WO2001016123A1 - Benzylidene-thiazolidinediones and analogues and their use in the treatment of inflammation - Google Patents

Benzylidene-thiazolidinediones and analogues and their use in the treatment of inflammation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001016123A1
WO2001016123A1 PCT/US2000/024348 US0024348W WO0116123A1 WO 2001016123 A1 WO2001016123 A1 WO 2001016123A1 US 0024348 W US0024348 W US 0024348W WO 0116123 A1 WO0116123 A1 WO 0116123A1
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Prior art keywords
thiazolidinedione
tetrahydro
naphthyl
substituted
pentamethyl
Prior art date
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PCT/US2000/024348
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Magnus Pfahl
Catherine Tachdjian
Hussein A. Al-Shamma
Andrea Fanjul
David P. N. Pleynet
Lyle W. Spruce
Original Assignee
Maxia Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
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Publication date
Application filed by Maxia Pharmaceuticals, Inc. filed Critical Maxia Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority to JP2001519690A priority Critical patent/JP2003531104A/ja
Priority to CA002384194A priority patent/CA2384194A1/en
Priority to AU73491/00A priority patent/AU7349100A/en
Priority to EP00961550A priority patent/EP1214305A1/en
Publication of WO2001016123A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001016123A1/en

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Definitions

  • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been implicated as a significant mediator in a variety of inflammatory and immunological responses, as well as in the pathogenesis of endotoxic and septic shock.
  • Nitric oxide synthases e.g., NOS
  • NOS cytochrome "P450-like" active site, that catalyze the oxidation of arginine to nitric oxide (NO) and citrulline.
  • 20 effective anti-inflammatory agents are can be effective against cancer.
  • the present invention relates to certain substituted heterocycles, which are useful in the inhibition of certain inflammatory mediators such as, for example, TNF- ⁇ and/or nitric oxide synthase (NOS), including the isoforms thereof.
  • TNF- ⁇ and/or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) including the isoforms thereof.
  • NOS nitric oxide synthase
  • the present invention relates to certain substituted heterocycles, which are useful 30 in the inhibition of certain inflammatory mediators such as, for example, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF ⁇ ) and/or nitric oxide synthase including the isoforms thereof.
  • TNF ⁇ tumor necrosis factor-alpha
  • nitric oxide synthase including the isoforms thereof.
  • These heterocycles can be useful in the treatment of diseases related to inflammation, cancer or uncontrolled proliferation, and autoimmune diseases.
  • Some disclosed embodiments ofthe invention relate to compounds ofthe Formula (I):
  • n and m are independently 0 or 1 ;
  • R ⁇ and R 2 are 1) independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, hydroxyl, acyl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide or haloalkoxy; or 2) Ri and R 2 together with the aromatic ring bonded thereto form a cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl residue that may optionally comprise 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, S, NH or N-alkyl;
  • R 3 and R are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, alkylsulfonamide, arylsulfonamide, alkylurea, arylurea, alkylcarbamate, arylcarbamate, heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkoxy, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide or substituted dialkylcarboxamide;
  • A is -CR$R 7 - where R$ and R 7 are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy or haloalkoxy; or Re and R 7 together form a cycloalkyl residue that may optionally comprise 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, S, NH and N-alkyl;
  • AT is Formula (II), (111), (IV), (V) or (VI):
  • Rg, R9 and Rio are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, alkylamide, alkylsulfonamide, arylsulfonamide, alkylurea, arylurea, alkylcaibamate, arylcarbamate, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkoxy, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide or substituted dialkylcarboxamide;
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkyl or substituted alkyl
  • W, X, Y and Z are independently or together -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -S-, -O- or -NH-residues that together form a 2,4-thiazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4- thiazolidinedione, isoxazolidinedione, 2,4-imidazolidinedione or 2-thioxo-4- imidazolidinedione residue; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Other embodiments of the invention provide methods of synthesizing the compounds ofthe invention.
  • this invention relates to the use ofthe compounds disclosed herein for treating diseases of uncontrolled cellular proliferation; and for the treatment inflammatory diseases.
  • the invention also provides for a method of treatment of a disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation comprising administering to a mammal diagnosed as having a disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation; and a method of treating an inflammatory disease comprising administering to a mammal diagnosed as having an inflammatory disease.
  • this invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein in admixture with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • Figure 1 shows examples ofthe inhibition of TNF ⁇ activity.
  • Figure 2 shows examples ofthe inhibition of NOS activity.
  • Figure 3 shows examples of methods for the compounds disclosed herein wherein n is 0 and m is 1.
  • Figure 4 shows examples of methods for synthesizing the compounds disclosed herein wherein n and m are 1.
  • Figure 5 shows examples of methods for synthesizing the compounds disclosed herein wherein n is 0 or 1 and m is 0.
  • alkyl denotes a radical containing 1 to 12 carbons, such as methyl, ethyl, «-propyl, wo-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, amyl, t-amyl, ⁇ -pentyl and the like.
  • alkenyl denotes a radical containing 1 to 12 carbons such as vinyl, allyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4- hexenyl, 5-hexanyl, 2-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 4-heptenyl, 5-heptenyl, 6-heptenyl and the like.
  • alkenyl includes dienes and trienes of straight and branch chains.
  • alkynyl denotes a radical containing 1 to 12 carbons, such as ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3- pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl and the like.
  • alkynyl includes di- and tri-ynes.
  • substituted alkyl denotes a radical containing 1 to 12 carbons ofthe above definitions that are substituted with one or more groups, but preferably one, two or three groups, selected from hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di- substituted amino, acyloxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy or haloalkoxy. When more than one group is present then they may be the same or different.
  • substituted alkenyl denotes a radical containing 1 to 12 carbons of he above definitions that are substituted with one or more groups, but preferably one, two or three groups, selected from halogen, hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, acyloxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy or haloalkoxy. When more than one group is present then they may be the same or different.
  • substituted alkynyl denotes a radical containing 1 to 8 carbons ofthe above definitions that are substituted with one or more groups, but preferably one or two groups, selected from halogen, hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di- substituted amino, acyloxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy or haloalkoxy.
  • cycloalkyl denotes a radical containing 3 to 8 carbons, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopenyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like.
  • substituted cycloalkyl denotes a cycloalkyl as defined above that is further substituted with one or more groups selected from halogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide, amino, mono- substituted amino or di-substituted amino.
  • the cycloalkyl is substituted with more than one group, they may be the same or different.
  • cycloalkenyl denotes a radical containing 3 to 8 carbons, such as cyclopropenyl, 1-cyclobutenyl, 2-cyclobutenyl, 1-cyclopentenyl, 2-cyclopentenyl, 3- cyclopentenyl, 1 -cyclohexyl, 2-cyclohexyl, 3-cyclohexyl and the like.
  • substituted cycloalkenyl denotes a cycloalkyl as defined above further substituted with one or more groups selected from halogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkoxy, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide, amino, mono-substituted amino or di-substituted amino.
  • the cycloalkenyl is substituted with more than one group, they may be the same or different.
  • alkoxy denotes a radical alkyl, defined above, attached directly to an oxygen such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, is ⁇ -propoxy, ⁇ -butoxy, t- butoxy, iso-butoxy and the like.
  • substituted alkoxy denotes a radical alkoxy ofthe above definition that is substituted with one or more groups, but preferably one or two groups, selected from hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, acyloxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy or haloalkoxy.
  • di-substituted amino denotes an amino substituted with two radicals that may be same or different selected from aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl, substituted alkyl or arylalkyl wherein the terms have the same definitions found throughout. Some examples include dimethylamino, methylethylamino, diethylamino and the like.
  • haloalkyl denotes a radical alkyl, defined above, substituted with one or more halogens, preferably fluorine, such as a trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl and the like.
  • haloalkoxy denotes a haloalkyl, as defined above, that is directly attached to an oxygen to form trifluoromethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy and the like.
  • acyl denotes a radical containing 1 to 8 carbons such as formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl, iso-butanoyl, pentanoyl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl, benzoyl and the like.
  • acyloxy denotes a radical containing 1 to 8 carbons of an acyl group defined above directly attached to an oxygen such as acetyloxy, propionyloxy, butanoyloxy, wo-butanoyloxy, benzoyloxy and the like.
  • aryl denotes an aromatic ring radical containing 6 to 10 carbons that includes phenyl and naphthyl.
  • substituted aryl denotes an aromatic radical as defined above that is substituted with one or more selected from hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic ring, substituted heterocyclic ring, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, acyloxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylthio, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy or haloalkoxy, wherein the terms are defined herein.
  • halo or halogen refers to a fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo group.
  • thioalkyl denotes a sulfide radical containing 1 to 8 carbons, linear or branched. Examples include methylsulfide, ethyl sulfide, isopropylsulfide and the like.
  • thiohaloalkyl denotes a thioalkyl radical substituted with one or more halogens. Examples include trifluoromethylthio, 1,1-difluoroethylthio, 2,2,2- trifluoroethylthio and the like.
  • carboalkoxy refers to an alkyl ester of a carboxylic acid, wherein alkyl has the same definition as found above. Examples include carbomethoxy, carboethoxy, carboisopropoxy and the like.
  • alkylcarboxamide denotes a single alkyl group attached to the amine of an amide, wherein alkyl has the same definition as found above. Examples include N-methylcarboxamide, N-ethylcarboxamide, N-(/.so-propyl)carboxamide and the like.
  • substituted alkylcarboxamide denotes a single "substituted alkyl” group, as defined above, attached to the amine of an amide.
  • dialkylcarboxamide denotes two alkyl or arylalkyl groups that are the same or different attached to the amine of an amide, wherein alkyl has the same definition as found above.
  • Examples of a dialkylcarboxamide include NjV- dimethylcarboxamide, N-methyl-N-ethylcarboxamide and the like.
  • substituted dialkylcarboxamide denotes two alkyl groups attached to the amine of an amide, where one or both groups is a "substituted alkyl", as defined above. It is understood that these groups may be the same or different. Examples include N,N-dibenzylcarboxamide, N- benzyl-N-methylcarboxamide and the like.
  • alkylamide denotes an acyl radical attached to an amine or monoalkylamine, wherein the term acyl has the same definition as found above.
  • alkylamide include acetamido, propionamido and the like.
  • arylalkyl defines an alkylene, such as -CH 2 - for example, which is substituted with an aryl group that may be substituted or unsubstituted as defined above.
  • alkylene such as -CH 2 - for example
  • aryl group that may be substituted or unsubstituted as defined above.
  • Examples of an “arylalkyl” include benzyl, phenethylene and the like.
  • heterocyclic ring denotes five-membered or six-membered rings that are completely or partially saturated and substituted with at least one heteroatom but no more than three heteroatoms, selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Examples include morpholino, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl and the like.
  • substituted heterocyclic ring refers to a heterocyclic ring that is substituted with one or more groups from hydroxyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, heteroaryl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, acyloxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylthio, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy or haloalkoxy. When more than one group is present then the groups may be the same or different.
  • heteroaryl refers to a five-membered or six-membered heterocyclic aromatic ring system containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur. Examples include pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl and the like.
  • substituted heteroaryl refers to heteroaryl that is substituted with one or more groups from hydroxyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, acyloxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylthio, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy or haloalkoxy. When more than one group is present then the groups may be the same or different.
  • a residue of a chemical species refers to the moiety that is the resulting product ofthe chemical species in a particular reaction scheme or subsequent formulation or chemical product, regardless of whether the moiety is actually obtained from the chemical species.
  • an ethylene glycol residue in a polyester refers to one or more -OCH2CH20- repeat units in the polyester, regardless of whether ethylene glycol is used to prepare the polyester.
  • a 2,4-thiazolidinedione residue in a chemical compound refers to one or more 2,4-thiazolidinedione moieties ofthe compound, regardless of whether the residue was obtained by reacting 2,4-thiazolidinedione to obtain the compound.
  • n and m are independently 0 or 1 ;
  • Ri and R 2 are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, hydroxyl, acyl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide or haloalkoxy; or Ri and R 2 together with the aromatic ring form a cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl optionally comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, S, NH and N-alkyl;
  • R and R4 are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, alkylsulfonamide, arylsulfonamide, alkylurea, arylurea, alkylcarbamate, arylcarbamate, heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkoxy, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide or substituted dialkylcarboxamide;
  • A is -CReR where R « and R 7 are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy or haloalkoxy; or R « and R 7 together form a cycloalkyl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, S, NH and N-alkyl;
  • Ar is Formula (II), (ITf), (IV), (V) or (VI):
  • Re, R9 and Rio are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di- sub ⁇ ted amino, alkylamide, alkylsulfonamide, arylsulfonamide, alkylurea, arylurea, alkylcarbamate, arylcarbamate, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkoxy, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide or substituted dialkylcarboxamide;
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkyl or substituted alkyl
  • W, X, Y and Z are independently or together -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -S-, -O- or -NH-, preferably such that they form a 2,4-thiazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4- thiazolidinedione, isoxazolidinedione, 2,4-imidazolidinedione or 2-thioxo-4- imidazolidinedione residue.
  • These residues can be illustrated by the following Formulae:
  • W, X, Y and Z are independently or together -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -S-, -0-, or -NH- to form a 2,4-thiazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinedione, 2,4-imidazolidinedione or 2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinedione residue.
  • R and R4 are independently or together halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino or haloalkoxy.
  • R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl.
  • Ar comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C ⁇ -Ci ⁇ aromatic ring residue wherein all ring atoms are carbon, which may be optionally be substituted with zero to three Rg, R 9 or Rio substituent groups, with the proviso that the C ⁇ -Ci ⁇ aromatic radical does not comprise compounds ofthe formula
  • Rg, R 9 and Rio are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di- substituted amino, alkylamide, alkylsulfonamide, arylsulfonamide, alkylurea, arylurea, alkylcarbamate, arylcarbamate, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkoxy, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide or substituted dialkylcarboxamide.
  • Rg, R 9 and Rio are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di- substituted amino, alkylamide, alkylsulfonamide, arylsulfonamide, alkylurea, arylurea, alkylcarbamate, arylcarbamate, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkoxy, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide or substituted dialkylcarboxamide.
  • the substituted or unsubstituted C ⁇ -Cis aromatic ring residue comprises a napthyl residue ofthe formula
  • napthyl residue may be optionally substitued with zero to three Re, R or Rio substituent groups.
  • Ar comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 18 heteroaromatic ring residue having from one to three ring atoms selected from O, S, N, NH and N-Ri 1 atoms or residues, and optionally substituted with zero to three Rg, R9 or Rio substituent groups, with the proviso that the C 2 -Ci 8 heteroaromatic ring residue does not comprise compounds ofthe formula
  • Rg, and R 9 are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di- substituted amino, alkylamide, alkylsulfonamide, arylsulfonamide, alkylurea, arylurea, alkylcarbamate, arylcarbamate, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkoxy, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide or substituted dialkylcarboxamide. It is to be understood that in no embodiment within the scope ofthe present invention does the Ar residue ofthe compound of Formula (I) comprise the formula:
  • Rg, and R 9 are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di- substituted amino, alkylamide, alkylsulfonamide, arylsulfonamide, alkylurea, arylurea, alkylcarbamate, arylcarbamate, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkoxy, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide or substituted dialkylcarboxamide.
  • the substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 1 g heteroaromatic ring residue comprises one ofthe following heteroaromatic residues:
  • heteroaromatic residue may be optionally substituted with zero to three Rg, R 9 , Rio, or Rj 1 substituent groups, wherein Rl 1 substitutent groups comprise alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, acyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl groups.
  • the substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic ring residue comprises a napthyl residue ofthe formula
  • Ar is Formula (13), (lTf) or (VI):
  • Rg is alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkyl, hydroxy, acyloxy, halogen, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, alkylamide or haloalkoxy;
  • R9 and Rio are independent or together hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, alkylamide or haloalkoxy.
  • R is methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy or dimethylamino; and R» is hydrogen.
  • a Ri and R 2 together with the aromatic ring bonded thereto form a substituted cycloalkyl;
  • R 3 is methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy or dimethylamino; and
  • R4 is hydrogen form a polycyclic residue.
  • the polycyclic residue is selected from: 1) 3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl,
  • Ri and R 2 together form a substituted cycloalkyl with the aromatic ring of Formula I to give the 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2- naphthyl radical:
  • Ri and R 2 together form a substituted cycloalkyl with the aromatic ring of Formula I optionally comprising 1 or 2 nitrogen heteroatoms to give 1 -isopropyl-7-methyl- 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-quinolinyl radical;
  • Ri and R 2 together with the aromatic ring form a cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl optionally comprising 1 or 2 nitrogen heteroatoms;
  • R 3 is halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkoxy, amino, mono-substituted amino or di- substituted amino; and
  • R « and R together form a cycloalkyl comprising 1 or 2 oxygen heteroatoms and a compound of claim W
  • X, Y and Z are independently or together - C(O)-, -C(S)-, -S- or -NH- form a 2,4-thiazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinedione, 2- tWoxo-4-imidazolidinedione or 2,4-imidazolidinedione residue.
  • This invention also relates to a pharmaceutical formulation comprising one or more compounds disclosed herein in an admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • tautomers may also exist with 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinedione, 2,4-imidazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinedione and isoxazolidinedione containing compounds disclosed herein and these tautomeric forms are also within the scope ofthe invention.
  • 2,4-thiazolidinedione and 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinedione of Formula (I) may have the following structures respectively:
  • the compounds disclosed herein may also include salts ofthe compounds, such as salts with cations.
  • Cations with which the compounds ofthe invention may form pharmaceutically acceptable salts include alkali metals, such as sodium or potassium; alkaline earth metals, such as calcium; and trivalent metals, such as aluminum.
  • alkali metals such as sodium or potassium
  • alkaline earth metals such as calcium
  • trivalent metals such as aluminum.
  • the only constraint with respect to the selection ofthe cation is that it should not unacceptably increase the toxicity. Due to the tautomerism described above for the compounds, mono- ,di- or tri-salts may be possible depending on the conesponding alkali metal.
  • one or more compounds disclosed herein may include salts formed by reaction of a nitrogen contained within the compound, such as an amine, aniline, substituted aniline, pyridyl and the like, with an acid, such as HCl, carboxylic acid and the like. Therefore, all possible salt forms in relationship to the tautomers and a salt formed from the reaction between a nitrogen and acid are within the scope ofthe invention.
  • the present invention provides, but is not limited to, the specific compounds set forth in the Examples as well as those set forth below, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: where n is 0, and is absent or present:
  • n 1, Ri and R2 together with the aromatic ring form a substituted cycloalkyl optionally comprising 1 or 2 nitrogen heteroatoms; and R 3 is alkyl or substituted alkyl.
  • R 3 is alkyl or substituted alkyl.
  • Re and R 7 are independently or together alkyl; or R « and R 7 together form a cycloalkyl comprising 1 or 2 oxygen heteroatoms. More preferably the cycloalkyl is a 1,3-dioxolane ring.
  • n is 1, preferably W, X, Y and Z are independently or together -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -S- or -NH- form a 2,4-thiazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinedione or 2,4-imidazolidinedione.
  • the bond is present. In another embodiment represents the bond is absent.
  • Coupling reactions such as that described for the formation of Biaryl (XXTV) and (XXVI) may also be conducted using boronic esters, such as where R ⁇ together with the boron from a pinacol borate ester (formation of pinacol esters: Ishiyama, T., et al., J. Org. Chem.
  • Ri j may also be I, CI or triflate (derived from a phenol).
  • Biaryl (XXVI) may also be acylated, for example by the Friedel-Crafts Acylation reaction or the like. Preferably, biaryl (XXVI) is formylated.
  • biaryl is formylated by first performing a halogenation step to give biaryl (XXVU), such as a bromination, followed by a halogen-metal exchange reaction using an alkyl lithium and reaction with DMF or equivalent known in the art to give biaryl (XXTV) where R 5 is H.
  • the carbonyl group of biaryl may subsequently be condensed with a heterocycle possessing an active methylene moiety, such as 2,4- thiazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinedione, isoxazolidinedione, 2,4- imidazolidinedione or 2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinedione to give benzylidene (XXVTfl).
  • a heterocycle possessing an active methylene moiety such as 2,4- thiazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinedione, isoxazolidinedione, 2,4- imidazolidinedione or 2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinedione to give benzylidene (XXVTfl).
  • aryl (XXII) may be coupled with boronic acid (XXXI) to give biaryl (XXVI).
  • biaryl (XXVI) may be either formylated or acylated to achieve biaryl (XXIV).
  • Ri and R 2 are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, hydroxyl, acyl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide or haloalkoxy; or Ri and R2 together with the aromatic ring form a cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl optionally comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, S, NH and N-alkyl; R 3 and t are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, halogen
  • Ar is Formula (II), (Ul), (IV), (V) or (VI):
  • Rg, R 9 and Rio are independently or together hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di- substituted amino, alkylamide, alkylsulfonamide, arylsulfonamide, alkylurea, arylurea, alkylcarbamate, arylcarbamate, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkoxy, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide or substituted dialkylcarboxamide; Ri 1 is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl;
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkyl or substituted alkyl; represents a bond present or absent;
  • W, X, Y and Z are independently or together -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -S-, -0- or -NH- residues that form a 2,4-thiazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinedione, isoxazolidinedione, 2,4-imidazolidinedione or 2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinedione residue;
  • the second aryl residue has a carbonyl group and comprises a substituted or unsubstituted residue having the structure:
  • biaryl carbonyl containing compound comprises a substituted or unsubstituted residue having the structure:
  • One embodiment of the invention relates to the processes for making compounds of Formula I, where n is 0, which comprises coupling two aromatic rings to give a biaryl wherein one of the aryl rings contains a carbonyl moiety, preferably an aldehyde.
  • the resulting biaryl product may be subsequently condensed with an active methylene compound, such as 2,4-thiazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinedione, 2,4- imidazolidinedione or 2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinedione to give a benzylidene compound of Formula (I) where is a bond.
  • the benzylidene compound may be reduced to give a benzyl compound of Formula (I) where is absent.
  • Coupling of two aryl rings may be conducted using an aryl boronic acid or esters with an aryl halide (such as, iodo, bromo, or chloro), triflate or diazonium tetrafluoroborate; as described respectively in Suzuki, Pure & Applied Chem., 66:213- 222 (1994), Miyaura and Suzuki, Chem. Rev. 95:2457-2483 (1995), Watanabe, Miyaura and Suzuki, Synlett. 207-210 (1992), Littke and Fu, Angew. Chem. Int.
  • an aryl halide such as, iodo, bromo, or chloro
  • triflate or diazonium tetrafluoroborate as described respectively in Suzuki, Pure & Applied Chem., 66:213- 222 (1994), Miyaura and Suzuki, Chem. Rev. 95:2457-2483 (1995), Watanabe, Miyaura
  • Rj is either alkyl or hydrogen and R 15 is a halide (such as, iodo, bromo, or chloro), triflate or diazonium tetrafluoroborate.
  • R 15 is a halide (such as, iodo, bromo, or chloro), triflate or diazonium tetrafluoroborate.
  • the coupling groups may be reversed, such as the use of (XXII) and (XXHT), to achieve the same coupling product:
  • the boronic ester may be prepared from an aryl halide by conversion into the corresponding aryl lithium, followed by treatment with a trialkyl borate.
  • the boronic ester is hydrolyzed to the boronic acid.
  • the coupling reaction may also be conducted between an arylzinc halide and an aryl halide or triflate. Alternately, the coupling reaction may also be executed using an aryl trialkyltin derivative and an aryl halide or triflate. These coupling methods are reviewed by Stanforth, Tetrahedron 54:263-303 (1998) and incorporated herein by reference. In general, the utilization of a specific coupling procedure is selected with respect to available precursors, chemoselectivity, regioselectivity and steric considerations.
  • biaryl carbonyl containing derivatives e.g., Figure 3, compound (XXTV)
  • a suitable active methylene compound 2,4-thiazolinedione
  • the biaryl carbonyl product from the coupling reaction may be condensed with an active methylene compound to give a benzylidene compound of Formula (I) (i.e., is a bond) as described by Tietze and Beifuss, Comprehensive Organic Synthesis (Pergamon Press), 2 :341 -394, ( 1991 ), incorporated herein by reference.
  • benzylidene compound of Formula (I) i.e., is a bond
  • intermediates having hydroxyl groups bound thereto may be formed during condensation of a biaryl carbonyl containing derivative and an active methylene compound, as shown below.
  • catalysts examples include pyrrolidine, piperidine, pyridine, diethylamine and the acetate salts thereof.
  • Inorganic catalysts may also be used for the condensation.
  • Inorganic catalysts include, but are not limited to, titanium tetrachloride and a tertiary base, such as pyridine; and magnesium oxide or zinc oxide in an inert solvent system. This type of condensation can be strongly solvent-dependent and it is understood that routine experimentation may be necessary to identify the optimal solvent with a particular catalyst, preferable solvents include ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or toluene; or mixtures thereof.
  • the active methylene compound ofthe present invention may be 2,4- thiazolidinedione, 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone, 2,4-imidazolidinedione or 2-thioxo-4- imidazolidinedione.
  • the resulting benzylidene e.g., Figurem compound (XXXHI)
  • Figurem compound (XXXHI) may be reduced, if desired, to a compound of Formula (I) wherein is absent (e.g., Figure 3, compound (XXX)).
  • n 1, representative examples are shown in Figure 4.
  • Structures of compound (XL) may be prepared by methods known in the art.
  • Aldehyde (XLII) may be reacted with a metal reagent, such as a Grignard reagent, to give benzyl alcohol (XLIV) that can subsequently be converted to ketone (XLV) via an oxidation, such as a Swern oxidation, Corey oxidation with NCS or another suitable procedure described by Hudlicky, M, Oxidations in Organic Chemistry, ACS Monograph 186 (1990), incorporated herein by reference.
  • compound (XLLT) or compound (XLV) may be condensed with an active methylene of a heterocycle to give compound (XL VI).
  • the reduced analogue (XLV1T) may be prepared in a manner similar to the process described above using a benzyl halide derived from either benzyl alcohol (XLI) or reduction from compound (XL VI).
  • various methods may be employed in the production ofthe compounds disclosed herein wherein n is either 0 or 1 and m is 0, representative examples are shown in Figure 5.
  • compound (XLII) or (XXIV) the carbonyl may be converted to a cyanohydrin using methods known in the art. Such methods include, the use of acetone cyanohydrin, TMS-CN/ZnI ⁇ (followed by hydrolysis ofthe TMS ether) and the like.
  • Conversion to compounds of Formula where m is equal to 0 may be prepared by the reaction ofthe (XLII b) or (XXTV b) with thiourea followed by hydrolysis.
  • the compounds ofthe present invention have been found to be active in one or more biological assays that correlate to or are representative of a human disease.
  • Inflammation is a biological response, such as, edema, swelling, pain, fever, redness or diminished function, and related physiological manifestations, that arise from tissue/cellular damage or insult.
  • inflammatory mediators released from the activation ofthe inflammatory cascade in response to the insult.
  • tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide synthase.
  • TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR- ALPHA TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR- ALPHA
  • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha e.g., TNF- ⁇
  • TNF- ⁇ Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
  • monocytes and macrophages are pleiotropic cytokine that is secreted primarily by monocytes and macrophages as a soluble homotrimer of 17 kD protein subunits in response to endotoxin or other stimuli (Smith, R. A. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1987, 262, 6951-6954).
  • the expression of TNF- ⁇ is not limited to only the monocyte/macrophage family, but also several human non-monocytic tumor cell lines, peripheral blood T lymphocytes, and a variety of B and T cell lines have shown to produce TNF- ⁇ .
  • TNF- ⁇ membrane-bound 26 kD precursor form of TNF- ⁇
  • TNF- ⁇ has been shown to play a beneficial role in destroying tumors, mediating responses to tissue injury, and protecting hosts from infections by various microorganisms.
  • TNF- ⁇ has also been shown to be overexpressed in a number of physiological disorders (Pujol-Borrell et al., Nature 1987 326, 304-306; Oliff, Cell 1988 54, 141-142; Tracey et al., Nature 1987, 330, 662- 664).
  • TNF- ⁇ is a significant mediator of a variety of inflammatory and immunological responses, as well as in the pathogenesis of endotoxic and septic shock (reviewed by Tracey and Cerami, Ann. Rev. Med. 45, 491-503, 1994; Glauser et al. Clin. Infect Dis. 18, suppl. 2, 205-216, 1994).
  • TNF- ⁇ has been shown to promote the accumulation and activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by stimulating the endothelium to express adhesion molecules (T. H. Pohlman et al., J. Immunol, 136, pp. 4548-4553, 1986) and to release secondary chemotactic cytokines such as IL-8 (R. M. Strieter et al., Science, 243, pp. 1467-1469, 1989).
  • TNF- ⁇ can stimulate cells within the joint to synthesize and express the inducible cyclooxygenase enzyme (e.g., COX 2) and the inducible NO synthase enzyme (e.g., iNOS).
  • TNF- ⁇ can activate chondrocytes leading to the degradation of their own extracellular matrix and suppress synthesis of cartilage matrix components leading to cartilage destruction.
  • Another effect of TNF- ⁇ is in the regulation ofthe production of other cytokines. This has been demonstrated in cultures of dissociated RA synovial cells where blocking the activity of TNF- ⁇ can inhibit the secretion of IL-1 (F. M. Brennan et al., Lancet, 2, pp. 244-247, 1989) and therefore, inhibiting TNF- ⁇ should prevent the synthesis of other downstream cytokines such as IL-1.
  • TNF- ⁇ has been shown to be immunolocalised in both RA and OA synovial membranes (M. N. Farahat et al., Ann. Rheum. Dis., 52, pp. 870- 875, 1993). Therefore, among the serious disease states related to the production or overproduction of TNF- ⁇ , a partial list includes the following: septic and endotoxic shock (reviewed by Tracey and Cerami, Ann. Rev. Med. 45, 491-503, 1994; Glauser et al. Clin. Infect Dis. 18, suppl.
  • cachexia syndromes associated with bacterial infections e.g., tuberculosis, meningitis
  • viral infections e.g., AIDS
  • parasite infections e.g., malaria
  • neoplastic disease inflammatory bowel diseases and Crohn's Disease
  • autoimmune disease including some forms of arthritis (especially rheumatoid and degenerative forms); and adverse effects associated with treatment for the prevention of graft rejection.
  • TNF- ⁇ levels can have clear beneficial effects in humans. This has been demonstrated by the approval of Racamicade,TM an anti- TNF- ⁇ monoclonal antibody for the treatment of Crohn's disease by Food and Drug Administration (e.g., FDA) in 1998. Another TNF- ⁇ inhibiting protein EnbrelTM was approved by the FDA in June 2000 to reduce the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. TNF- ⁇ overproduction in other tissues has also been correlated with other diseases. An example is type 2 diabetes where overproduction of TNF- ⁇ in adipose tissue of obese patients may have an increase in insulin resistance. This is supported by the finding that mice lacking TNF- ⁇ function are protected from obesity induced insulin resistance (Kysal et al., Nature 389,619-614, 1997). NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE
  • Nitric oxide synthases are hemoproteins with a cytochrome "P450-like" active site, which catalyzes the oxidation of arginine to nitric oxide and citrulline.
  • the shortlived nitric oxide fulfills a large range of biological functions as both a cellular messenger and a cytotoxic factor.
  • cytotoxic nature of NO is also suspected in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases (Molina, J. A., F. J. Jimenez-Jimenez, M. Orti-Pareja, J. A. Navarro [1998] Drugs Aging 12:251-259; Thorns, V., L. Hansen, E. Masliah [1998] Exp. Neurol 150:14-20).
  • brain inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and that secretory products of activated glial cells, such as nitric oxide, mediate this inflammatory process (Gahtan, E. and J. B.
  • Inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, owe their destructive properties to the over-production of nitric oxide by iNOS which is found in the synovial tissue and cartilage of affected arthritic joints (Amin, A. R., M. Attur, and S. B. Abramson [1999] Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. l l(3):202-209).
  • iNOS nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of asthma.
  • High levels of exhaled nitric oxide are present in the exhalant of adult and pediatric patients, suggesting an overproduction of nitric oxide as a consequence ofthe inflammatory process from NOS (Baraldi, E., C. Dario, R. Ongaro, M.
  • Compounds disclosed are useful in the inhibition of certain inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and/or nitric oxide synthase. These compounds may be useful in the treatment of diseases related to necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide synthase.
  • TNF- ⁇ inhibitor candidate i.e. test compound
  • TNF- ⁇ a TNF ⁇ inhibitor candidate
  • test compound can be found to inhibit TNF- ⁇ binding to a fusion protein that is composed of a TNF- ⁇ receptor or a TNF- ⁇ -binding portion thereof, fused to an immunoglobulin molecule or a portion thereof.
  • the ability of a test compound to inhibit TNF- ⁇ from binding to an isolated TNF- ⁇ receptor is measured.
  • Another assay is one where known cell responses to TNF- ⁇ are measured in the presence and absence of putative TNF- ⁇ inhibitors.
  • TNF- ⁇ has been shown to be cytotoxic to some cells, such as WEHI cells, and assays can be used to measure the ability of a test compound to inhibit TNF- ⁇ cytotoxicity.
  • specific non-lethal effects of TNF- ⁇ on control cells are collected and used as an end point to evaluate the TNF- ⁇ inhibitory activity of a test compound.
  • Known effects of TNF- ⁇ on fibroblast cells include effects on mitogenesis, IL-6 secretion, and HLA class ⁇ antigen induction. Comparisons can be made between TNF- ⁇ 's effect on fibroblasts in the presence or absence of a test compound using these detectable phenotypic changes as endpoints.
  • TNF- ⁇ effects on monocyte cells include effects on secretion of cytokines such as GMCSF, IL-6 and EL-8. Comparisons can be made between TNF- ⁇ 's effect on cytokine secretion by monocytes in the presence or absence of a test compound. Additionally, TNF- ⁇ is known to have effects on endothelial cell cytokine secretion and similar assays may be designed and performed. Further, TNF- ⁇ is also known to effect adhesion molecule induction, such as ICAM-1, E-selectin, VCAM, and tissue factor production in endothelial cells.
  • adhesion molecule induction such as ICAM-1, E-selectin, VCAM, and tissue factor production in endothelial cells.
  • Comparisons can be made between TNF- ⁇ 's effect on endothelial cells in the presence or absence of a test compound using these detectable phenotypic changes as endpoints as well.
  • TNF- ⁇ is known to effect neutrophils in specific ways. Comparisons can be made between TNF- ⁇ 's effect on neutrophils in the presence or absence of a test compound using activation, priming, degranulation and superoxide production as detectable endpoints for evaluation of TNF- ⁇ inhibitory activity.
  • U937 cells human histiocytic lymphoma
  • TPA 12-0- tetradecanolylphorbol 13-acetate
  • nitric oxide synthase has a number of isoforms and compounds disclosed herein may be screened for nitric oxide synthetase activity by procedures based on those of Bredt and Snyder in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1990) 87, 682-685 and Forstermann et. al. (1992) Eur. J. Pharm. 225,161-165. These assays rely on the ability to quantify the amount of 3 H-L-citrulline that is converted from H-L-arginine by the presence of nitric oxide synthetase. This can be accomplished by the cation exchange separation and quantified by liquid scintillation counting.
  • a screen for neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity can be accomplished by isolating the enzyme from rat hippocampus or cerebellum.
  • a screen for macrophage nitric oxide synthase activity can be accomplished by isolating the enzyme after induction by interferon-gamma. (IFN- gamma) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the cultured murine macrophage cell line J774A-1.
  • a screen for endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity can be accomplished by isolating the enzyme from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by a procedure based on that of Pollock et al (1991) Proc. Nat. Acad.
  • a screen for nitric oxide synthase can also be accomplishing using primary human chondrocytes in the presence of LL- ⁇ that induces NO production and quantified using the Griess Reagent system.
  • Compounds disclosed herein may have the ability to function as antidiabetic molecules. This activity may be demonstrated in animal models for type 2 diabetes, such as in the dbldb or the KKA y mouse. In these models a compound is considered active if they are able to exhibit the ability to reduce glucose and triglyceride levels compared to controls.
  • Modulation of lipid metabolism may be useful, for example, to modulate metabolism (such as, for example, lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism) and may be able to treat type 2 diabetes.
  • Modulation of lipid metabolism would include an increase of lipid content intracellularly or extracellularly.
  • Modulation of lipid metabolism could also include a decrease of lipid content intracellularly or extracellularly.
  • Modulation of lipid metabolism could also include the increase of one type of lipid containing particle such as high density lipoprotein (HDL) and or5 simultaneous decrease in low density lipoprotein (LDL).
  • HDL high density lipoprotein
  • LDL low density lipoprotein
  • suitable animal model to measure such activity in vivo are young Sprague Dawley rats fed a high fat or high cholesterol diet.
  • Modulation of metabolism may occur directly for example, through binding ofthe compounds disclosed herein with its cognate nuclear receptor, which directly affects an increase or decrease in lipid content by up-regulation or down- regulation of a gene involved in lipid metabolism.
  • Modulation could be an increase in lipid metabolism, such that lipid metabolism is greater than that of a control.
  • Modulation also includes, for example, an increase in lipid metabolism, such that the lipid metabolism approaches that of a control.
  • modulation of lipid metabolism could be a decrease in lipid metabolism, such that the lipid metabolism is less than or decreasing towards a control.
  • Carbohydrate metabolism may also be up-regulated or down-regulated to either approach the level of carbohydrate metabolism in a control or to deviate from the level of carbohydrate metabolism in a control. Changes in carbohydrate metabohsm may directly or indirectly also result in changes of lipid metabolism and, similarly, changes in lipid metabolism may lead to changes in carbohydrate metabolism.
  • An example is type 2 diabetes where an increase in free fatty acids in the patients leads to decreased cellular uptake and metabolism of glucose.
  • lipid molecules may be modulated.
  • the compounds disclosed herein may modulate a single type of lipid molecule, such as a triglyceride, or the compounds disclosed herein may modulate multiple types of lipid molecules.
  • the compounds disclosed herein may also modulate a single or variety of carbohydrate molecules.
  • the compounds disclosed herein may modulate metabolism disorders, such as type 2 diabetes. Metabolism can be modulated by the compounds disclosed herein by, for example, decreasing the serum glucose levels and/or decreasing the serum triglyceride levels, relative to a control having serum glucose and/or triglyceride levels indicative of a mammal having type 2 diabetes. It is recognized that any decrease in serum glucose and/or triglyceride levels can benefit the mammal having type 2 diabetes.
  • These compounds may be characterized by their low molecular weights and physiological stability, and therefore, represent a class that may be implemented to prevent, alleviate, and/or otherwise, treat disorders of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, such as obesity, dislipidemea, type 2 diabetes and other diseases related to type 2 diabetes. It is understood that treatment or prevention of type 2 diabetes may involve modulation of lipid or carbohydrate metabolism, such as the modulation of serum glucose or serum triglyceride levels.
  • An embodiment ofthe invention relates to the use ofthe compounds disclosed herein.
  • the compounds disclosed herein may be either used singularly or plurally, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof for the treatment of mammalian diseases, particularly those related to humans.
  • Compounds disclosed herein and compositions thereof may be administered by various methods including, for example, orally, enterally, parentally, topically, nasally, vaginally, ophthalinically, sublingually or by inhalation for the treatment of diseases related to lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid and carbohydrate metabohsm such as polycystic ovary syndrome, syndrome X, type 2 diabetes, including disorders related to type 2 diabetes such as, diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, macrovascular disease or differentiation of adipocytes.
  • compositions may also be used as regulators in diseases of uncontrolled proliferation.
  • the composition may be useful in the treatment of polycystic kidney disease and cancers such as, carcinomas, lymphomas, leukemias, and sarcomas.
  • a representative but non-limiting list of cancers is lymphoma, Hodgkin's Disease, myeloid leukemia, bladder cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancers such as small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, myeloma, neuroblastoma/glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, cervical carcinoma, breast cancer, and epithelial cancer.
  • Compounds disclosed herein may be used for the treatment of diseases and disorders such as neurodegenerative disorders, disorders of gastrointestinal motility, hypotension, septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, hemodialysis, IL-2 therapy such as in cancer patients, cachexia, and immunosuppression such as in transplant therapy.
  • diseases and disorders such as neurodegenerative disorders, disorders of gastrointestinal motility, hypotension, septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, hemodialysis, IL-2 therapy such as in cancer patients, cachexia, and immunosuppression such as in transplant therapy.
  • Compounds disclosed herein may be used for the treatment of diseases autoimmune and or inflammatory indications including sunburn, eczema or psoriasis, respiratory conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, oxidant-induced lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), glomerulonephritis, restenosis, inflammatory sequelae of viral infections, myocarditis, heart failure, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, chronic or inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), ocular conditions such as ocular hypertension, retinitis and uveitis, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and cystic fibrosis.
  • diseases autoimmune and or inflammatory indications including sunburn, eczema or psoriasis, respiratory conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, oxidant
  • Compounds disclosed herein may be useful in the treatment of hypoxia, hyperbaric oxygen convulsions and toxicity, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Sydenham's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Korsakoff s disease, imbecility related to cerebral vessel disorder, NO mediated cerebral trauma and related sequelae, ischemic brain edema (stroke), sleeping disorders, eating disorders such as anorexia, schizophrenia, depression, pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS), urinary incontinence, anxiety, drug and alcohol addiction, pain, migraine, emesis, tumor growth, immune complex disease, such as immunosuppressive agents, acute allograft rejection, infections caused by invasive microorganisms which produce NO, and for preventing or reversing tolerance to opiates and diazepines.
  • ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • epilepsy Korsakoff s disease
  • compositions comprising one or more compounds and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and, optionally, other therapeutic and/or prophylactic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be 'acceptable' in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not overly deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions include those suitable for oral, enteral, parental
  • compositions may, where appropriate, be conveniently presented in discrete unit dosage forms and may be prepared by any ofthe methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active compound with liquid carriers, solid matrices, semi-solid carriers, finely divided solid carriers or combination thereof, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired delivery system.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete unit dosage forms such as hard or soft gelatin capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount ofthe active ingredient; as a powder or as granules; as a solution, a suspension or as an emulsion.
  • the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • Tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, or wetting agents.
  • the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in the art., e.g., with enteric coatings.
  • Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
  • Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non- aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), or one or more preservative.
  • the compounds may also be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection, for example, bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampules, pre-filled syringes, small bolus infusion containers or in multi-does containers with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution, for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.
  • the compounds may be formulated as ointments, creams or lotions, or as the active ingredient of a transdermal patch.
  • Suitable transdermal delivery systems are disclosed, for example, in Fisher et al. (U.S. Patent (No. 4,788,603, incorporated herein by reference) or Bawas et al. (U.S. Patent No. 4,931,279, 4,668,504 and 4,713,224; all incorporated herein by reference).
  • Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
  • Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents.
  • the active ingredient may also be delivered via iontophoresis, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,140,122, 4383,529, or 4,051,842; incorporated herein by reference.
  • compositions suitable for topical admimstration in the mouth include unit dosage forms such as lozenges comprising active ingredient in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia; mucoadherent gels, and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • unit dosage forms such as lozenges comprising active ingredient in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia; mucoadherent gels, and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • the above-described compositions may be adapted to provide sustained release ofthe active ingredient employed, e.g., by combination thereof with certain hydrophilic polymer matrices, e.g., comprising
  • compositions according to the invention may also contain other adjuvants such as flavorings, coloring, antimicrobial agents, or preservatives.
  • the amount ofthe compound, or an active salt or derivative thereof, required for use in treatment will vary not only with the particular salt selected but also with the route of administration, the nature ofthe condition being treated and the age and condition ofthe patient and will be ultimately at the discretion of the attendant physician or clinician.
  • one of skill in the art understands how to extrapolate in vivo data obtained in a model organism, such as mouse, rat and the like, to another mammal, such as a human. These extrapolations are not simply based on the weights of the two organisms, but rather incorporate differences in metabolism, differences in pharmacological delivery, and administrative routes.
  • a suitable dose will, in alternative embodiments, typically be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 100 mg/kg/day, from about 1 to about 75 mg/kg of body weight per day, from about 3 to about 50 mg per kilogram body weight ofthe recipient per day, or in the range of 6 to 90 mg/kg/day, most preferably in the range of 15 to 60 mg/kg/day.
  • the compound is conveniently administered in unit dosage form; for example, in alternative embodiments, containing 0.5 to 1000 mg, 5 to 750 mg, most conveniently, or 10 to 500 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form.
  • the active ingredient may be administered to achieve peak plasma concentrations ofthe active compound of from about 0.5 to about 75 ⁇ M, about I to 50 ⁇ M, or about 2 to about 30 ⁇ M. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenous injection of a 0.05 to 5% solution ofthe active ingredient, optionally in saline, or orally administered as a bolus containing about 0.5-500 mg ofthe active ingredient. Desirable blood levels may be maintained by continuous infusion to provide about 0.01-5.0 mg kg/hr or by intermittent infusions containing about 0.4-15 mg/kg of the active ingredients.
  • the desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub- doses per day.
  • the sub-dose itself may be further divided, e.g., into a number of discrete loosely spaced administrations; such as multiple inhalations from an insufflator or by application of a plurality of drops into the eye.
  • Example 1 2-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-3- methoxybenzylidene-2,4-thiazolidinedione, also refened to Compound 1 herein: To a solution of toluene (10 mL) containing piperidine (0.1 mL) and acetic acid
  • the intermediate 3-methoxy-2-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8- tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzaldehyde was prepared as follows: a. To a solution of o- vanillin (0.5 g, 3.28 mmol; i.e., 3-methoxy-2- hydroxybenzaldehyde) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was added pyridine (0.3 mL, 1.2 eq) and the solution cooled to 0°C. Triflic anhydride (0.65 mL, 1.2 eq) was added slowly and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature and stirred for 3 hr. at room temperature.
  • Example 2 4-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-3- methoxybenzylidene-2,4-thiazolidinedione, referred to as Compound 2 herein. Prepared in a similar manner to Example 1 in a 54% yield using 3-methoxy-4-
  • the intermediate 2-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2- yl)pyridine-5-carboxaldehyde was prepared as follows: a. 2-Bromo-pyridine-5-carboxaldehyde. To a suspension of 2,5-dibromopyridine (10.28 g, 0.043 mol) in dry ether (150 mL) cooled to -78°C under argon was added dropwise a solution of n-BuLi (17.4 mL, 0.043 mol, 2.5 M in hexanes) while maintaining an internal reaction temperature below -78°C. The resulting dark red suspension was sti ⁇ ed for 30 min.
  • Tetrakis(triphenyl- phosphine)palladium(O) (0.062 g, 0.054 mmol) was added and the mixture heated at reflux under argon until complete consumption of starting material. The solution was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate and washed successively with water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.
  • Example 4 4-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-3- hyrdoxybenzylidene-2,4-thiazolidinedione. Prepared in a similar manner to Example 1 in a 58% yield using 3-hydroxy-4- (3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-yl)benzaldehyde.
  • Example 5 4-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-3- ethoxybenzylidene-2,4-thiazolidinedione.
  • Triflic anhydride (6.01 mL, 36.11 mmol) was added slowly and the reaction mixture warmed slowly to room temperature and stined overnight. The mixture was washed successively with water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified on silica gel (eluent: ethyl acetate/ hexane, 5:95) to give 4.89 g of 3-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethanesulfonyl benzaldehyde (yield 58%). b.
  • 3-ethoxy-4-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2 yl)benzaldehyde A mixture of 3-methoxy-4-trifluoromethanesulfonyl benzaldehyde (0.51 g, 1.81 mmol), (3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtalen-2-yl) boronic acid (0.534 g, 2.17 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.50 g, 3.62 mmol) in toluene (5 mL), EtOH (1 mL) and water (0.75 mL) was degassed with argon for 30 minutes.
  • Tetrakis(triphenyl- phosphine)palladium(O) (0.042 g, 0.036 mmol) was added and the mixture heated at reflux under argon overnight. The solution was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate and washed successively with water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.
  • Example 6 4-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-3- methylbenzylidene-2,4-thiazolidinedione.
  • step a 3-methoxy-4- trifluoromethanesulfonyl benzaldehyde (yield 47%) and step b) 3-methyl-4-(3,5,5,8,8- pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-yl)benzaldehyde (yield 83%).
  • step b 3-methyl-4-(3,5,5,8,8- pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-yl)benzaldehyde (yield 83%).
  • Example 7 4-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-3-methoxy-5- fluorobenzylidene-2,4-thiazolidinedione.
  • Example 8 Inhibition of TNF- ⁇ : U937 cells (50,000 c/w per 96 well plate (i.e., wp)).
  • U937 cells are seeded in growth medium and after 4-6 hours cells are treated with a test compound at various concentrations in the presence of TPA (0.1 ⁇ M). Cells are incubated for about 16 hours under these conditions upon which the supernatants are transfened to a new 96 wp and the remaining cells are replenished with growth medium.
  • a commercially available colorametric (MTT) assay kit is used to determine cell density.
  • a TNF ⁇ -ELISA kit (ENDOGEN) is used for qauantification of TNF- ⁇ .
  • a 1 : 10 dilution of each supernatant is analyzed with the ELISA kit. The kit was used following the manufacturer's instructions.
  • Figure 1 show inhibition of TPA induced TNF- ⁇ production by Compounds 1, 2 and 7.
  • Compounds 1, 2 and 7. For a control, cells were incubated with TPA only.
  • Example 9 Inhibition of iNOS: human chondrocytes (20,000 c/w per 96 well plate
  • wp Growth condition: Cells were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) plus glutamine-pen-strep. Cells are allowed to grow overnight and are then treated with the test compound in DME containing 1% FCS. After 5 hours of incubation with the test compound, IL-l ⁇ is added to the cells at a final concentration of 1 ng/ml. Cells are incubated for an additional 48 hours, the supernatants are transfened to a freash 96 wp, and kept frozen until NO readings are carried out. A colorametric (MTT) assay is carried our to control for cell density. For this DME is added to the original plate containing the attached cells. NO measurement:
  • a volume of 50 ⁇ l of the supernatant ofthe treated human chrondrcyctes is transfened to a 96 well plate and mixed with an equal volume of Greiss reagent.
  • Figure 2 shows inhibition of iNOS by Compound 3. Control cells were grown in the presence of IL- 1 ⁇ in the absense of the test compound.

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EP1148054A1 (en) * 2000-04-21 2001-10-24 Pfizer Products Inc. Thyroid receptor ligands
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ES2248107T3 (es) 2006-03-16
HUP0203367A2 (hu) 2003-01-28
CN1384825A (zh) 2002-12-11
WO2001016122A1 (en) 2001-03-08
US6515003B1 (en) 2003-02-04
DK1214304T3 (da) 2006-01-02
US20060004059A1 (en) 2006-01-05
ZA200202063B (en) 2003-05-28
EP1214304A1 (en) 2002-06-19
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NO322701B1 (no) 2006-11-27
MXPA02002257A (es) 2002-09-30
US20030153606A1 (en) 2003-08-14
DE60022207T2 (de) 2006-06-22
TWI279401B (en) 2007-04-21
NZ517993A (en) 2004-03-26
EP1214305A1 (en) 2002-06-19
EP1214304B1 (en) 2005-08-24
UA74344C2 (uk) 2005-12-15
JP2003508391A (ja) 2003-03-04
US20050070581A1 (en) 2005-03-31
JP2003531104A (ja) 2003-10-21
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CA2384194A1 (en) 2001-03-08
BR0013671A (pt) 2003-06-10
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US6765013B2 (en) 2004-07-20
US6974826B2 (en) 2005-12-13
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