Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
  • A23G1/00—Cocoa; Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
  • A23G1/30—Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
  • A23G1/56—Liquid products; Solid products in the form of powders, flakes or granules for making liquid products, e.g. for making chocolate milk, drinks and the products for their preparation, pastes for spreading or milk crumb
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
  • A23G2200/00—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF containing organic compounds, e.g. synthetic flavouring agents
  • A23G2200/02—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF containing organic compounds, e.g. synthetic flavouring agents containing microorganisms, enzymes, probiotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
  • A23G2200/00—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF containing organic compounds, e.g. synthetic flavouring agents
  • A23G2200/08—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF containing organic compounds, e.g. synthetic flavouring agents containing cocoa fat if specifically mentioned or containing products of cocoa fat or containing other fats, e.g. fatty acid, fatty alcohol, their esters, lecithin, paraffins

Definitions

• This invention relates to a product having cocoalike flavor notes, and more particularly to a roasted yeast product which may be used as a cocoa extender, substitute and/or replacer and to methods of manufacture thereof.
• Cocoa powder and chocolate are utilized extensively as consumable foodstuffs in a wide variety of applications, including use as a beverage base, and as a flavoring ingredient in formulated drinks, ice cream, cakes and biscuits, icings and confectionery coatings, confectioneries and the like.
• Both cocoa powder and chocolate are derived from cocoa beans which are grown only in tropical and semi-tropical climates. Most of the world's cocoa beans are grown in West Africa, Brazil, Trinidad, Ecuador, Venezuela and
• cocoa bean Since the cocoa bean is a natural agricultural product, the world supply of cocoa powder and chocolate is dependent upon varying and often unpredictable weather conditions. In addition, the major cocoa powder and chocolate consuming areas of the world must import cocoa beans, thereby making cocoa powder and chocolate relatively expensive foodstuffs. For these and other reasons, attempts have been made in the past to produce products which may be substituted for cocoa powder or chocolate, or which may be used to extend cocoa powder or chocolate and thereby reduce reliance upon natural cocoa beans. Such cocoa powder or chocolate substitutes or extenders ideally approximate the color, flavor, aroma and mouth-feel or texture of cocoa powder or chocolate. However, since cocoa is a complex natural product comprising carbohydrate, fats, proteins, mineral matter, theobromine, caffeine, water and fiber, substitutes or extenders approximating all of the properties of cocoa powder or chocolate are difficult to obtain.
• Prior cocoa powder and chocolate substitutes and extenders include processed carob, roasted defatted wheat germ, and other processed cereal, products.
• United States Patent No. 3,102,816 of Green et al. discloses a process for producing a beverage flavor from yeast and sugar, for use in association with other flavor factors such as bitterness, astringency, aroma and the like to resemble a natural beverage flavor, by forming a hydrous reaction mixture of a yeast and a reducing saccharide containing at least 10% moisture and preferably two parts water to one part solids, heating the mixture to at least 177oC. (350°F.) in a closed reaction vessel to obtain a headspace pressure of 6 atmos. (25 p.s.i.g.) to 16 atmos.
• a product having the characteristic texture, color, taste, aroma and mouth-feel of powdered cocoa is obtained by roasting food yeast at a temperature of about 100oC. to about 300°C. for about 1 to about 50 minutes.
• the resulting product may be substituted entirely for cocoa powder as a replacer without the addition of other flavor factors in common cocoa powder or chocolate uses, or can be used as an extender for cocoa in a foodstuffs formulation.
• yeast is intended to mean fungi whose usual and dominant form is unicellular.
• Yeasts useful with the present invention include any yeasts and mixtures of yeasts which are suitable for human consumption, and preferably those yeasts which are generally classified as food yeasts.
• Illustrative examples of such yeasts inelude, but are not limited to, yeasts of the Saccharomyes, Candida and Brettanomyces genera, such as, for example, yeasts of the species Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (Saccharomyces uvarum), Saccharamyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces fragilis, Candida utilis (Syn. Torulopsis utilis, ver. Torrela) and Candida tropicalis.
• yeasts popularly known as brewers yeast, bakers yeast and wine yeast are included in the foregoing classification, and due to commercial availability are presently particularly preferred in the practice of the invention.
• the propagation history of the yeast is not limiting to the scope of the inventive concepts, it has been found that particularly good cocoa and/or chocolate color, flavor and aroma characteristics are obtained from yeast which have been propagated in a hopped substrate or a substrate comprising hop fractions.
• yeast which has been recovered from a hopped brewer's wort fermentation in a conventional commercial malt beverage fermentation process, as will be hereinafter further explained, or yeast which has been propagated on a synthetic medium containing hops or hop fractions, such as acids, resins, oils, tannins and gums.
• a suitable product may be obtained from yeast having no prior association with brewer's wort, hops or hop fractions.
• roast or “roasting” as used herein mean to heat by exposure to a "dry” heat source such as by exposure to radiant heat energy or to a suitable medium, such as air, having an elevated temperature level and a relatively low moisture content. These terms do not include heating in the presence of a substantial amount of "wet” heat sources such as by steam heating, or to the utilization of abnormally or artificially high pressure levels. Those yeasts having a moisture content greater than about 5% by weight are dried prior to roasting, as hereinafter described, either as a separate step, or as the result of application of dry heat during roasting of the yeast.
• yeast is roasted by heating the yeast to a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient time to develop desired texture, color, flavor and aroma characteristics and intensities.
• Optimum roasting temperatures and times are dependent upon the characteristics of the particular yeast or mixture of yeasts to be treated and the particular texture, color, flavor and aroma characteristics desired. However, for most purposes, it has been found that desirable texture, color, flavor and aroma characteristics are obtained by roasting the yeast at a temperature of about 100°C. to about 300oC, more preferably about 150oC. to about 275°C. and most preferably about 200°C. to about 250oC. for 1 to about 50 minutes, more preferably about 2 to about 25 minutes and most preferably about 4 to about 15 minutes.
• the yeast undergoes chemical reactions to a degree dependent upon the roasting temperature and time, resulting in an increase in intensity and development of yeast color, flavor and aroma.
• the yeast is roasted at a sufficient temperature for a sufficient time to obtain a roasted yeast product having the characteristic texture, color, flavor and aroma of cocoa.
• Yeast roasting may be accomplished by heating the yeast in or on a suitable supporting or transporting container, bed, cylinder or the like adapted to uniformly heat and roast the yeast. Roasting may be performed on a batchwise basis or continuously such as, for example, by passing a uniform layer of yeast on a continuous belt or other flat surface through an elongated oven. Means are preferably provided for ensuring uniform roasting of the yeast. such as means for mixing the layer of yeast on the belt during roasting. Alternatively, roasting may be accomplished by dispersing the yeast into a column of concurrent or countercurrent heated air flow, or by other suitable means.
• the yeast to be roasted as set forth herein contains a moisture content greater than about 5% by weight
• the yeast is treated prior to roasting by drying the yeast to a moisture content less than about 5%, more preferably less than about 2.5% and most preferably less than about 1.0% by weight.
• Yeast drying may be accomplished separately from roasting by means of heat and agitation alone as in a drum dryer, by means of spraying the yeast into a spray dryer employing a counter current or concurrent flow of heated air, by means of heated or unheated vacuum systems, or the like.
• drying is preferably performed under such conditions as to avoid pyrolysis of the yeast.
• Spray drying is a presently particularly preferred means of yeast drying since it is particularly adapted to rigid process control, high yield and maintenance of a uniform dry yeast particle size. Yeast drying may also be accomplished during heating of the yeast for roasting, since actual roasting of the yeast does not occur until after the moisture content of the yeast has been reduced below about 5% by weight. However, it has been found that it is difficult to avoid yeast clumping and to obtain uniform roasting when drying is accomplished during the roasting step. It is therefore a presently preferred practice to carry out yeast drying as a separate step prior to roasting.
• Yeasts having very high moisture contents such as aqueous yeast dispersions or slurries, yeast recovered from a brewers wort fermentation or other liquid yeast, mixtures, is initially preferably subjected to one or more suitable yeast separation techniques, such as centrifugation, filtration or the like, and then dried as heretofore set forth.
• suitable yeast separation techniques such as centrifugation, filtration or the like, and then dried as heretofore set forth.
• brewers yeast recovered from a malt beverage fermentation process is a presently preferred source of yeast for processing according to the invention.
• Various types of yeasts are commonly encountered in malt beverage production. Yeasts separating cleanly and efficiently from the malt beverage in the terminal stages of fermentation are generally known as "flocculent" yeasts. These yeasts respond readily to brewing practices and are easily recoverable for treatment as herein described. Yeasts generally known as "powdery" yeasts are less readily managed in brewing practices following fermentation.
• yeasts may be used as a yeast source for treatment as herein disclosed.
• Common malt beverage fermentations yield from about 3 to about 5 kilograms of yeast for each kilogram originally innoculated into the wort.
• yeast crop settles on the bottom of the fermentation vessel together with a variety of precipitated materials accumulated throughout the residence time of the malt beverage in the fermentation vessel to form a dense composition hereinafter referred to as "yeast crop and inclusions", or simply "yeast crop".
• the yeast crop comprises, for example, yeast cells in all stages of viability, the so called “cold break” consisting of proteins, protein-polyphenol complexes, tannins, carbohydrates, hop fractions and various inclusion solids originating in the basic brewing materials, all of which are dispersed in a residual entrapped malt beverage liquid.
• This complex yeast crop accumulates on the bottom of the fermentation vessel becoming an increasingly thick, heavy, pasty heterogeneous mass as the fermentation process progresses, while the supernatant malt beverage becomes relatively clear with relatively low yeast densities when fully attenuated.
• those beverages designed for secondary fermentation may contain by design relatively heavy suspended yeast densities in excess of 2,000,000 yeast cells per milliliter.
• the supernatant malt beverage is decanted from the yeast crop and a sufficient quantity of the yeast crop is isolated for subsequent inoculation of process wort or for continuing the culture propagator.
• a top fermenting yeast such as an ale yeast
• the yeast crop is skimmed from the top of the supernatant malt beverage in a conventional manner.
• the remainder- of the yeast crop is then preferably separated from the entrained residual malt beverage by physical separation means such as centrifugation, filtration or the like, with the recovered malt beverage being returned to the beverage production process.
• the recovered yeast crop now having the physical form of a dense yeast paste, is further treated as follows to obtain yeast for roasting.
• the yeast crop is preferably subjected to a washing treatment by suspending or mixing the yeast into an aqueous solution of a suitable yeast washing agent to form a yeast slurry.
• suitable yeast washing agents include the hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates of the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals, including, without limitation, those compounds yielding in solution a cation selected from the group consisting of sodium, calcium, potassium and mixtures thereof and an anion selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate and mixtures thereof.
• a presently particularly preferred solution for this purpose is a saturated slaked lime or lime water solution having a calcium hydroxide concentration of approximately 1500 ppm.
• the yeast slurry is preferably formed by suspending or mixing about one part of the recovered yeast crop paste with about one part of the aqueous solution of yeast washing agent and then adding sufficient additional aqueous solution to adjust the pH of the slurry as desired.
• the pH of the slurry may be greater than about 6.0, more preferably about 6.0 to about 8.0, and most preferably about 6.5 to about 6.7.
• Suspending or mixing the yeast crop in a slightly acidic, neutral or slightly alkaline solution facilitates removal of a significant portion of soluble and insoluble materials associated with the yeast crop upon subsequent separation of the yeast crop from the solutuon.
• Suspending or mixing the yeast crop in a relatively higher pH alkaline solution may additionally result in debittering of the yeast crop.
• the yeast slurry is additionally preferably screened such as by passing the slurry through a fine mesh screen, having a mesh size sufficient to allow passage of yeast cells therethrough, of, e.g., about 100 mesh Tyler (i.e, about 39.37 meshes/cm), to remove gross precipitates and various inclusion products of the brewing process.
• a fine mesh screen having a mesh size sufficient to allow passage of yeast cells therethrough, of, e.g., about 100 mesh Tyler (i.e, about 39.37 meshes/cm), to remove gross precipitates and various inclusion products of the brewing process.
• the yeast crop may be subjected to screening prior to initial centrifugation and separation of entrained malt beverage in the yeast crop, or at other stages of the process.
• the yeast is separated from the yeast slurry by use of physical separation means such as centrifugation. filtration or the like, to concentrate the yeast crop and remove therefrom a substantial portion of the yeast washing agent.
• the yeast may then be dried and roasted as heretofore described to form the roasted yeast product.
• it may additionally be desirable to remove all or a substantial portion of any yeast washing agent remaining associated with the yeast. Such removal may be accomplished by eluting the yeast in water or other suitable solvent, and may be performed at any point in the process subsequent to yeast washing.
• the "live" yeast recovered from a commercial brewing process may be deactivated prior to drying the yeast.
• Yeast deactivation may be accomplished, for example, by heating the yeast to a temperature of about 55oC. to about 100oC. for a minimum time of about one minute.
• yeast recovered from a fermentation vessel may be separated from entrained malt beverage, and the directly dryed and roasted without washing, screening and eluting, as previously described.
• the roasted yeast product of the invention may be comminuted, either prior to roasting, subsequent to roasting or both, to obtain a roasted yeast product having a desired average particle size for a particular end use.
• the roasted yeast product is comminuted to an average particle size of cocoa powder, such as, for example, about 99% through 200 mesh Tyler (78.74 meshes per cm) to about 99% through 325 mesh Tyler (128 meshes per cm).
• the roasted yeast product as previously described is in the form of a powder and has the characteristic texture, color, aroma and flavor of cocoa powder, can be comminuted to the particle size of ground cocoa powder, and may be directly substituted for any part of, or to the totai exclusion of, cocoa powder in foodstuffs utilizing cocoa and/or chocolate, such as beverages, baked goods, dairy products, candies, confections, coatings, syrups and the like.
• the roasted yeast product does not contain the theobromine or caffein of cocoa powder and may be utilized by those who are unable, or prefer not, to ingest these alkaloids.
• a brewers' bottom fermenting yeast, Saccharomyces carlsbergenis, var. Frohberg (Saccharomyces uvarum), is collected routinely from a commercial beer fermentation process following a normal, vigorous, single closed vessel primary beer fermentation.
• the yeast is centrifuged to separate entrainedbeer from the yeast and suspended solids.
• the yeast is slurried into water to form a suspension of approximately 30% solids and is then spray dried in a commercial countercurrent hot air drier to yield a finely powdered dry yeast material of about 5% by weight moisture content.
• the percentage composition by weight of the dried yeast is shown approximately in Table I.
• the dried yeast powder mixture is then spread loosely onto a series of flat shallow pans; placed into a pre-attemperated, static hot air oven at 205°C. (400°F.); and allowed to roast at this temperature uninterrupted for a period of twenty minutes.
• the yeast powder is periodically stirred to achieve uniform roasting.
• the dried yeast Prior to roasting, the dried yeast has a light beige color, is faintly aromatic, and is sharply and strongly bitter to taste.
• the product has a distinct pleasant aroma and has developed a rich deep brown color best described as a chocolate color.
• the roasted product is removed from the oven and air cooled, while being protected throughout the process from accidental contamination.
• a beverage is prepared from the roasted product to simulate "hot cocoa” or "hot chocolate", as follows.
• a drink base is prepared according to the formula of Table II:
• Example II A 0.6 gm sample of the roasted yeast product is mixed with 9.4 gm of the drink base, and the combined product is stirred into 100 ml of boiling water.
• the resulting beverage has a characteristic hot cocoa (hot chocolate) appearance . aroma, flavor and general appeal.
• EXAMPLE II The dried brewers yeast described in Example I is distributed onto a series of shallow pans and roasted in a pre-attemperated, static, hot air oven at about 300oC. (572°F.) for an uninterrupted period of 12 minutes. During the roasting process the dried yeast develops pleasant aromatic qualities and a rich dark brown or chocolate-like color, all distinctly different from the starting material.
• This roasted yeast product is prepared as a beverage as described in Example I, resulting in an acceptable and enjoyable cocoa substitute beverage comparable to beverages prepared from cocoa powder.
• EXAMPLE III The roasted, dried, non-debittered brewers yeast product prepared in Example I is used in the formulation of a designed substitute chocolate for confection, shown in Table III.
• Example IV Roasted, dried, non-debittered brewers yeast is prepared as in Example II and is substituted in the formulation of Example III, Table III, replacing the roasted yeast product prepared according to Example I.
• a confection is prepared from this new formulation following the procedures outlined in Example III.
• the confection thus produced has the characteristic texture, color, flavor, aroma and mouth-feel of an enrobed bar.
• EXAMPLE V The. roasted, dried, non-debittered brewers yeast product prepared in Example I is used in formulation of a cocoa substitute for baked goods, as shown in Table IV.
• the sugar, butter and egg are creamed together and the buttermilk powder, butter vanilla #218 and water are added to form a mixture.
• the flour, yeast product, baking soda, and salt are thoroughly intermixed and then added to the above mixture to form a dough-like composition that is dropped by the rounded teaspoon on a lightly greased pan.
• the pan and contents are then placed in a preheated oven at 204°C. (400°F.) for approximately eight minutes.
• the baked goods, which resemble ordinary chocolate cookies, are then removed from the oven and allowed to cool.
• the resulting cookies have the characteristic flavor, texture, aroma and color of chocolate cookies.
• Example V The roasted, dried, non-bittered brewers yeast as prepared in Example II is substituted in the formula of Example V, Table IV.
• a baked good is prepared and tested following the procedures outlined in Example V.
• the baked good so produced are equivalent to the baked good of Example V.
• EXAMPLE VII A brewers bottom fermenting, non-bittered dried yeast is obtained from a source unrelated to the source of yeast employed in Examples I-VI. This yeast is known to be of different culture and variation, and further known to be from a yeast crop of commercial beer fermentation employing entirely different wort media, brewing process and fermentation practices from that applied to the history of yeasts in Examples I-VI.
• Example 1 This distinctly different non-debittered, dried brewers yeast is roasted according to the procedures outlined in Example 1.
• the resultant product is, for all pertinent properties, identical to the product of Example I.
• a beverage prepared according to Example I with the substitution of the present yeast product has a pleasant sweet cocoa aroma and flavor and has been found to be an acceptable cocoa flavored beverage.
• EXAMPLE VIII The brewers non-debittered dried yeast described and used in Example VII is roasted according to the procedures contained in Example II and the resultant product is used to prepare a beverage as described in Examples I, II and VII. The resulting beverage is similar to a cocoa or "hot chocolate" beverage and has been found to be completel satisfying and pleasant.
• EXAMPLE IX The brewers non-debittered dried yeast described and used in Example VII is roasted according to the procedures contained in Example II and the resultant product is used to prepare a beverage as described in Examples I, II and VII. The resulting beverage is similar to a cocoa or "hot chocolate” beverage and has been found to be completel satisfying and pleasant.
• Example II Following the procedure of Example I, a roasted. dried, non-debittered brewers ale yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is prepared from which a palatable, distinct cocoa beverage is prepared following description of said example.
• EXAMPLE X Following the procedures of Example II an acceptable cocoa beverage is prepared from the resultant toasted, dried, non-debittered yeast where the yeast source was a brewers ale yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
• EXAMPLE XI Following the procedures of Example II an acceptable cocoa beverage is prepared from the resultant toasted, dried, non-debittered yeast where the yeast source was a brewers ale yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
• the yeast slurry was centrifuged, spray dried, and roasted according to Example I. Following the roasting process, the product has the color, flavor, aroma and mouth-feel of natural cocoa.
• the product is used to prepare a beverage as described in Example I.
• the resulting beverage has notes of cocoa flavor in the beverage, although the quality of the beverage is deemed inferior in chocolate flavor likeness to the beverage prepared in Example I.
• Example II XI is prepared and roasted according to the procedures of Example II.
• the product is used to prepare a beverage as described in Example I.
• the beverage has cocoa flavor notes, although the flavor is not equivalent to that of the beverage prepared in Example II.
• a yeast crop comprising a brewers bottom fermenting yeast, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, var. Frohberg (Saccharomyces uvarum) is collected routinely from a commercial beer fermentation process following a normal, vigorous, single closed vessel primary beer fermentation. The mixture is centrifuged to separate entrained beer from the yeast. Immediately following centrifugal separation, the yeast crop is dispersed in a sufficient quantity of a saturated lime water solution to form a yeast slurry having a pH of 6.6. The yeast slurry is passed through a vibratin 100-mesh screen (i.e.
• the yeast is then deactivated by heating the yeast in a wiped-film heat exchanger at a temperature of 75oC. fo one minute.
• the deactivated yeast is then dried to a moisture content of about 1% by weight by spraying the yeas at the rate of 2 kg/hr. into a spray dryer having a counter current air flow at an inlet temperature of about 250oC. an an outlet temperature of about 100oC.
• the dried yeast is spread uniformly to a depth of 6.35 mm (1/4 inch) onto a continuous belt and is then passed at a speed of 1.44 m (4.5 feet) per minute through a band oven having a length of 4.8 m (15 feet), an ambient entrance temperature at the belt of about 23oC. and exit temperature at the belt of 238oC.
• the yeast is then allowe to cool to ambient temperature.
• Residual CaO and other soluble materials are then leached from the roasted yeast b suspending about one part by weight of roasted yeast in about 8 parts, by weight, of moderately hard potable water, mixing the suspension for 15 minutes, centrifuging the suspension to recover the roasted yeast and then drying the yeast to a moisture content of 5% by weight.
• the roasted yeast product is substituted for the roasted yeast Examples in I, III and V.
• the foodstuffs so formulated have the characteristic texture, color, flavor aroma and mouth-feel of corresponding foodstuffs formulated from cocoa powder.

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• Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
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  • 1978-12-12 ES ES476218A patent/ES476218A1/es not_active Expired
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