RU2164060C2 - Method for mulching tillage of soil - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves laying mulching material to seeding depth not exceeding 6 cm to provide mulching layer; tilling soil in crop and fallow rotation only to mulching layer depth. Mulching materials are mineral ameliorants: concrete clay, zeolites, calcium materials used in an amount of 4-16 t/ha; or mixtures of mineral and organic ameliorants used in the ratio of 1:(2-15). Method allows soil fertility to be improved and retained during crop and fallow rotation tillage. EFFECT: increased efficiency and reduced power consumption. 2 tbl, 2 ex

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in field cultivation, in particular in grain-crop rotation.

 Known methods of mulching, in which mulching materials are applied to the soil surface after sowing or in the rows of plants, while loosening the soil and mixing the mulching materials with the soil do not produce. Used mulching materials: peat, straw, crushed plant residues, chemical fibers. (Aut. Test. N 1541234 M.Kl. C 09 K 17/00, Aut. Test. N 783333 M.Kl. C 09 K 17/00).

 The disadvantages of these known methods is that they are not suitable for use in field cultivation, require the annual renewal of the mulching layer, the choice of mulching materials is limited.

 A known method of mulching tillage, including loosening the soil with the incorporation of mulch materials (usually crop residues) to a depth of 10-12 cm (Lomakin M.M. Mulch tillage on the slopes - M .: Agropromizdat, 1988, p. 183. Prototype).

 The disadvantage of this method is that the method does not provide sufficient soil fertility due to excessive dilution by the soil of the active substance of the mulching materials and, as a result of their low efficiency, delayed swelling and germination of seeds placed in a loosened soil layer. Deep loosening of the soil requires more significant energy and economic costs.

 The problem solved by the invention is to increase soil fertility and preserve it during grain-crop rotation, while reducing energy costs.

 This problem is achieved by the fact that in the method of mulching tillage, including loosening the soil with incorporation of mulching materials, the incorporation of mulching materials is carried out before sowing to a depth of seeding, but not more than 6 cm, creating a mulching layer, and subsequent processing in a grain-steam crop rotation is carried out by loosening only to the depth of the mulching layer.

 In addition, the method includes the use as mulching materials of mineral ameliorants. Bentonite clay, zeolites, calcareous materials in an amount of 4-16 t / ha are used as mineral ameliorants.

 It is advisable to use mineral and organic ameliorants in a mixture in the ratio 1: (2-15) as mulching materials.

 The introduction of mulching materials on the soil surface before sowing, followed by embedding them into the soil to a shallow depth, allows you to create a highly cultured and well-structured layer that significantly interferes with the physical evaporation of soil water, increases the water permeability of the soil, and smooths out temperature fluctuations in the arable layer. The incorporation of mulching materials to the depth of sowing seeds, but not more than 6 cm, allows to improve the germination of seeds by placing them on a compacted soil bed, to which capillary water rises from the underlying horizons. Plant development also improves due to the highly cultured and structured upper layer.

 The incorporation of mulching materials into a layer of less than 2 cm or placement on the soil surface causes them to dry out, does not provide contact of the active substance of ameliorants with the soil, which significantly reduces their effectiveness. The incorporation of mulching materials into a layer of pain of 6 cm leads to excessive dilution of the active substance of soil reclamants, which also reduces their effectiveness (Table 1).

 Creating a mulching layer to a depth of not more than 6 cm and processing it by loosening in a grain-crop rotation allows you to maintain its effectiveness and not resume for several years, which is proved by an increase in yield over 4 years (table 2). It also makes it possible to carry out the necessary agrotechnical work on the cultivation of crops, for example stubble cultivation, pre-sowing treatment, sowing of grain crops.

 In addition, the shallow incorporation of mulching materials into the soil makes it possible to use mineral ameliorants as mulching materials, since it provides mixing of the active substance of ameliorants with the soil. With such a depth of incorporation into the soil, they are both fertilizing and mulching materials, which also affects the increase in soil fertility.

 With an increase in the dose of introduced mineral reclamants more than 16 t / ha, the cost of reclamants no longer pays off by increasing the yield from their use. When making mineral reclamants less than 4 t / ha, their effect on soil properties does not provide the necessary effect.

 It is advisable to use bentonite clay, zeolites, calcareous materials as mineral ameliorants, which is confirmed by experimental data (Table 2). Zeolites in their properties, like bentonite clay, produce a similar effect. The increase in soil fertility caused, on mulched soils, different years of weather conditions, a mathematically significant increase in the yield of field crops. Over the years, crop yields changed slightly and depended on the biological characteristics of the crops grown and on weather conditions. The use of mineral and organic ameliorants in the mixture improves the mulching effect. When using mineral ameliorants in a mixture with organic mulching materials in a mixture in a ratio of less than 1: 2, the mulching effect is reduced, since organic mulch materials do not significantly affect the soil properties. The use of a mixture of mineral and organic mulching ameliorants in a ratio of more than 1:15 prevents mineral mulching materials from affecting the soil due to their low concentration.

 The method is as follows. Before sowing the seeds, the field is treated, for example, with the ПЧ-4,5 chisel plow. After the plow layer has settled, mineral mulching materials in an amount of 4-16 t / ha or organic mulching materials in an amount of 5-80 t / ha, or a mixture thereof in a ratio of 1: (2-15) are applied to its surface.

 Then, these mulching materials are mixed with the soil to a depth of seed placement, but not more than 6 cm, for example, by a cultivator such as KVF-2.8. After this, the seeds are sown. In subsequent years, the soil is prepared for sowing another grain crop by loosening the soil layer to 6 cm, for example, medium disk (BDS-6) or heavy tooth (BZTS-1) harrows. After the completion of the crop rotation cycle, the soil is deeply loosened again and a new mulching layer is created.

 Example 1

 The influence of the complex of agricultural methods for creating and preserving the mulching layer during rotation of the grain-steam crop rotation on soil properties and yield of field crops was studied in two field experiments at the July school on the Botkin district of the Udmurt Republic. The repetition of the experiments is fourfold. The complex of agricultural methods included: deep cultivation of the arable horizon, superficial introduction of mulching materials, mixing them with a five-centimeter layer of soil, sowing of grain crops. Further processing was carried out only to a depth of 6 cm with tooth or medium disc harrows.

 Mulching materials had a positive integrated effect on the soil. After their introduction, there was a decrease in soil acidity, an increase in the amount of exchange bases, an improvement in the nutritional regime, and an increase in the content of productive moisture in the arable layer (Table 1). An increase in soil fertility caused, on mulched soils, weather-dependent years with a mathematically significant increase in field crop yields (Table 2).

 The most stable positive effect on productivity was exerted by organic mulching materials and bentonite clay. The maximum effect of mulching materials was observed in the first year after application.

 The most responsive grain crop to the mulch layer created in the upper part of the arable layer was barley. The least responsive culture was winter rye, as it had a well-developed root system and was less dependent on soil fertility.

 Mulch materials had the greatest impact on yields in dry years, especially if spring drought was observed.

 Example 2

 A way to increase soil fertility by creating a mulching layer on its surface has been tested in a production experiment on the collective farm. Lenin of the Karakulinsky district of the Udmurt Republic. In production conditions, the results of field experiments were fully confirmed. Of the mulching materials, bentonite clay and lime had the greatest impact on soil properties, which caused an increase in winter rye productivity compared to the control by 21.3 and 44.0%, respectively.

 The proposed method of mulching tillage increases effective soil fertility and allows you to save it during grain-crop rotation with a reduction in energy costs of 20-30%, while the yield of grain crops increases by an average of 25%.

Claims (4)

 1. The method of mulching tillage, including loosening the soil with the incorporation of mulching materials, characterized in that the mulching of the mulching materials is carried out before sowing the seeds to the depth of their sowing, but not more than 6 cm, creating a mulching layer, and subsequent tillage in the grain-crop rotation is carried out by loosening only to the depth of the mulching layer.  2. The method of mulching tillage according to claim 1, characterized in that mineral ameliorants are used as mulching materials.  3. The method of mulching tillage according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that bentonite clay, zeolites, calcareous materials in an amount of 4-16 t / ha are used as mineral ameliorants.  4. The method of mulching tillage according to claim 1, characterized in that as the mulching materials, mineral ameliorants are used in a mixture with organic ameliorants in a ratio of 1: (2 - 15).

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