RU2372762C1 - Method of combined cultivation of feed crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of combined cultivation of feed crops includes chisel soil processing with formation of ridgy furrow bottom, simultaneous sowing of corn and accompanying culture in three lines with location of accompanying culture in border lines and of corn - in central line. Corn lines are located above furrow bottom risings - every second rising, and lines of accompanying culture - above each furrow bottom deepening.

EFFECT: claimed invention creates more favourable rate and conditions for development of plant root system, intensification of processes of growth and increase of leaf-stem mass of cultivated crops.

2 cl, 3 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to irrigated agriculture and crop production, and can be used in the joint cultivation of fodder crops.

A known method of tillage for planting potatoes, including the main and surface tillage, and the main tillage is carried out by deep chisel loosening, in which, as you know, the combed bottom of the furrow is formed (see SU 1464924 A1, IPC ⁴ A01B 79/02, 15.03 .1989).

The technical disadvantage of such methods: insufficiently effective use of the possibilities of chisel soil tillage with the formation of a ridge bottom of the furrow.

The Samarkand method of co-cultivation of fodder crops is also known, according to which corn and another crop, which we conventionally called the co-crop, are simultaneously sown with three-line ribbons, while the plants of the co-culture are placed in the two extreme lines, and the corn in the central line (see RU 2031564 C1, IPC ⁶ АВВ 79/02, 03/27/1995).

The technical disadvantage of this method: are not mentioned, and therefore are not taken into account, the possibilities of the main tillage (which can be chisel soil) in combination with irrigation, as a result of which this promising method does not give enough returns, which leads to a crop shortage; this is unacceptable under irrigation conditions.

Technical task: increasing the efficiency of cultivation of fodder crops due to a more complete realization of the potential of chisel soil cultivation in combination with irrigation.

EFFECT: creation of a more favorable regime and development conditions for the root system of plants, intensification of processes of growth and increase of leaf-stem mass of cultivated crops.

According to the invention, the method of co-cultivation of fodder crops includes chisel cultivation of the soil with the formation of a crested bottom of the furrow, simultaneous sowing of corn and the accompanying crop in the extreme rows, and corn in the central; rows of corn are placed above the elevations of the bottom of the furrow - through one elevation, and lines of the accompanying culture - above each deepening of the bottom of the furrow. As a concomitant use bean culture, such as soy or soy and lupine.

Figure 1 shows the chisel soil tillage with the formation of a ridge bottom of the furrow; figure 2 is a section through the treated soil with the formation of the soil bed in the process of sowing feed crops; figure 3 - vegetation of forage crops with the spread of the root system relative to the crested bottom of the furrow.

The method of joint cultivation of feed crops is implemented as follows.

The main (autumn) tillage is carried out, as usual, in autumn by means of a chisel implement 1 with inclined racks 2 (with chisels 3 at the end of the strut), the racks are equipped with dumps 4. As a result of chisel cultivation (deep loosening) of the soil, a crested bottom of the furrow with depressions 5 is formed (along the track of the passage of the bit 3) and elevations 6. The tillage and its combed bottom of the furrow are characterized by the following indicators: depth of processing (along the track of the passage of the bit 3) N = 38 ... 42 cm; inter-track width M = 35 or 40 cm (gun characteristic); the width of the recess B = 6 ... 7 cm; ridge slope angles ≈45 ° (equal to the angle of inclination of the uprights 2 and the angle of natural slope of the soil) depth of action of dumps h = 15 or 20 cm. In the process of tillage, marks are set on the field surface indicating the location of ridges (elevations) of the bottom of the furrow.

Joint sowing of feed crops is carried out in the spring after pre-sowing harrowing and cultivation of the soil. As fodder crops, corn and a companion bean crop, such as soy or soy and lupine, are used. Sowing is carried out with two seeders fastened together - corn and grain, focusing on the set marks. The coulters of the seeders are positioned so that the row spacing (distance between the soil bed 7) for maize is 2M '= 2M = 70 or 80 cm, and for the accompanying crop - M', but the distance between the soil bed of the accompanying crop and corn M '/ 2 . As a result, the simultaneous sowing of fodder crops is carried out in three lines with the placement of the accompanying crop in the extreme lines, and corn in the central one. In this case, the lines of corn are placed above the elevations of the 6th bottom of the furrow - through one elevation, and the lines of the accompanying culture - above each depression of the 5th bottom of the furrow.

Forage crops were cultivated in arid conditions on humus-poor light chestnut soils, but under irrigation conditions (resource-saving drip irrigation was used). Along with chisel main tillage, for comparison, a traditional dump plow cultivation (plowing) was carried out on a neighboring field to a usual depth of 25 ... 27 cm with fertilizer being embedded at this depth. Sowing fodder crops in this field was carried out in the same way - in three rows and with the same location and distance between the lines. But, of course, the location of the lines above the elevations and indentations of the bottom of the furrow was not carried out due to the absence of the latter after dump plow cultivation, after which, as is known, a soil “sole” is formed that impedes the development of plant roots. Comparative results of cultivation of fodder crops after two options for primary tillage and ceteris paribus are summarized in table.

Before sowing, the soil moisture (before irrigation) after chisel cultivation was greater, which is explained by a more efficient accumulation of moisture in the grooves of the furrow bottom and in loosened soil. During irrigation, for both options, the moistening mode was maintained by 70% of HB, but because of the ability of the soil after chiseling, it was more reliable to absorb and retain moisture, the irrigation rate and total water consumption in the proposed version were less. Under these conditions, the yield of green mass of fodder (corn-bean) crops in the phase of milk-wax ripeness after chisel cultivation of the soil was 15% higher. The increase in yield while reducing water consumption is due to the following factors:

1) the accumulation and longer retention of moisture after chiselova and increased humidity in the recesses of the bottom of the furrow;

2) the location of the concomitant (bean) culture 8 above these depressions, which stimulates the development of their root system and the aerial parts of plants;

3) due to the location of corn 9 above the elevations of the bottom of the furrow, its root system “bifurcates”, covering the ridge, due to the high moisture content (and decrease in density) of the soil, the roots penetrate the ridge of the furrow, i.e. powerful root system of a plant develops more intensively;

4) when chizing the soil, dumps 4 close up the fertilizers to the optimum depth (15 or 20 cm), which also stimulates the development of plants;

5) when watering, part of the moisture rolls into the grooves of the bottom of the furrow, dragging fertilizers along with it;

6) these phenomena contribute to the creation of a more favorable regime and development conditions for the root system of plants and the intensification of the processes of growth and increase in the leaf-stem mass of cultivated crops.

It should be added that chiseling is accompanied by collapse of the soil after digging through a bit of the 3 deepest and densest horizons. As a result of this, the specific traction resistance of the chisel gun is 30 ... 35% less than that of the dump plow share, despite the large processing depth; in proportion to this, the specific consumption of motor fuel in the tractor is reduced. Thus, the present invention provides not only an increase in the yield of cultivated fodder crops balanced in nutrients, but also a decrease in their cost of cultivation.

Table
Comparative data on the cultivation of feed crops Indicators Heap-plough processing (control) Chisel processing (according to the invention) Depth of tillage, cm 25 ... 27 38 ... 42 Soil moisture before sowing, mm (in a layer of 0 ... 60 cm) 68,2 80.3 The density of the soil before sowing, kg / cm ³ : 1) in a layer of 20 ... 30 cm; 1.31 1.32 2) in a layer of 30 ... 40 cm 1.35 1.32 Humidification mode,% HB 70 70 Type of irrigation drip drip Soil moisture before harvesting in milk-wax ripeness, mm (in a layer of 0 ... 60 cm) 49.9 58.8 The density of the soil after harvesting, kg / cm ³ : 1) in a layer of 20 ... 30 cm; 1.35 1.34 2) in a layer of 30 ... 40 cm 1.36 1.34 Water consumption: 1) the number of irrigations per season; 46 46 2) irrigation rate, m ³ / ha; 2200 2098 3) total water consumption, m ³ / ha; 3542 3439 4) irrigation period, hours 24 24 Productivity of corn-bean green mass, t / ha 46.8 53.9

Claims (2)

1. A method of joint cultivation of fodder crops, including chisel cultivation of the soil with the formation of a crested bottom of the furrow, simultaneous sowing of corn and a co-crop in three lines with the placement of a co-crop in the extreme lines, and corn in the central line, characterized in that the lines of corn are placed above the elevations the bottom of the furrow through one elevation, and the lines of the accompanying culture above each deepening of the bottom of the furrow. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that as an accompanying use bean culture, such as soy or soy and lupine.

Images