RU2321979C2 - Phytoameliorative method for recultivation of disturbed lands in far north - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: reclaiming of disturbed lands, in particular, restoration of soil-and-plant covering on bare grounds under Arctic and Sub-Arctic conditions.

SUBSTANCE: method involves forming plant and soil covering by spreading top part of phytomass of local climax plant types on bare ground; using plant kinds with ecotypes corresponding to conditions of ecotypes of ground under recultivation process, or dominating cenopopulations.

EFFECT: improved quality of recultivation of disturbed lands and reduced cultivation costs.

1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used to restore vegetation and soil cover on bare soils in the Far North.

There is a method of restoring completely destroyed natural plant communities (ed. St. USSR No. 1217284, IPK3 АВВ 79/02, publ. 1986), which consists in dense and ultra-rare planting of turf and leaving strips for self-growth. At the same time, in the center of the site there is a strip 10-12 m wide with a dense turf landing, on both sides of which empty strips 30-35 m wide and ultra-rare landing strips 10-12 m wide are sequentially located.

The disadvantage of this known method is environmental error and economic waste. If you take sod at the site of reclamation from the surrounding phytocenoses, then the area of bare soils that need to be immediately reclaimed will be increased. And if sod is brought from other natural zones, it will be not only economically wasteful, but also environmentally unjustified, since most plant species do not take root in the brought sod due to inadequacy of local soil and climatic conditions.

The closest to the proposed environmental cleanliness to the technical result achieved is a method of land reclamation, including harrowing the soil and the formation of vegetation and soil cover by adding to the bare soil a mixture of unsorted seeds along with their sex, particles of the axis of inflorescences, leaves and stems (RU 2157605 C1, IPC ⁷ A01B 79/02, publ. 2000).

The disadvantage of this method is the use of seeds of plants grown in other, more southern climatic zones, which require mineral fertilizers. Plants of other natural zones in the Far North quickly complete their life cycle and die. An economically known method is more expensive than the proposed one.

The present invention solves the problem of developing the most economically advantageous method of biological reclamation of destroyed lands in the Arctic and Subarctic by using the phytomass of local climax plants, whose populations dominate the vegetation surrounding the cultivated areas.

The technical result of the invention is to improve the quality of reclamation of disturbed lands while significantly reducing the cost of the process as a whole.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of reclamation of destroyed lands in the Arctic and Subarctic, including the formation of vegetation and soil cover by making cultivating additives:

- phytomass of local cenopopulations of dominant climax species, ecotypes of which correspond to types of ecotopes of reclaimed plots, are used as cultivating additives and instead of plant seeds brought from other natural zones;

- use the phytomass of species in the wax phase of seed maturation;

- the consumption rate of phytomass is calculated taking into account the mechanical composition of the soil, the slope of the surface and the degree of erosion processes. On sandy soils, the phytomass is spread with a coating of up to 100% or more, on other soils, the coating decreases in the order: sand - sandy loam - loam - clay - peat;

- in reclaimed areas with strong wind and water erosion, the phytomass is attached to the ground with fasteners, such as pegs, hairpins.

The causal relationship between the claimed technical result and the essential features of the invention is as follows.

The proposed set of essential features: the use of only local phytomass in quantity and quality corresponding to ecotopic conditions leads to the achievement of a guaranteed technical result, improving the quality of land reclamation while reducing the costs of the process as a whole. The phytomass performs not only a protective role and is a source of ovules, but also serves as a kind of trap for seeds of higher plants, spores of mosses, algae, fungi, as well as isidia and midges of lichens, driven by wind and water from contacting undisturbed phytocenoses. Here, a lot of plant embryos are delayed, which, when the next growing season begins, begin to develop and form a vegetation cover.

Known reclamation methods use mineral fertilizers and expensive grass seeds brought from other natural areas. Mineral fertilizers are needed only by imported plants, which die in a short period of time, and local species corresponding to the climate take over the creation of vegetation cover. Consequently, material costs for mineral fertilizers and seeds of plants imported from other natural zones are unnecessary.

The invention consists in the following:

- plant seeds do not produce and are not brought from other natural zones;

- phytomass taken from surrounding plant communities is scattered on bare soils;

- the qualitative composition (plant species) of phytomass is determined by the dominant cenopopulations, the development conditions of which correspond to the ecotopic conditions of the site being cultivated, that is, for each type of ecotope, the corresponding ecotype of this plant type is selected;

- the quantitative composition (consumption rate) of phytomass is determined taking into account the mechanical composition of the soil (sand, sandy loam, loam, clay, peat), the slope of the surface of the site and the degree of erosion processes. In places with strong wind and water erosion, the phytomass spreads to 100% coverage and is attached to the ground with studs (pegs);

- a floristic list of plants capable of growing there is compiled for each cultivated area;

- the vegetation surrounding the reclaimed area is examined in order to detect cenopopulations of dominant plant species (according to the list);

- phytomass harvesting (mowing) is carried out when populations of dominant plant species are in the wax phase of seed maturation;

- the spread of phytomass on bare soil is carried out immediately after mowing it.

An example implementation of the method.

First, the site to be recultivated is examined. The prevailing types of ecotopes, surface slope, soil mechanical composition, traces of erosion and its degree are determined. Then, the vegetation of the environment is examined and cenopopulations of dominant species are identified, the ecotypes of which correspond to the types of ecotopes of the reclaimed area. Grass mowing is carried out in the phase of wax ripeness of dominant seeds, then the mowed grass (phytomass) is evenly spread on the surface of the plot. If the soil is sandy, then its phytomass is laid with a projective coating of up to 100 percent or more. If there is a slope of more than 12 degrees, then the grass layer is pinned with any known fixing means, for example pegs, hairpins, etc. The number of fasteners per unit area depends on the steepness of the slope. When the surface slope is less than 12 degrees, the spreading of the spread phytomass is not performed.

The projective coverage of the spread phytomass depends on the mechanical composition and, accordingly, the soil connectivity and decreases in the order: sand - sandy loam - loam - clay - peat.

The invention improves the quality of reclamation of disturbed lands while reducing the costs of the process as a whole through the use of local renewable resources and is a means of combating water and wind erosion.

An integrated natural approach to solving reclamation tasks reduces material and labor costs, it is more environmentally friendly, improves the quality of the result and leads to the rational use of all the involved life support resources.

Claims (3)

1. A method of reclamation of destroyed lands in the Arctic and Subarctic, including the formation of vegetation and soil cover by spreading on the bare ground the aerial part of the phytomass of local climax plant species. 2. The reclamation method according to claim 1, characterized in that the phytomass of local climax species of plants is used, the ecotypes of which correspond to the conditions of ecotopes of the reclaimed soil. 3. The reclamation method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the phytomass of local climax species of plants of dominant coenopopulations is used.