WO2010074172A1 - リポソームの製造方法ならびにコレステロール溶解方法 - Google Patents
リポソームの製造方法ならびにコレステロール溶解方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010074172A1 WO2010074172A1 PCT/JP2009/071484 JP2009071484W WO2010074172A1 WO 2010074172 A1 WO2010074172 A1 WO 2010074172A1 JP 2009071484 W JP2009071484 W JP 2009071484W WO 2010074172 A1 WO2010074172 A1 WO 2010074172A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/04—Making microcapsules or microballoons by physical processes, e.g. drying, spraying
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K8/14—Liposomes; Vesicles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/34—Alcohols
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/55—Phosphorus compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/55—Phosphorus compounds
- A61K8/553—Phospholipids, e.g. lecithin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/63—Steroids; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Liposomes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Liposomes
- A61K9/1277—Processes for preparing; Proliposomes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
- A61K2800/41—Particular ingredients further characterized by their size
- A61K2800/412—Microsized, i.e. having sizes between 0.1 and 100 microns
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing liposomes and a method for dissolving cholesterol.
- Liposomes are substantially spherical hollow particles surrounded by at least one lipid bilayer formed by lipid molecules. Since the lipid molecule has a hydrophilic group having hydrophilicity and a lipophilic group on the opposite side and having lipophilicity, when contacted with water, a double layer is formed, and the hydrophilic group is outside the double layer. And facing the inside surrounded by the bilayer, the lipophilic group becomes spherical so as to face the inside of the bilayer and minimize the surface area.
- the bilayer that forms liposomes is similar to the cell membrane that constitutes the living body, and is therefore easily accepted by the in vivo environment.
- liposomes have attracted attention as drug vesicles in drug delivery systems (Drug Delivery Systems: DDS) that transport drugs encapsulated in a region surrounded by a bilayer to the required site in the body. ing.
- DDS Drug Delivery Systems
- liposomes are also attracting attention as cosmetic microcapsules encapsulating cosmetics, for example.
- Various methods such as a reverse phase evaporation method, an ultrasonic method, an extrusion method, a French press method, a homogenization method, an ethanol injection method, and a dehydration-rehydration method are used for the production of liposomes.
- One typical production method is the Bangham method (thin film method).
- this production method at least one phospholipid is dissolved in an organic solvent such as chloroform in a container such as a flask, the organic solvent is volatilized, and a lipid film is once formed on the bottom of the container, and then buffered therein.
- a lipid component such as phospholipid dissolved in a water-miscible organic solvent
- a water-miscible organic solvent is injected and added to an aqueous solution while stirring.
- alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and butanol can be suitably used as the water-miscible organic solvent, but added to the aqueous solution while heating the lipid solution in order to maintain the dissolved state of the lipid. It is necessary to mix, and it is necessary to precisely control the temperature, the addition rate or the stirring rate (Japanese Patent Publication No. 2006-517594).
- the conventional production method and the liposome obtained by the production method have the following problems. That is, the liposome particle size is not uniform or it is difficult to easily prepare liposomes having a uniform particle size.
- Small particles Small Unilameller Vesicles: SUV
- large particles Large Unilameller Vesicles: LUV
- a treatment for passing liposomes having a wide particle size distribution through a filter having pores is performed.
- such treatment when such treatment is employed, there is a problem that the yield of liposomes having a specific required particle size distribution is reduced.
- lipid bilayer membrane in order to increase the membrane strength of the lipid bilayer membrane, a method of incorporating cholesterol into the lipid bilayer membrane is known.
- cholesterol is generally a lipid that is difficult to dissolve in a water-miscible organic solvent, a method for dissolving cholesterol is required.
- the present inventor conducted extensive research and mixed one or more lipids with an aqueous solution containing a water-miscible organic solvent, heated the mixture, and then heated to a predetermined temperature. It has been found that liposomes having a uniform particle diameter can be produced by cooling. It was also found that cholesterol can be easily dissolved in the aqueous solution by mixing and heating the cholesterol with an aqueous solution containing a phospholipid and a water-miscible organic solvent. In this way, the present inventor has completed the present invention.
- the liposome production method of the present invention includes a heating step of heating a mixture containing one or more lipids, water, and an organic solvent, and a cooling step of cooling the mixture after the heating step.
- the mixture is, for example, a mixture obtained by mixing the lipid and an aqueous solution containing a water-miscible organic solvent.
- the aqueous solution preferably contains 5 to 30% by volume of the water-miscible organic solvent based on the total volume.
- water-miscible organic solvent one or more organic solvents selected from t-butanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 2-butoxyethanol can be used.
- the method for dissolving cholesterol according to the present invention includes a step of heating a mixture in which cholesterol is mixed with phospholipid, water, and an organic solvent.
- the cholesterol dissolution method of the present invention includes a step of heating a mixture in which cholesterol is mixed with an aqueous solution containing a phospholipid and a water-miscible organic solvent.
- the aqueous solution preferably contains 5 to 30% by volume of the water-miscible organic solvent based on the total volume.
- water-miscible organic solvent one or more organic solvents selected from t-butanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 2-butoxyethanol can be used.
- the method of selecting an organic solvent that can be used for liposome production according to the present invention includes a step of producing a liposome by the above-described liposome production method using a candidate organic solvent, and whether the liposome is uniform. Inspecting.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a method capable of easily obtaining liposomes having a uniform particle size. Moreover, according to this invention, the method of improving the solubility of cholesterol can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a particle size distribution chart of a liposome suspension prepared under the condition where the concentration of t-BuOH (t-butanol) is 16 vol% in the experimental example of the present invention.
- DPPC dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
- cholesterol stearylamine
- each particle size distribution result at the time of producing a liposome suspension in the aqueous solution containing each water miscible organic solvent using DPPC, cholesterol, and DPPG is shown, respectively.
- Liposomes include empty liposomes (Empty-Liposome) that do not contain a physiologically active substance such as a drug and liposomes that encapsulate a physiologically active substance.
- liposomes contain relatively small vesicles (Small Unilameller Vesicles: SUV) consisting of a single lipid bilayer membrane, and large vesicles (Large Unilameller Vesicles: LUV) consisting of a single lipid bilayer membrane.
- vesicles composed of multiple membranes are also included.
- the liposome may contain any size, but the average particle size is preferably 50 to 2000 nm, and the average particle size is particularly preferably 100 to 700 nm.
- particle size means the particle diameter measured by dynamic light scattering.
- PDI polydispersity index
- the physiologically active substance that can be encapsulated inside the liposome various drugs, cosmetics and the like can be employed.
- various drugs, cosmetics and the like can be employed.
- anticancer agents including cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil, antioxidants, antibacterial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, blood circulation promoters, anti-aging agents, hormone agents, vitamin agents, hemoglobin, DNA , RNA, peptides, proteins, vaccines, hair growth agents, moisturizers, pigments, whitening agents, pigments, physiological saline, one or a combination of two or more.
- the physiologically active substance is not limited to those exemplified above.
- the surface of the liposome may be modified with a functional group or the like. Such modification with a functional group can be realized by binding a functional group to phospholipid or the like in advance, or by binding a functional group after liposome formation.
- the method for producing liposomes comprises a heating step of heating a mixture of one or more lipids and an aqueous solution containing a water-miscible organic solvent, and cooling the mixture after the heating step.
- a known manufacturing method may be applied. More specifically, in order to adjust the particle size of the liposome, an ultrasonic irradiation method, an extrusion method, a French press method, a homogenization method, or the like may be combined with the method of the present invention.
- soybean lecithin In the production of the liposome of the present invention, soybean lecithin, hydrogenated soybean lecithin, egg yolk lecithin, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphasphingomyelins, phosphatidic acids, long-chain alkyl phosphates
- lipids such as salts, gangliosides, glycolipids, phosphatidylglycerols, sterols and the like can be used.
- Examples of phosphatidylcholines include dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, distearoyl phosphatidylcholine, and the like.
- Examples of the phosphatidylserine include dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine sodium, bovine brain-derived phosphatidylserine sodium, and the like.
- Examples of phosphatidylethanolamines include dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, and the like.
- Examples of phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol sodium derived from wheat.
- Examples of phosphasphingomyelins include bovine brain-derived sphingomyelin.
- Examples of phosphatidic acids and long-chain alkyl phosphates include dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid, dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid, distearoyl phosphatidic acid, and dicetyl phosphoric acid.
- Examples of gangliosides include ganglioside GM1, ganglioside GD1a, ganglioside GT1b, and the like.
- glycolipids examples include galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, phosphatide, and globoside.
- phosphatidylglycerols include dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol, distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol, and the like.
- sterols examples include cholesterol, dihydrocholesterol, lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, ergosterol, and a mixture thereof, phytosterol, hydrogenated phytosterol, and 3 ⁇ - [N- Examples thereof include sterols having a positive charge such as (dimethylaminoethane) carbamoyl] cholesterol and N- (trimethylammonioethyl) carbamoylcholesterol.
- a preferable lipid constituting the liposome is a combination of phospholipid containing phosphorus and cholesterol.
- a combination of phosphatidylcholines, which are a kind of phospholipid, and cholesterol is more preferable.
- the molar ratio of phospholipid to cholesterol is preferably in the range of 1: 0 to 1: 1.5, and 1: 0.5 to 1: 1. More preferably within the range of .25.
- Water-miscible organic solvent refers to organic solvents that can be mixed with water, such as alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, and acetals.
- water-miscible organic solvent it is preferable to use one or more organic solvents selected from t-butanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 2-butoxyethanol.
- the mixing method can be performed using an ultrasonic vibrator or the like in addition to manual rocking, stirring using a stirring bar and stirring blades.
- the concentration of the water-miscible organic solvent in the aqueous solution an optimal concentration range depending on the lipid composition and the lipid concentration must be selected. This is because when the concentration of the water-miscible organic solvent is increased, the lipid solubility is increased, but liposomes are not formed. At the same time, the water-miscible organic solvent tends to remain, which is undesirable for the living body when liposomes are supplied into the living body. Therefore, it is preferable that the water-miscible organic solvent has a minimum concentration capable of dissolving the lipid when a mixture of one or more lipids and an aqueous solution is heated.
- the water-miscible organic solvent is preferably 5 to 30% by volume with respect to the total volume of the aqueous solution.
- the water-miscible organic solvent is t-butanol, it is particularly preferably 12 to 18% by volume with respect to the total volume of the aqueous solution.
- the water-miscible organic solvent is 1-propanol, it is particularly preferably 5 to 19% by volume with respect to the total volume of the aqueous solution.
- the water-miscible organic solvent is 2-propanol, it is particularly preferably 13 to 26% by volume with respect to the total volume of the aqueous solution.
- the water-miscible organic solvent is 2-butoxyethanol, it is particularly preferably 6 to 9% by volume based on the total volume of the aqueous solution.
- the water-miscible organic solvent may be prepared by adding an aqueous solution prepared in advance to the concentration of the water-miscible organic solvent to the lipid, and after adding the water-miscible organic solvent to the lipid and once dissolving the lipid component.
- a water solvent may be added so as to achieve the above concentration.
- the heating method is not particularly limited.
- a method in which the container is heated with a direct flame in a state where a mixture is placed in the container a container The method of putting in the electric heater can be adopted.
- the heating temperature is not limited to a specific temperature as long as the lipid is dissolved in an aqueous solution containing a water-miscible organic solvent or is a temperature that is higher than the temperature and does not cloud the aqueous solution.
- the heating temperature varies depending on the type of lipid, the concentration of lipid, the type of water-miscible organic solvent, etc., but is generally in the range of 62 to 80 ° C., particularly in the range of 65 to 72 ° C. However, when t-butanol is used as the water-miscible organic solvent and phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol are used as the lipid, the heating temperature is preferably in the range of 62 to 72 ° C.
- the cooling method is not particularly limited, for example, in addition to a method of putting a container in a bathtub containing cold water, a method of putting the container in a refrigerator or the like with a mixture in the container is adopted. it can.
- the cooling temperature is not limited as long as the temperature is lower than the heating temperature and generates liposomes.
- the cooling temperature is preferably 62 ° C. or lower. In particular, it is preferable to cool to 62 ° C. or lower after heating to 72 ° C. or higher.
- a cooling rate 0.5 degree-C / min or more is preferable, Furthermore, 1 degree-C / min or more is preferable.
- a sugar such as a disaccharide or a polysaccharide may be added as an osmotic pressure adjusting agent.
- a preferred sugar is the disaccharide sucrose.
- Sucrose can also be used by mixing with an aqueous solution containing a water-miscible organic solvent in the form of an aqueous solution. In that case, a suitable concentration of the sucrose aqueous solution is 5 to 70 wt / vol%, and a more preferable concentration is 8 to 50 wt / vol%.
- a known sizing means may be used in combination in order to make the particle size of the liposome suspension more uniform.
- the liposome suspension may be passed through a membrane having a specific pore size by gas pressure to produce a liposome having a desired pore size.
- the process of passing the membrane having the specific pore diameter may be performed once or a plurality of times.
- Cholesterol dissolution method (method for increasing the amount of cholesterol dissolved in an aqueous solution containing a water-miscible organic solvent) Cholesterol, which is a kind of lipid, is usually hardly soluble in water and has a low proportion of being dissolved in the water-miscible organic solvent described above.
- phospholipids are allowed to coexist in an aqueous solution containing the above-described water-miscible organic solvent, cholesterol is easily dissolved by heating.
- a mixture obtained by mixing phospholipid and cholesterol in the above-described aqueous solution is heated, the cholesterol can be easily dissolved in the aqueous solution.
- the heating temperature may be a temperature at which cholesterol is dissolved in an aqueous solution containing phospholipids, a water-miscible organic solvent, or the like, or a temperature that is equal to or higher than the temperature and at which the aqueous solution does not become cloudy.
- a temperature at which cholesterol is dissolved in an aqueous solution containing phospholipids, a water-miscible organic solvent, or the like, or a temperature that is equal to or higher than the temperature and at which the aqueous solution does not become cloudy.
- the cholesterol should be sufficiently dissolved in the aqueous solution at a temperature of 62 to 72 ° C. Can do. Cholesterol is more easily dissolved when it is in the range of 0.8 to 1.5 mol per mol of phospholipid.
- Liposome raw materials a) Phospholipid L- ⁇ -dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) manufactured by NOF Corporation was used. b) Cholesterol CIGOL manufactured by SIGMA was used. c) Stabilizer Sucrose manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. was used. d) Water-miscible organic solvent t-butanol (t-BuOH; special grade) manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1-propanol (special grade) manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 2 manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. -Propanol (special grade), 2-Butoxyethanol (special grade) manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. was used.
- DPPC Phospholipid L- ⁇ -dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
- SIGMA Cholesterol CIGOL manufactured by SIGMA was used.
- Stabilizer Sucrose manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. was used.
- Lipids other than a) and b) DPPG (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol), DPPE (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine), and HSPC (Hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine) were purchased from NOF Corporation.
- SA Stearylamine
- DCP dicetyl phosphate
- the size distribution of liposomes was measured using a particle size distribution meter (ZETA SIZER Nano-ZS, manufactured by Malvern, Inc.) by dynamic light scattering. Liposomes prepared in the experimental examples described below were measured after dilution with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The dilution rate was about 5000 to 10,000 times. The measured value by ZETA SIZER Nano-ZS was calculated as the average particle size Z-Average (d.nm), and the uniformity of the particle size distribution of liposomes was evaluated using the polydispersity index (PDI) value calculated simultaneously as an index. .
- PDI polydispersity index
- the measurement result displayed in “Result quality” of the particle size distribution meter was used as a criterion for determining whether or not liposomes having a uniform particle size distribution were generated.
- “Quality” is displayed as “Good” when the quality judgment standard of Malvern particle size measurement is satisfied.
- the measurement result did not indicate “Good”, it was determined that the sample had a nonuniform particle size distribution that was not suitable for dynamic light scattering.
- FIG. 1 shows a particle size distribution chart of a liposome suspension prepared under the condition where the concentration of t-BuOH is 16 vol%.
- a star mark (*) indicates a non-uniform particle that does not satisfy the quality judgment standard for particle size measurement by Malvern.
- liposomes having particularly uniform particle diameters could be prepared.
- 1-propanol is in the range of 5-19 vol%
- 2-propanol is in the range of 13-26 vol%
- 2-butoxyethanol is in the range of 6-9 vol%
- Liposomes with extremely uniform diameter could be prepared.
- each vial contains 10wt / vol% sucrose solution containing 17vol% t-BuOH, 10wt / vol% sucrose solution containing 17vol% 1-propanol, 10wt / vol% sucrose solution containing 25vol% 2-propanol. Alternatively, 4.85 mL of 10 wt / vol% sucrose solution containing 8 vol% 2-butoxyethanol was added. Each vial was stirred in a warm bath at 70 ° C. for 30 minutes and cooled at room temperature with stirring.
- the liposome suspension was diluted with PBS, the liposome was precipitated by centrifugation, and the supernatant was replaced with PBS (centrifugal washing). By repeating centrifugal washing three times, the liposome dispersion was replaced with PBS, and the water-miscible organic solvent and sucrose outside the liposome were removed.
- the sugar encapsulation rate in the table was determined by the formula: (ratio of sugar concentration and cholesterol concentration after centrifugal washing) / (ratio of sugar concentration and cholesterol concentration before centrifugal washing).
- the liposomes had the same particle size and the same sugar encapsulation rate. It was.
- sucrose sucgar
- sucrose sucgar
- HSPC and 40 mg cholesterol were added to the vial, and then 4 mL of 10 wt / vol% sucrose solution and 0.85 mL of t-BuOH were added to prepare a mixture (6).
- Each vial was stirred in a warm bath at 70 ° C. for 30 minutes and cooled at room temperature with stirring. After cooling, a part of the liposome suspension was collected, diluted with PBS, and the particle size distribution was measured with ZETA SIZER Nano-ZS to determine the average particle size of the liposomes. The results are shown in Table 8.
- the liposomes in the liposome suspension cooled to 50 ° C., 40 ° C. and 30 ° C. by rapid cooling had a very uniform particle size with an average particle size of about 500 nm.
- the liposomes in the liposome suspension treated by natural cooling had a lower particle size uniformity than the above three types of liposomes.
- Liposomes produced according to the present invention can be used for DDS, cosmetic microcapsules, and the like.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2008年12月24日付けで出願した日本国特願2008-328724号に基づく優先権を主張する。この文献を本明細書に援用する。
リポソームには、その小胞内部に薬剤等の生理活性物質を含まない空リポソーム(Empty-Liposome)および生理活性物質を内包するリポソームが含まれる。また、リポソームには、一重の脂質二重膜から成る比較的粒子の小さなベシクル(Small Unilameller Vesicles: SUV)、一重の脂質二重膜から成る比較的粒子の大きなベシクル(Large Unilameller Vesicles: LUV)の他、複数の膜から成るベシクル(Multi-Lameller Vesicles: MLV)も含まれる。リポソームは、いかなる大きさのものを含んでいてもよいが、平均粒径が50~2000nmであることが好ましく、平均粒径が100~700nmであることが特に好ましい。ここでいう「粒径」は、動的光散乱によって測定された粒子の直径を意味する。また、好ましい多分散指数(PDI)は、0.3以下である。
本実施の形態に係るリポソームの製造方法は、1以上の脂質と、水混和性有機溶媒を含む水溶液を混合した混合物を加熱する加熱工程と、加熱工程後に混合物を冷却する冷却工程とを含む限り、公知の製造方法を応用しても良い。より具体的には、リポソームの粒子径を調節するために、超音波照射法、エクストルージョン法、フレンチプレス法、ホモジナイゼーション法等を本発明の方法に組み合わせてもよい。
脂質の一種であるコレステロールは、通常、水に溶けにくく、上述の水混和性有機溶媒に溶解する割合が低い。しかし、上述の水混和性有機溶媒を含む水溶液にリン脂質を共存させると、加熱によりコレステロールが溶解しやすくなる。具体的には、リン脂質とコレステロールとを、上述の水溶液に混合した混合物を加熱すると、コレステロールを水溶液中に容易に溶解させることができる。
以上のような製造方法によって、粒径の揃ったリポソームを得ることができる。しかしながら、有機溶媒によっては適用できないものもある。そこで、候補となる有機溶媒を用いて上記のリポソームの製造方法によってリポソームを製造し、製造されたリポソームが均一であるかどうか検査することによって、この製造方法で使用できる有機溶媒かどうかを判定し、実際に適用可能な有機溶媒を選択することができる。
a)リン脂質
日油株式会社製のL-α-ジパルミトイルホスファチジルコリン(DPPC)を用いた。
b)コレステロール
SIGMA社製のコレステロール(Chol.)を用いた。
c)安定化剤
和光純薬工業株式会社製のスクロースを用いた。
d)水混和性有機溶媒
和光純薬工業株式会社製のt-ブタノール(t-BuOH;特級)、和光純薬工業株式会社製の1-プロパノール(特級)、和光純薬工業株式会社製の2-プロパノール(特級)、
和光純薬工業株式会社製の2-ブトキシエタノール(特級)を用いた。
e)a)及びb)以外の脂質
DPPG(ジパルミトイルホスファチジルグリセロール)、DPPE(ジパルミトイルホスファチジルエタノールアミン)、及びHSPC(Hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine)は、日油株式会社から購入した。ステアリルアミン(SA)及びDCP(ジセチルホスフェート)は、和光純薬工業株式会社及びシグマ社からそれぞれ購入した。
リポソームの粒度分布の測定は、動的光散乱による粒度分布計(マルバーン社製、ZETA SIZER Nano-ZS)を用いて行った。後述の実験例において調製されたリポソームは、リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水(PBS)で希釈してから測定した。希釈倍率は5000から10000倍程度とした。ZETA SIZER Nano-ZSによる測定値は、平均粒子径 Z-Average (d.nm)として算出され、同時に算出される多分散指数(PDI)の値を指標としてリポソームの粒度分布の均一性を評価した。
3.1:リン脂質およびコレステロールの溶解温度範囲の検討
380mgのDPPCおよび200mgのコレステロールをガラスバイアル中に秤量し、20mLの10wt/vol%スクロースおよび4.25mLのt-BuOHの混合液を添加した。このバイアルをウオータバス中で80℃に保温しながら10分間撹拌した。80℃における溶液は白濁状態であった。次に、撹拌を継続しながらウオータバスの保温を止め、室温下にて自然冷却を行った。ウオータバスの水温は、80℃から35℃まで冷却されるのに約90分間を要した。80℃における溶液は白濁状態であったが、72℃付近から溶液はわずかに青白い透明状態となり62℃付近までその透明状態を維持した。62℃付近から溶液は白く濁り始め、58℃で完全に白濁状態となった。以上の状態変化は可逆的であり、室温から段階的に昇温した場合も同様の状態変化が観察された。
75.9mgのDPPCもしくは40mgのコレステロールをそれぞれガラスバイアル中に秤量し、それぞれのガラスバイアル中に4mLの10 wt/vol%スクロースと0.85mLのt-BuOHの混合液を添加し、3.1と同様の実験を行った。DPPCのみを用いた場合には、80℃から50℃までの間、水溶液は透明状態であった。48℃付近でわずかに青白い透明液状態となり約35℃までその状態を維持し、約35℃から急激に白濁状態となった。一方、コレステロールのみを用いた場合には、いずれの温度においても、バイアル壁に付着したコレステロールの凝集塊が認められ、透明状態とはならなかった。
ガラスバイアル中に、32.7mgのDPPCと17.2mgのコレステロールを加えた。この脂質混合物に、表1に示す容量比でt-BuOHと2mLの50%スクロース溶液を混合後、純水を添加して終容積10mLとすることにより、t-BuOHの濃度を種々変化させた溶液を調製した。
t-BuOHを1-プロパノール、2-プロパノール、又は2-ブトキシエタノールに変更する他は、3.3と同様の方法により、好ましい水混和性溶媒の濃度範囲を調べた。その結果を表3~5に示す。
75.9mgのDPPC、40.0mgのコレステロール、及び、14.3mgのステアリルアミン又は0.772mgのDPPGを各バイアルに加えた。その後、各バイアルに、17vol%のt-BuOHを含む10wt/vol%スクロース溶液、17vol%の1-プロパノールを含む10wt/vol%スクロース溶液、25vol%の2-プロパノールを含む10wt/vol%スクロース溶液、又は8vol%の2-ブトキシエタノールを含む10wt/vol%スクロース溶液をそれぞれ4.85mL添加した。各バイアルを70℃の温浴中で30分間攪拌し、攪拌しながら室温下で冷却した。冷却後、リポソーム懸濁液の一部を分取し、PBSで希釈してZETA SIZER Nano-ZSによる粒度分布測定を行った。その結果を表6~7及び図2~3に示す。さらに、リポソーム懸濁液をPBSで希釈し、遠心分離によりリポソームを沈殿させて上澄み液をPBSに置換した(遠心洗浄)。遠心洗浄を3回繰り返すことにより、リポソーム分散液をPBSに置換すると共に、水混和性有機溶媒及びリポソーム外のスクロースを除去した。それから、リポソーム懸濁液のコレステロール定量を行なった後、リポソーム内に封入保持された、リポソームの調製に用いた糖(スクロース)の含量をフェノール硫酸法にて測定した。なお、表中の糖封入率は式:(遠心洗浄後の糖濃度とコレステロール濃度の比)/(遠心洗浄前の糖濃度とコレステロール濃度の比)により求めた。
76mgのDPPC及び40mgのコレステロールをバイアルに加えた後、4mLの10wt/vol%スクロース溶液と0.85mLのt-BuOHを加え、混合液(1)を調製した。76mgのDPPC、40mg又は30mgのコレステロール、及び0.77mgのDPPGをバイアルに加えた後、4mLの10wt/vol%スクロース溶液と0.85mLのt-BuOHを加え、混合液(2)及び(3)を調製した。67.7mgのDPPC、40.6mgのコレステロール、9.1mgのDPPE、及び7.3mgのDCPをバイアルに加えた後、4mLの10wt/vol%スクロース溶液と0.85mLのt-BuOHを加え、混合液(4)を調製した。76mgのDPPC、40mgのコレステロール、及び14.3mgのSAをバイアルに加えた後、4mLの10wt/vol%スクロース溶液と0.85mLのt-BuOHを加え、混合液(5)を調製した。76mgのHSPC及び40mgのコレステロールをバイアルに加えた後、4mLの10wt/vol%スクロース溶液と0.85mLのt-BuOHを加え、混合液(6)を調製した。各バイアルを70℃の温浴中で30分間攪拌し、攪拌しながら室温下で冷却した。冷却後、リポソーム懸濁液の一部を分取し、PBSで希釈してZETA SIZER Nano-ZSによる粒度分布測定を行い、リポソームの平均粒度を求めた。その結果を表8に示す。
1.75mLのt-BuOH、2mLの50%スクロース水溶液、終容量が10mLになるように純水を添加し、17.5vol%のt-BuOHを含む溶液を調製した。続いて、ガラスバイアル中に32.7mgのDPPCと17.2mgのコレステロールを加えた。この脂質混合物に、17.5vol%のt-BuOHを含む溶液を2mL添加した。当該バイアルをウオータバス中で70℃に保温しながら10分間撹拌した。その後、当該バイアルを50℃、40℃および30℃のウオータバスに移し、冷却速度:1℃/min以上にて冷却した。50℃、40℃および30℃になった時点でリポソーム懸濁液の一部をそれぞれ分取して、PBSで希釈し、ZETA SIZER Nano-ZSによる粒度分布測定を行った。また、比較のため、上記と同じ脂質混合物に、17.5vol%のt-BuOHを含む溶液を2mL添加したバイアルをウオータバス中で80℃に保温しながら10分間撹拌し、撹拌を継続しながらウオータバスの保温を止め、室温下で自然冷却を行った。80℃から35℃までの冷却に90分を要した(冷却速度:0.5℃/min)。35℃になった時点でリポソーム懸濁液の一部を分取して、PBSで希釈し、ZETA SIZER Nano-ZSによる粒度分布測定を行った。その結果を表9に示す。
Claims (8)
- 1以上の脂質と、水と、有機溶媒とを含む混合物を加熱する加熱工程と、
前記加熱工程後に、前記混合物を冷却する冷却工程と、
を含むリポソームの製造方法。 - 前記混合物が、前記脂質と、水混和性有機溶媒を含む水溶液とを混合した混合物であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリポソームの製造方法。
- 前記水溶液は、全容量に対して5~30体積%の前記水混和性有機溶媒を含む請求項1又は2に記載のリポソームの製造方法。
- 前記水混和性有機溶媒が、t-ブタノール、1-プロパノール、2-プロパノール、及び2-ブトキシエタノールから選択された1又は2以上の有機溶媒を含む請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のリポソームの製造方法。
- コレステロールを、リン脂質、及び、水混和性有機溶媒を含む水溶液と混合した混合物を加熱する工程を含むコレステロール溶解方法。
- 前記水溶液は、全容量に対して5~30体積%の前記水混和性有機溶媒を含む請求項5に記載のコレステロール溶解方法。
- 前記水混和性有機溶媒が、t-ブタノール、1-プロパノール、2-プロパノール、及び2-ブトキシエタノールから選択された1又は2以上の有機溶媒を含む請求項5又は6に記載のコレステロール溶解方法。
- リポソーム製造に用いることのできる有機溶媒の選択方法であって、
候補となる有機溶媒を用いて請求項1~3のいずれかの方法によってリポソームを製造する工程と、
前記リポソームが均一であるかどうか検査する工程と、
を含む選択方法。
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JPWO2012150663A1 (ja) * | 2011-05-02 | 2014-07-28 | 株式会社バイオメッドコア | 改良された糖被覆リポソーム組成物 |
JP6062360B2 (ja) * | 2011-05-02 | 2017-01-18 | 株式会社バイオメッドコア | 改良された糖被覆リポソーム組成物 |
JP2017171632A (ja) * | 2016-03-25 | 2017-09-28 | 新日本製薬株式会社 | 化粧品原料及び皮膚外用剤組成物 |
JP2018111079A (ja) * | 2017-01-13 | 2018-07-19 | 国立大学法人名古屋大学 | 脂質二重膜構造体とその製造方法 |
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US20110250262A1 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
JP2011256199A (ja) | 2011-12-22 |
JP4857392B2 (ja) | 2012-01-18 |
EP2368627A4 (en) | 2015-01-14 |
CA2735968A1 (en) | 2010-07-01 |
CN102137713A (zh) | 2011-07-27 |
EP2368627A1 (en) | 2011-09-28 |
JPWO2010074172A1 (ja) | 2012-06-21 |
AU2009331158A1 (en) | 2010-07-01 |
EA201170286A1 (ru) | 2011-10-31 |
KR20110110086A (ko) | 2011-10-06 |
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