Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/44—Carbon
  • C09C1/48—Carbon black
  • C09C1/56—Treatment of carbon black ; Purification
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D11/00—Inks
  • C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
  • C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
  • C09D11/324—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents containing carbon black
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D17/00—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints
  • C09D17/004—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints containing an inorganic pigment
  • C09D17/005—Carbon black
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
  • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
  • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
  • H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
  • H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/12—Surface area
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/19—Oil-absorption capacity, e.g. DBP values
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the surface modification of various carbonaceous materials and compounds. More specifically, the invention provides improved methods for the incorporation of sulfonate functional groups onto the surface of carbonaceous materials and compounds and similarly provides several surface modified carbonaceous materials resulting therefrom.
• additives can increase the viscosity of a dispersion, which would be undesired for particular end uses such as ink dispersions and, in particular, ink jet formulations. Moreover, these additives add significant costs and are therefore economically unfavorable as well.
• the present invention is based upon inventive methods for the incorporation of sulfonate functional groups onto the surface of carbonaceous materials, and similarly provides several inventive surface modified carbonaceous materials resulting "therefrom.
• the present invention provides a surface modified carbonaceous material comprising a plurality of sulfonate substituents of the general formula -S0 3 M surface bonded thereto, wherein M is hydrogen or a cationic species, and wherein the surface atomic concentration of sulfur present within t ie surface bonded S0 M moieties, measured by XPS, is greater than approximately 0.25% relative to the total surface atomic concentration of the surface treated carbonaceous -material.
• the present invention further provides a process for the manufacture of a surface modified carbonaceous material, wherein the process comprises the steps of contacting an anhydride of Hie generic formula (R-CO) 2 O with sulfuric acid under conditions effective to provide an organic sulfite intermediate of the generic formula R-(CO)0-S0 3 H, wherein R is an aliphatic substituent.
• the process further comprises contacting a carbonaceous material with the organic sulfite intermediate provided in step a) under conditions effective to provide a surface modified carbonaceous material comprising a plurality of surface bonded sulfonate substituenis of the general formula -S0 H.
• the piesent invention also provides several end use formulations, including an aqueous composition comprising a surface modified carbonaceous material according to the present invention and water.
• Figure 1 is aplot of the XPS spectrum of the carbon black used to prepare the sulfonated product of Example 1.
• Figure 2 is a plot of the XPS spectrum of the neutralized sulfonated carbon black produced in Example 1.
• Figure 3 is a plot of the XPS spectrum of the sulfonated carbon black produced in Example 1, radicating the percentage of oxygen species that are present in the surface bonded sulfonate substituents.
• Figure 4 is a plot of the XPS spectrum of the sulfonated cafbon black produced in Example 1, indicating the percentage of sulfur species that are present in the surface bonded sulfonate substituents.
• Figure 5 is an illustration of a reaction scheme according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” or “approximately” one particular value and/or to “about” or “appro; ⁇ imately” another particular value. " When such a range is expressed, another embodiment comprises from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment.
• a weight percent of a component is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.
• allcyl refers to a paraffinic hydrocarbon group which may be derived from an allcane by dropping one hydrogen from the formula.
• Non-limiting examples include Ci - C ⁇ allcane derivatives such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyL butyl, t-butyl and isobutyl.
• an alkyl substituent suitable for use in the present invention can be a branched or straight chain alkyl substituent.
• locculation refers to the combination or aggregation of suspended or dispersed particles in such a way that they form small agglomerates.
• the term "sulfonate substituent” refers to a functional substituent comprising the generic formula -S0 " .
• the sulfonate substituent can further comprise component M such that it has the general formula -S0 3 M.
• M can be hydrogen or a cationic species such as sodium, potassium, lithium or arrrmoniuni.
• surface bonded refers to a substituent that is substantially bonded, either covalently or ionically, primarily or only to the outer surface of the carbonaceous compound or material. To tins end, a substituent that is "surface bonded” is substantially absent from the inside or core of the carbonaceous compound or material.
• cationic species refers to a positively charged moleculai or elemental species capable of fomiing an ionic bond with a sulfonate substituent as defined herein
• cationic species suitable for use in with the present invention include, without limitation, ammonium, the group I alkali metals, e.g., liuiium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium, as well as organic bases such as dimethylethanol amine (DMEA) and triethanol an ⁇ ne (TEA)
• XPS refers to X-ray Photoelecrron Spectroscopy. Accordingly, all XPS measurements disclosed herein have been conducted using the Physical Electronics 5802 Multitechnique with Al I ⁇ X-ray source .
• carbonaceous material is intended to include, without limitation, i) carbonaceous compounds having a single definable structure; or ii) aggregates of carbonaceous particles, wherein the aggregate does not necessarily have a unitary, repeating, and/or definable structure or degree of aggregation.
• a carbon black material as used herein can be a carbon black compound having a definable structure or, alternatively, can also be an aggregate of carbonaceous particles wherein the exact structure or degree of aggregation is unknown.
• the term “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
• the phrase “optionally substituted lower alkyl” means that the lower allcyl group may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both unsubstituted lower alkyl and lower allcyl where there is substitution.
• the present invention relates to the incorporation of sulfonate derivatives, which are hydrophilic functional groups, onto the surface of various carbonaceous materials and/or compounds.
• the invention provides a process for the manufacture of surface modified carbonaceous materials.
• one embodiment provides a ' process comprising the steps .of reacting an anhydride of the generic formula:
• a plurality of C-H surface sites present on a carbonaceous material or compound to be surface modified can then be reacted with the resulting organic sulfite intermediate set forth above, under conditions effective to provide a surface modified carbonaceous material having a plurality of sulfonate substituents, -S0 3 H, surface bonded thereto.
• R is aliphatic, preferably selected from the Ci- C ⁇ 2 allcyl substituents. Additionally, it should be understood that these allcyl substituents can he straight chain or branched. Suitable examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl and the like. In a preferred embodiment, R represents a methyl substituent such that the anhydride employed in the process is an acetic anhydride. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that such anhydrides; e.g. acetic anhydride, are well Icnown and commercially available and therefore need not be described in detail hertin.
• the anhydride serves not only as a reactant for the formation of the sulfite mtermediate but can also serve as the solvent medium in which the reaction takes place. Therefore, the anhydride is preferably present in excess relative to the amount of both the carbonaceous compound or material and the acid. As such, it will be appreciated that any excess amount will be suitable for carrying out the desired reaction, however, in a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of ar ⁇ ydride relative to the carbonaceous material is greater than approximately 2:1. Likewise, the weight ratio of anhydride relative to the acid is preferably greater than approximately 5:1.
• the preferred acid for use in the process of the present- invention is a sulfuric acid capable of reacting with a suitable anhydride in order to form an organic sulfite intermediate.
• sulfuric acid having a wide variety of concentration strengths can be employed in the process. As such, it will be appreciated that the particular concentration desired will ultimately be dependent upon the particular anhydride and/or carbonaceous material utilized.
• the sulfuric acid is a commercially available sulfuric acid having a concentration in the range of from approximately 90.0% to approximately 98.0%. In a more preferred embodiment, the sulfuric acid concentration is in the range of from approximately 93.0% to approximately 97.0% In a most preferred embodiment, the sulfuric acid is at least 95.0% concentrated sulfuric acid.
• the weight ratio of acid relative to the anhydride is preferably not greater than approximately 1 :5.
• the weight ratio of acid relative to the carbonaceous material is preferably in the range of from approximately 1:2 to approximately 1:3, including such ratios as 1:2.5.
• the process of the present invention can be used with a variety of carbonaceous compounds and materials.
• any carbonaceous compound or material can be used provided there are sufficient C-H edge sites capable of interacting with the organic sulfite intermediate under conditions
• the carbonaceous material have an initial surface area of at least approximately 25m 2 /g as measured by ASTM-D4S20. In a more preferred embodiment, when measured by ASTM-D4820, the carbonaceous material will have an initial surface area of at least approximately 100 m"/g. In still a more preferred
• the surface area of the initial carbonaceous material will be greater than approximately 200 m 2 /g when measured according to the ASTM-D4820 method.
• suitable carbonaceous materials and/or compounds include, without limitation, activated charcoal, finely divided carbon, carbon black, ' 25 graphite, llerinic carbons, and nanoca ⁇ bons.
• the carbonaceous material is a carbon black having a surface area greater than approximately 200 m 2 /g.
• the process can further comprise the step of treating the surface bonded sulfonate substituents, e.g. -S0 3 H moieties, with one or more neutralizing agents under conditions effective to provide a sulfonate moiety of the general formula -S0 3 M surface bonded thereto, wherein M represents a cationic species as defined above.
• Suitable neutralizing agents include, without limitation, alkali hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, hthiu hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide; alkali carbonates and bicarbonates, such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and the ⁇ ilce; as well as organic bases such, as drmethylethanol amine and iriethanol amine, Although any commercially available neutralizing agent and concentration thereof will suffice, the neutralizing agent is preferably a 0.5M, 0.75M, 1M, 1.25M or 1.5M solution of sodium hydroxide.
• the chemistry and conditions required for neutralization of sulfonate substituents is commonly Icnown to one of ordinary skill and need not be discussed at length herein. Therefore, it will be appreciated that arriving at the . optimum, process conditions for achieving the desired degree and kind of neutralization will require no more than routine experimentation.
• the neutializing agent is used in an amount and strength sufficient to provide a resulting pH of at least 8.
• the surface modified carbonaceous material or compound containing a plurality of surface bonded sulfonate substituents e.g., -S0 3 M and/or -S0 3 H moieties, wherein M is defined as above, can be washed with distilled water, filtered and/or dried in order to obtain substantially purified and/or isolated surface modified product.
• the organic sulfite intermediate that reacts with the carbonaceous compound or material can be formed in siiu so as to allow the process as described above to be performed in a single reaction. Accordingly, if desired, the process of the present invention can be performed by simultaneously reacting a carbonaceous material or compound to be surface modified with: (1) an anhydride as defined above; and (2) sulfuric acid as defined above, in a single reaction under conditions effective to provide an organic sulfite intermediate of the generic formula:
• a surface modified carbonaceous compound or material comprising aplurality of sulfonate substituents; e.g., ⁇ S0 H moieties, surface bonded thereto.
• preferred reaction conditions comprise heating the reaction components to a temperature in the range of from approximately.60 D C to approximately 80 °C for at least approximately 2 hours. In still a more preferred embodiment, the reaction components are heated to a temperature of at least approximately 70°C for at least approximately 2 hours.
• the resulting compound containing the plurality of surface bonded sulfonate substituents can be further neutralized with a suitable neutralizing agent as described above.
• those embodiments comprising the in situ formation of the organic sulfite and the subsequent reaction of the organic sulfite with the carbonaceous compound can further comprise the step of treating the surface bonded sulfonate substituents with one or more neutralizing agents under conditions effective to provide a sulfonate moiety of the general formula -S0 3 M surface bonded thereto, wherein M once again represents a cationic species as defined herein, such as litlrium, sodium, potassium or ammonium.
• suitable neutralizing agents include, without limitation, alkah hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide; alkali carbonates and bicarbonates, such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and the like; as well as organic bases such, as ⁇ rmethylethyl amine and triethanol amine.
• alkah hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide
• alkali carbonates and bicarbonates such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and the like
• organic bases such, as ⁇ rmethylethyl amine and triethanol amine.
• the neutializing agent is a 1M solution of sodium hydroxide.
• the process comprising the in situ formation of the organic sulfite intermediate and the subsequent reaction with a carbonaceous compound or material to provide a surface modified carbonaceous compound or material can further comprises the steps of washing with distilled water, filtering and/or drying the desired surface modified carbonaceous material in order to obtain substantially purified and/or isolated product.
• the inventive methods set forth above advantageously arrive at the desired surface modified carbonaceous materials and compounds in relatively high yields while substantially minimizing the production of undesired oxidative and tarry byproducts typically encountered in the art, such as those discussed in U.S. Patent No. 3,442,679 to Rivin, et al.
• the present invention also provides the surface modified carbonaceous compounds and materials that result from the aforementioned inventive processes.
• the surface modified carbonaceous compounds and/or materials according to the present invention exhibit several advantageously improved characteristics over those previously obtained in the art
• the invention provides a surface modified carbonaceous material comprising a plurality of sulfonate substituents of the general formula -S0 3 H surface bonded thereto.
• the invention similarly provides a surface modified carbonaceous material comprising a plurality of sulfonate substituents of the general formula -S0 3 M, wherein M represents a cationic species as defined herein, including without limitation, ammonium and the group I alkah metals such as hthium, sodium, and potassium.
• the surface modified carbonaceous materials of the present invention preferably have a degree of surface modification such that the sulfonate substituents, e.g. -S0 3 H, and/or -S0 3 M moieties, are present in an amount greater than approximately 0.1 milliequivalents per gram of the sulfonated carbonaceous compound.
• a thermometric titration reveals that the degree of sulfonation is such that the amount of smface bonded sulfonate substituent is greater than at least 1.0 milliequivalents per gram of the surface modified carbonaceous material.
• the surface bonded sulfonate substituent is present in an amount greater than at least 15.0 milliequivalents per gram of surface modified sulfonated carbonaceous material.
• tlie sulfonated compounds and materials of tlie present invention can further comprise any degree of sulfonation falling within the above-mentioned values, or even exceeding said values.
• the degree of sulfonation or presence of sulfonate substituents surface bonded to the carbonaceous compound or material can be measured by XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) .
• tlie present invention provide surface modified carbonaceous compounds or materials that exhibit a surface atomic concentration of sulfur within the sulfonate substituents, as measured by XPS (using the Physical Electronics 5802 Multitechnique with Al IC ⁇ X-ray source), of at least approximately 0.25%, 0.30%, 0.35%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.3%, 1.5%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 4.5% or even 5.0%.
• the surface atomic concentration of sulfur is in the range of from at least approximately 0.25% to approximately 5.0%, or in the range of from 0.30% to approximately 5.0%o, or even in the range of from approximately 0.35% to ' approximately 5.0% relative to the total surface atomic concentration of the surface modified carbonaceous compound or material. It is to be understood, that when practiced with an appropriate carbonaceous material and reaction conditions, the present invention will further provide a surface modified carbonaceous material wherein the surface atomic concentration of sulfur even exceeds the above-referenced ranges and values. Therefore, the degree of surface modification and measured surface atomic concentration of sulfur will be dependent, at least in part, on the surface area of the initial carbonaceous material that is used.
• XPS measurement can be used to indicate the degree of surface modification by measuring the surface atomic concentration of oxygen species surface bonded to the carbonaceous material before and after the sulfonation reaction.
• the surface atomic concentration of oxygen present within the sulfonated carbon composition of Example 1 is approximately 4.1 %. This compares to an initial oxygen concentration of 1.2% prior to sulfonation, as indicated by Figure 1. Moreover, reference to Figure 3 indicates that approximately 61.8%) of the surface bonded oxygen species are present as a component of the surface bonded sulfonate substituents. Therefore, it follows that surface modified carbon black of Example 1 has a surface atomic concentration of oxygen present within the surface bonded sulfonate substituents of approximately 2.50%), i.e., 61.8%) of the 4.1% surface atomic concentration of oxygen species measured in Figure 2.
• an XPS measurement can also be utilized to indicate the degree of surface rnodif ⁇ cation by measuring the surface atomic concentration of the entire sulfonate substituent, e.g., -S0 3 M, wherein M is hydrogen or a cationic species as defined herein.
• the surface modified carbonaceous compounds and materials of the present invention preferably exhibit a surface atomic concentration of the sulfonate substituent, when measured by XPS, in the range of from approximately 0.25% to approximately 5.0%, including additional values of at least approximately 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, and 4.5%.
• the carbonaceous compounds or materials can be any carbonaceous compound, material or composition provided it contains sufficient C-H edge sites capable of interacting with the organic sulfite intermediate under conditions effective to provide a desired surface modified carbonaceous compound, material or composition.
• the carbonaceous materials or compounds have an initial surface area of at least approximately 25m 2 /g as measured by ASTM- D4820.
• the carbonaceous material or compound when measured by ASTM-D4820, will have an initial surface area of at least approximately 100 rnVg.
• the initial surface area of the carbonaceous compound will be greater than approximately 200 m 2 /g when measured according to the ASTM-D4820 method.
• suitable carbonaceous compounds and materials include, without limitation, activated charcoal finely divided carbon, carbon black, graphite, fullerinic carbons, an nanocarbons.
• the carbonaceous material is a carbon black having a surface area greater than approximately 200 rnVg.
• the surface modified carbonaceous materials and compounds of the present, invention exhibit an improved storage stability and dispersibility in aqueous and . waterbome formulations. Specifically, when tested after storage periods of at least ' one week, one month or even three months, an aqueous dispersion containing the surface modified compounds and materials of the present invention will exhibit substantially no visual fiocculation.
• an aqueous dispersion of a surface modified carbonaceous compound as described herein will advantageously pass through a filter having a mesh size in the range of from approximately 8 microns to approximately 10 microns, such as a Whatman #42 filter paper, leaving substantially no visual agglomerates.
• the present invention further provides • several end use formulations for the surface modified carbonaceous compounds and ⁇ materials set forth above.
• the present invention also provides an aqueous composition comprising a surface modified carbonaceous material as set forth above and water.
• a surface modified carbon black according to the present invention is particularly suited for this embodiment as it can be used to provide a waterbome ink formulation suitable for use in, among other
• the self-dispersing sulfonated carbonaceous compounds and materials of the present invention remain stable mdefinitely when dispersed in waterbome systems. Additionally, these aqueous dispersions do not require the use of
• the surface modified carbonaceous compound e.g., carbon black
• the dispersion comprises in the range of from approximately 10 wt.% to approximately 40 wt.% of sulfonated carbon black.
• an aqueous dispersion according to these embodiments would therefore preferably comprise water in an amount ranging from at least approximately 10% to approximately 99.0% by weight of the entire aqueous formulation.
• aqueous dispersions and formulations comprising the surface modified carbonaceous compounds of the present invention can turther comprise one orehumectants selected from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, alcohol derivatives such as ethanol, propanol, isopropanol and the like, and cellosolve.
• the humectant is optionally introduced as a means to maintain a substantially constant moisture content of the aqueous dispersions and formulations.
• a waterbome formulation or dispersion according to the present invention can optionally contain one or more additional additives such as a polymer binder; e.g., Joncryl J-61 (Acrylic polymer, manufacture and available from S.C. Johnson Wax.), surfactants such as Surfynol 695 or Surfynol 7608, and one or more biocide compositions.
• a polymer binder e.g., Joncryl J-61 (Acrylic polymer, manufacture and available from S.C. Johnson Wax.)
• surfactants such as Surfynol 695 or Surfynol 7608, and one or more biocide compositions.
• the polymer binder acts as a film forming component allowing a formulation such, as an aqueous ink, to have substantial fastness and staying potential thus allowing the ink to bind to the medium once water and other optional solvents have evaporated.
• a formulation such as an aqueous ink
• an optional biocide component may also be desired in order to control and/or prevent the potential growth of algae and other microorganisms, which are typically prone to develop in an aqueous system or formulation.
• tlie aqueous dispersions comprising the sulfonated carbonaceous compounds of the present invention can be prepared using any milling or dispersing machine Icnown to one of ordinary skill in the art, including without limitation, shear stress machines such as a two or three roll mill, machines which disperse pigment particles with impact strength caused by the collision between media such as glass beads, zirconia beads, steel beads, agate beads, such as a ball mill or pearl mill, ' or even with machines that finely disperse pigment particles with a collision force or a shear stress among the pigment particles or between the pigment particles and a vehicle or a wall surface, such as a kueader or an extruder.
• shear stress machines such as a two or three roll mill, machines which disperse pigment particles with impact strength caused by the collision between media such as glass beads, zirconia beads, steel beads, agate beads, such as a ball mill or pearl mill, ' or even with machines that finely disperse pigment particles with a collision force
• the amount or property of a compound as provided herein means such amount as that capable of performing the function of the compound or property for which an amount is expressed. As will be pointed out below, the exact amount required will vary from process to process, depending on recognized variables such as the ' compounds employed and the processing conditions observed. However, an appropriate amount may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation.
• the resulting product comprised a plurahty of sodium sulfonate substituents of the general formula -S0 3 Na as indicated by XPS measurement wherein the surface atomic concentration of sulfur was approximately 0.4% and the surface atomic concentration of sodium was approximately 1.2% (See Figure 2).
• reference to Figure 4 reveals that approximately 89% of the surface bonded sulfur species measured in Figure 2 was present as a component of the surface bonded sulfonate substituent. Therefore, the surface modified carbon black product had a surface atomic concentration of sulfur present within tl e surface bonded sulfonate substituents of approximately 0.36%, i.e., 89% of the 0.4% surface atomic concentration of sulfur species measured in Figure 2.
• Example 2 Sample Waterbome Dispersion Formulation
• a sample waterbome dispersion formulation for use in an aqueous flexographic printing system would be prepared using a sulfonated carbon black compound as prepared in Example 1.
• the formulation would comprise:
• Joncryl J-61 (Acrylic polymer, obtained from S.C. Johnson Wa ) 61.1 w %
• a sample ink jet formulation for use in an ink jet printing system would be prepared using a sulfonated carbon black compound as prepared in Example 1.
• the formulation would comprise:

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