Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/4207—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
  • H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/46—Accumulators structurally combined with charging apparatus
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
  • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
  • H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
  • H01M10/488—Cells or batteries combined with indicating means for external visualization of the condition, e.g. by change of colour or of light density
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
  • H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
  • H01M4/8807—Gas diffusion layers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/02—Details
  • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
  • H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
  • H01M8/0241—Composites
  • H01M8/0243—Composites in the form of mixtures
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/08—Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
  • H01M8/086—Phosphoric acid fuel cells [PAFC]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
  • H02J7/0025—Sequential battery discharge in systems with a plurality of batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
  • H02J7/16—Regulation of the charging current or voltage by variation of field
  • H02J7/18—Regulation of the charging current or voltage by variation of field due to variation of ohmic resistance in field circuit, using resistance switching in or out of circuit step by step
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/371—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] with remote indication, e.g. on external chargers
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
  • G01R31/3842—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC combining voltage and current measurements
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/396—Acquisition or processing of data for testing or for monitoring individual cells or groups of cells within a battery
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
  • H01M2010/4271—Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
  • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
• • H02J2007/0067—
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
  • H02J2310/10—The network having a local or delimited stationary reach
  • H02J2310/18—The network being internal to a power source or plant
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

• Rechargeable batteries are being designed for and used in varied
• Rechargeable cells may have different chemistries and may include Lithium Ion cells in one example.
• the number of rechargeable cells used in different applications is varied depending upon the requirements of the load, and the number of cells may be numerous in some implementations, for example, transportation implementations.
• Some rechargeable cells may be subject to failure in the field, The failure may render not only the individual cell inoperable but may also render other cells of the battery inoperable even though the other cells may not have failed.
• the number of cells which are inoperable may reach a point where the battery fails or is otherwise unable to
• cel ⁇ (s) may inoperable. described herein are directed systems and electrical energy storac
• FIG. 3 is an illustrative circuit schematic of a battery module according to
• Fig, 4 is a functional block diagram of circuitry of a
• Fig. 5A is a functional block diagram of a battery section according to one
• Fig. 7 is a functional block diagram of circuit components and batteries of according to one Fig. 8
• a battery comprises a first battery terminal, a second battery terminal, and a plurality of submodutes individually comprising a first submodule terminal, a second submodute terminal, a plurality of rechargeable cells electrically coupled between the first and second submodule terminals, and switching circuitry configured to electrically couple one of the first and second battery terminals with one of the first and second submodule terminals of one of the submodutes during an engaged mode of operation of the one of the submodules and to electrically isolate the one of the first and second battery terminals from the one of the first and second submodute terminals of the one of the submodutes during a disengaged mode of operation of the one of the submodules.
• a battery comprises a first terminal, a second battery terminal, and a plurality of submodules comprising a plurality of rechargeable cells electrically coupled between the first and second battery terminals, and wherein the submodules are individually configured to operate in an engaged mode of operation wherein the rechargeable cells of the individual submodute at least one of supply and receive electrical energy with respect to the first and second battery terminals and to operate in a disengaged mode of operation wherein the rechargeable cells of the individual submodule do not supply nor receive electrical energy with respect to the first and second battery terminals.
• a battery system comprises a first system terminal, a second system terminal, a plurality of battery strings coupled in parallel between the first system terminal and the second system terminal, wherein individual ones of the battery strings comprise a plurality of rechargeable batteries coupled in series between the first system terminal and the second system terminal, and wherein individual ones of the battery strings are configured to operate in an engaged mode of operation where the individual battery string is electrically coupled with the first and second system terminals and configured to at least one of supply and receive electrical energy with respect to the first and second system terminals and a disengaged mode of operation where the individual battery string is configured to not supply nor receive electrical energy with respect to the first and second system terminals.
• a battery comprises a first battery terminal, a second battery terminal, and a plurality of submodules individually comprising a plurality of rechargeable cells electrically coupled between the first and second battery terminals and wherein the rechargeable cells receive charging electrical energy from at least one of the first and second battery terminals, and control circuitry configured to monitor the rechargeable cells of the submodules and to use the monitoring to control the application of different amounts of the charging electrical energy to the rechargeable cells of different ones of the submodules.
• a battery system comprises a first system terminal, a second system terminal, a plurality of rechargeable batteries coupled with the first and second system terminals and configured to supply electrical energy to a load coupled with the first and second system terminals and to receive electrical energy from a charger coupled with the first and second system terminals to charge the rechargeable batteries, and control circuitry configured to monitor individual ones of the rechargeable batteries and to control an amount of electrical energy supplied to at least one of the rechargeable batteries using the monitoring,
• a battery comprises a first battery terminal, a second battery terminal, and a plurality of rechargeable cells electrically coupled between the first and second battery terminals, and switching circuitry
• a battery comprises a first battery terminal, a second battery terminal, and a plurality of submodules individually comprising a plurality of rechargeable cells electrically coupled between the first and second battery terminals, and wherein the submodufes individually comprise storage circuitry configured to store information with respect to at least one of charging and discharging of the rechargeable cells of the respective individual submodule.
• a battery submodule comprises a first submodule terminal, a second submodule terminal, a plurality of rechargeable cells electrically coupled between the first and second submodule terminals, and storage circuitry configured to store information with respect to the rechargeable cells.
• a battery system comprises a first system terminal, a second system terminal, a plurality of battery strings coupled in parallel between the first system terminal and the second system terminal, wherein individual ones of the battery strings comprise a plurality of rechargeable batteries coupled in series between the first system terminal and the second system terminal, wherein the batteries of an individual one of the battery strings are coupled in series at a plurality of nodes intermediate respective ones of the batteries of the individual battery string, and wherein the nodes of a first of the battery strings are coupled with the nodes of a second of the battery strings to electrically couple the batteries of the first of the battery strings in parallel with respective ones of the batteries of the second of the battery strings.
• a battery system a first system terminal, a second system te , a plurality of rechargeabi coupled with the first and second system ⁇ individually comprise a plurality of recharg energy from the first and second during charging operations of the individual rechargeable battery ical system terminals during discharging and processing circuitry configured to implem rechargeable battery with respect to at les e of the charging operations and discharging operations of the individua battery, and management circuitry configured to communicate with the pr ⁇ cessin [0029] According to still another method comprises conducting electrica a p rechargeable cells of a plurality respective individual ones of the submodules changing one of the submodules to a disengag energy is not conducted with respect to the submodules.
• a battery operational method comprises operating switching circuitry of a plurality of submodules of a battery in conducting states during an engaged mode of operation of the submodules to electrically couple a plurality of rechargeable cells of the submodules with an external device at one moment in time, operating the switching circuitry of at least one of the submodules in a non-conducting state during a disengaged mode of operation of the at least one of the submodules to electrically isolate the rechargeable cells of the at least one of the submodules from the external device at an other moment in time, changing the operation of the at least one of the submodules from the disengaged mode of operation to the engaged mode of operation, and using the switching circuitry of the at least one of
• a battery system operational method comprises storing electrical energy using a plurality of rechargeable cells of a battery system, using contactor circuitry, electrically conducting electrical energy between the rechargeable cells and an external device during charging and discharging of the rechargeable cells during an engaged mode of operation of the battery system, using the contactor circuitry, electrically isolating the rechargeable cells and the externa! device during a disengaged mode of operation of the battery system, changing the mode of the operation of the battery system from the disengaged mode of closing a ⁇ g the
• method comprises supplying electrical energy to a plurality of rechargeable cells of a plurality of submodules of a battery, discharging the rechargeable cells of the submodules of the battery, and storing information regarding the rechargeable cells of
• operational method comprises supplying electrical energy to a plurality of strings of
• the rechargeable batteries of an individual one of the strings are coupled in series intermediate the first and second system terminals, discharging electrical energy from the rechargeable batteries to a load coupled with the first and second system terminals, and wherein at least one of the supplying and discharging
• Battery module 10 includes a housing 12 and first and erminais 13, 14 provided at different voltages (e.g. round potential and battery terminal 13 may be at a voltage above ground
• a plurality of rechan ⁇ g 12 in one embodiment is a plurality of rechan ⁇ g 12 in one embodiment.
• battery module 10 may be coupled in series rgy requirements of the
• interface circuitry 16 which is configured to implement communications between battery module 10 and external devices (not shown). For example, t devices such as a load and/or charger in some embodiments. In other examples,
• circuitry 1 may be configured to implement communications within the battery system discussed in further detail below.
• the battery module 10 communicate with other battery modules 10 and/or management circuitry of the battery system as described below in illustrative embodiments.
• the illustrated battery module 10 includes module circuitry 20 and a plurality of submodules 22 which may also be referred to as battery submodules 22. Two submodules 22 are depicted in the example of Fig. 2 for discussion purposes although other battery modules 10 may include only one submodule 22 or additional submodules 22. Submodules 22 are coupled in parallel with one another intermediate first and second battery terminals 13, 14 in the depicted embodiment.
• Module circuitry 20 is configured to perform monitoring and/or control of battery module 10 as well as implement communications externally of battery module 10 in one embodiment. Additional details of module circuitry 20 are described below.
• Submodules 22 are configured to be individually removable and replaceable with respect to battery module 10 in one embodiment. For example, a submodule 22 may be removed and replaced if cells or circuitry of the submodule 22 becomes defective, for example, during operation. Submodules 22 may have respective housings which contain the switching circuitry 24, cells 28 and submodule circuitry 28 of the respective submodules 22. If a submodule 22 is defective or non- operational, the entire submodule 22 may be provided in a disengaged mode of operation (discussed further below), removed from the battery module 10, and replaced with another properly functioning submodule 22 in one embodiment. [0046] Individual submodules 22 include first and second submodule terminal
• terminals 13, 14 may correspond to m one embodf
• circuitry such as one or more transi
• one or more nsistors in a back configuration intermediate 22 Due to in some configurations of the charge and discharge flow of current in a sini , the charge electrical enerqy can flow into the respective submodule 22 when
• transistor(s) are in an Off state.
• submodules 22 having higher capacities may have an increased number of charge transistors (coupled in parallel with one another) and an increased number of discharge transistors (coupled in parallel with one another) compared with other submodules 22 having less capacity. biased at different conductive states to control an amount of electrical energy flowing
• Submoduie 22 is configured to operate in an engaged operational mode
• charge and discharge transistors of switching circuitry 24 are provided in a closed configuration which electrically couples the cells 28 with terminal 17 (permitting charging irging of cells 28) during the engaged mode of operation. jfe 22, cells 26 of the terminals 13, 14 for charging respective cells 26 of the submoduie 22 and/or to supply electrical energy to terminals 13, 14 during discharging operations of the respective cells 26 of the submoduie 22. circuitry 24 is in an iicr charging or discharging of cells 26) during the disengaged mode of operation. [0049] Submodules 22 are configured in some embodiments to operate led modes of operation.
• one or more submodules 22 of a lie 10 may operate in the i mode of operation (with charge and/or transistors of the respective switching circuitry 24 "On” or in conducting states) white another of the submodules 22 of the battery module 10 operates in a disengaged mode of operation (with charge and discharge transistors of the respective switching circuitry 24 "OfF ! or in non-conducting ⁇ . in a plural of rechargeable cells 26 are configured to supply electrical energy to a load or receive
• the switching circuitry 24 of all of the submodules 22 may be opened to provide a!! of the submodules 22 in the di ss Il of a ss ⁇ plurality of battery modules 10 of a battery system may be arrangements including switching circuitry 24 of submodules 22 of the single battery module 10 may be opened if the si in
• one battery module 10 m a ⁇ i ss 10 system may be in
• the strings of battery modules 10 may be operation.
• modules 10 (perhaps also arranged in other strings of battery modules 10) may be in while some of I
• Ie l ⁇ may be of the given ba in in a disengag same string i with respect to an example embodiment of Fig. 5A betow).
• a battery module 10 or a battery system e.g., comprising a plurality of battery modules 10.
• battery system may have different numbers of cells 26 configured to receive or supply cells 26 are in time. If a given battery module 10 has
• BFV module 10 would be reduced to half if same number and arrangement of cells 26,
• an e 22 may be ive or faulty duri provide the submodu e disengage atio ⁇ to protect
• the command may of the battery some other component of a battery system) from the load, or from the charger in illustrative examples. Accordingly, one or more submodule 22 may be controlled to operate in a disengaged mode of operation responsive to an alarm condition being present externally of the one or more submodule 22 in one embodiment. [0055] In one embodiment, configuring the submodules 22 to selectively operate in the engaged and disengaged modes of operation provides a flexible implementation of the battery module 10 which may continue to operate even in the presence of one or more failed or defective cell 28.
• the switching circuitry 24 of the individual submodule 22 may be opened providing the individual submodule 22 in the disengaged mode of operation while the other s ⁇ bmodule(s) 22 of the battery module 10 continue to operate in the engaged mode of operation.
• the capacity of the battery module 10 is reduced if one or more submodule 22 is provided in the disengaged mode of operation but with the benefit that the battery module 10 can continue to operate in an engaged mode of operation where at least one battery submodule 22 is operating in the engaged mode of operation.
• the battery module 10 may be considered to be in a disengaged mode of operation when no submodules 22 of the battery module 10 are operating in the engaged mode of operation. Furthermore, a battery system may be considered to be in the disengaged mode of operation when no battery modules 10 of the system operate in the engaged mode of operation.
• Rechargeable cells 26 may be arranged in a series string intermediate the submodule terminals 17, 18 to provide a desired voltage (e.g., four of the above-
• Submodule circuitry 28 comprises storage circuitry 29 in one embodiment as discussed in additional detail below.
• Storage circuitry 29 is configured to store information regarding the respective individual submodule 22 in one embodiment.
• the storage circuitry 29 may be configured to store information with respect to charging and discharging of the battery module 10 in one embodiment.
• the storage circuitry 29 may store information regarding a configuration of the submodule 22 (e.g., number and layout of cells 26) and history information regarding past use of the submodule 22.
• Storage circuitry 29 may be implemented as appropriate memory configured to retain stored information for subsequent retrieval.
• the configuration information stored within storage circuitry 29 may comprise information to facilitate use of the respective submodule 22 within a battery module 10 (e.g., upon replacement of a defective submodule 22 in the battery module 10).
• the configuration information may be used by processing circuitry 44 (discussed below with respect to Fig. 4) to control or implement at least one operation with respect to the respective submodule 22.
• the processing circuitry 44 may use the configuration information to implement charging and/or discharging of the individual submodule 22,
• the storage circuitry 29 may comprise configuration information regarding a chemistry composition of cells 26 contained within the submodule 22, and for example, may specify a desired charging current for charging of cells 26 of the submodule 22 and a desired voltage range of the cells 26 in a substantially charged state.
• Storage circuitry 29 may comprise configuration information regarding the number of ceHs 26, banks 30, and strings 31 (described with respect to one example In Fig. 3) contained within the submodule 22 and information regarding taps or ports for use in monitoring the respective submodule 22 by module circuitry 20 upon installation of the submodule 22 In the respective battery module 10.
• the storage circuitry 29 may also include historical information regarding a history of past use of the submoduie 22. For example, historical information with respect to charging and/or discharging of the submodule 22 may be stored.
• one or more operational parameter such as electrical characteristics (e.g., voltage, charging and/or discharging current, state of charge, etc.) of the submodule 22 may be stored at different moments in time during the use of the submodule 22.
• temporal information regarding the use of the submodule 22 may be stored. For example, date and time information may be stored which corresponds to the information stored regarding the electrical characteristic(s). The temporal information may also be stored to indicate the length of time the submodule 22 has been in use.
• More specific examples of historical information which may be stored include the number of charge and/or discharge cycles of the submodule 22, the state of charge or discharge of the submoduie 22, and a number of alarm conditions or events present during use of the submoduie 22 (e.g., where recommended thresholds of the submoduie 22 have been exceeded during use), This information illustrates some types of information which may be recorded for subsequent retrieval. Other information regarding the submoduie 22 may also be recorded. The stored or recorded information may be used by a manufacturer of the submoduie 22 (or any other appropriate entity) to determine the use that the submodule 22 has been subjected to, for example, for warranty purposes. A submoduie 22 may be returned from a customer to the manufacturer who may access the recorded information to attempt to determine cause of failure of the submoduie 22.
• submoduie circuitry 28 may include interface circuitry (not shown) in one embodiment to communicate with module circuitry 20.
• Submoduie circuitry 28 may include appropriate interconnects or taps (not shown) to permit external circuitry to monitor electrical characteristics of submodules 22 (e.g., the voltages of ceHs 28, current flowing with respect to submodules 22, etc.).
• Submoduie circuitry 28 may also include temperatures sensing devices and associated interconnects to monitor temperatures of the submoduie 22 during use.
• FIG. 3 additional details regarding one configuration of a battery module 10 including two submodules 22 is shown according to one embodiment.
• the submodules 22 include a plurality of strings 31 of cells 26 coupled intermediate submoduie terminals 17, 18. Two strings 31 are shown in the configuration of Fig. 3 although other numbers of strings 31 of cells 26 are possible in other embodiments. Cells 26 of the strings 31 which are coupled in parallel with one 3i ⁇ g in
• the voltage of resistor 34 may be monitored to determine an amount of current flowing into the submodule 26 during charging operations or output from the submodute 26 during discharging
• Balancing circuits 36 are a plurality of balancing circuits During charging operations, the cells ma terminals 13, 14. However, individual cells 36 may be charged at different rates due to differences between the cells 26 (e.g., manufacturing tolerances of the cells 26). Balancing circuits 36 are
• individual balancing circuits 36 include a transistor coupled in series with a resistor across a respective bank 30 of cells 26.
• the transistors are configured to be open until a bank 30 of cells 26 reaches a threshold voltage which may correspond to a voltage of a fully charged cell 26.
• respective balancing circuit 36 conducts which shunts current bank 30 of cells 26.
• the shunting of the balancing circuit 36 operates to reduce or stop respect! respective threshold voltage will continue to charge until the banks 30 of cells 26 reach the threshold voltage.
• a voltage of the cells 28 of a bank 30 is used to control shunting of charging current around the cells 26 of the respective bank 30 in one embodiment.
• the switching circuitry 24 of the submodules 22 may also be utilized during charging operations to control the charging of the cells 26 of the respective submodules 22 as discussed in one example embodiment below.
• module circuitry 20 including a communications interface 40, storage circuitry 42 and processing circuitry
• Communications interface 40 is arranged to implement communications of the submodule 22 with respect to external circuitry, for example, submodule circuitry 28, or management circuitry discussed below.
• Communications interface 40 may be implemented as any suitable interface, such as a serial or parallel connection, USB port, or Firewire interface, for example.
• the storage circuitry 42 is configured to store programming such as executable code or instructions (e.g., software and/or firmware), electronic data, databases, or other digital information and may include processor-usable media.
• programming such as executable code or instructions (e.g., software and/or firmware), electronic data, databases, or other digital information and may include processor-usable media.
• Processor-usable media may be embodied in any computer program product(s) or article of manufacture(s) which can contain, store, or maintain programming, data and/or digital information for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system including processing circuitry in the exemplary embodiment.
• exemplary processor-usable media may include any one of physical media such as c, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared or semiconductor media.
• Some c examples of processor-usable media include, but are not limited to, a magnetic computer diskette, such as a floppy diskette, zip disk, hard drive,
• processing circuitry 44 is arranged to process data
• C! may be configured to control operations of battery module 10, for example with respect to charging and/or discharging of battery module
• ive submodules 22 to electrically a submodule 22 from Is 13, 14 during the disengaged the submodule 22 (or module 10) or to electrically couple the cells 26 of the submodute 22 with the terminals 13, 14 during the engaged mode of operation of the submodule 22 and battery
• Processing circuitry 44 may be configured to monitor operations of battery module 10. the submodules 22 of the battery module 10 and temperature information and control
• processing circuitry 44 may access configuration information, for example discussed above, which specifies a configuration of a submodule 22 utilized in the battery module 10. In one embodiment, processing circuitry 44 may use the configuration information to access information regarding a submodule 22 which is inserted into a battery module 10 to replace a defective submodule 22.
• Processing circuitry 44 may also be configured to communicate with other circuitry, such as other processing circuits 44 of other battery modules 10 employed in a common battery system 100 described below, management circuitry 106 of the battery system 100 described below, and/or other devices. As described further below, processing circuitry 44 may be configured to receive commands from externally of the battery module 10 and control the operation of the battery module 10 between an engaged mode of operation and a disengaged mode of operation responsive to the commands. Processing circuitry 44 may also be configured to output status messages to other processing circuits 44 and/or management circuitry 108 and which indicates status information regarding the battery module (e.g., the battery module 10 operating in an engaged or disengaged operational mode, status of electrical characteristics of the battery module 10).
• Processing circuitry 44 may comprise circuitry configured to implement desired programming provided by appropriate media in at least one embodiment.
• the processing circuitry 44 may be implemented as one or more of a processor and/or other structure configured to execute executable instructions including, for example, software and/or firmware instructions, and/or hardware circuitry.
• Exemplary embodiments of processing circuitry 44 include hardware logic, PGA 1 FPGA 8
• ASIC application specific integrated circuit
• state machines and/or other structures alone or in combination with a processor.
• processing circuitry are for illustration and other configurations are possible.
• At least some embodiments or aspects described herein may be implemented using programming stored within an appropriate medium (e.g., storage circuitry 42 described above) and configured to control appropriate processing circuitry
• Programming may be provided via any appropriate storage media including, for example, embodied within articles of manufacture.
• processing circuitry 44 is configured to monitor statuses of various operational parameters of submodules 22 and control various operations of submodules 22, including control of monitoring (e.g., providing a submodule 22 ⁇ n a disenc responsive to monitoring of the processing circuitry 22 detecting an alarm condition within the submodule 22) in one embodiment.
• Processing circuitry 44 may also be referred to as control circuitry.
• processing circuitry 44 is coupled with circuitry of the submodule 22 including voltage monitoring circuitry 50, current monitoring circuitry 52, temperature monitoring circuitry 54 (to monitor operational parameters of voltage, current and temperature of the submodule 22 m " the described example) and switch logic 56 coupled with the respective switching circuitry 24 of the submodule 22.
• Voltage monitoring circuitry 50 is configured to provide status information of voltages of the submodule 22.
• the voltage monitoring circuitry 50 may provide voltages of individual cells 26 and/or strings 31 of cells 26.
• current monitoring circuitry may include resistor 34 of Fig. 3 in one embodiment.
• thermoelectric thermistors or other appropriate circuitry to provide temperature status information gardsng various thermoelectric components.
• processing circuitry 44 may monitor operational parameters (e.g., electrical
• D respective thresholds and indicate an alarm
• processing circuitry 44 may monitor voltages of cells 28 of submodule 22 to be within a
• processing circuitry 44 may monitor currents flowing into or out of a submodule 22 with respect to a desired range and may indicate an alarm condition if the currents are below or exceed desired thresholds of the range. Processing circuitry 44 may monitor temperatures of a submodule 22 with respect to a desired range and may indicate an alarm condition if the temperatures are below or exceed desired thresholds of the range. [0081] As discussed further below, processing circuitry 44 of a battery module 10 where an alarm condition is detected may initiate an operation responsive to the alarm condition being present. For example, in one embodiment, processing circuitry 44 may instruct a submodule 22 which experiences an alarm condition to enter the disengaged mode of operation.
• the processing circuitry 44 may initiate a shutdown of the respective battery module 10 which includes an alarm condition to enter a disengaged mode of operation.
• the processing circuitry 44 of the battery module 10 having the alarm condition may inform management circuitry 106 (Fig. 5) of the detection of the alarm condition and which may result in one or more other battery modules 10 of a battery system being provided in the disengaged mode of operation, or perhaps a system shutdown where all of the battery modules 10 of the battery system 10 are provided in a disengaged mode of operation.
• processing circuitry 44 may control fans or other appropriate equipment to bring the temperature internal of the battery module 10 or submodule 22 within an acceptable range.
• processing circuitry 44 may control the submodule 44 which contains the cell 26 with the alarm condition to enter a disengaged mode of operation.
• Processing circuitry 44 may generate historical information regarding monitored operational parameters and may store the historical status information using storage circuitry 29 of the respective submodule 22 in one embodiment.
• processing circuitry 44 controls the storage of values of the various operational parameters (e.g., voltages, currents, charge/discharge cycles, temperature, state of charge) at different moments in time as well as alarm conditions detected during the monitoring of the operational parameters.
• the stored information may be utilized later for warranty purposes to determine the usage of a submoduie 22 and perhaps identify any misuse of the submodule 22.
• Processing circuitry 44 of a battery module 10 may communicate status information of operational parameters and alarm conditions of the respective battery module 10 to management circuitry of the battery system in one embodiment (management circuitry 108 is shown in Ffg. 5 in one embodiment). [0085] Processing circuitry 44 may aiso use switch logic 56 to contra! the switching circuitry 24 of the submodule 22, for example, to provide a submodule 22 in engaged or disengaged modes of operation, to limit in-rush of current or provide balanced charging as described below.
• Switching circuitry 24 may include one or more charge transistor and one or more discharge transistor and the logic 58 may be configured to substantially simultaneously apply substantially the same bias voltage to the one or more charge transistors and to substantially simultaneously apply substantially the same bias voltage to the one or more discharge transistors responsive to respective control signals for the charge transistors and discharge transistors from the processing circuitry 44 in one embodiment.
• the processing circuitry 44 may monitor an electrical characteristic one or more cells 26 of the submodules 22 and may use the monitoring to control i
• processing circuitry 44 may use
• the processing circuitry 44 may control the biasing of transistors of switching circuits 24 of the submodules 22 to different conductive states to control the
• module 10 are charging faster (and have a higher voltage) than the cells 28 of a second
• the processing circuitry 44 is configured to
• the battery system 100 is configured to be electrically coupled with one or more externa! device 102, such as a
• circuitry 106 also referred to as a battery management unit
• batteries 107 are implemented as battery modules 10.
• the illustrated battery section 104 is for discussion purposes and other arrangements of batteries 107 in battery section 104 are possible,
• the batteries 107 may be arranged in series in a plurality of respective strings 105 intermediate the system terminals 101, 103.
• the arrangement of batteries 107 in Fig. 5 may be referred to as a parallel set of strings 105 of batteries 107.
• the batteries 107 may be arranged in a plurality of banks 108 to provide a desired system voltage at terminals 101 , 103 to operate a load.
• Batteries 107 may be arranged in any other desired configuration to provide a desired voltage and/or operational capacity of the battery system 100.
• Management circuitry 108 may comprise circuitry similar to module circuitry 20 discussed above with respect to Fig. 4.
• the management circuitry 106 may comprise interface circuitry for communicating with the load, charger and/or circuitry of the batteries 107 of the battery section 104.
• the management circuitry 106 may also include processing circuitry configured to implement communications with a load, charger, and batteries 107, to process information and to control operations of the battery system 10, including for example the batteries 107. Accordingly, management circuitry 106 may also be referred to as control circuitry.
• management circuitry 106 may control the outputting of status information regarding the battery system 100 (state of charge, voltages, currents of the battery system 100 ⁇ to the external device 102 (e.g., load and/or charger). Controllers in the load or charger may be configured in one embodiment to change operations of the load or charger using information received from the battery system 100 (e.g., control the load to enter a reduced power consumption mode responsive to the state of charge of battery system 100 being less than a threshold or control the charger to increase or decrease charger current).
• management circuitry 106 may receive information from the external device 102 (e.g., load or charger) and change operations of the battery system 100 in response thereto (e.g., issue a system shutdown command to shutdown the battery system 100).
• management circuitry 108 and external device 102 communicate via a CAN Bus network although other configurations are
• Management circuitry 108 may be configured to implement logh addressing of the individual batteries 107 by assigning respective unique addresses individual ones of the batteries 107 present in the battery system addresses may be used for communications
• management circuitry 106 may control the operation of one or more contactors 112, 118 as discussed further below.
• Management circuitry 106 is also configured to control charging of batteries 107 in one embodiment.
• external device 102 may be a charger configured to supply charging electrical energy to batteries 107 via terminals 101 , 103.
• the management circuitry 106 is configured to provide substantially balanced charging of batteries 107 (e.g., provide the batteries 107 at substantially the same state of charge) during charge operations of the batteries 107,
• the processing circuits 44 of the respective batteries 107 may report i of cells or state of charge management circuitry 106.
• circuits 44 of the batteries 107 to control the application of different amounts of charging
• the management circuitry 106 may provide the control
• one of the batteries 107 having a higher state of charge than others of the batteries 107 may be eiectrically isolated from a charger (e.g., using the switching rging
• jement circuitry 106 may also be configured to implement
• a load may be coupled with battery terminals 13, 14 and battery module 10 may be providing electrical energy to power the load.
• a charger may be coupled with battery terminals 13, 14 and battery module 10 may be receiving charging electrical energy from the charger to charge the battery module 10,
• the battery module 10 may be in a disengaged mode of operation where the battery module 10 is neither supplying nor receiving electrical energy (i.e., neither discharging nor charging) and may be electrically isolated from the external device 102 (e.g., load and/or charger), for example using the switching circuitry 24 of the battery module 10.
• the battery modules 10 may be operated in the engaged and disengaged modes of operation independently of others of the battery modules 10 of battery section 104.
• Battery system 100 and/or an external device 102 may be subjected to excessive in-rush currents during transitions of batteries 107 between different operational modes (e.g., transitioning of batteries 107 implemented as battery modules 10 from the disengaged mode of operation to the engaged mode of operation).
• the discussion proceeds with respect to different arrangements for protecting battery system 100 and/or the external devices 102 coupled with the battery system 100 from excessive in-rush currents.
• contactor circuitry 110 is provided to limit in-rush of current
• the batteries 107 are implemented as battery modules 10 and switching circuitry 24 of the submodules 22 of the battery modules 10 are utilized to limit in-rush currents.
• Battery modules 10 may be configured to limit an amount of electrical energy which is conducted with respect to the battery terminals 13, 14 and cells 26 to a level below a threshold where damage to the battery modules 10 and/or external devices 102 could occur.
• Contactor circuitry 110 is configured to provide electrical conn battery system 100 with external devices 102, such as load or a charger without conducting excessive in ⁇ rush currents which may damage battery module 10, battery system 100 and/or external devices 102.
• contactor circuitry 110 includes a main contactor 112 and precharge contactor circuitry 114 also referred to as first and second contactor circuits, respectively.
• Main contactor 112 and precharge contactor circuitry 114 are individually configured to operate in engaged and disengaged modes of operation.
• the contactors 112, 118 are individually closed and electrically couple the batteries 107 with an external device 102 coupled with system terminals 101 , 103.
• the contactors 112, 118 are individually open and operate to electrically isolate the batteries 107 from an external device 102 coupled with system terminals 101 , 103.
• precharge contactor circuitry 114 operating in the engaged mode of operation is configured to conduct a reduced amount of current compared with main contactor 112 operating in the engaged mode of operation.
• Management circuitry 108 is configured to control the contactor circuitry
• the management circuitry 106 over a transitional period between one moment in time when the battery section 104 is electrically isolated from the external device 102 (e.g., load or charger) to a subsequent moment in time when the battery section 104 is electrically coupled with the external device 102 in one embodiment.
• the management circuitry 106 e.g., the management circuitry 106
• circuitry 112 remains open. Resistor 118 functions
• the management circuitry 106 may 112 to be
• the switching circuitry 24 of the individual battery modules 10 in one embodiment.
• the switching circuitry 24 of the individual battery modules 10 in one embodiment.
• circuitry 110 may be omitted and limiting of in-rush current may be implemented entirely
• z stepped biasing voltage may be used in different embodiments.
• the z stepped biasing voltage may be used in different embodiments.
• ing circuitry 24 may be
• Ie non-damaging levels may be biased on in a ramped or stepped manner following closing of contactor 112 in
• one or more ⁇ ily fail.
• batteries 107 submodules 22 A battery module when one of the submodules 22 fails.
• the failed submodute 22 may be provided in a disengaged mode of operation whiie one or more other submodule 22 of the battery module 10 continues to operate in an engaged mode of operation.
• strings 105 of batteries 107 may individually operate in engaged and disengaged modes of operation where the strings 105 of batteries 107 are either electrically coupled with externa! device 102 or electrically isolated from externa! device 102, respectively.
• a string 105 of batteries 107 which are implemented as battery modules 10 will continue to operate in an engaged mode of operation as long as ail of the battery modules 10 of the string 105 are in an engaged mode of operation (i.e., at least one submoduie 22 of each of the individual battery modules 10 of the string 105 is operating in an engaged mode of operation).
• the batteries 107 of a string 105 which is operating in the engaged mode of operation are electrically coupled with system terminals 101 , 103 to supply eiectricai energy to a load or receive charging electrical energy from a charger.
• one of the batteries 107 may completely fail (e.g., all submodules 22 of a single battery module 10 are in a disengaged operational mode) during a moment in time of operation of the battery system 100.
• all batteries 107 of the string 105 of batteries 107 which includes the failed battery 107 wili be controlled to operate in a disengaged mode of operation.
• the switching circuits 24 of the submodules 22 of the battery modules 10 of the string 105 may be opened to provide the battery modules 10 of the string 105 in the disengaged mode of operation wherein the battery modules 10 of the string 105 are electrically isolated from one terminals 101 , 103 in one example embodiment.
• the battery of the disengaged string 105 are also electrically isolated from one another by the opening of switching circuits 24.
• the failed battery 107 of the string 105 may be
• the switching circuits 24 of battery modules 10 of a string 105 controlled to substantially simultaneously open at the same moment in time to reduce
• ery modules 10 of one of the strings 105 In the disengaged mode of referred to a shutdown c terminals 101 , 103 (e.g., by mode of operation of the string may continue to operate in an gs 105 in the disengaged strings 105 : operation may lectrica! energy charger.
• At least one embodiment of battery system 100 is configured to be operational even with the presence of failures at a battery level.
• batteries 107 may be configured as battery modules 10 discussed above in one embodiment. Batteries 107 of battery system 100 configured as battery modules 10 may also continue to operate in engaged modes of operation during the presence of a failure of one or more cell 26 within the battery modules 10 as discussed above. Accordingly, at least one embodiment of battery system 100 including batteries 107 in the form of battery modules 10 may be operational in the presence of failures at a cell level.
• FIG. 5A another embodiment of battery section 104a is depicted and which may be used within battery system 100 in place of battery section 104 of Fig. 5.
• the arrangement or topology of batteries 107 in Fig. 5A may be referred to as a string of parallel batteries.
• battery section 104a comprises a plurality of strings 105 of batteries 107 coupled in parallel intermediate terminals 120, 103.
• battery section 104a of Fig. 5A S a plurality of cross- connections 130 are provided intermediate different ones of the strings 105 of batteries
• the cross-connections operate to electrically connect the positive terminals of batteries 107 of different strings 105 which are in the same bank
• cross-connections 130 in battery section 104a enables the battery section 104a to provide increased capacity in the presence of some failures compared with the arrangement of battery section 104 of Fig. 5.
• an individual one of the strings 105 is provided in the disengaged mode of operation if any of the batteries 107 of the individual string 105 are in the disengaged mode of operation.
• the presence of one battery 107 operating ⁇ n the disengaged mode of operation does not provide the respective string 105 which includes the battery 107 in a disengaged mode of operation since the other batteries 107 of the respective string 105 operating in the engaged operational mode are coupled with terminals 120, 103 via respective cross-connections 130 and the batteries 107 of an adjacent string 105.
• one or more batteries 107 of a string 105 may continue to operate in an engaged mode of operation despite the presence of one or more batteries 107 of the same string 105 operating in the disengaged mode of operation.
• one or more batteries 107 of a given string 105 operating in the engaged mode of operation may receive or supply electrical energy via an appropriate cross-connection 130 and another of the strings 105 having the 107 thereof in an engaged mode of operation.
• the one or more batteries 107 operating in the engaged mode of operation of a given string 105 may be electrically coupied with one of terminais 103, 120 via a battery 107 of a different string 105 which is in the engaged mode of operation and is coupled in parallel in the same bank 108 with the battery 107 of the given string 105 which is in the disengaged mode of operation.
• the strings 105 of batteries 107 of battery section 104a are provided in the disengaged mode of operation if all the batteries 107 connected in parallel for a respective individual one of the banks 108 are in the disengaged mode of operation.
• the batteries 107 are implemented using the battery modules 10 described above and the batteries 107 may individually include a plurality of submodules 22.
• an individual battery module 10 may be partially operational in an engaged mode of operation if one or more of the submodules 22 operates in the disengaged mode of operation and at least one other submodule 22 of the battery module 10 is in the engaged mode of operation.
• battery section 104a may continue to operate in an engaged mode of operation to supply electrical energy to a ioad or receive charging electrical energy from a charger in the presence of one or more batteries 107 operating in a disengaged operational mode or one or more submodules 22 of the batteries 107 operating in a disengaged operational mode.
• Battery section 104a may be considered to have increased resiliency to failures compared with battery section 104 of Fig. 5 since a string 105 of batteries 107 is not necessariiy disengaged responsive to one of the batteries 107 of the string 105 being in ions of hsq. in system 100a is shown Oa.
• a plurality of contactor circuits 114 coupte a system terminal 101 of battery system 100a with a load 117 and a charger 119.
• Contactor circuits 114 may individually operate as discussed above to selectively electrically connect system terminal 101 with respective ones of load 117
• a string 105 of batteries 107 is depicted for section 104 shown in Fig. 5.
• g 105 may be
• Fig. 7 includes a shutdown controller 140 which may also be referred to as a string controller and is configured to selectively control shutdown of a string 105 of batteries
• shutdown controller 140 may also be referred to as control circuitry.
• Shutdown controllers 140 may be provided for respective ones of the strings 105 in one configuration.
• One shutdown controller 140 may control a respective string 105 of batteries 107 to operate between an engaged mode of operation where the batteries
• shutdown controller 140 is configured to substantially simultaneously control the switching circuitry 24 of all of the battery modules 10 to open when a string 105 of the battery modules 10 is to be provided in the disengaged mode of operation and to avoid stressing the switching circuitry 24 of the battery modules 10.
• Shutdown controller 140 is in electrical communication with management circuitry 106 in the depicted arrangement.
• it is desired to implement a shutdown of batteries 107 of a string 105 after shutdown of the string 105 is determined to be appropriate using hardware void of any circuitry (e.g., processors) configured to execute code, instructions, or programming which may be unsuitably slow in controlling switching circuitry 24 of the respective batteries 107 (e.g., busy performing other tasks) when desired to change the batteries 107 from an engaged mode of operation to a disengaged mode of operation,
• any circuitry e.g., processors
• code, instructions, or programming which may be unsuitably slow in controlling switching circuitry 24 of the respective batteries 107 (e.g., busy performing other tasks) when desired to change the batteries 107 from an engaged mode of operation to a disengaged mode of operation
• circuitry configured to implement a shutdown of a string 105 of batteries 107 is implemented entirely in hardware void of a processor or any other hardware configured to execute code.
• shutdown controller 140 may be void of a processor in one embodiment which is connected with the batteries 107 of the respective string 105 via a plurality of serial cables 142 (i.e., cables 142 are used for communications not conducting operational electrical energy from or to the batteries 107 during discharging or charging in the depicted embodiment).
• management circuitry 106 may provide a system shutdown command to a plurality of shutdown controllers 140 of a plurality of strings 105 of batteries 107 to simultaneously switch the operation of the batteries 107 of the strings 105 from the engaged mode of operation to the disengaged mode of operation.
• the individual shutdown controllers 140 may substantially simultaneously control the batteries 107 to enter a disengaged mode of operation.
• a shutdown of a string 105 may one of the batteries 107 of the string 105.
• Shutdown controller 140 instructs the batteries 107 to remain in the engaged mode of operation as long as enabled signals are asserted by each of the batteries 107, However, if one of the batteries 107 changes the state from an enabled to disabled signal (indicating the disengaged mode of operation of the respective battery 107), the shutdown controller 140 controls all of the batteries 107 of the respective string 105 to change from an engaged mode of operation to a disengaged mode of operation, In one embodiment, the shutdown controller 140 controls the batteries 107 of the respective string 105 to substantially simultaneously change from the engaged mode of operation to the disengaged mode of operation.
• one or more strings 105 of batteries 107 of battery section 104 may remain m an engaged mode of operation if one or more strings 105 are provided in the disengaged mode of operation.
• management circuitry 108 may send a shutdown command to one or more of the shutdown controllers 140.
• Shutdown controllers 140 which receive the shutdown command may instruct respective batteries 107 coupled with the controllers 140 to enter a disengaged mode of operation.
• processing circuitry 44 of the individual batteries 107 implemented as battery modules 10 may be used to change an operational mode of the respective battery modules 10 from an engaged mode of operation to a disengaged mode of operation.
• the shutdown controllers 140 may be omitted or used in addition to shutdown operations of processing circuits 44 of battery modules 10.
• processing circuitry 44 may detect an alarm condition described herein, and in response to the detection of the alarm condition, issue a shutdown command to provide the respective battery module 10 in a disengaged mode of operation white also notifying management circuitry 106 of the shutdown of the respective battery module 10. Thereafter, management circuitry 106 may notify other battery modules 10 of the shutdown of the individual battery module 10 and which may result in additional battery modules 10 being shutdown, For example, the management circuitry 106 may issue a system shutdown command as discussed further below to the processing circuits 44 of the respective battery modules 10 to initiate a shutdown of the battery modules 10 of the battery system 100.
• processing circuitry 44 of a respective battery module 10 may be used to initiate a change of the operational mode from engaged to disengaged modes of operation for the single respective battery module 10, a string 105 of battery modules 10, or all battery modules 10 of all strings 105 of battery section 104 in one
• FIG. 7A 1 another embodiment of circuitry configured to implement a shutdown of batteries 107 is shown for the configuration of battery section 104a shown in Fig. 5a.
• the batteries 107 of the battery sect 104a may be shutdown where the batteries 107 previously operating In an enga ⁇ mode of operation change to operating in a disengaged mode of operation.
• the circuitry configured to implement the shutdown of battery section 104a is void of circuitry configured to execute code and includes shutdown controller 140 and cables 142, 144, Shutdown controller 140 is coupled with the batteries 107 using a plurality of serial cables 142.
• batteries 107 of a common bank 108 are connected by parallel cables 144.
• a bank 108 of batteries 107 may assert an enable signal via an appropriate serial cable 142 if at least one of the batteries 107 of a common bank 108 is operating in an engaged mode of operation.
• the ⁇ upon the parallel cable 144 for the common bank 108 will be disabled which is detected by shutdown controller 140 via serial cables 142.
• Shutdown controller 140 may proceed to instruct all batteries 107 coupled with the shutdown controller to shutdown by entering a disengaged mode of operation.
• shutdown controller 140 substantially simultaneously controls the batteries 107 coupled with the shutdown controller 140 to enter the disengaged mode of operation.
• Switching circuitry 24 of batteries 107 implemented as battery modules 10 may operate to electrically isolate battery modules 10 from at least one of terminals 101, 103 to provide the battery modules 10 in the disengaged mode of operation responsive to a shutdown command in one embodiment.
• system shutdown commands may be issued to provide the battery system 100 or 100a in a disengaged mode of operation where the batteries 107 are electrically isolated from at least one of system terminals 101 , 103 and current is not conducted into or out of the battery system 100 or 100a.
• Battery section 104 or 104a may be considered to be in a disengaged mode of operation when none of the batteries 107 are configured to provide electrical energy to a load or receive charging current from a charger.
• the management circuitry 108 is configured to control system shutdown operations by informing processing circuitry 44 of individual batteries 107 configured as battery modules 10 to shutdown and which thereafter implement shutdown operations of the respective batteries 107.
• management circuitry 106 may selectively instruct shutdown controller 140 to implement a shutdown of the batteries 107 of the respective string 105.
• management circuitry 108 may issue a system shutdown command to respective shutdown controllers 140 to change the mode of operation of the respective strings 105 of the batteries 107 of the battery section 104 or 104a from engaged to disengaged operational modes.
• management circuitry 106 may initiate a system shutdown responsive to various events in different embodiments to maintain safe operation of the battery system 100.
• management circuitry 106 may initiate a system shutdown in response to management circuitry 106 losing communications with one or more module circuits 20 of the battery modules 10.
• management circuitry 106 may poll individual ones of the battery modules 10 during operation of the battery system 100 and await receipt of responses to the from the battery modules 10.
• the management circuitry 106 may In one embodiment, and in the presence of the f one of the battery modules 10 to respond to a poll, the management circuitry 106 may In
• management circuitry 108 may then initiate
• a system shutdown may be initiated responsive to an alarm condition with respect to one or more operational parameter of a battery
• battery systems 100 may be more tolerant to alarm conditions while other battery
• circuitry 20 e.g., shown in Fig. 2 of a battery module 10 is configured to monitor various operational parameters of battery module 10 and submoduies 22 thereof as discussed above.
• processing circuitry 44 is coupled with various sensors which provide current monitoring 52, voltage monitoring 50, and temperature monitoring 54 in the depicted example.
• Current monitoring 52 may comprise circuitry to enable monitoring of currents flowing into and out of respective submoduies 22 via respective resistors 34 in one embodiment.
• Voltage monitoring 50 may comprise circuitry to enable monitoring of voltages of individual cells 28 of the submoduies 22 as well as the voltages of the submoduies 22 in one embodiment.
• Temperature monitoring 54 may enable monitoring of different portions of the battery module 10 including the rechargeable cells 26 and switching circuits 54 in one embodiment. Circuitry to provide monitoring of other operational parameters may be used in other embodiments. [0147] As discussed above, processing circuitry 44 may also issue control signals to logic to control the biasing of charge and discharge transistors of switching circuits 24 of the respective submoduies 22 in one embodiment.
• At least some embodiments described herein may provide improved operations in some implementations by isolating failed components of a rechargeable battery system, rechargeable battery module, or rechargeable battery subrnodule into a disengaged mode of operation while other properly operating components may remain in an engaged mode of operation. Accordingly, in some embodiments, electrical energy may be supplied to a load or received from a charger for charging even in the presence of a failure of a given component. Furthermore, some embodiments provide improved flexibility and scalability in design of rechargeable battery systems to accommodate a wide variety of applications compared with other battery system designs. [0149] In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features.
• aspects herein have been presented for guidance in construction and/or operation of illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. Applicant(s) hereof consider these described illustrative embodiments to also include, disclose and describe further inventive aspects in addition to those explicitly disclosed. For example, the additional inventive aspects may include less, more and/or alternative features than those described in the illustrative embodiments. In more specific examples, Applicants consider the disclosure to include, disclose and describe methods which include less, more and/or alternative steps than those methods explicitly disclosed as well as apparatus which includes less, more and/or alternative structure than the explicitly disclosed structure.

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• Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
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