CN102550258A - Wheat alternated protective tillage and wide-breadth wide-row sowing and fertilizing method - Google Patents

Wheat alternated protective tillage and wide-breadth wide-row sowing and fertilizing method Download PDF

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CN102550258A
CN102550258A CN201210015480XA CN201210015480A CN102550258A CN 102550258 A CN102550258 A CN 102550258A CN 201210015480X A CN201210015480X A CN 201210015480XA CN 201210015480 A CN201210015480 A CN 201210015480A CN 102550258 A CN102550258 A CN 102550258A
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tillage
wheat
seedling
sowing
soil
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孔令安
王法宏
司纪升
张宾
冯波
李升东
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CROP Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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CROP Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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Abstract

The invention relates to a wheat tillage, sowing and fertilizing method, in particular to a wheat alternated protective tillage and wide-breadth wide-row sowing and fertilizing method. The method comprises the following steps of: selecting a wheat variety for sowing at suitable time; selecting a wheat no-tillage sowing machine for sowing, and setting seedling band interval zones and seedling band zones; sowing, namely uniformly distributing fertilizer and wheat seeds in the seedling band zones with the widths of 12 centimeters; marking the positions of the seedling band zones when the wheat is harvested to ensure that the seedling band zones in next sowing are staggered with those in the first year; and performing rotary tillage on the soil of the same position once every 3 to 4 years. By the method, the defects of poor wheat sowing quality, weak seedling growth and the like caused by obstruction of straws under the complete no-tillage condition are overcome; the defect of diffused application of the fertilizer in conventional tillage is overcome, and the utilization efficiency of nutrients is improved; the utilization efficiency of moisture is improved; the acting area and the acting strength among the soil, the moisture, the straws and microbes are enlarged, and straw decomposition and nutrient mineralization are promoted; and the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer is improved.

Description

Wide row sowing of wheat alternate type conservation tillage and wide cut and fertilizing method
Technical field
The present invention relates to farming, sowing and the fertilizing method of a grow wheat, particularly wide row sowing of a grow wheat alternate type conservation tillage and wide cut and fertilizing method.
Background technology
In the face of traditional intensive farming to physicochemical property such as soil aggregate and negative effect that aspects such as edaphone are caused; Conservation tillage is regarded as a kind of important technology of the environment friendly that can promote crop growth and agricultural sustainable development (Anyanzwa etc., 2010).In the world, the conservation tillage of standard generally comprises three fundamentals, promptly soil is carried out as far as possible little disturbance, the covering of face of land stalk and rational shift of crops system.According to the definition of China Ministry of Agriculture, " conservation tillage be cover the face of land, few (exempting from) to plough sowing, dark pine and disease pest and weed Comprehensive Control be the modern farming technique system of main contents " with stalk.Comparing conservation tillage with conventional tillage and not only can practice thrift cost, also can reduce a series of problems such as environmental pollution that produce owing to crop straw burning, is a kind of environment friendly planting patterns.For example, the soil under the conservation tillage mode has higher water percolating capacity, thereby can reduce the erosion rate of rainwash, reduction soil; The stalk covering of upper soll layer can also improve the content of organic matter of soil.Have prevent erosion, retain and conserve soil moisture, effect such as culture fertility, cost-saving synergistic, minimizing greenhouse gas emission.The stalk of crops had both contained nutritive elements such as the essential carbon of a considerable amount of crops, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium; Have the physicochemical character and the biological character that improve soil again, increase soil fertility; Optimize farmland ecological environment, increase effects such as crop yield, so it is one of important organic fertilizer resource.
Yet investigation finds owing to exist many drawbacks, the cultivated area that adopts conservation tillage seldom, its main shortcoming is:
(1) the conservation tillage method that in the past adopted is that most of stalk is left in the face of land, and stalk and soil, contact with moisture face are little, are difficult to decomposition, influence sowing and the growth of crop of following season;
(2) complete no-tillage seeding machine; Be to utilize soil circular scrolling chopping disk that soil is cut a narrow seed furrow to sow; Yet because soil receives the cutting disc extruding; Particularly under the bigger situation of soil moisture content, the seed surrounding soil degree of packing increases considerably, and influences budding, emergence and growth growth;
(3) under complete no-tillage condition, soil receives rolling for many years of machinery, and physical characteristics such as soil density, the bulk density of soil, permeability run down;
(4) complete no-tillage conservation tillage adopts linear drilling, causes seed crowded, the plant irrational distribution, and photo-thermal resource, moisture, nutrientuse efficiency reduce;
(5) owing to maize straw, soil C/N improves than obvious, even reaches more than the 50:1, suppresses breeding and the growth (Abro etc., 2011) of edaphon.
Wheat-corn crop rotation is the main planting system of northern China.Wherein, wheat stalk is very thin, biomass is little, and stalk is withered basically when gathering in addition, is pulverized by combine easily, thereby directly adopts the protective farming technique of standard at corn planting traditionally.In recent years, along with shifting gradually of rural area essential labour power and popularizing of combine, corn also adopts mechanical harvest, straw directly returning to field on significant proportion.Yet because the cornstalk biological amount is bigger, the stem stalk is sturdy, and combine is pulverized not thorough, adopts complete no-tillage seeding can have a strong impact on seeding quality, plant strain growth and the grain yield of wheat; Traditional soil is year after year ploughed deeply, rotary tillage then can heavy damage soil physical chemistry structure and biological nature, reduces bio-diversity.Loose row sowing of the wheat alternate type conservation tillage under wheat-corn Rotation System of research of Shandong Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences and test spread and wide cut and fertilizer practice; Can realize the whole year, protective farming technique application year after year; Protection soil physics structure, chemical property and soil organisms diversity significantly improve wheat water content utilization ratio, living resources utilization ratio and grain yield.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve above-mentioned technical problem, the invention provides wide row sowing of a grow wheat alternate type conservation tillage and wide cut and fertilizing method.
The wide row sowing of wheat alternate type conservation tillage and wide cut is to solve above technical problem through following technical scheme with fertilizing method under the alternate type conservation tillage condition of the present invention:
The wheat conservation tillage cultivation method, the cultivation method of employing wide cut seedling band (rotary tillage district)+wide row (no-tillage district), the straw-returning+covering of digging.This method can improve anti-low temperature freezing-disaster of wheat and drought-resistant ability effectively, and the full cultivation method of more complete no-tillage conservation tillage or tradition can improve wheat yield about 10%.
Be fit to the conservation tillage method under the Rotation System such as wheat-corn or wheat-Chinese sorghum; Be to adopt farming year by year+no-tillage alternate type wheat cultivation and fertilizer practice; Be the first crop crop; For example corn utilize no-tillage fertilizing and seeding machine that seedling band rotary tillage sowing is only carried out in the plot in the plot behind the straw-returning, thereby disposable completion is to the mechanized method of the sowing and the fertilising of wheat.
The concrete application as follows:
Select high yield potential for use, tillering ability is strong, the percentage of earbearing tiller is high, high anti-eurytopicity, be fit to the wheat breed of local ecological environmental condition;
Proper seeding: daily mean temperature is in 14-18 ℃ of scope; The suitable amount of broadcasting: 8-10 kilogram/mu;
Fertilizer is prepared: select granular nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer for use, and its phosphorus active ingredient (in P2O5) 7-9 kilogram/mu, potassium active ingredient is (with K 2O meter) 5-7 kilogram/mu, purity nitrogen (in N) 8-10 kilogram/mu (base is executed the 50%-60% that N fertilizer accounts for full season consumption, and all the other 40%-50% imposed in spring in next year); Fertilizer nutrient is a benchmark with purity nitrogen content, and is not enough like nitrogen content, and available an amount of Granular Urea is regulated;
Select wheat no-tillage planter for use, its device comprises fertilizing box, kind case, fertilising tooth, wide cut seeding unit; Utilize that no-tillage fertilizing and seeding machine carries out that seedling zone stalk is pulverized again, the rotary tillage of seedling band, fertilising, the disposable operation of sowing; According to the different soils fertility seedling interband district (no-tillage district) is set: 28-35 centimetre (being generally 18-22 centimetre under the conventional tillage), soil fertility is high, and seedling interband district is wide, and vice versa; The seedling zone is 12 centimetres, rotary tillage (dark 20-25 centimetre) (description of drawings);
During sowing, utilize rotary tillage cutter chopping seedling band stalk, be beneficial to fertilising and sowing; Fertilizer and wheat seed are evenly distributed on 12 centimetres wide seedling zone, and the degree of depth is respectively 8-12 centimetre, 3-5 centimetre; More than operation can move on to seedling interband district to the both sides branch with the part soil in seedling band rotary tillage district, to cover stalk, is suppressed by the subsidiary press wheel of machinery simultaneously;
In wheat when harvesting, carried out position mark to the seedling zone, during sowing in 1 year, and its seedling zone and staggering in 1 year, the seedling zone was postponed in the 3rd year, the 4th year; In a word, soil rotary tillage zone position between adjustment year border makes same position soil 3-4 rotary tillage once, to reach the conservation tillage requirement;
Other field management such as winter irrigation are irrigated, are topdressed, weeding, desinsection etc. be the same with conventional tillage spring.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is, mainly is applicable to each wheat district wheatland, and advantage is more obvious under Rotation System such as two crops a year cropping system wheat-corn, wheat-Chinese sorghum.
The basic principle that the soil that the present invention follows the conservation tillage requirement few (exempting from) is ploughed makes arable land 3-4 turn over simultaneously one time; Compare with the tillage free conservation tillage with the full cultivation method of tradition; Seedling zone limit is ploughed and has been reduced soil disturbance under the alternate type conservation tillage; Soil physics structure and biological nature have been kept to greatest extent; Promoted soil organisms diversity development, the contradiction between fully having coordinated to be difficult to take into account between the soil physico-chemical characteristic and biological nature under traditional full cultivation and the tillage free conservation tillage;
The invention solves under the complete no-tillage condition owing to stalk hinders deficiencies such as the wheat cultivation that causes is of poor quality, seedling growth is weak;
Adopt in the seedling stripe set and apply fertilizer, overcome the problem that is difficult in soil, apply fertilizer under the complete no-tillage conservation tillage, overcome the casual drawback of executing of fertilizer under the conventional tillage simultaneously, improved nutrientuse efficiency;
Rotary tillage band portion soil branch moves on to no-tillage district, covers stalk, compares with the tillage free conservation tillage, has better water conservation effect; Because the seedling zone forms seed furrow, be easy to irrigate; In addition, can rainfall be concentrated on the seedling zone, improve WUEL; Simultaneously, strengthen active area and effect dynamics between soil-moisture-stalk-microorganism, promoted stalk decomposition and nutrition mineralization;
Under the straw-returning condition, the C/N ratio is generally more than 50:1 in the soil; The present invention has improved basic nitrogen fertilizer application consumption; Regulate soil C/N than the breeding scope (18-25:1) that suits to edaphon; Satisfy the demand of microbial degradation, keep and increase microbial activity and quantity, promote the stalk decomposition nitrogen; Improve nutrition conversion between the soil crop, improve fertilizer utilization efficiency;
The wide row sowing of wide cut is uniformly dispersed seed, does not have the disconnected ridge phenomenon of being short of seedling, and has overcome moisture and Competition for Nutrients between the seedling that traditional intensive sowing causes, and promotes wheat growth to grow; Wide row sowing improves the field microclimate environment, and ventilative printing opacity condition is good between strain, reduces the generation of damage by disease and insect, promotes robust plant to grow;
Adopt seedling zone crushed stalk, rotary tillage, fertilising, the disposable operation of sowing, reduced production cost;
Compare with the full cultivation method of tradition, reduced the activity duration, reduced the leisure time between the following two kinds of crops of rotation system, can make full use of the photo-thermal resource.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is alternate type conservation tillage of the present invention operating instruction figure year by year.
Embodiment
Come the present invention is done explanation further below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment,, but do not limit the present invention with this so that those skilled in the art more understands the present invention.
Embodiment 1
Wide row sowing of wheat alternate type conservation tillage and wide cut and fertilizing method, concrete operations are following:
Select wheat breed Jimai 22 for use;
Optimum period, irrigates and makes moisture in the soil, sows when fitting moisture in the soil, and be 3-12 day in October sowing date, and the amount of broadcasting is 8-10 kilogram/mu, regulates according to soil moisture content and daily mean temperature;
Fertilizer: granular nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer contain purity nitrogen 8-10 kilogram/mu, 6 kilograms/mu in potassium, 8 kilograms/mu in phosphorus;
Adopt no-tillage seeding machine to sow, seedling interband district is 30 centimetres; 12 centimetres of seedling zones (22 centimetres of rotary tillages are dark) utilize rotary tillage cutter chopping seedling district stalk simultaneously; Fertilizer imposed on wheat seed be evenly distributed on the 12 centimetres wide seedling zone, the degree of depth is respectively 10 centimetres, 3 centimetres;
During annual sowing, make seedling zone/no-tillage district of seedling interband and stagger last year, with rotary tillage soil position between adjustment year border;
Other field management are the same with conventional tillage.
Under the wide row sowing of wheat wide cut and the fertilising alternate type conservation tillage condition with no-tillage conservation tillage condition under the contrast of wheat growth biological character, see table 1.
Table 1
Handle Total tiller number (ten thousand/mu) before the jointing Wintering rate (%) Spike number (ten thousand/mu) The percentage of earbearing tiller (%) Grain number per spike Thousand kernel weight (g) Output (kg)
The alternate type conservation tillage 69.7 95.5 44.3 63.6 36.2 38.3 517.9
The tillage free conservation tillage 68.6 91.2 42.7 62.2 34.1 36.9 469.8
Can find out that from last table the present invention adopts the method for alternate type conservation tillage, total tiller number, wintering rate, spike number, the percentage of earbearing tiller, grain number per spike, thousand kernel weight, output are all greater than the method for tillage free conservation tillage before the wheat jointing.
Embodiment 2
Wide row sowing of wheat alternate type conservation tillage and wide cut and fertilizing method, concrete operations are following:
Select wheat breed tobacco grower 19 or Jimai 20 for use;
Optimum period, irrigates and makes moisture in the soil, sows when fitting moisture in the soil, and sowing date, the amount of broadcasting was 10 kilograms/mu in 1-10 day in October;
Fertilizer: granular nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer with an amount of Granular Urea mixing, make purity nitrogen reach 10 kilograms every mu;
Utilize no-tillage seeding machine to carry out rotary tillage, fertilising, the disposable operation of sowing; Seedling interband district is 32 centimetres; 12 centimetres of seedling zones (23 centimetres of rotary tillages are dark) utilize rotary tillage cutter chopping seedling district stalk simultaneously; Adopt no-tillage seeding machine, fertilizer is imposed on wheat seed evenly broadcast on 12 centimetres wide seedling zone, the degree of depth is respectively 9 centimetres, 4 centimetres; Keep the press wheel cleaning, avoid cohering soil block, influence suppression effect;
During the wheat harvesting seedling district is carried out mark, rotary tillage soil position between adjustment year border makes same position soil 3-4 rotary tillage once;
Other management are the same with conventional tillage.
Under the wide row sowing of wheat alternate type conservation tillage and wide cut and the fertilizer practice condition with the conventional tillage condition under the contrast of wheat growth biological character, see table 2.
Table 2
Handle Soil moisture content (%) Wintering rate (%) Photosynthesis (μ mol CO 2/m 2/s) Spike number (ten thousand/mu) Grain number per spike Thousand kernel weight (g) Output (kg/ mu)
The alternate type conservation tillage 21.6 93.8 20.7 45.6 34.5 38.8 505.7
The tillage free conservation tillage 19.6 92.2 18.5 43.7 33.1 37.2 457.5
Embodiment 3
Wide row sowing of wheat alternate type conservation tillage and wide cut and fertilizing method, concrete operations are following:
Select wheat breed Jimai 22 or safe farming 18 for use;
Optimum period, irrigates and makes moisture in the soil, sows when fitting moisture in the soil, and be 4-15 day in October sowing date, and the amount of broadcasting is 9 kilograms/mu;
Fertilizer: granular nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer with an amount of Granular Urea mixing, make purity nitrogen reach 10 kilograms every mu;
Utilize no-tillage seeding machine to carry out rotary tillage, fertilising, the disposable operation of sowing; Seedling interband district is 32-34 centimetre; 12 centimetres of seedling zones are carried out rotary tillage (22 centimetres dark), utilize rotary tillage cutter chopping seedling district stalk simultaneously; Adopt no-tillage seeding machine, fertilizer and wheat seed are evenly broadcast on 12 centimetres wide seedling zone, the degree of depth is respectively 10 centimetres, 3 centimetres;
During the wheat harvesting seedling zone is carried out mark, rotary tillage soil position between adjustment year border makes same position soil 3-4 rotary tillage once;
Other management are the same with conventional tillage.
Under the wide row sowing of wheat alternate type conservation tillage and wide cut and the fertilizer practice condition with no-tillage conservation tillage condition under the wheat growth biological character contrast with soil characteristics, see table 3.
Table 3
Handle Root system respiration CO 2 μmol/m 3/S) Root system vigor (μ g/g FW/h) The bulk density of soil (g cm -3 Microbial biomass carbon (mg/g) Boot leaf photosynthesis (μ mol CO 2/m 2/s1) Overground part dry-matter accumulation (g/m 2 Output kg/ mu)
The alternate type conservation tillage 38.1 54.4 1.16 0.324 20.9 878.5 521.7
The full cultivation of tradition 34.5 50.6 1.24 0.294 18.3 857.4 477.3

Claims (2)

1. the wide row of wheat alternate type conservation tillage and wide cut is sowed and fertilizing method, comprises following step:
(1) selects wheat breed proper seeding and prepare fertilizer;
(2) select for use wheat no-tillage planter to sow, seedling interband district is set: 28-35 centimetre, the seedling zone is 12 centimetres, rotary tillage, dark 20-25 centimetre;
(3) when sowing, utilize rotary tillage cutter chopping seedling band stalk, fertilizer and wheat seed are evenly distributed on 12 centimetres wide seedling zone, the degree of depth is respectively 8-12 centimetre, 3-5 centimetre; More than operation moves on to seedling interband district with the part soil in seedling band rotary tillage district to the both sides branch, to cover stalk, is suppressed by the subsidiary press wheel of machinery simultaneously;
(4) in wheat when harvesting, carried out position mark to the seedling zone, and the coming year is when sowing, its seedling zone and staggering in 1 year, and the seedling zone was postponed in the 3rd year, the 4th year; Soil rotary tillage zone position between adjustment year border makes same position soil 3-4 rotary tillage once.
2. wide row sowing of a grow wheat alternate type conservation tillage as claimed in claim 1 and wide cut and fertilizing method comprise following step:
(1) select the wheat breed proper seeding, the sowing time: daily mean temperature is in 14-18 ℃ of scope; Seeding quantity: 8-10 kilogram/mu;
(2) fertilizer is prepared: select nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer for use, its phosphorus active ingredient is with P 2O 5Count 7-9 kilogram/mu, potassium active ingredient is with K 2O counts 5-7 kilogram/mu, and purity nitrogen is counted 8-10 kilogram/mu with N, and base is executed the 50%-60% that N fertilizer accounts for full season consumption, and all the other 40%-50% imposed in spring in next year; Fertilizer nutrient is a benchmark with purity nitrogen content, and is not enough like nitrogen content, and available an amount of Granular Urea is regulated;
(3) select for use wheat no-tillage planter to sow; Utilize that no-tillage fertilizing and seeding machine carries out that seedling zone stalk is pulverized again, the rotary tillage of seedling band, fertilising, the disposable operation of sowing; According to the different soils fertility seedling interband district being set is no-tillage district: 28-35 centimetre; The seedling zone is 12 centimetres, rotary tillage, dark 20-25 centimetre;
During sowing, utilize rotary tillage cutter chopping seedling band stalk, be beneficial to fertilising and sowing; Fertilizer and wheat seed are evenly distributed on 12 centimetres wide seedling zone, and the degree of depth is respectively 8-12 centimetre, 3-5 centimetre; More than operation can move on to seedling interband district to the both sides branch with the part soil in seedling band rotary tillage district, to cover stalk, is suppressed by the subsidiary press wheel of machinery simultaneously;
(4) in wheat when harvesting, carried out position mark to the seedling zone, and the coming year is when sowing, its seedling zone and staggering in 1 year, and the seedling zone was postponed in the 3rd year, the 4th year; Soil rotary tillage zone position between adjustment year border makes same position soil 3-4 rotary tillage once.
CN201210015480XA 2012-01-18 2012-01-18 Wheat alternated protective tillage and wide-breadth wide-row sowing and fertilizing method Pending CN102550258A (en)

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CN103053256A (en) * 2013-01-23 2013-04-24 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 Few-no-tillage-soil seeding and fertilizing method for wheat and corns under complete straw mulching condition
CN103703967A (en) * 2013-12-17 2014-04-09 山东理工大学 Mechanical ecological fertile soil crop rotation planting agricultural technology for wheat and corn
CN103814638A (en) * 2014-02-17 2014-05-28 凌元 Multilayer cultivation method and cultivation cutter for rice and wheat planting
CN104541863A (en) * 2014-12-23 2015-04-29 东北农业大学 Protective farming and cultivating method
CN107231912A (en) * 2017-05-31 2017-10-10 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 A kind of corn of minimal tilling based on the full returning to the field of wheat straw efficiently plants fertilizing method
CN107743842A (en) * 2017-11-29 2018-03-02 哈尔滨市汇精源农机制造有限公司 Synchronous equity of increasing soil fertility is broadcast than hole maize seed and corresponding cultivation
CN108575165A (en) * 2018-03-06 2018-09-28 安徽农业大学 The band-like clear even broadcasting method of straw of corn under a kind of wheat high-stubble returning total stalks into fields
CN109122117A (en) * 2018-06-27 2019-01-04 江苏沿江地区农业科学研究所 Rice wheat straw is in the ranks coated with net stubble type of seeding
CN113950887A (en) * 2021-12-08 2022-01-21 新疆农垦科学院 Precise alignment mechanical sustainable farming method for crops
CN114431085A (en) * 2022-03-17 2022-05-06 中国农业大学吴桥实验站 Planting method for alternating rotation of corn

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CN103053256A (en) * 2013-01-23 2013-04-24 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 Few-no-tillage-soil seeding and fertilizing method for wheat and corns under complete straw mulching condition
CN103703967A (en) * 2013-12-17 2014-04-09 山东理工大学 Mechanical ecological fertile soil crop rotation planting agricultural technology for wheat and corn
CN103703967B (en) * 2013-12-17 2016-05-04 山东理工大学 The ecological fertile soil crop rotation plantation of wheat and corn mechanization agronomy
CN103814638A (en) * 2014-02-17 2014-05-28 凌元 Multilayer cultivation method and cultivation cutter for rice and wheat planting
CN104541863A (en) * 2014-12-23 2015-04-29 东北农业大学 Protective farming and cultivating method
CN107231912A (en) * 2017-05-31 2017-10-10 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 A kind of corn of minimal tilling based on the full returning to the field of wheat straw efficiently plants fertilizing method
CN107743842A (en) * 2017-11-29 2018-03-02 哈尔滨市汇精源农机制造有限公司 Synchronous equity of increasing soil fertility is broadcast than hole maize seed and corresponding cultivation
CN108575165A (en) * 2018-03-06 2018-09-28 安徽农业大学 The band-like clear even broadcasting method of straw of corn under a kind of wheat high-stubble returning total stalks into fields
CN109122117A (en) * 2018-06-27 2019-01-04 江苏沿江地区农业科学研究所 Rice wheat straw is in the ranks coated with net stubble type of seeding
CN113950887A (en) * 2021-12-08 2022-01-21 新疆农垦科学院 Precise alignment mechanical sustainable farming method for crops
CN113950887B (en) * 2021-12-08 2022-12-30 新疆农垦科学院 Precise alignment mechanical sustainable farming method for crops
CN114431085A (en) * 2022-03-17 2022-05-06 中国农业大学吴桥实验站 Planting method for alternating rotation of corn
CN114431085B (en) * 2022-03-17 2023-11-21 中国农业大学吴桥实验站 Alternate rotation planting method for corn

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Application publication date: 20120711