WO2011062030A1 - 二価鉄イオン含有水溶液 - Google Patents
二価鉄イオン含有水溶液 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011062030A1 WO2011062030A1 PCT/JP2010/068826 JP2010068826W WO2011062030A1 WO 2011062030 A1 WO2011062030 A1 WO 2011062030A1 JP 2010068826 W JP2010068826 W JP 2010068826W WO 2011062030 A1 WO2011062030 A1 WO 2011062030A1
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- iron
- aqueous solution
- divalent iron
- iron ions
- divalent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/56—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys
- C25D3/562—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys containing more than 50% by weight of iron or nickel or cobalt
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/20—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of iron
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/48—Coating with alloys
- C23C18/50—Coating with alloys with alloys based on iron, cobalt or nickel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D21/00—Processes for servicing or operating cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D21/16—Regeneration of process solutions
- C25D21/18—Regeneration of process solutions of electrolytes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an aqueous solution containing divalent iron ions having improved storage stability.
- the use of the complexing agent can suppress the occurrence of precipitation, the oxidation of divalent iron ions to trivalent cannot be suppressed.
- the amount of electricity required for deposition differs between divalent and trivalent, so that a plating film having a stable composition could not be obtained.
- the present invention suppresses oxidation of trivalent iron ions due to aging of divalent iron ions in an aqueous solution containing divalent iron ions to prevent precipitation of iron (III) hydroxide over a long period of time.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a divalent iron ion-containing aqueous solution having improved storage stability.
- the present inventor has found that the above problem can be solved by using a specific reducing agent and setting the pH within a specific range, and has reached the present invention. That is, the present invention is as follows.
- a divalent iron ion-containing aqueous solution having improved storage stability characterized in that it contains divalent iron ions and a hydroxylamine salt as a reducing agent and has a pH of 3.0 or less.
- the divalent iron ion-containing aqueous solution having improved storage stability according to (1) wherein the pH is 2.2 or less.
- the divalent iron ion concentration is 10 to 850 mmol / L, and the hydroxylamine salt has a molar ratio of 1/100 or more with respect to the divalent iron ion.
- the divalent iron ion-containing aqueous solution of the present invention can be used as an iron raw material concentrate for alloy plating containing iron such as nickel iron alloy plating, or as a replenisher of iron ions in an alloy plating solution containing iron. is there. By using the concentrate, the transportation cost is reduced. In addition, since an aqueous solution containing divalent iron ions having a desired concentration can be obtained simply by diluting the concentrated solution in water, the bathing is facilitated as compared with the case where powder is dissolved.
- a reducing agent is effective for inhibiting oxidation of divalent iron ions, especially hydroxylamine salts (hydroxylamine chloride, hydroxylamine sulfate, hydroxylamine nitrate, hydroxylamine phosphate, hydroxylamine carbonate, etc.) Salt and organic acid salts of hydroxylamine such as hydroxylamine oxalate and hydroxylamine acetate), among which the inorganic acid salt of hydroxylamine is more effective, especially the addition of hydroxylamine sulfate is effective I understood.
- hydroxylamine salts hydroxylamine chloride, hydroxylamine sulfate, hydroxylamine nitrate, hydroxylamine phosphate, hydroxylamine carbonate, etc.
- Salt and organic acid salts of hydroxylamine such as hydroxylamine oxalate and hydroxylamine acetate
- the pH of the aqueous solution containing divalent iron ions is 3 or less, preferably 2.2 or less, and more preferably 1.2 or less. Lowering the pH suppresses spontaneous decomposition of the hydroxylamine salt, and as a result, the effect of suppressing the oxidation of divalent iron ions increases. Further, since the solubility of iron ions is increased by lowering the pH, even if divalent iron ions are oxidized and changed into trivalent iron ions, precipitation of hydroxide is less likely to occur. Therefore, the lower the pH, the better for storage and stability. When the pH exceeds 3, divalent iron ions are immediately oxidized and iron (III) hydroxide precipitates, resulting in poor storage and stability of the aqueous solution.
- the divalent iron ion-containing aqueous solution of the present invention is obtained by dissolving a compound serving as a divalent iron ion source and a hydroxylamine salt as a reducing agent in water and adjusting the pH to 3 or less.
- a compound serving as a divalent iron ion source and a hydroxylamine salt as a reducing agent in water and adjusting the pH to 3 or less.
- the compound that becomes a divalent iron ion source include iron (II) sulfate and iron (II) chloride.
- the pH adjuster include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide and the like.
- the divalent iron ion-containing aqueous solution of the present invention may contain a complexing agent such as tartaric acid and gluconic acid in addition to the compound serving as the divalent iron ion source and the hydroxylamine salt.
- the concentration of divalent iron ions is preferably 10 to 850 mmol / L.
- the upper limit of 850 mmol / L corresponds to saturated solubility in water at 25 ° C.
- the concentration of divalent iron ions in the aqueous solution of the present invention is preferably 10 mmol / L or more. .
- the addition amount of the hydroxylamine salt is preferably 1/100 or more in terms of molar ratio with respect to the divalent iron ion for the effect of inhibiting the oxidation of the divalent iron ion.
- the aqueous solution of the present invention can be used as an iron ion source such as an iron raw material concentrate of an alloy plating solution containing iron such as a nickel iron alloy plating solution, or an iron ion replenisher.
- an iron ion source such as an iron raw material concentrate of an alloy plating solution containing iron such as a nickel iron alloy plating solution, or an iron ion replenisher.
- the iron composition in the obtained plating film becomes low.
- the iron content in the plating film gradually increases as the hydroxylamine salt decomposes, if the reducing agent is added too much, the variation in the iron composition in the plating film increases. Therefore, when used in an alloy plating solution containing iron, the hydroxylamine salt is more preferably at a concentration of 1/100 to 1/2 in terms of molar ratio to divalent iron ions.
- Examples of the alloy plating solution containing iron that can be used as the iron ion source such as the iron raw material concentrate and the iron ion replenishment solution include the nickel iron alloy plating solution and the cobalt iron alloy plating solution. And nickel cobalt iron alloy plating solution.
- the aqueous solution of the present invention when used as an iron raw material concentrate for a nickel iron alloy electroplating solution, the aqueous solution of the present invention is diluted with water to adjust the iron ion concentration, hydroxylamine salt concentration, pH, A nickel iron alloy electroplating solution can be obtained by adding a nickel salt, a conductive salt, a pH buffering agent, an additive and the like.
- the divalent iron ion-containing aqueous solution is diluted with water to adjust the divalent iron ion concentration, and the divalent iron ion concentration is adjusted.
- the iron content in the plating film can be 18% by mass or more, which is preferable.
- the hydroxylamine salt is preferably adjusted to a concentration of 1/100 to 1/2 of the divalent iron ion in terms of molar ratio, and more preferably adjusted to a concentration of 1/25 to 1/2. If the divalent iron ion concentration is less than 4 mmol / L, the iron content in the plating film obtained during plating does not exceed 18% by mass, and a soft magnetic film cannot be obtained. When the concentration is higher than 18 mmol / L, the necessary amount of the hydroxylamine salt added together increases.
- the concentration in the plating film obtained at the time of plating tends to decrease.
- the iron content in the plating film gradually increases, so in order to achieve a constant iron content, the iron ion concentration in the plating solution must be changed or the stirring speed must be changed. In other words, it is necessary to constantly change the plating conditions, and the plating work becomes complicated.
- the aqueous solution of the present invention When the aqueous solution of the present invention is used as a replenisher of iron ions for alloy plating containing iron, the aqueous solution of the present invention may be diluted with water to adjust the iron ion concentration, hydroxylamine salt concentration, and pH.
- the aqueous solution of the present invention as an iron ion source such as an iron raw material concentrate for alloy electroplating containing iron and a replenisher for iron ions, the transportation cost is reduced.
- the aqueous solution containing divalent iron ions having a desired concentration can be obtained simply by diluting the aqueous solution of the present invention in water, the bathing is facilitated as compared with the case of dissolving the powder.
- Examples 11-12 11 mmol / L of hydroxylamine sulfate was added to an aqueous solution of iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate 110 mmol / L (30 g / L), and the pH was adjusted to 2.0 (Example 11) or 1.0 (Example 12) with sulfuric acid. And then left at room temperature (20-25 ° C.). After 180 days, no precipitation occurred in either. Moreover, the ratio with respect to the total iron ion of the divalent iron ion in a liquid, and the residual ratio from the initial concentration of a reducing agent were each measured. The results are summarized in Table 5.
- the ratio of divalent iron ions in the solution after standing at room temperature for 180 days is determined by measuring the concentration of divalent iron ions in the aqueous solution using the fact that 1,10-phenanthroline is complexed with Fe 2+ and colored red.
- the total iron ion concentration was obtained by reducing all iron ions in the liquid to divalent by adding an excess of hydroxylamine salt, and measuring by the same method, and calculating from each value.
- the reducing agent concentration was measured by measuring absorbance at 707 nm after adding Tris hydrochloride buffer, 8-quinolinol ethanol solution, and sodium carbonate aqueous solution to the aqueous solution and mixing well.
- the residual ratio from the initial concentration of the reducing agent after standing at room temperature for 180 days was determined by measuring the reducing agent concentration immediately after preparing the divalent iron ion-containing aqueous solution and after standing for 180 days at room temperature by the above method, and the reducing agent concentration after 180 days.
- the ratio divided by the reducing agent concentration immediately after production was defined as the residual reducing agent ratio.
- the ratio of divalent iron ions after 180 days was as high as 80% or more, but was higher at pH 2.0.
- the residual ratio of the reducing agent after 180 days was as high as 80% at pH 1.0, whereas it was as low as 20% at pH 2.0.
- a nickel iron alloy electroplating solution (plating solution composition: 168 mmol / L nickel chloride (II), nickel sulfate (II ) 76 mmol / L, iron (II) sulfate 11 mmol / L, boric acid 404 mmol / L, ammonium chloride 187 mmol / L, saccharin 5.5 mmol / L, pH 2.7 (sulfuric acid)), bath temperature 25 ° C., cathode current density 1 Electroplating was performed using an electric nickel plate as the anode at 5 A / dm 2 , a plating time of 20 minutes.
- the hydroxylamine sulfate concentration in the plating solution remained at the concentration contained in the iron (II) sulfate storage solution after standing for 180 days and was not added. Since the pH 2.0 solution had a low reducing agent concentration, iron ions were easily oxidized during plating, and precipitation occurred after several times of plating. On the other hand, since the solution having a pH of 1.0 has a high reducing agent concentration, the oxidation of iron ions was suppressed even during plating, and precipitation did not occur even after plating several times. Therefore, when it is used as a raw material for nickel iron alloy electroplating and a reducing agent is not added, a more stable plating solution can be produced by lowering the pH. In addition, when the pH is increased to about 2.0 and stored and the reducing agent concentration becomes low, a reducing agent may be added during the preparation of the plating solution, and more stable plating can be achieved by adjusting the reducing agent concentration. A liquid can be produced.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
- Compounds Of Iron (AREA)
Abstract
Description
二価鉄イオンを含有する合金めっき液において、水酸化鉄(III)の沈殿を抑制する方法としては、たとえばジカルボン酸等の三価鉄イオンと安定な錯イオンを形成する化合物を添加する方法がある(特許文献1)。マロン酸等のジカルボン酸を添加し、pHを1.5とすることにより、三価鉄イオンを錯イオンとして安定化させ、沈殿の発生を抑制するものである。
しかし、上記錯化剤の使用により沈殿の発生は抑制できるものの、二価鉄イオンの三価への酸化は抑制できない。その結果、めっき液として使用した際、二価と三価では析出のために必要な電気量が異なるため、安定した組成のめっき膜を得ることができなかった。
しかし、上記L-アスコルビン酸等の還元剤を用いても、三価鉄イオンの生成を十分に抑制できるものではなかった。
すなわち、本発明は以下のとおりである。
(2)前記pHが2.2以下であることを特徴とする前記(1)記載の保存安定性が向上した二価鉄イオン含有水溶液。
(3)前記pHが1.2以下であることを特徴とする前記(1)又は(2)記載の保存安定性が向上した二価鉄イオン含有水溶液。
(4)二価鉄イオン濃度が10~850mmol/Lであり、かつヒドロキシルアミン塩が二価鉄イオンに対してモル比で1/100以上の濃度であることを特徴とする前記(1)~(3)のいずれか一項に記載の保存安定性が向上した二価鉄イオン含有水溶液。
また、本発明の二価鉄イオン含有水溶液は、ニッケル鉄合金めっき等の鉄を含む合金めっき用鉄原料濃縮液として、また鉄を含む合金めっき液中の鉄イオンの補給液としても使用可能である。濃縮液とすることにより、輸送コストが低減される。また、所望の濃度の二価鉄イオンを含有する水溶液を、該濃縮液を水に薄めるだけで得られるので、粉体を溶かす場合に比べて建浴が容易となる。
二価の鉄イオン源となる化合物としては、硫酸鉄(II)、塩化鉄(II)等を挙げることができる。
pH調整剤としては、硫酸、塩酸、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、水酸化テトラメチルアンモニウム等を挙げることができる。
本発明の水溶液をニッケル鉄合金電気めっき液の鉄原料濃縮液として用いる場合は、この二価鉄イオン含有水溶液を水で希釈して二価鉄イオン濃度を調整して、二価鉄イオン濃度を4~18mmol/Lとし、更にpHを2.5~3.0としたニッケル鉄合金電気めっき液を調製することにより、めっき膜中の鉄含有量を18質量%以上とすることができ、好ましい。また、ヒドロキシルアミン塩がモル比で二価鉄イオンの1/100~1/2の濃度に調整することが好ましく、1/25~1/2の濃度に調整することがより好ましい。二価鉄イオン濃度が4mmol/Lより薄いとめっき時に得られるめっき膜中の鉄含有率が18質量%以上にならず、軟磁性膜が得られない。また、18mmol/Lより濃い場合、一緒に加えるヒドロキシルアミン塩の必要量が増加するが、この濃度が高すぎるとめっき時に得られるめっき膜中の鉄含有率が低下する傾向がある。また、ヒドロキシルアミン塩が分解するに従って徐々にめっき膜中の鉄含有率が増加するため、一定の鉄含有率にするためにめっき液中の鉄イオン濃度を変えたり攪拌速度を変えたりしなければならず、めっき条件を常に変化させる必要が生じてめっき作業が煩雑になる。
本発明の水溶液を、鉄を含む合金電気めっきの鉄原料濃縮液、鉄イオンの補給液等の鉄イオン源として用いることにより、輸送コストが低減される。また、本発明の水溶液を水に薄めるだけで、所望の濃度の二価鉄イオンを含有する水溶液が得られるので、粉体を溶かす場合に比べて建浴が容易となる。
実施例1~5
表1に示す組成で、硫酸鉄(II)七水和物の水溶液に、硫酸ヒドロキシルアミンを加え、pHを硫酸で調整後、室温(20~25℃)で放置した。その際、水酸化鉄(III)の沈殿が発生するまでの日数を調べた。結果を表1にまとめた。
硫酸鉄(II)七水和物360mmol/L(100g/L)の水溶液に表2に示す各種還元剤を36mmol/L加え、pHを硫酸で調整後、室温(20~25℃)で放置した。その際、水酸化鉄(III)の沈殿が発生するまでの日数を調べた。結果を表2にまとめた。
硫酸鉄(II)七水和物360mmol/L(100g/L)の水溶液に硫酸ヒドロキシルアミンを18mmol/L加え、pHを硫酸で2.0に調整後、60℃で保持した(実施例9)。また、硫酸鉄(II)七水和物13mmol/L(3.5g/L)の水溶液に硫酸ヒドロキシルアミンを1.3mmol/Lを加えるか(実施例10)、または未添加のまま(比較例6)、pHを硫酸で2.7に調整後、60℃で保持した。その際、水酸化鉄(III)の沈殿が発生するまでの日数を調べた。結果を表3にまとめた。
硫酸鉄(II)七水和物360mmol/L(100g/L)の水溶液に下記表4に示す錯化剤を36mmol/L加え、pHを硫酸で2.7に調整後、室温(20~25℃)で保持し、水酸化鉄(III)の沈殿が発生するまでの日数を調べた。結果を表4にまとめた。
硫酸鉄(II)七水和物110mmol/L(30g/L)の水溶液に硫酸ヒドロキシルアミンを11mmol/L加え、pHを硫酸で2.0(実施例11)または1.0(実施例12)に調整後、室温(20~25℃)で放置した。180日後には、どちらも沈殿が発生していなかった。また、液中二価鉄イオンの全鉄イオンに対する比率、及び還元剤の初期濃度からの残留比率をそれぞれ測定した。結果を表5にまとめた。
室温放置180日後の液中二価鉄イオンの比率は、水溶液中の二価鉄イオンの濃度を、1,10-フェナントロリンがFe2+と錯体形成して赤く発色することを利用し、吸光度測定により測定し、また、全鉄イオン濃度を、ヒドロキシルアミン塩を過剰に加えることで液中の鉄イオンをすべて二価に還元し、同様の方法で測定し、それぞれの値から計算して求めた。
また、還元剤濃度は、水溶液中に、トリス塩酸塩緩衝液、8-キノリノールエタノール溶液、炭酸ナトリウム水溶液を加えてよく混合した後、707nmの吸光度測定により測定した。室温放置180日後の還元剤の初期濃度からの残留比率は、二価鉄イオン含有水溶液を作製した直後と室温放置180日後の還元剤濃度を上記方法でそれぞれ測定し、180日後の還元剤濃度を作製直後の還元剤濃度で割った割合を残留還元剤比率とした。
これらの液を水で希釈し、二価鉄イオン濃度が11mmol/Lとなるようにし、ニッケル鉄合金電気めっき液を作製し(めっき液組成:塩化ニッケル(II)168mmol/L、硫酸ニッケル(II)76mmol/L、硫酸鉄(II)11mmol/L、ホウ酸404mmol/L、塩化アンモニウム187mmol/L、サッカリン5.5mmol/L、pH2.7(硫酸))、浴温25℃、カソード電流密度1.5A/dm2、めっき時間20分、アノードとして電気ニッケル板を使用して、電気めっきを行った。めっき液中の硫酸ヒドロキシルアミン濃度は、180日放置後の硫酸鉄(II)保存液に含有される濃度のままであり、追加しなかった。pH2.0の液は還元剤濃度が低いため、めっきの際に鉄イオンの酸化が進みやすく、数回のめっき後に沈殿が発生した。一方、pH1.0の液は還元剤濃度が高いため、めっきの際にも鉄イオンの酸化が抑制され、十数回めっきしても沈殿が発生しなかった。したがって、ニッケル鉄合金電気めっきの原料として使用し、還元剤を追加しない場合には、pHを低くしたものの方がより安定しためっき液が作製可能となる。また、pHを2.0程度に高くして保存し、還元剤濃度が低くなった場合は、めっき液作製時に還元剤を追加してもよく、還元剤濃度を調整することでより安定しためっき液が作製可能となる。
Claims (4)
- 二価鉄イオンと、還元剤としてヒドロキシルアミン塩を含み、かつpHが3.0以下であることを特徴とする保存安定性が向上した二価鉄イオン含有水溶液。
- 前記pHが2.2以下であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の保存安定性が向上した二価鉄イオン含有水溶液。
- 前記pHが1.2以下であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の保存安定性が向上した二価鉄イオン含有水溶液。
- 二価鉄イオン濃度が10~850mmol/Lであり、かつヒドロキシルアミン塩が二価鉄イオンに対してモル比で1/100以上の濃度であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の保存安定性が向上した二価鉄イオン含有水溶液。
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US9234292B2 (en) * | 2009-11-18 | 2016-01-12 | Jx Nippon Mining & Metals Corporation | Nickel-iron alloy plating solution |
CN110316767A (zh) * | 2019-07-26 | 2019-10-11 | 安徽成弘建新材料有限公司 | 一种硫酸亚铁溶液保护剂及其制备方法 |
CN116990249B (zh) * | 2023-09-26 | 2024-01-30 | 北京挑战农业科技有限公司 | 一种液体中亚铁离子含量的测定方法及其应用 |
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US9234292B2 (en) * | 2009-11-18 | 2016-01-12 | Jx Nippon Mining & Metals Corporation | Nickel-iron alloy plating solution |
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2010
- 2010-10-25 JP JP2011541860A patent/JP5591256B2/ja active Active
- 2010-10-25 WO PCT/JP2010/068826 patent/WO2011062030A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2010-10-25 US US13/382,195 patent/US8734579B2/en active Active
- 2010-10-28 TW TW099136907A patent/TWI421383B/zh active
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JPS58156539A (ja) * | 1982-03-11 | 1983-09-17 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | 鉄化合物水溶液の安定化方法 |
JPS6241718A (ja) * | 1985-08-19 | 1987-02-23 | Tokai Kagaku Kogyosho:Kk | 鉄化合物の安定化方法 |
JPS6324091A (ja) * | 1986-06-09 | 1988-02-01 | エレクトロ−ブリテ ゲゼルシヤフト ミツト ベシユレンクテル ハフツング ウント コンパニ− コマンデツト ゲゼルシヤフト | 亜鉛−鉄合金の電着用の酸性塩化物含有浴 |
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JP5591256B2 (ja) | 2014-09-17 |
US8734579B2 (en) | 2014-05-27 |
US20120103229A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 |
TW201126026A (en) | 2011-08-01 |
JPWO2011062030A1 (ja) | 2013-04-04 |
TWI421383B (zh) | 2014-01-01 |
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