WO2009119129A1 - 光電変換装置及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
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- WO2009119129A1 WO2009119129A1 PCT/JP2009/050178 JP2009050178W WO2009119129A1 WO 2009119129 A1 WO2009119129 A1 WO 2009119129A1 JP 2009050178 W JP2009050178 W JP 2009050178W WO 2009119129 A1 WO2009119129 A1 WO 2009119129A1
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- H01L31/02—Details
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- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/0445—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells including thin film solar cells, e.g. single thin film a-Si, CIS or CdTe solar cells
- H01L31/046—PV modules composed of a plurality of thin film solar cells deposited on the same substrate
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/0445—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells including thin film solar cells, e.g. single thin film a-Si, CIS or CdTe solar cells
- H01L31/046—PV modules composed of a plurality of thin film solar cells deposited on the same substrate
- H01L31/0463—PV modules composed of a plurality of thin film solar cells deposited on the same substrate characterised by special patterning methods to connect the PV cells in a module, e.g. laser cutting of the conductive or active layers
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/075—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PIN type, e.g. amorphous silicon PIN solar cells
- H01L31/076—Multiple junction or tandem solar cells
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- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/548—Amorphous silicon PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion device and a manufacturing method thereof, and particularly to a solar cell using silicon as a power generation layer.
- a solar cell is known as a photoelectric conversion device that receives light and converts it into electric power.
- solar cells for example, a thin-film solar cell in which a thin-film silicon layer is stacked on a power generation layer (photoelectric conversion layer) is easy to increase in area, and the film thickness is about 1/100 that of a crystalline solar cell.
- the thin film silicon solar cell can be manufactured at a lower cost than the crystalline solar cell.
- a disadvantage of the thin-film silicon solar cell is that the conversion efficiency is lower than that of the crystal system.
- a tandem solar cell has been proposed that obtains high power generation efficiency by efficiently absorbing incident light by stacking two photoelectric conversion cells having different absorption wavelength bands.
- long wavelength light with a wavelength of 500 nm to 1000 nm is absorbed in the crystalline silicon layer of the photoelectric conversion cell, but the incident light is reflected in the solar cell because the absorption coefficient of crystalline silicon in the same wavelength region is small. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the optical path length and increase the amount of light absorption in crystalline silicon. For this reason, in the super straight type in which sunlight is incident from the transparent substrate side, improvement of the back surface structure on the side opposite to the light incident side with respect to the power generation layer has been studied.
- a back electrode is formed of a metal exhibiting a high reflectance with respect to light in the wavelength range of sunlight radiation spectrum, and a transparent conductive layer is provided between the back electrode and the silicon semiconductor layer. It is disclosed to form. By forming the transparent conductive layer, it is possible to prevent the back electrode material and the silicon thin film from being alloyed, maintain the high reflectivity of the back electrode, and prevent the conversion efficiency from being lowered.
- Japanese Patent Publication No. 60-41878 Japanese Patent Publication No. 60-41878
- the conversion efficiency of the solar cell can be improved by improving the back surface structure while paying attention to the layer structure.
- it is not sufficient to improve the layer structure alone to further improve the conversion efficiency.
- the shape of the substrate side surface of the metal layer is transparent on the back side in contact with the metal layer.
- the metal layer is laminated following the minute irregularities.
- the transparent electrode layer is generally formed, for example, in the range of 120 ° C. to 200 ° C. and a high substrate temperature condition in order to increase conductivity.
- a high substrate temperature condition in order to increase conductivity.
- crystal grains grow, and the conductivity of the transparent electrode layer can be increased by improving the film quality and reducing the interface.
- film formation is performed under a high substrate temperature condition, crystallization proceeds and crystal grains become coarse.
- the surface shape of the transparent electrode layer reflects the crystal grains and becomes a minute uneven shape. That is, there has been a problem that minute irregularities are formed on the substrate side surface of the metal layer.
- the present invention provides a photoelectric conversion device that improves the light absorption characteristics of the power generation layer by optimizing the surface shape of the back surface structure, and a method for manufacturing the photoelectric conversion device.
- silver having good light reflectivity is used as the back side transparent electrode layer material.
- an ideal high reflectance about 98%) can be realized.
- surface plasmon absorption due to the presence of minute irregularities on the surface of the silver thin film, light absorption by surface plasmon resonance occurs on the surface of the silver thin film (hereinafter referred to as surface plasmon absorption).
- surface plasmon absorption occurs, light that enters from the substrate side, passes through the power generation layer, and reaches the silver thin film as the back electrode layer is absorbed at the interface between the silver thin film and the back surface transparent electrode layer. The reflected light to the is reduced. As a result, the amount of light absorbed by the power generation layer decreases, and the generated current decreases (that is, conversion efficiency decreases).
- the inventors of the present invention focused on the back side transparent electrode layer and found that the generated current can be increased by controlling and optimizing the surface shape of the back side transparent electrode layer.
- the photoelectric conversion device of the present invention is a photoelectric conversion device including a first transparent electrode layer, a power generation layer, a second transparent electrode layer, and a back electrode layer on a substrate in order from the substrate side.
- the back electrode layer comprises a silver thin film
- the back electrode layer side surface of the second transparent electrode layer has a fine irregular shape
- the projection of the back electrode layer side surface of the second transparent electrode layer is projected.
- the surface area increase rate relative to the area is 10% or more and 32% or less.
- the surface shape of the second transparent electrode layer (back surface side transparent electrode layer) on the back surface electrode side is formed with the second transparent electrode layer in addition to the large uneven shape due to the texture of the first transparent electrode layer as the base. There are minute uneven shapes resulting from conditions.
- the surface shape on the substrate side of the back electrode layer is substantially the same as the shape of the surface on the back electrode side of the second transparent electrode layer.
- the surface of the second transparent electrode layer on the back electrode layer side has a fine uneven shape, and the surface area increase rate with respect to the projected area is 10% or more and 32% or less, whereby the back electrode layer surface provided with the silver thin film The light loss due to surface plasmon absorption at the surface is reduced as compared with the conventional case, and the reflected light increases.
- the surface area increase rate ( ⁇ S) in the present invention is expressed as follows, assuming that the three-dimensional surface area on the back electrode layer side surface of the second transparent electrode layer is S, and the two-dimensional projected area when the surface is projected on a plane is S 0 . It is represented by (1).
- ⁇ S (%) ⁇ (S / S 0 ) ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ 100 (1)
- the photoelectric conversion device of the present invention is a photoelectric conversion device comprising a first transparent electrode layer, a power generation layer, a second transparent electrode layer, and a back electrode layer in order from the substrate side on the substrate.
- the back electrode layer comprises a silver thin film
- the back electrode layer side surface of the second transparent electrode layer has a fine uneven shape
- the second transparent electrode layer has a needle-like crystal.
- the fine structure on the surface of the second transparent electrode layer becomes dense. Since the unevenness of the surface unevenness becomes small, the film has good smoothness. Since the substrate side surface of the back electrode layer also has substantially the same shape, light loss due to surface plasmon absorption on the surface of the back electrode layer including the silver thin film is reduced as compared with the conventional case, and the reflected light is increased. For this reason, the short circuit current in the power generation layer can be increased. As a result, the conversion efficiency can be improved by increasing the output of the photoelectric conversion device.
- the ratio of the length of the acicular crystal in the film thickness direction of the second transparent electrode layer to the length of the acicular crystal in the in-plane direction of the second transparent electrode layer is 2.2 or more. It is preferable.
- the ratio (aspect ratio) of the length in the film thickness direction to the length in the in-plane direction of the acicular crystal is 2.2 or more, preferably 2.5 or more, more preferably 2.8 or more.
- the fine structure on the surface of the second transparent electrode layer becomes denser, and the smoothness of the surface is further improved. As a result, the output and conversion efficiency of the photoelectric conversion device can be further improved.
- the power generation layer includes two or more battery layers, and has at least one intermediate contact layer provided between one battery layer and another battery layer closest to the one battery layer. May be.
- the intermediate contact layer has an effect of enhancing optical confinement.
- the reflected light from the back electrode layer and the second transparent electrode layer can be increased, and the short-circuit current improvement effect is enhanced.
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion device of the present invention includes a step of forming a first transparent electrode layer, a step of forming a power generation layer, and a step of forming a second transparent electrode layer on the substrate in order from the substrate side. And a step of forming a back electrode layer, wherein the back electrode layer includes a silver thin film, and the second transparent electrode layer is formed at a substrate temperature of 20 ° C. or higher and 90 ° C. or lower. It is characterized by doing.
- the second transparent electrode layer has been formed in a substrate temperature range of 120 ° C. to 200 ° C.
- the back electrode layer side surface of the second transparent electrode layer is high or low.
- the difference becomes a fine uneven shape with a small difference, resulting in a nearly smooth surface.
- the substrate side surface of the back electrode layer also has substantially the same shape. For this reason, it is possible to reduce light loss due to surface plasmon absorption on the surface of the back electrode layer including the silver thin film, increase reflected light, and improve a short-circuit current in the power generation layer. As a result, a photoelectric conversion device having high conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- the second transparent electrode layer is formed so that the surface area increase rate with respect to the projected area of the surface of the second transparent electrode layer on the back electrode layer side is 10% or more and 32% or less.
- the second transparent electrode layer has a highly smooth surface. For this reason, a photoelectric conversion device having high conversion efficiency, which can reduce light loss due to surface plasmon absorption on the surface of the back electrode layer including a silver thin film, increase reflected light, and improve a short circuit current in the power generation layer. Can be obtained.
- the second transparent electrode layer preferably has a needle crystal.
- the ratio of the length of the needle crystal in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the second transparent electrode layer to the length of the needle crystal in the in-plane direction of the second transparent electrode layer is 2.2 or more. It is preferable.
- the second transparent electrode layer Since the second transparent electrode layer has needle-like crystals, the fine structure of the back electrode side surface of the second transparent electrode layer becomes dense, and the difference in level of the unevenness on the surface becomes smaller, so the back surface of the second transparent electrode layer The electrode side surface has high smoothness. For this reason, a photoelectric conversion device having high conversion efficiency, which can reduce light loss due to surface plasmon absorption on the surface of the back electrode layer including a silver thin film, increase reflected light, and improve a short circuit current in the power generation layer. Can be obtained.
- the ratio (aspect ratio) of the length in the plane perpendicular direction to the length in the in-plane direction of the acicular crystal is 2.2 or more, preferably 2.5 or more, more preferably 2.8 or more, 2 Since the fine structure of the surface of the transparent electrode layer is denser, the smoothness of the surface is further improved. As a result, a photoelectric conversion device having a large output and high conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- the surface of the second transparent electrode layer on the back electrode layer side has a fine uneven shape, and the surface area increase rate relative to the projected area of the surface is 10% or more and 32% or less.
- the substrate side surface of the back electrode layer provided with the silver thin film also has substantially the same shape as the back electrode layer side surface of the second transparent electrode layer. Since the back electrode layer has the substrate-side surface of the above shape, loss due to surface plasmon light absorption in the back electrode layer is reduced, and reflected light is increased. For this reason, the short circuit current in the power generation layer increases, and a photoelectric conversion device having high conversion efficiency is obtained.
- the surface of the second transparent electrode layer on the back electrode layer side has a fine uneven shape, and the second transparent electrode layer has a needle crystal.
- the fine structure of the surface of the second transparent electrode layer becomes dense, the unevenness of the surface unevenness becomes small, and the surface becomes smoother than before.
- the loss due to the surface plasmon light absorption in the back electrode layer is reduced, the reflected light is increased, and a photoelectric conversion device having high conversion efficiency is obtained.
- the second transparent electrode layer By forming the second transparent electrode layer at a substrate temperature in the range of 20 ° C. or higher and 90 ° C. or lower, a photoelectric conversion device in which the back surface electrode side surface of the second transparent electrode layer has the above shape can be manufactured. .
- the surface shape of the second transparent electrode layer is optimized so that the loss due to surface plasmon light absorption in the back electrode layer is reduced and the reflected light is increased. Therefore, a photoelectric conversion device having a large output and high conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a photoelectric conversion apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion device 100 is a silicon-based solar cell, and includes a substrate 1, a first transparent electrode layer 2, a first battery layer 91 (amorphous silicon) as a power generation layer 3, and a second battery layer 92 (crystalline silicon). System), the second transparent electrode layer 6 and the back electrode layer 4 are provided as a back surface structure.
- the silicon-based is a generic name including silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC), and silicon germanium (SiGe).
- the crystalline silicon system means a silicon system other than the amorphous silicon system, and includes a microcrystalline silicon and a polycrystalline silicon system.
- FIG. 2 As the substrate 1, a soda float glass substrate (for example, 1.4 m ⁇ 1.1 m ⁇ plate thickness: a large area substrate having a side of 3 to 6 mm exceeding 1 m) is used.
- the end face of the substrate is preferably subjected to corner chamfering or R chamfering to prevent damage due to thermal stress or impact.
- FIG. 2 (b) As the first transparent electrode layer 2, a transparent electrode film having a thickness of about 500 nm or more and 800 nm or less mainly composed of tin oxide (SnO 2 ) is formed at about 500 ° C. with a thermal CVD apparatus. At this time, a texture with appropriate irregularities is formed on the surface of the transparent electrode film.
- an alkali barrier film (not shown) may be formed between the substrate 1 and the transparent electrode film.
- a silicon oxide film (SiO 2 ) having a thickness of 50 nm or more and 150 nm or less is formed at about 500 ° C. using a thermal CVD apparatus.
- FIG. 2 (c) Thereafter, the substrate 1 is set on an XY table, and the first harmonic (1064 nm) of the YAG laser is incident from the layer surface side of the first transparent electrode layer as indicated by an arrow in the figure.
- the laser power is adjusted so that the processing speed is appropriate, and the substrate 10 and the laser beam are moved relative to each other in the direction perpendicular to the series connection direction of the power generation cells so that the groove 10 is formed. And laser etching into a strip shape having a predetermined width of about 6 mm to 15 mm.
- FIG. 2 (d) As the first battery layer 91, a p layer, an i layer, and an n layer made of an amorphous silicon thin film are formed by a plasma CVD apparatus. Using SiH 4 gas and H 2 gas as main raw materials, amorphous silicon p from the incident side of sunlight on the first transparent electrode layer 2 at a reduced pressure atmosphere: 30 Pa to 1000 Pa, substrate temperature: about 200 ° C. The layer 31, the amorphous silicon i layer 32, and the amorphous silicon n layer 33 are formed in this order. The amorphous silicon p layer 31 is an amorphous B-doped silicon film and has a thickness of 10 nm to 30 nm.
- the amorphous silicon i layer 32 has a thickness of 200 nm to 350 nm.
- the amorphous silicon n layer 33 is a P-doped amorphous silicon film and has a thickness of 30 nm to 50 nm.
- a crystalline silicon film may be formed, or a laminated structure of an amorphous silicon film and a crystalline silicon film may be used.
- a buffer layer may be provided between the amorphous silicon p layer 31 and the amorphous silicon i layer 32 in order to improve interface characteristics.
- p layer, i layer, and n layer which consist of a crystalline silicon thin film as a 2nd battery layer 92 are formed into a film with a plasma CVD apparatus.
- SiH 4 gas and H 2 gas as main raw materials, under reduced pressure atmosphere: 3000 Pa or less, substrate temperature: about 200 ° C., plasma generation frequency: 40 MHz or more and 100 MHz or less, crystalline silicon p layer 41, crystalline silicon i layer 42 Then, the crystalline silicon n layer 43 is formed in this order.
- the crystalline silicon p layer 41 is a B-doped crystalline silicon film having a thickness of 10 nm to 50 nm.
- the film thickness of the crystalline silicon i layer 42 is 1.2 ⁇ m or more and 3.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the crystalline silicon n layer 43 is a P-doped crystalline silicon film having a thickness of 20 nm to 50 nm.
- the intermediate contact layer 5 serving as a semi-reflective film is formed on the first battery layer 91 in order to improve the contact between the first battery layer 91 and the second battery layer 92 and to achieve current matching. You may do it.
- a target: Ga-doped ZnO sintered body is used to form a GZO (Ga-doped ZnO) film having a film thickness of 20 nm or more and 100 nm or less using a DC sputtering apparatus.
- FIG. 2 (e) The substrate 1 is placed on an XY table, and the second harmonic (532 nm) of the laser diode-pumped YAG laser is incident from the film surface side of the photoelectric conversion layer 3 as shown by the arrow in the figure.
- Pulse oscillation The laser power is adjusted to be 10 kHz or more and 20 kHz or less so as to be suitable for the processing speed, and the groove 11 is formed on the lateral side of the laser etching line of the first transparent electrode layer 2 from about 100 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m.
- Laser etching The laser may be incident from the substrate 1 side.
- the position of the laser etching line is selected in consideration of positioning tolerances so as not to intersect with the etching line in the previous process.
- FIG. 3 (a) A second transparent electrode layer 6 and a back electrode layer 4 are formed in this order on the crystalline silicon n layer 43 of the second battery layer 92.
- a GZO film is formed by a sputtering apparatus.
- a film is formed at discharge gas: argon and oxygen, film thickness: 50 nm to 150 nm, substrate temperature: 20 ° C. to 90 ° C., preferably 20 ° C. to 60 ° C.
- an Ag film is formed by a sputtering apparatus at a discharge gas of argon and a film forming temperature of about 150 ° C.
- an Ag film: 200 to 500 nm and a Ti film having a high anticorrosion effect as a protective film: 10 to 20 nm may be laminated in this order to form an Ag film / Ti film laminated film. good.
- the layer structure is such that an Ag film is provided on the substrate side.
- FIG. 3 (b) The substrate 1 is placed on the XY table, and the second harmonic (532 nm) of the laser diode pumped YAG laser is incident from the substrate 1 side as indicated by the arrow in the figure.
- the laser light is absorbed by the photoelectric conversion layer 3, and the back electrode layer 4 is exploded and removed using the high gas vapor pressure generated at this time.
- Laser power is adjusted so as to be suitable for processing speed, and laser etching is performed so that grooves 12 are formed on the lateral side of the laser etching line of the transparent electrode layer 2 from about 250 ⁇ m to 400 ⁇ m. To do.
- FIG. 3 (c) The power generation region is divided to eliminate the influence that the serial connection portion due to laser etching is likely to be short-circuited at the film edge around the substrate edge.
- the substrate 1 is placed on an XY table, and the second harmonic (532 nm) of the laser diode pumped YAG laser is incident from the substrate 1 side. Laser light is absorbed by the transparent electrode layer 2 and the photoelectric conversion layer 3, and the back electrode layer 4 explodes using the high gas vapor pressure generated at this time, and the back electrode layer 4 / photoelectric conversion layer 3 / transparent electrode Layer 2 is removed.
- Pulse oscillation 1 kHz or more and 10 kHz or less
- the laser power is adjusted so as to be suitable for the processing speed, and the position of 5 mm to 20 mm from the end of the substrate 1 is placed in the X-direction insulating groove as shown in FIG.
- Laser etching is performed to form 15.
- the Y-direction insulating groove does not need to be provided because the film surface polishing removal process in the peripheral region of the substrate 1 is performed in a later step.
- the insulating groove 15 has an effective effect in suppressing external moisture intrusion into the solar cell module 7 from the end of the solar cell panel by terminating the etching at a position of 5 mm to 10 mm from the end of the substrate 1. Therefore, it is preferable.
- the laser beam in the above steps is a YAG laser
- a YVO4 laser or a fiber laser there are some that can use a YVO4 laser or a fiber laser in the same manner.
- FIG. 4 (a) In order to secure a sound adhesion / seal surface with the back sheet 24 via EVA or the like in a later process, the laminated film around the substrate 1 (peripheral region 14) has a step and is easy to peel off. Remove. 3 mm from the end of the substrate 1 over the entire circumference of the substrate 1, the X direction is closer to the substrate end than the insulating groove 15 provided in the above-described step of FIG. 3C, and the Y direction is a groove near the substrate end side.
- the back electrode layer 4 / photoelectric conversion layer 3 / transparent electrode layer 2 is removed using grinding stone polishing, blast polishing, or the like on the substrate end side with respect to 10. Polishing debris and abrasive grains are removed by cleaning the substrate 1.
- FIG. 4 At the terminal box mounting portion, an opening through window is provided in the back sheet 24 and the current collector plate is taken out. A plurality of layers of insulating materials are installed in the opening through window portion to suppress intrusion of moisture and the like from the outside.
- Processing is performed so that power can be extracted from the terminal box portion on the back side of the solar cell panel by collecting copper foil from the one end solar cell and the other end solar cell.
- the copper foil arranges an insulating sheet wider than the copper foil width.
- an adhesive filler sheet made of EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer) or the like is arranged so as to cover the entire solar cell module 7 and not to protrude from the substrate 1. .
- a back sheet 24 having a high waterproofing effect is installed on the EVA.
- the back sheet 24 has a three-layer structure of PET sheet / Al foil / PET sheet so that the waterproof and moisture-proof effect is high.
- the one with the back sheet 24 arranged at a predetermined position is deaerated inside in a reduced pressure atmosphere by a laminator and pressed at about 150 ° C. to 160 ° C., and EVA is crosslinked and brought into close contact.
- FIG. 5 (a) The terminal box 23 is attached to the back side of the solar cell module 7 with an adhesive.
- FIG. 5 (12) FIG. 5 (b) The copper foil and the output cable of the terminal box 23 are connected with solder or the like, and the inside of the terminal box is filled with a sealing agent (potting agent) and sealed. Thus, the solar cell panel 50 is completed.
- a sealing agent potting agent
- FIG. 5 (c) A power generation inspection and a predetermined performance test are performed on the solar cell panel 50 formed in the steps up to FIG.
- the power generation inspection is performed using a solar simulator of AM1.5 and solar radiation standard sunlight (1000 W / m 2 ).
- FIG. 5 Before and after the power generation inspection (FIG. 5C), a predetermined performance inspection is performed including an appearance inspection.
- the surface of the second transparent electrode layer 6 on the back electrode layer 4 side has a minute uneven shape, and the surface area increase rate with respect to the projected area is 10% or more.
- the surface becomes 32% or less, and the surface has good smoothness.
- the surface area increase rate is, for example, the three-dimensional area (S) obtained from the atomic force electron microscope (AFM) image of the surface on the back electrode layer side of the second transparent electrode layer in the predetermined visual field, and the second transparent electrode layer in the predetermined visual field. From the two-dimensional projected area (S 0 ) generated by projecting the surface of the back electrode layer side onto the plane, it can be calculated using Equation (1).
- the second transparent electrode layer 6 of the solar cell manufactured in the above process has needle-like crystals in which crystals grow in the film thickness direction and one crystal structure penetrates in the film thickness direction.
- the fine structure of the surface of the second transparent electrode layer 6 on the back electrode layer 4 side becomes dense and the unevenness of the surface unevenness becomes smaller, so that the film has good smoothness.
- the length in the film thickness direction of the crystal structure of the second transparent electrode layer is equal to the film thickness of the second transparent electrode layer because one crystal structure penetrates in the film thickness direction.
- the film thickness of the second transparent electrode layer is measured from a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) cross-sectional observation photograph, step measurement, calculated from the film forming conditions using a calibration curve between the film forming conditions and the film thickness, etc. Obtained by the method.
- the length of the crystal structure in the in-plane direction of the second transparent electrode layer is obtained from the period at which the power spectrum density is maximized by power spectrum density (PSD) analysis of an atomic force electron microscope (AFM) image.
- the back electrode layer 4 has a surface shape that follows the back electrode side 4 surface of the second transparent electrode layer 6. That is, as shown in FIG. 1, the shape of the surface 1 on the substrate side of the back electrode layer 4 is substantially the same as the surface on the back electrode layer 4 side of the second transparent electrode layer 6.
- the substrate 1 side surface of the back electrode layer 4 has the above-described surface shape, loss due to surface plasmon light absorption in the back electrode layer 4 is reduced, and reflected light increases. For this reason, the solar cell of this embodiment has a short circuit current in the power generation layer and a large output and high conversion efficiency.
- the shape of the surface of the second transparent electrode layer 6 on the side of the back electrode layer 4 in the solar cell of this embodiment is such that, for example, the back electrode layer 4 is removed by chemical removal or peeling using a chemical, so that the second transparent electrode It can be confirmed by exposing the layer 6 and observing it with an AFM or FESEM.
- a GZO film was formed on a glass substrate.
- target Ga-doped ZnO sintered body
- discharge gas argon and oxygen
- film thickness aiming at 80 nm
- substrate temperature 25 ° C., 60 ° C., 135 ° C., 200 ° C. were formed.
- the surface shape of the GZO film formed under each substrate temperature condition is AFM (Digital Instruments, NanoScope D-3100), viewing angle: 2 ⁇ m ⁇ 2 ⁇ m, resolution: 512 pixels, Z range: 100 nm / div or Two arbitrary visual fields of the same sample were observed in the tapping mode at 500 nm / div.
- the average value of the surface area increase rate was obtained from the obtained AFM image.
- the height and width of the irregularities of 15 points (total 30 points) randomly extracted per field in the cross-sectional profile of the AFM image (distance between the peaks and valleys of the irregularities) were measured. The average value of was calculated.
- a one-dimensional power spectrum density analysis of the AFM image was performed.
- the horizontal axis of power spectrum density is the period and the dimension of distance.
- a peak is shown in a period corresponding to the distance. That is, the period giving the maximum power spectral density represents the pitch of the surface shape.
- the GZO film formed under each substrate temperature condition was observed with FESEM (manufactured by JEOL Ltd., FESEM JSM-6301F) at an acceleration voltage of 3 keV, a magnification of 100,000 times, and a conductive coating of Pt coat.
- FESEM manufactured by JEOL Ltd., FESEM JSM-6301F
- Table 1 shows the surface area increase rate of the GZO film formed at each substrate temperature, and the height and width of the unevenness obtained from the AFM image.
- the higher the substrate temperature the larger the surface area increase rate and the higher the unevenness.
- the higher the substrate temperature during film formation the higher the power spectrum density was detected. That is, the result that the difference in height of the fine irregularities on the surface becomes large when the substrate temperature is high was obtained.
- the higher the substrate temperature the greater the period value giving the maximum power spectrum density. That is, when the substrate temperature is high, the crystal grains are coarsened and the pitch of the fine unevenness is increased.
- FIG. 6 is an FESEM image of a GZO film formed at a substrate temperature (a) 200 ° C., (b) 135 ° C., (c) 60 ° C., and (d) 25 ° C.
- the GZO films formed at substrate temperatures of 200 ° C. and 135 ° C. had a granular crystal structure (aspect ratios of 1.5 and 2.1, respectively), and large irregularities were observed on the surface.
- the GZO film formed at substrate temperatures of 60 ° C. and 25 ° C. has a needle-like crystal structure (aspect ratio is 3.1, 2.8, respectively) that is long in the film thickness direction (crystal growth direction). The unevenness was small.
- the length in the film thickness direction was obtained by observing the GZO film on glass with a FESEM and measuring the film thickness.
- the length in the width direction was set to a period giving the maximum of the power spectrum density obtained by analyzing the surface shape of the GZO film on the glass by AFM.
- the laminated structure model in FIG. 7A is a single-layer solar cell, and on the glass substrate 1, a first transparent electrode layer 2, an amorphous silicon p layer 31 as a power generation layer, and an amorphous silicon i layer in order. 32, the crystalline silicon n layer 43, the second transparent electrode layer 6, and the back electrode layer 4 are laminated.
- the first transparent electrode layer 2 had an average pitch (width for one period) of 600 nm, an elevation angle (angle from the substrate surface) of 30 °, and an average film thickness of 500 nm.
- the average pitch and the elevation angle were set as representative dimensions obtained by AFM analysis of the surface shape of the first transparent electrode layer (haze ratio 20%) formed on the glass substrate.
- the film thickness of the p layer 31 was 10 nm, and the texture structure above and below the layer was made to follow the texture structure above the first transparent electrode layer 2.
- the film thickness of the i layer 32 was 200 nm, the lower texture structure was the same as that of the p layer 31, and the upper texture structure was given by a sine function having the same pitch as that of the first transparent electrode layer 2.
- the amplitude of the sine function was defined using the representative dimensions obtained by AFM analysis of the surface shape after forming the i layer 32.
- the film thickness of the n layer 43 was 30 nm, and the texture structure above and below the layer was shaped like the upper texture structure of the i layer.
- the second transparent electrode layer 6 (GZO film) had an average film thickness of 60 nm.
- the texture structure on the lower side of the second transparent electrode layer 6 is a structure following the n layer 43.
- the upper structure of the second transparent electrode layer 6 has a shape in which a fine texture structure given by a sine function exists in a large texture structure having the same shape as the n layer 43 as shown in FIG.
- the back electrode layer 4 was a silver thin film with an average film thickness of 250 nm.
- the lower texture structure of the back electrode layer 4 was the same as the upper texture structure of the second transparent electrode layer 6.
- the amplitude and pitch of the fine texture structure were determined based on the height and width of the unevenness of the GZO single film shown in Table 1.
- the amplitude (height) and pitch (twice the width) of the fine texture structure of the second transparent electrode layer 6 are changed in the range of 0 nm to 20 nm and 30 nm to 120 nm, respectively, and the short circuit current and the equivalent current of the silver absorbed light are changed. Calculated.
- the amplitude of 0 nm represents a case where there is no minute texture structure.
- the short circuit current is a value obtained by converting the amount of light absorbed by the amorphous silicon i layer into a current under the conditions of the sunlight spectrum AM1.5.
- the equivalent current of the silver-absorbed light is a value obtained by converting the amount of light absorbed by the substrate-side surface of the back electrode layer into a current under the conditions of the sunlight spectrum AM1.5.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the amplitude of the fine texture structure and the short-circuit current.
- the horizontal axis represents the amplitude
- the vertical axis represents the relative value of the short-circuit current when the short-circuit current value of the fine texture with an amplitude of 0 nm is used as a reference.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between the amplitude of the fine texture structure and the equivalent current of the silver absorbed light.
- the horizontal axis represents the amplitude
- the vertical axis represents the relative value of the equivalent current of the silver-absorbed light when the short-circuit current value of the fine texture with an amplitude of 0 nm is used as a reference.
- the short-circuit current decreased as the amplitude of the micro texture increased.
- the short-circuit current tended to decrease as the pitch of the fine texture was smaller.
- the equivalent current of the silver-absorbed light is opposite to the tendency of the short-circuit current, increasing when the fine texture amplitude is large and increasing when the pitch is small. From the results of FIGS. 8 and 9, in order to increase the short-circuit current, the pitch of the fine texture of the second transparent electrode layer is increased (the crystal size of GZO is increased), and the amplitude is decreased (the fine texture). It was shown that it is effective to bring the structure close to the mirror surface.
- FIG. 8 shows a loss 0.5% line and a loss 1% line from the short-circuit current value with an amplitude of 0 nm as the pass / fail judgment lines for the short-circuit current loss.
- the second transparent electrode layer is formed at a substrate temperature of 90 ° C. or lower (for example, 25 ° C. or 60 ° C.), the amplitude of the fine texture on the back electrode layer side surface of the second transparent electrode layer is small.
- the GZO film formed at a low temperature has a dense needle-like structure (an aspect ratio of 2.2 or more). That is, since the solar cell in which the GZO film is formed as the second transparent electrode layer at a low temperature has a small surface area increase rate and is close to a mirror surface, the surface plasmon absorption on the surface of the back electrode layer (silver) is small, and the back electrode It is considered that the amount of light reflected by the layer surface increases. As a result, it is expected that a decrease in current (short-circuit current) generated in the power generation layer can be suppressed, and a decrease in conversion efficiency can be suppressed.
- the second transparent electrode layer is formed at a substrate temperature higher than 90 ° C. (for example, 135 ° C. or 200 ° C.)
- the amplitude of the fine texture on the back electrode layer side surface of the second transparent electrode layer is large.
- a GZO film formed at a high temperature has a granular structure with a small aspect ratio and large surface irregularities. That is, since the solar cell formed with GZO as the second transparent electrode layer at a high temperature has a large surface area increase rate and a rough surface, the surface plasmon absorption is large, and the amount of light reflected on the back electrode layer surface is small. Conceivable. As a result, it is expected that the short-circuit current in the power generation layer decreases and the conversion efficiency decreases.
- a p-layer, an i-layer, an n-layer, and a second transparent electrode layer are sequentially formed on a glass substrate as a power generation layer made of a first transparent electrode layer and amorphous silicon, and an amorphous silicon single-type laminate is formed.
- An SnO 2 film was formed as a first transparent electrode layer at a film thickness of 700 nm.
- a power generation layer made of amorphous silicon was formed by a plasma CVD apparatus with a p layer thickness of 10 nm, an i layer thickness of 200 nm, and an n layer thickness of 30 nm.
- a DC sputtering apparatus was used as the second transparent electrode layer, and a GZO film was formed at a target: Ga-doped ZnO sintered body, a discharge gas: argon and oxygen, and a substrate temperature: 60 ° C. or 135 ° C.
- the GZO film thickness when the film was formed at a substrate temperature of 60 ° C. was 100 nm
- the GZO film thickness when the film was formed at a substrate temperature of 135 ° C. was 60 nm.
- a first transparent electrode layer, a first battery layer, an intermediate contact layer, a second battery layer, and a second transparent electrode layer were sequentially formed to produce a tandem laminate.
- the first battery layer and the second battery layer were formed in the order of the p layer, i layer, and n layer from the substrate side.
- An SnO 2 film was formed as a first transparent electrode layer at a film thickness of 700 nm.
- a first battery layer made of amorphous silicon was formed with a plasma CVD apparatus at a p layer thickness: 10 nm, an i layer thickness: 200 nm, and an n layer thickness: 30 nm.
- a GZO film having a thickness of 70 nm was formed as an intermediate contact layer.
- a second battery layer made of crystalline silicon was formed with a plasma CVD apparatus at a p layer thickness of 30 nm, an i layer thickness of 2000 nm, and an n layer thickness of 30 nm.
- a DC sputtering apparatus was used as the second transparent electrode layer, and a target: Ga-doped ZnO sintered body, a discharge gas: argon and oxygen, and a substrate temperature: 60 ° C. or 135 ° C. were formed.
- the GZO film thickness when the film was formed at a substrate temperature of 60 ° C. was 100 nm
- the GZO film thickness when the film was formed at a substrate temperature of 135 ° C. was 60 nm.
- the surface area increase rate was larger than that in Table 1 in which the GZO film was formed on the glass substrate. Moreover, the surface area increase rate of the 2nd battery layer n layer surface was less than 10%. In contrast, the surface area increase rate on the surface of the second transparent electrode layer increased. In both cases of the single type and the tandem type, the surface area increase rate of the second transparent electrode layer formed at the substrate temperature of 60 ° C. was 32% or less. When the film was formed at a substrate temperature of 135 ° C., the surface area increase rate of the second transparent electrode layer was larger than when the substrate temperature was 60 ° C.
- the surface area increase rate of the second transparent electrode layer was dependent on the substrate temperature during film formation. Accordingly, even in the tandem type, when the substrate temperature at the time of forming the second transparent electrode layer is low, the second transparent electrode layer has a needle-like structure, and the amplitude of the fine texture structure becomes small. The shape was thought to be almost smooth.
- a tandem solar cell (substrate: 5 cm square) was produced by changing the substrate temperature of the second transparent electrode layer.
- a GZO film was formed at a film thickness of 60 nm and substrate temperatures of 25 ° C., 60 ° C., 90 ° C., 135 ° C., and 150 ° C.
- an annealing treatment was performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 160 ° C. and a treatment time of 2 hours.
- FIG. 10 shows the average value and standard deviation of the short circuit current.
- the horizontal axis represents the substrate temperature at the time of forming the second transparent electrode layer
- the vertical axis represents the relative value of the short-circuit current based on the short-circuit current at the substrate temperature of 150 ° C.
- FIG. 11 shows the average value and standard deviation of the conversion efficiency.
- the horizontal axis represents the substrate temperature at the time of forming the second transparent electrode layer
- the vertical axis represents the relative value of the conversion efficiency based on the conversion efficiency at the substrate temperature of 150 ° C.
- the value of the short circuit current and the conversion efficiency is an average value measured with 15 cells in a 5 cm square substrate surface and a total of 5 substrates, and is a value excluding cells damaged due to laser etching errors. is there.
- a solar cell having a second transparent electrode layer formed at a substrate temperature of 90 ° C. or lower is a solar cell having a second transparent electrode layer formed at substrate temperatures of 135 ° C. and 150 ° C., which are conventional conditions.
- the short circuit current increased.
- the conversion efficiency was also improved in the solar cell in which the second transparent electrode layer was formed at a substrate temperature of 90 ° C. or lower.
- the open-circuit voltage and the fill factor were improved together with the short-circuit current. Therefore, the conversion efficiency shown in FIG. The value was larger than the case.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 show the results of solar cells. For example, in a large-area solar cell module with a substrate size of 1.4 m ⁇ 1.1 m square, the module output due to the increase in short-circuit current is also shown. (The power generation output is improved by about 3% compared to the previous model).
- FIG. 12 shows light incidence from a glass substrate side of a sample in which a GZO film and a silver thin film are sequentially formed on a glass substrate (substrate temperatures during GZO film formation: 25 ° C., 60 ° C., 90 ° C., 135 ° C., 150 ° C.) It is a spectral reflection spectrum when The glass substrate is Corning # 1737 glass (plate thickness 1.1 mmt).
- the horizontal axis represents wavelength and the vertical axis represents reflectance.
- the absorption wavelength band of the second battery layer of the tandem solar cell is in the range of 600 nm to 1000 nm.
- the reflectance in the absorption wavelength band of the second battery layer was low, and the reflectance was significantly lowered particularly at a wavelength of 900 nm or less.
- the reflectance on the short wavelength side was improved.
- the GZO film was formed at substrate temperatures of 25 ° C. and 60 ° C., a high reflectance was obtained over the entire absorption wavelength band of the second battery layer.
- the shape of the surface on the back electrode side of the second transparent electrode layer depends on the substrate temperature during film formation, and is a temperature of 90 ° C. or less (60 ° C. in Table 2). It was thought that when the film was formed, the shape of the fine unevenness was almost smooth. Further, from the reflection spectrum of FIG. 12, by forming the film at a low temperature, a high reflectance was obtained over the entire absorption wavelength band of the second battery layer. Therefore, in the tandem solar cell in which the second transparent electrode layer is formed at 90 ° C. or less, the surface plasmon absorption due to the fine uneven shape on the substrate side surface of the back electrode layer is suppressed, the short-circuit current is reduced, and the conversion efficiency is reduced. The decrease could be expected to be suppressed. This prediction was consistent with the results of FIGS.
- amorphous silicon single type solar cell and the tandem type solar cell as an example, this invention is not limited to these.
- a crystalline silicon single type solar cell, a crystalline SiGe single type solar cell, an amorphous silicon, a crystalline silicon, a crystalline SiGe, and other power generation layers are sequentially formed so that the band gap is wider than the light incident surface.
- the present invention can also be applied to stacked triple solar cells.
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Abstract
Description
ΔS(%) = {(S/S0)-1}×100 ・・・(1)
2 第1透明電極層
3 光電変換層
4 裏面電極層
5 中間コンタクト層
6 第2透明電極層
7 太陽電池モジュール
31 非晶質シリコンp層
32 非晶質シリコンi層
33 非晶質シリコンn層
41 結晶質シリコンp層
42 結晶質シリコンi層
43 結晶質シリコンn層
91 第1電池層
92 第2電池層
100 光電変換装置
図1は、本実施形態に係る光電変換装置の構成を示す概略図である。光電変換装置100は、シリコン系太陽電池であり、基板1、第1透明電極層2、発電層3としての第1電池層91(非晶質シリコン系)及び第2電池層92(結晶質シリコン系)、裏面構造として第2透明電極層6及び裏面電極層4を備える。なお、ここで、シリコン系とはシリコン(Si)やシリコンカーバイト(SiC)やシリコンゲルマニウム(SiGe)を含む総称である。また、結晶質シリコン系とは、非晶質シリコン系以外のシリコン系を意味するものであり、微結晶シリコンや多結晶シリコン系も含まれる。
基板1としてソーダフロートガラス基板(例えば、1.4m×1.1m×板厚:3~6mmの一辺が1mを超える大面積基板)を使用する。基板端面は熱応力や衝撃などによる破損防止にコーナー面取りやR面取り加工されていることが望ましい。
第1透明電極層2として酸化錫(SnO2)を主成分とする膜厚約500nm以上800nm以下の透明電極膜を、熱CVD装置にて約500℃で製膜する。この際、透明電極膜の表面には、適当な凹凸のあるテクスチャが形成される。第1透明電極層2として、透明電極膜に加えて、基板1と透明電極膜との間にアルカリバリア膜(図示されず)を形成しても良い。アルカリバリア膜は、膜厚50nm以上150nm以下の酸化シリコン膜(SiO2)を熱CVD装置にて約500℃で製膜する。
その後、基板1をX-Yテーブルに設置して、YAGレーザーの第1高調波(1064nm)を、図の矢印に示すように、第1透明電極層の層面側から入射する。加工速度が適切となるようにレーザーパワーを調整して、透明電極膜を発電セルの直列接続方向に対して垂直な方向へ、基板1とレーザー光を相対移動して、溝10を形成するように幅約6mmから15mmの所定幅の短冊状にレーザーエッチングする。
第1電池層91として、非晶質シリコン薄膜からなるp層、i層及びn層を、プラズマCVD装置により製膜する。SiH4ガス及びH2ガスを主原料にして、減圧雰囲気:30Pa以上1000Pa以下、基板温度:約200℃にて、第1透明電極層2上に太陽光の入射する側から非晶質シリコンp層31、非晶質シリコンi層32、非晶質シリコンn層33の順で製膜する。非晶質シリコンp層31は非晶質のBドープシリコン膜であり、膜厚10nm以上30nm以下である。非晶質シリコンi層32は、膜厚200nm以上350nm以下である。非晶質シリコンn層33はPドープ非晶質シリコン膜であり、膜厚30nm以上50nm以下である。非晶質シリコンn層に代えて、結晶質シリコン膜を形成しても良く、あるいは、非晶質シリコン膜と結晶質シリコン膜との積層構造としても良い。非晶質シリコンp層31と非晶質シリコンi層32の間には、界面特性の向上のためにバッファー層を設けても良い。
基板1をX-Yテーブルに設置して、レーザーダイオード励起YAGレーザーの第2高調波(532nm)を、図の矢印に示すように、光電変換層3の膜面側から入射する。パルス発振:10kHz以上20kHz以下として加工速度に適切となるようにレーザーパワーを調整して、第1透明電極層2のレーザーエッチングラインの約100μmから150μmの横側を、溝11を形成するようにレーザーエッチングする。またこのレーザーは基板1側から入射しても良い。この場合は光電変換層3の第1電池層91で吸収されたエネルギーで発生する高い蒸気圧を利用できるので、更に安定したレーザーエッチング加工を行うことが可能となる。レーザーエッチングラインの位置は前工程でのエッチングラインと交差しないように位置決め公差を考慮して選定する。
第2電池層92の結晶質シリコンn層43上に、順に第2透明電極層6及び裏面電極層4を形成する。
第2透明電極層6として、GZO膜をスパッタリング装置により製膜する。ターゲット:GaドープZnO焼結体を用いて、放電ガス:アルゴン及び酸素、膜厚:50nm以上150nm以下、基板温度:20℃以上90℃以下、好ましくは20℃以上60℃以下で製膜する。
基板1をX-Yテーブルに設置して、レーザーダイオード励起YAGレーザーの第2高調波(532nm)を、図の矢印に示すように、基板1側から入射する。レーザー光が光電変換層3で吸収され、このとき発生する高いガス蒸気圧を利用して裏面電極層4が爆裂して除去される。パルス発振:1kHz以上10kHz以下として加工速度に適切となるようにレーザーパワーを調整して、透明電極層2のレーザーエッチングラインの約250μmから400μmの横側を、溝12を形成するようにレーザーエッチングする。
発電領域を区分して、基板端周辺の膜端部においてレーザーエッチングによる直列接続部分が短絡し易い影響を除去する。基板1をX-Yテーブルに設置して、レーザーダイオード励起YAGレーザーの第2高調波(532nm)を、基板1側から入射する。レーザー光が透明電極層2と光電変換層3とで吸収され、このとき発生する高いガス蒸気圧を利用して裏面電極層4が爆裂して、裏面電極層4/光電変換層3/透明電極層2が除去される。パルス発振:1kHz以上10kHz以下として加工速度に適切となるようにレーザーパワーを調整して、基板1の端部から5mmから20mmの位置を、図3(c)に示すように、X方向絶縁溝15を形成するようにレーザーエッチングする。このとき、Y方向絶縁溝は後工程で基板1周囲領域の膜面研磨除去処理を行うので、設ける必要がない。
後工程のEVA等を介したバックシート24との健全な接着・シール面を確保するために、基板1周辺(周囲領域14)の積層膜は、段差があるとともに剥離し易いため、積層膜を除去する。基板1の端から5mmから20mmで基板1の全周囲にわたり、X方向は前述の図3(c)工程で設けた絶縁溝15よりも基板端側において、Y方向は基板端側部付近の溝10よりも基板端側において、裏面電極層4/光電変換層3/透明電極層2を、砥石研磨やブラスト研磨などを用いて除去を行う。研磨屑や砥粒は基板1を洗浄処理して除去する。
端子箱取付け部分はバックシート24に開口貫通窓を設けて集電板を取出す。この開口貫通窓部分には絶縁材を複数層設置して外部からの湿分などの浸入を抑制する。
太陽電池モジュール7の裏側に端子箱23を接着剤で取付ける。
銅箔と端子箱23の出力ケーブルとをハンダ等で接続し、端子箱内部を封止剤(ポッティング剤)で充填して密閉する。これで太陽電池パネル50が完成する。
図5(b)までの工程で形成された太陽電池パネル50について発電検査ならびに、所定の性能試験を行う。発電検査は、AM1.5、全天日射基準太陽光(1000W/m2)のソーラシミュレータを用いて行う。
発電検査(図5(c))に前後して、外観検査をはじめ所定の性能検査を行う。
表面積増加率は、例えば、所定視野における第2透明電極層の裏面電極層側表面の原子間力電子顕微鏡(AFM)画像から得た3次元面積(S)と、所定視野における第2透明電極層の裏面電極層側表面を平面上に投影することによって生成された2次元の投影面積(S0)とから、式(1)を用いて算出することができる。
第2透明電極層の結晶組織の膜厚方向の長さは、1つの結晶組織が膜厚方向に貫通するため、第2透明電極層の膜厚と等しい。第2透明電極層の膜厚は、電界放射型走査型電子顕微鏡(FESEM)断面観察写真での計測、段差計測、製膜条件と膜厚との検量線を用い製膜条件から算出、などの方法によって得られる。結晶組織の第2透明電極層面内方向の長さは、原子間力電子顕微鏡(AFM)画像のパワースペクトラム密度(PSD)解析により、パワースペクトラム密度の極大となる周期から得られる。
〔実施例〕
ガラス基板上にGZO膜を製膜した。DCスパッタリング装置を用い、ターゲット:GaドープZnO焼結体、放電ガス:アルゴン及び酸素、膜厚:80nm狙い、基板温度:25℃、60℃、135℃、200℃で製膜した。
表1の結果より、GZO膜(第2透明電極層)表面の凹凸形状を考慮して、図7に示す太陽電池の積層構造モデルを与えて、電磁波解析(FDTD法)を行った。
図8及び図9の結果から、短絡電流を増加させるには、第2透明電極層の微小テクスチャのピッチを大きくすること(GZOの結晶サイズを大きくすること)、振幅を小さくすること(微小テクスチャ構造を鏡面に近づけること)が有効であることが示された。
第2透明電極層を90℃以下の基板温度(例えば25℃や60℃)で製膜した場合は、第2透明電極層の裏面電極層側表面の微小テクスチャの振幅が小さい。また、低温製膜したGZO膜は密な針状組織(アスペクト比2.2以上)となっている。すなわち、第2透明電極層としてGZO膜を低温で製膜した太陽電池は、表面積増加率が小さく鏡面に近い状態となるため、裏面電極層(銀)表面での表面プラズモン吸収が小さく、裏面電極層表面で反射される光の光量が大きくなると考えられる。この結果、発電層で発生する電流(短絡電流)の減少を抑制することができ、変換効率の低下も抑制することができると予想される。
ガラス基板上に第1透明電極層、非晶質シリコンからなる発電層として、p層、i層及びn層、及び第2透明電極層を順次形成し、非晶質シリコンシングル型の積層体を作製した。
第1透明電極層としてSnO2膜を膜厚:700nmで製膜した。非晶質シリコンからなる発電層を、プラズマCVD装置により、p層膜厚:10nm、i層膜厚:200nm、n層膜厚:30nmで製膜した。第2透明電極層として、DCスパッタリング装置を用い、ターゲット:GaドープZnO焼結体、放電ガス:アルゴン及び酸素、基板温度:60℃または135℃でGZO膜を製膜した。基板温度60℃で製膜した場合のGZO膜厚は100nm、基板温度135℃で製膜した場合のGZO膜厚は60nmとした。
第1透明電極層としてSnO2膜を膜厚:700nmで製膜した。非晶質シリコンからなる第1電池層を、プラズマCVD装置により、p層膜厚:10nm、i層膜厚:200nm、n層膜厚:30nmで製膜した。中間コンタクト層として膜厚70nmのGZO膜を形成した。結晶質シリコンからなる第2電池層を、プラズマCVD装置により、p層膜厚:30nm、i層膜厚:2000nm、n層膜厚:30nmで製膜した。第2透明電極層として、DCスパッタリング装置を用い、ターゲット:GaドープZnO焼結体、放電ガス:アルゴン及び酸素、基板温度:60℃または135℃で製膜した。基板温度60℃で製膜した場合のGZO膜厚は100nm、基板温度135℃で製膜した場合のGZO膜厚は60nmとした。
Claims (8)
- 基板上に、該基板側から順に、第1透明電極層と、発電層と、第2透明電極層と、裏面電極層とを備える光電変換装置であって、
前記裏面電極層が銀薄膜を備え、
前記第2透明電極層の前記裏面電極層側の表面が微細な凹凸形状を有し、
前記第2透明電極層の前記裏面電極層側の表面の投影面積に対する表面積増加率が、10%以上32%以下であることを特徴とする光電変換装置。 - 基板上に、該基板側から順に、第1透明電極層と、発電層と、第2透明電極層と、裏面電極層とを備える光電変換装置であって、
前記裏面電極層が銀薄膜を備え、
前記第2透明電極層の前記裏面電極層側の表面が微細な凹凸形状を有し、
前記第2透明電極層が、針状結晶を有することを特徴とする光電変換装置。 - 前記第2透明電極層の面内方向の前記針状結晶の長さに対する前記第2透明電極層の膜厚方向の前記針状結晶の長さの比が、2.2以上であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の光電変換装置。
- 前記発電層が、2以上の電池層を備え、
1つの電池層と該1つの電池層に最も近い他の電池層との間に設けられた中間コンタクト層を少なくとも1つ有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換装置。 - 基板上に、該基板側から順に、第1透明電極層を形成する工程と、発電層を形成する工程と、第2透明電極層を形成する工程と、裏面電極層を形成する工程とを含む光電変換装置の製造方法であって、
前記裏面電極層が銀薄膜を備え、
前記第2透明電極層を、20℃以上90℃以下の基板温度で形成することを特徴とする光電変換装置の製造方法。 - 前記第2透明電極層の前記裏面電極層側の表面の投影面積に対する表面積増加率が10%以上32%以下となるように、前記第2透明電極層を形成することを特徴とする請求項5に記載の光電変換装置の製造方法。
- 前記第2透明電極層が、針状結晶を有することを特徴とする請求項5または請求項6に記載の光電変換装置の製造方法。
- 前記第2透明電極層の面内方向の前記針状結晶の長さに対する前記第2透明電極層の膜厚方向の前記針状結晶の長さの比が、2.2以上であることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の光電変換装置の製造方法。
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2009
- 2009-01-07 TW TW098100414A patent/TWI462310B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-01-09 AU AU2009230536A patent/AU2009230536A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-01-09 KR KR1020107002607A patent/KR100981900B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-01-09 CN CN200980100161A patent/CN101779295A/zh active Pending
- 2009-01-09 EP EP09726325A patent/EP2190029A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-01-09 US US12/672,868 patent/US20100269897A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-01-09 WO PCT/JP2009/050178 patent/WO2009119129A1/ja active Application Filing
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JP2003086025A (ja) * | 2001-09-07 | 2003-03-20 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 透明導電膜成膜基板及びその製造方法 |
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JP2003298088A (ja) * | 2002-04-02 | 2003-10-17 | Kanegafuchi Chem Ind Co Ltd | シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TWI462310B (zh) | 2014-11-21 |
US20100269897A1 (en) | 2010-10-28 |
TW200945603A (en) | 2009-11-01 |
JP2009246030A (ja) | 2009-10-22 |
EP2190029A4 (en) | 2011-10-12 |
AU2009230536A1 (en) | 2009-10-01 |
CN101779295A (zh) | 2010-07-14 |
EP2190029A1 (en) | 2010-05-26 |
KR100981900B1 (ko) | 2010-09-13 |
KR20100021673A (ko) | 2010-02-25 |
JP4418500B2 (ja) | 2010-02-17 |
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