7 months in 11 and combining manpower, then crushing cotton straws by using a straw crushing and returning machine and throwing the crushed cotton straws on the ground surface of the cotton field so as to crush crop straws and return the crushed cotton straws to the field, and throwing farmer organic fertilizer for captive breeding livestock for about 3.5m in 2011 for 11-7 months in 11 and 7 days3Per mu, simultaneously, 60 kg/mu of humic acid phosphate fertilizer and potassium sulfate (K) produced by Xinjiang pine building material chemical industry (group) member company are mechanically spread on the ground surface2SO4)15 kg/mu, chemical fertilizers with chloride ions or sodium ions, such as potassium chloride, sodium nitrate and the like, are not added, a suspended single-furrow turnover deep ploughing plough is used for deep ploughing operation of cotton fields in 7-8 days in the current year in 11 months, and the average deep ploughing depth is 57.5cm, so that the plough bottom layer with poor water permeability and air permeability is broken;
irrigation before sowing and other preparation works before sowing: leveling cotton fields by using a laser grader 8-9 days 11 months in 2011 to ensure that the height difference of the cotton fields per hundred mu area is controlled within +/-85cm, after the land is leveled, after the high land around is determined to be subjected to winter irrigation, the cotton field winter irrigation is finished in 2011 at 11 months and 9-10 days, and the irrigation quantity is 180m3Per mu;
in addition to the fertilizer which is put in before the ultra-deep ploughing, the usage amount of urea and diammonium phosphate base fertilizer is determined to be 18.5 and 25 kg/mu respectively according to the requirement of the high-yield drip irrigation cotton field management scheme of soil testing formula fertilization in 2012 (after the ultra-deep ploughing and before sowing), the fertilizer which needs to be applied is put into a fertilizer box after the fertilizer which needs to be applied is uniformly mixed in the raking process, and the fertilizer putting operation is completed in a mechanical operation mode of realizing the fertilizer application while raking the field;
selecting varieties:
planting upland cotton in 30% area of the cotton field, and planting other island cotton, wherein the variety of upland cotton is selected from No. 56 New land, and the variety of island cotton is selected from No. 45 New sea;
and (3) management of the growth period:
deep intertillage: sowing in 14-15 days 4 months in 2012, deep intertillage in 20 days 4 months, wherein the average depth of the intertillage is 15.2cm, and the distance between the intertillage row and the cotton planting row is 10-12 cm;
excavating and filling a groove: in the field with less than 20% emergence rate in cotton field in 5 month and 29-30 days of 2012, a small-sized SY95C-9 caterpillar excavator (rated power 53.8kw/rpm, capacity 0.2-0.45 m) made by Sanyi group Limited company is used3) Carrying out groove excavation and filling: carrying out zebra-line layout groove excavation and filling on local hardened land, wherein the direction of the groove excavation is vertical to the perennial deep ploughing direction, the groove depth is 100cm, the width is 60cm, the vertical distance between the grooves is 200cm, the crushed corn straws and silt soil generated when clearing the grooves of the dry ditch in Afatiti county are mixed to fill the grooves, then carrying out independent peduncle surrounding irrigation on the hardened cotton field which is locally excavated and filled the grooves, and the first irrigation quantity is 120m3Planting alfalfa in the land when the water content of the soil plough layer reaches 15%, irrigating for 3 times according to the growth and development requirements of the alfalfa, and performing other management methods according to the conventional management method of the alfalfa;
carrying out first drip irrigation on cotton fields 6, 12 days in 2012, applying a soil conditioner along with water drops, wherein the soil conditioner is a 'Hekang' brand soil conditioner produced by Beijing eagle green field science and technology development Limited company, and the using amount of the soil conditioner is 2.0 kg/mu;
investigating the weed condition of the cotton field in 14/9/2012, and finding that the cover degree of the weeds in the cotton field reaches about 70%, the main species of the weeds are reed and Convolvulus arvensis, 70% glyphosate and 30% methoxone are sprayed in 20/9/2012, the using amount is 40 ml/mu, the water consumption is 40 l/mu, the height of a spray head is averagely controlled to about 25cm when spraying the weeds, the daily average temperature is 20.2 ℃ within 10 days after pesticide application, and the lowest temperature is 15.8 ℃ within 5 days before and after pesticide application;
in 2013-2016, deep ploughing operation is carried out before each batch of cotton is planted, the deep ploughing depth is 27cm at 6-7 days of 4 months in 2013, the deep ploughing depth is 28cm at 6-7 days of 4 months in 2014, the deep ploughing depth is 26cm at 14-15 days of 4 months in 2015, the deep ploughing depth is 28cm at 12-13 days of 2016, deep ploughing is carried out alternately at open ridges and closed ridges at 2 years continuously, the deep ploughing machine adopts a 3-furrow deep ploughing plough produced by Aksu Sujintiancheng mechanical equipment Limited company, wherein before deep ploughing in 2014, a German Raken (L abrador) deep ploughing machine is also used, a 220 horsepower JOHN DEERE 2204 wheel tractor is used as matched power, ultra-deep ploughing operation is carried out, the straws of the previous batch of crops are crushed and returned to the field before the ultra-deep ploughing operation, and farmyard manure is also put in 1.5m3Applying 10 kg/mu of heavy calcium superphosphate fertilizer and 5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate per mu, and applying no fertilizers with chloride ions or sodium ions such as potassium chloride and sodium nitrate, wherein the cotton field fertilizer is applied 1-3 days before the ultra-deep soil loosening; the ultra-deep scarification time is 25-26 days in 10 months in 2014, the ultra-deep scarification depth is 40cm, and winter irrigation is carried out immediately after ultra-deep scarification; 2013. ultra-deep scarification is not carried out in 2015 and 2016;
irrigation before sowing: the irrigation amount is 190m in 12-13 days of 12 months in 20133The irrigation quantity is 220m per mu in 11 months and 16-18 days in 20143The irrigation quantity of 240m is respectively measured in each mu and 11 months and 28-30 days in 20153The irrigation quantity per mu is 180m in 2016, 11 months and 12-13 days3Per mu;
selecting varieties and planting plans: 2013-2016, selecting No. 42 and No. 36 of New land, No. 56 and No. 45 of New land, No. 68 and No. 48 of New land in sequence, wherein the planting area of upland cotton accounts for 20-30% every year, and the rest is planted with island cotton;
deep intertillage: the time is that the average depth of the intertillage in 20-21 days in 4 months in 2013 is 16.9cm, the average depth of the intertillage in 20-21 days in 4 months in 2014 is 15.8cm, the average depth of the intertillage in 25-26 days in 4 months in 2015 is 16.4cm, the average depth of the intertillage in 23-24 days in 4 months in 2016 is 17.9cm, the distance between the intertillage row and the cotton planting row is 10-12cm,
excavating and filling a groove: in the period of 2013-2016, land blocks with continuous emergence rate less than 20% appear in cotton fields only in 2014, trench excavation and filling are carried out on the land blocks in 28-29 days in 5 months in the current year, then the hardened cotton fields with partial excavation and groove filling are subjected to independent peduncle surrounding irrigation, and the first irrigation quantity is 120m3Planting cauliflower in the land when the water content of a soil plough layer reaches 13%, irrigating for 3 times according to the growth and development requirements of the cauliflower, carrying out other management methods according to the conventional management method of the cauliflower, and carrying out other groove excavation and filling methods in the same 2012 year; as the plots with the emergence rate of less than 20 percent are not produced in the cotton fields in other years, the grooves are not dug and filled;
when drip irrigation is carried out for the first time in 2015, a 'Hekang' soil conditioner produced by Beijing eagle green space science and technology development limited company is used for 5 days 6 months 2015, the using amount is 2.0 kg/mu, and no soil conditioner is used for 2013, 2015 and 2016;
building windproof forest belts around the periphery of the cotton field according to each 600 mu of the field, wherein the width of the forest belts is 8-10 m, so that the wind erosion of the cotton field in the embodiment is reduced;
other management of the cotton fields establishes a matched irrigation and drainage canal system according to a conventional method of the area where the cotton fields are located, and manages the drip irrigation high-yield cotton fields which are fertilized by adopting a common southern Xinjiang oasis soil testing formula.
Example 4
2011-
Preparing a cotton field:
ultra-deep ploughing and fertilizer input:
after picking up the cotton field to normally open the cotton seeds, cleaning the field residual film by using a residual film recovery machine 5-6 days 11 months in 2011 in combination with manpower, crushing cotton straws by using a straw crushing and returning machine, and then throwing the crushed cotton straws on the ground surface of the cotton field, thereby realizing the purposeCrushing crop straws and returning the crushed crop straws to the field, wherein 10-11 days at 11 months in 2011, a German Raken (L abrador) subsoiler is used, a 220 horsepower JOHN DEERE 2204 wheeled tractor is used as a matched power, the ultra-deep scarification operation is carried out, the ultra-deep scarification depth is 52cm, so that a plough base layer with poor water permeability and air permeability is broken, the upper crop straws are crushed and returned to the field before the ultra-deep scarification operation, and 2.1m of farmyard manure is also input3Applying 13 kg/mu of heavy calcium superphosphate fertilizer and 7 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, and applying no fertilizers with chloride ions or sodium ions such as potassium chloride and sodium nitrate, wherein the cotton field fertilizer is applied 1-3 days before the ultra-deep soil loosening; immediately winter irrigation after super deep scarification
Irrigation before sowing and other preparation works before sowing: after determining that the peripheral high lands are subjected to winter irrigation, completing the winter irrigation of the cotton field in the embodiment in 12 months and 2-3 days in 2011, wherein the irrigation quantity is 220m3Per mu;
selecting varieties and planting plans:
planting upland cotton in 30% area of the cotton field, and planting other island cotton, wherein the variety of upland cotton is selected from No. 68 in New land, and the variety of island cotton is selected from No. 48 in New sea;
and (3) management of the growth period:
deep intertillage: sowing seeds at 14-15 days 4 months in 2012, deep intertillage at 19 days 4 months, wherein the average depth of the intertillage is 16.2cm, and the distance between the intertillage row and the cotton planting row is 10-12 cm;
excavating and filling a groove: in the field with less than 20% emergence rate in cotton field in 6 months and 5-6 days of 2012, a small-sized SY95C-9 caterpillar excavator (rated power 53.8kw/rpm, capacity 0.2-0.45 m) made by Sanyi group Limited company is used3) Carrying out groove excavation and filling: carrying out zebra-line layout groove excavation and filling on local hardened land, wherein the direction of the groove excavation is vertical to the perennial deep ploughing direction, the groove depth is 132cm, the width is 72cm, the vertical distance between the grooves is 250cm, the crushed corn straws and silt soil generated when clearing the grooves of the dry ditch in Afa county are mixed to fill the grooves, then carrying out independent peduncle surrounding irrigation on the hardened cotton field which is locally excavated and filled and leveled the grooves, and the first irrigation quantity is 125m3Per mu, when the water content of the soil tillage layer reaches 15%, sweet clover is planted in the land, and later, sweet clover needs to grow and developIrrigating for 2 times, and performing other management methods according to the conventional management method of sweet clover;
carrying out first drip irrigation on a cotton field at 6, 8 and 2012 months, applying a soil conditioner along with water drops, wherein the soil conditioner is a 'good land application' brand soil conditioner produced by Chengdu Huahong ecological agriculture technology limited company, and the using amount of the soil conditioner is 2.2 kg/mu;
investigating the weed condition of the cotton field in 12/9/2012, and finding that the cover degree of the weeds in the cotton field reaches about 70%, the main species of the weeds are reed and Convolvulus arvensis, 70% glyphosate and 30% methoxone are sprayed in 23/9/2012, the using amount is 45 ml/mu, the water consumption is 40 l/mu, the height of a spray head is averagely controlled to about 28cm during spraying, the daily average temperature is 19.4 ℃ within 10 days after spraying, and the lowest temperature is 13.5 ℃ within 5 days before and after spraying;
in 2013-2016, deep ploughing operation is carried out before each cotton stubble is planted, the deep ploughing depth is 30cm at 7-8 days of 4 months in 2013, the deep ploughing depth is 26cm at 5-6 days of 4 months in 2014, the deep ploughing depth is 28cm at 12-13 days of 4 months in 2015, the deep ploughing depth is 25cm at 12-13 days of 4 months in 2015, deep ploughing is carried out alternately at open ridges and closed ridges at 2 years continuously, 3-furrow deep ploughing plows produced by Aksu jintiancheng mechanical equipment Limited are adopted as deep ploughs, a Germany Rakake (L abraro) deep loosener is also used in 2014 before deep ploughing, a 220 horsepower JOHN DEERE 2204 wheel type tractor is used as matched power, ultra-deep loosening operation is carried out, the upper crop straws are crushed and returned to the field before ultra-deep loosening operation, and 2.0m of farmyard manure is also put into the field3Applying 12 kg/mu of heavy calcium superphosphate fertilizer and 7 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, and applying no fertilizers with chloride ions or sodium ions such as potassium chloride and sodium nitrate, wherein the cotton field fertilizer is applied 1-3 days before the ultra-deep soil loosening; the ultra-deep scarification time is 10-11 days at 11 months in 2014, the ultra-deep scarification depth is 50cm, and winter irrigation is carried out immediately after ultra-deep scarification; 2013. ultra-deep scarification is not carried out in 2015 and 2016;
irrigation before sowing: the irrigation amount is 180m in 12 months and 13-14 days in 20133The irrigation quantity per mu is 250m in 11 months and 14-15 days in 20143The irrigation quantity per mu is respectively 200m in 2015 year, 12 months and 2-3 days3The irrigation quantity per mu is 240m in 2016, 11 months and 12-13 days3Per mu;
selecting varieties: 2013-2016, selecting No. 36 and No. 56 of New land, No. 42 and No. 36 of New land, No. 56 and No. 45 of New land, No. 68 and No. 48 of New land in turn, wherein the planting area of upland cotton accounts for 20-30% every year, and the rest is planted with island cotton;
deep intertillage: the time is that the average depth of the intertillage is 16.3cm in 19-20 days in 4 months in 2013, the average depth of the intertillage is 15.6cm in 17-18 days in 4 months in 2014, the average depth of the intertillage is 16.7cm in 24-25 days in 2015, the average depth of the intertillage is 17.5cm in 24-25 days in 4 months in 2016, the distance between the intertillage row and the cotton planting row is 10-12cm,
excavating and filling a groove: in the period of 2013-2016, land blocks with the continuous emergence rate of less than 20 percent appear in the cotton field only in 2014, the land blocks are subjected to trench digging and filling in 6 months 4-5 in the current year, then the hardened cotton field with the partial digging and groove filling is subjected to independent peduncle surrounding irrigation, and the first irrigation quantity is 135m3Planting broccoli on the land when the water content of a soil plough layer reaches 13%, irrigating for 3 times according to the growth and development requirements of the broccoli, carrying out other management methods according to the conventional management method of the broccoli, and carrying out other groove excavation and filling methods in the same 2012 year; as the plots with the emergence rate of less than 20 percent are not produced in the cotton fields in other years, the grooves are not dug and filled;
when the drip irrigation is carried out for the first time in 2014, the 'Dilian' brand soil conditioner produced by Xinjiang Daoas ecological technology limited public company is used for 5 days in 6 months in 2014, the using amount is 2.3 kg/mu, and no soil conditioner is used in 2013, 2015 and 2016;
other management of the cotton fields establishes a matched irrigation and drainage canal system according to a conventional method of the area where the cotton fields are located, and manages the drip irrigation high-yield cotton fields which are fertilized by adopting a common southern Xinjiang oasis soil testing formula.
Effects of the implementation
In order to test and investigate the physical and chemical properties of the water, fertilizer, temperature and soil of the plough layer of the embodiment and the influence on the prevention and control of diseases, insects and weeds and the yield traits of the cotton field, the method is used for investigating the soil moisture, the organic matter content, the quick-acting nitrogen, the quick-acting phosphorus, the quick-acting potassium, the temperature of 5cm below the film, the thickness, the salt content, the porosity, the soil penetration resistance (PSI), the volume weight, the pH value, the residual film content, the weed quantity in unit area, the pesticide cost, the plant disease rate, the growth vigor, the emergence rate, the seedling protection rate, the single plant boll number, the single boll weight and the seed cotton yield in the seedling stage of the plough layer of the cotton field by years. The method comprises the following steps of randomly surveying 5-8 points per survey index every year, wherein corresponding indexes before the method is not used are determined by using average data of 2009-:
table 1: the influence of the invention on water, fertilizer, temperature and other physical and chemical properties of soil in the plough layer
As seen from table 1: the soil moisture in the seedling stage is increased by 0.5 percent, so that the water-retaining effect is achieved; the content of organic matters, quick-acting nitrogen and quick-acting phosphorus in the plough layer of the soil is respectively reduced by 0.3g/kg, 1.9mg/kg and 1.1mg/kg, the reduction range is respectively 2.7%, 4.0% and 9.0%, the reduction range is smaller, but the increase range of the quick-acting potassium in the plough layer is larger and is as high as 35.2%; the temperature of the soil 5cm below the film in the seedling stage is increased by 0.6 ℃, so that the heat preservation effect is obvious; the thickness of the cultivated layer is increased by 7.1cm, the increase amplitude is higher and reaches 30.0 percent; the salt content of the soil of the plough layer at the seedling stage is reduced by 2.1g/kg, the reduction range is higher and reaches 39.6 percent, so the effect of inhibiting salt damage is outstanding; the soil porosity (%) of the plough layer in the seedling stage is increased by 8.5 percentage points and increased by 18.8%, the soil penetration resistance (PSI) is reduced from 340 to 210 and reduced by 130, the reduction range is up to 38.2%, the soil porosity is obviously increased and the soil penetration resistance is greatly reduced, so that the soil ventilation and the root growth of soil microorganisms and cotton are facilitated, and the soil volume weight of the plough layer in the seedling stage is reduced by 0.11g/cm3Ensuring that the soil has better volume weight index; the pH value of the soil is reduced by 0.4 and 5.1 percent, which is beneficial to relieving the long-term continuous cropping cotton fieldThe trend of increasing the pH value of the soil is that the residual film content of the soil of the plough layer is reduced by 11.3 kg/mu, the reduction range is larger and reaches 72.9 percent, and the change of the indexes shows that the method can obviously improve the soil of the plough layer.
Table 2: the influence of the invention on the control of diseases, insects and weeds and the yield traits
As seen from table 2: the number of weeds per unit area is reduced by 6.0 plants/m2The descending amplitude is higher and reaches 58.8 percent, which is obviously beneficial to resisting the weed harm; the cost of the pesticide is reduced by 27.6 yuan/mu, the reduction range is higher and reaches 43.9 percent, which is obviously beneficial to saving cost and improving efficiency, reducing the pollution of the pesticide to soil and protecting the environment; the disease rate of the cotton field is reduced by 5.9 percent, the reduction range is high and reaches 65.6 percent, and the disease occurrence is obviously reduced; the cotton field has no premature senility phenomenon; the emergence rate is increased by 6.4 percentage points and is increased by 7.9 percent, the number of the seedlings in unit area is increased by 1100.0 plants/mu and is increased by 8.1 percent, obviously, the cotton field soil is improved, and the cotton field is favorable for sowing the whole seedlings once; the number of bolls of a single plant is increased by 0.9 per plant and increased by 17.0 percent, and the weight of the bolls is increased by 0.25g and increased by 10.6 percent, so that the cotton seed boll increasing agent is beneficial to improving the yield of cotton fields; the yield of the seed cotton is increased by 57.5 kg/mu and increased by 20.3 percent, and further analysis shows that: due to the fact that trace elements of the plough layer are obviously increased when the cotton field fertilizer is used, the content of organic matters, quick-acting nitrogen and quick-acting phosphorus in the soil below the plough layer is obviously larger than that of the soil without the cotton field fertilizer, the organic matters, the quick-acting nitrogen and the quick-acting phosphorus in the soil below the plough layer are supplemented, and the fertilizer application strategy is adjusted, the physical and chemical properties of the cotton field soil are optimized through analysis of the growth vigor, the economic characters and the yield of the cotton field, and the soil fertilizer supply capacity and the soil fertilizer utilization rate can be obviously improved.
Claims (1)
1. A construction method of a soil plough layer of a low-yield cotton field in continuous drip irrigation of oasis in southern Xinjiang is characterized by comprising the following steps:
preparing a cotton field:
a. deep ploughing: cotton before winter irrigation or in the same yearDeep ploughing 1 time before sowing 5-10 days before sowing each cotton stubble, deep ploughing 1 time before sowing in a cotton field without deep ploughing 55-70cm or deep scarification 40-60cm, deep ploughing depth 25-30cm at other time, and deep ploughing for 2 years should be alternately performed by opening and closing ridges, and the deep ploughing should be completed before winter irrigation in a cotton area with rich water resources, and deep ploughing operation of 25-30cm should be completed within 4-8 days before sowing, wherein, before the deep ploughing, the straws of the previous crops are crushed and returned to the field, and farmyard manure 3.5-4.5m is added3Applying 20-30 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate or heavy calcium superphosphate fertilizer and 10-15 kg/mu of potassium sulfate or 60-80 kg/mu of humic acid phosphate fertilizer and 10-15 kg/mu of potassium sulfate per mu, wherein the cotton field fertilizer application time is finished 1-3 days before deep ploughing at 55-70 cm;
b. ultra-deep scarification: performing ultra-deep scarification in 3-4 years after ultra-deep scarification, wherein each time of ultra-deep scarification is completed before irrigation is performed before sowing, the time is completed before last 10 th ten days to 11 th middle days of the last month, the depth of ultra-deep scarification is 40-60cm, for cotton fields without ultra-deep scarification, performing ultra-deep scarification in the same year before soil preparation, performing ultra-deep scarification for 1 time every 3-5 years later, before ultra-deep scarification, crushing straws of crops of the previous crop and returning the straws to the field, and putting farmyard manure for 1.5-2.5m3Applying 10-15 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate or heavy calcium superphosphate fertilizer and 5-10 kg/mu of potassium sulfate or 30-40 kg/mu of humic acid phosphate fertilizer and 5-10 kg/mu of potassium sulfate per mu, wherein the cotton field fertilizer is finished 1-3 days before the ultra-deep scarification;
c. irrigation before sowing: irrigating before sowing in 10-12 15 days of last year, the irrigation quantity is 180-3Per mu;
d. selecting varieties: selecting the cotton variety with relatively strong growth vigor of 1100-1300 kg/mu as No. 36, 42, 47, 56 or 68 of the upland cotton variety and No. 21, 36, 45 or 48 of the sea island cotton variety;
and (3) management of the growth period:
e. deep intertillage: deep intertillage is carried out within 1 week after the cotton is sowed, the intertillage depth is 15-18cm, and the distance between an intertillage row and a cotton planting row is 10-12 cm;
f. excavating and filling a groove of a cotton field: performing zebra-line-type layout groove excavation and filling on local hardened land blocks in 28-6 months and 7 days in the current year,the direction of the excavated groove is vertical to the perennial deep ploughing direction, the depth of the groove is 100-160cm, the width of the groove is 60-80cm, the vertical distance between the grooves is 200-300cm, the excavated and leveled local hardened land is irrigated by surrounding the stems independently, and the primary irrigation quantity is 150m3And (3) planting salt-resistant plants such as corn, oil sunflower, beet, sweet clover, alfalfa, cauliflower, broccoli or tomato in the plot when the water content of the soil plough layer reaches 13-16% in terms of per mu, and performing other management methods according to the conventional management method of the plants.
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| CN108551994A (en) * | 2018-04-04 | 2018-09-21 | 黄冈市农业科学院 | A kind of method that cotton field interplanting rape makees green manure |
| CN112243629B (en) * | 2020-10-23 | 2022-04-15 | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 | Sustainable method for arid region farmland salt irrigation based on crop rotation halophyte |
| CN113099966A (en) * | 2021-04-09 | 2021-07-13 | 新疆农业大学 | Method for planting special plants by linking indirect returning of crop straws to field |
| CN113906856B (en) * | 2021-10-18 | 2023-01-24 | 新疆农业科学院哈密瓜研究中心 | Method for constructing soil plough layer structure of middle and low-yield field of Xinjiang muskmelon |
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