US20160372687A1 - Monosubstituted diazabenzimidazole carbene metal complexes for use in organic light emitting diodes - Google Patents

Monosubstituted diazabenzimidazole carbene metal complexes for use in organic light emitting diodes Download PDF

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US20160372687A1
US20160372687A1 US14/901,738 US201414901738A US2016372687A1 US 20160372687 A1 US20160372687 A1 US 20160372687A1 US 201414901738 A US201414901738 A US 201414901738A US 2016372687 A1 US2016372687 A1 US 2016372687A1
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Peter Murer
Korinna Dormann
Flavio Luiz
Glauco Battagliarin
Stefan Metz
Ute Heinemeyer
Christian Lennartz
Gerhard Wagenblast
Soichi Watanabe
Thomas Gessner
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UDC Ireland Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0033—Iridium compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0086—Platinum compounds
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    • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
    • C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
    • C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
    • C09B57/10—Metal complexes of organic compounds not being dyes in uncomplexed form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
    • H01L51/0087—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
    • H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
    • H10K85/342—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising iridium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
    • H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
    • H10K85/346—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising platinum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
    • C09K2211/18—Metal complexes
    • C09K2211/185—Metal complexes of the platinum group, i.e. Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh or Pd
    • H01L51/5016—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K2101/00—Properties of the organic materials covered by group H10K85/00
    • H10K2101/10—Triplet emission
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an organic electronic device, preferably an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), comprising at least one metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three specific bidentate diazabenzimidazole carbene ligands, to a light-emitting layer comprising said metal-carbene complex as emitter material, preferably in combination with at least one host material, to the use of said metal-carbene complex in an OLED and to an apparatus selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units, mobile visual display units, illumination units, units in items of clothing, units in handbags, units in accessories, units in furniture and units in wallpaper comprising said organic electronic device, preferably said OLED, or said light-emitting layer.
  • the present invention further relates to the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three specific bidentate diazabenzimidazole carbene ligands mentioned above and to a process for the preparation of said metal-carbene complex.
  • Organic electronics i.e. organic electronic devices
  • OLED organic light-emitting diodes
  • LEEC light-emitting electrochemical cells
  • OOV organic photovoltaic cells
  • OFET organic field-effect transistors
  • OLED organic light-emitting diodes
  • OLEDs exploit the propensity of materials to emit light when they are excited by electrical current.
  • OLEDs are of particular interest as an alternative to cathode ray tubes and liquid-crystal displays for production of flat visual display units.
  • devices comprising OLEDs are suitable especially for mobile applications, for example for applications in cellphones, smartphones, digital cameras, mp3 players, tablet computers, laptops, etc.
  • white OLEDs give great advantage over the illumination technologies known to date, especially a particularly high efficiency.
  • the light-emitting materials (emitters) used may, as well as fluorescent materials (fluorescent emitters), be phosphorescent materials (phosphorescent emitters).
  • the phosphorescent emitters are typically organometallic complexes which, in contrast to the fluorescence emitters which exhibit singlet emission, exhibit triplet emission (M. A. Baldow et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999, 75, 4 to 6).
  • the phosphorescent emitters are used, up to four times the quantum efficiency, energy efficiency and power efficiency is possible.
  • organic light-emitting diodes with a good color purity, low operational voltage, high efficiency, high efficacy, high resistance to thermal stress and long operational lifetime.
  • suitable emitter materials In order to implement the aforementioned properties in practice, it is necessary to provide suitable emitter materials.
  • the selection of suitable emitter materials has a significant influence on parameters including the color purity, efficiency, lifetime and operating voltages of the OLEDs.
  • the prior art proposes numerous different emitter materials for use in OLEDs.
  • metal-carbene complexes comprising diazabenzimidazole carbene ligands has only been described in a few prior art references.
  • WO 2012/121936 A2 compounds comprising a diazabenzimidazole carbene ligand and a device comprising an organic light-emitting device which comprise such compounds.
  • WO 2012/121936 A2 compounds comprising a diazabenzimidazole carbene ligand and a device comprising an organic light-emitting device which comprise such compounds.
  • no specific monoalkyl substitution of the diazabenzimidazole carbene ligands and the superiority of compounds comprising such a specific monoalkyl substitution are mentioned in WO 2012/121936 A2.
  • WO 2009/046266 A1 discloses an emissive phosphorescent material for use in OLEDs which comprise at least one tridentate ligand bound to a metal center, wherein at least one of the bonds to the tridentate ligand is a carbon-metal bond.
  • the tridentate ligand may be based on a diazabenimidazole carbene.
  • WO 2009/046266 A1 exclusively concerns metal complexes comprising at least one tridentate ligand.
  • no specific substitution of the tridentate ligand which may be based on a diazabenimidazole carbene is mentioned in WO 2009/046266 A1.
  • WO 2011/073149 A1 discloses metal-carbene complexes comprising a central atom selected from iridium and platinum and diazabenzimidazole carbene ligands and OLEDs (Organic Light-Emitting Diodes) which comprise such complexes.
  • OLEDs Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
  • US 2012/0305894 A1 relates to a blue phosphorescent compound with a high color purity and a high efficiency and an organic electroluminescent device using the same.
  • the blue phosphorescent compound according to US 2012/0305894 A1 is characterized by the following formula:
  • X is selected from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorous (P) and sulfur (S) atoms; and at least one of A1, A2, A3 and A4 is nitrogen (N), and the remaining are selected from hydrogen (H)-substituted carbon, and an alkyl- or alkoxy-substituted carbon.
  • an organic electronic device preferably an OLED, comprising at least one metal-carbene complex, wherein the metal is Ir or Pt, comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′)
  • a linear or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which is linked to the diazabenzimidazole carbene unit via a sp 3 hybridized carbon atom, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, optionally substituted with at least one of the following groups: a group with donor or acceptor action; deuterium; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, and having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, having a total of from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; or a substituted or an unsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, selected from O, S
  • organic electronic devices preferably OLEDs, having—compared with the organic electronic devices known in the art—a high color purity in the blue region of the visible electromagnetic spectrum, a high efficiency, a high luminous efficacy, low voltage and a short emission lifetime are obtained by employing the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) as mentioned above in the organic electronic device, preferably the OLED, preferably as emitter material.
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) as mentioned above in the organic electronic device, preferably the OLED, preferably as emitter material.
  • the specific metal-carbene complexes comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) as mentioned above are characterized by the feature that said complexes are monoalkyl substituted. It has been found by the inventors that said monoalkyl substitution of the diazabenzimidazole carbene ligand provides metal-carbene emitter materials emitting blue light having a high color purity. Additionally, the emission lifetime of said complexes is short and the quantum yields are high to very high. Devices comprising the complexes according to the present invention show high efficiency and luminous efficacy as well as low voltage.
  • OLEDs comprising the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) as mentioned above in an organic electronic device, preferably in an OLED, especially as an emitter material in an OLED, show high quantum efficiencies, high luminous efficacy, low voltage and/or good stabilities and long lifetimes.
  • the complexes are particularly suitable as emitter materials for OLEDs showing electroluminescence in the blue region (CIEy ⁇ 0.40), more particularly in the deeper blue region (CIEy ⁇ 0.30, preferably CIEy ⁇ 0.25), of the electromagnetic spectrum, which enables, for example, the production of full-color displays and white OLEDs.
  • aryl radical, unit or group, heteroaryl radical, unit or group, alkyl radical, unit or group, cycloalkyl radical, unit or group, cycloheteroalkyl radical, unit or group, and groups with donor or acceptor action are each defined as follows—unless stated otherwise:
  • one or more hydrogen atoms may be substituted by deuterium atoms.
  • Aryl radicals or substituted or unsubstituted aryl radicals having 6 to 30, preferably 6 to 18 carbon atoms refer in the present invention to radicals which are derived from monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic aromatics which do not comprise any ring heteroatoms.
  • the term “aryl” for the second ring also includes the saturated form (perhydro form) or the partly unsaturated form (for example the dihydro form or tetrahydro form), provided that the particular forms are known and stable.
  • aryl in the present invention encompasses, for example, also bicyclic or tricyclic radicals in which either both or all three radicals are aromatic, and bicyclic or tricyclic radicals in which only one ring is aromatic, and also tricyclic radicals in which two rings are aromatic.
  • aryl are: phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthenyl, 1,4-dihydronaphthenyl, indenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl.
  • Particular preference is given to C 6 -C 10 -aryl radicals, for example phenyl or naphthyl, very particular preference to C 6 -aryl radicals, for example phenyl.
  • the aryl radicals or C 6 -C 30 -aryl radicals may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more further radicals.
  • Suitable further radicals are selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, C 6 -C 30 -aryl and substituents with donor or acceptor action, suitable substituents with donor or acceptor action are specified below.
  • the C 6 -C 30 -aryl radicals are preferably unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C 1 -C 20 -alkyl groups, C 1 -C 20 -alkoxy groups, CN, CF 3 , F, SiMe 3 , SiPh 3 or amino groups (NR 32 R 33 where suitable R 32 and R 33 radicals are specified below), more preferably unsubstituted (e.g. C 6 H 5 ), o-monosubstituted (e.g. tolyl) or o,o′-disubstituted by one respectively two C 1 -C 20 -alkyl groups (e.g. xylyl), C 1 -C 20 -alkoxy groups, CN, CF 3 , F, SiMe 3 , SiPh 3 or amino groups (NR 32 R 33 where suitable R 32 and R 33 radicals are specified below).
  • Heteroaryl radicals or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radicals having a total of 5 to 30, preferably 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms are understood to mean monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic heteroaromatics, some of which can be derived from the aforementioned aryl, in which at least one carbon atom in the aryl base structure has been replaced by a heteroatom.
  • Preferred heteroatoms are N, O and S.
  • the heteroaryl radicals more preferably have 5 to 13 ring atoms.
  • the base structure of the heteroaryl radicals is especially preferably selected from systems such as pyridine, pyrimidine and pyrazine and five-membered heteroaromatics such as thiophene, pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole or furan. These base structures may optionally be fused to one or two six-membered aromatic radicals. Suitable fused heteroaromatics are carbazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, dibenzofuryl, dibenzothiophenyl or benzimidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazolyl.
  • the base structure may be substituted at one, more than one or all substitutable positions, suitable substituents being the same as those already specified under the definition of C 6 -C 30 -aryl.
  • the heteroaryl radicals are preferably unsubstituted, o-monosubstituted or o,o′-disubstituted by one respectively two C 1 -C 20 -alkyl groups, C 1 -C 20 -alkoxy groups, CN, CF 3 , F, SiMe 3 , SiPh 3 or amino groups (NR 32 R 33 where suitable R 32 and R 33 radicals are specified below).
  • Suitable heteroaryl radicals are, for example, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrimidin-3-yl, pyrazin-2-yl, pyrazin-3-yl, thiophen-2-yl, thiophen-3-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, oxazol-2-yl and imidazol-2-yl, and the corresponding benzofused radicals, especially carbazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, dibenzofuryl or dibenzothiophenyl.
  • alkyl radical in the context of the present application is a linear or branched alkyl radical, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, and having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Preference is given to C 1 - to C 10 -alkyl radicals, particular preference to C 1 - to C 6 -alkyl radicals.
  • the alkyl radical is linked to the diazabenzimidazole carbene unit via a sp 3 hybridized carbon atom, in the case of all other alkyl radicals, it is preferred that the alkyl radical is linked via a sp 3 hybridized carbon atom to the base unit.
  • the alkyl radicals may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents.
  • Preferred substituents are selected from the group consisting of groups with donor or acceptor action, preferably C 1 -C 20 -alkoxy, halogen, more preferably F, C 1 -C 20 -haloalkyl, e.g. CF 3 ; deuterium; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, and having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, having a total of from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; or a substituted or an unsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, selected from O, S and N.
  • Suitable aryl substituents are specified above and suitable alkoxy and halogen substituents are specified below.
  • suitable alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and octyl, and also C 1 -C 20 -haloalkyl-, C 6 -C 30 -aryl-, C 1 -C 20 -alkoxy- and/or halogen-substituted, especially F-substituted, derivatives of the alkyl groups mentioned, for example CF 3 or CF 2 CF 3 .
  • This comprises both the n-isomers of the radicals mentioned and branched isomers such as isopropyl, isobutyl, isopentyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-butyl, neopentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 3-ethylhexyl, etc.
  • Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, CF 3 and CF 2 CF 3 .
  • a cycloalkyl radical or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical having 3 to 30 carbon atoms is understood in the context of the present application to mean a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 30 -cycloalkyl radical.
  • Preferred are cycloalkyl radicals having 5 to 18, more preferably 5 to 10 and most preferably 5 to 8 carbon atoms in the base structure (ring) to understand.
  • Suitable substituents are the substituents mentioned for the alkyl groups.
  • Suitable cycloalkyl groups which may be unsubstituted or substituted by the radicals mentioned above for the alkyl groups, are cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl and cyclodecyl. They may also be polycyclic ring systems such as decalinyl, norbornyl, bornanyl or adamantyl.
  • a heterocycloalkyl radical or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl radical having 3 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms is understood to mean heterocyclo-alkyl radicals having 3 to 18, preferably 5 to 10 and more preferably 5 to 8 ring atoms, where at least one carbon atom in the heterocycloalkyl base structure has been replaced by a heteroatom.
  • Preferred heteroatoms are N, O and S.
  • Suitable substituents are the substituents mentioned for the alkyl groups.
  • heterocycloalkyl groups which may be unsubstituted or substituted by the radicals mentioned above for the alkyl groups, are radicals derived from the following heterocycles: pyrrolidine, thiolane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-oxathiolane, oxazolidine, piperidine, thiane, oxane, dioxane, 1,3-dithiane, morpholine, piperazine. They may also be polycyclic ring systems.
  • Suitable alkoxy radicals and alkylthio radicals derive correspondingly from the aforementioned alkyl radicals. Examples here include OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 , OC 3 H 7 , OC 4 H 9 and OC 8 H 17 , and also SCH 3 , SC 2 H 5 , SC 3 H 7 , SC 4 H 9 and SC 8 H 17 .
  • C 3 H 7 , C 4 H 9 and C 8 H 17 comprise both the n-isomers and branched isomers such as isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and 2-ethylhexyl.
  • Particularly preferred alkoxy or alkylthio groups are methoxy, ethoxy, n-octyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy and SCH 3 .
  • Suitable halogen radicals or halogen substituents in the context of the present application are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably fluorine, chlorine and bromine, more preferably fluorine and chlorine, most preferably fluorine.
  • Preferred substituents with donor or acceptor action are selected from the group consisting of: C 1 - to C 20 -alkoxy, preferably C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, more preferably ethoxy or methoxy; C 6 -C 30 -aryloxy, preferably C 6 -C 10 -aryloxy, more preferably phenyloxy; SiR 32 R 33 R 34 , where R 32 , R 33 and R 34 are preferably each independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, suitable substituents having been specified above; halogen radicals, preferably F, Cl, Br, more preferably F or Cl, most preferably F, halogenated C 1 -C 20 -alkyl radicals, preferably halogenated C 1 -C 6 -alkyl radicals, most preferably fluorinated C 1 -C 6 -alkyl radicals, e.g.
  • CF 3 CH 2 F, CHF 2 or C 2 F 5 ; amino, preferably dimethylamino, diethylamino or diphenylamino; OH, pseudohalogen radicals, preferably CN, SCN or OCN, more preferably CN, —C(O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably —C(O)OMe, P(O)R 2 , preferably P(O)Ph 2 , and SO 2 R 2 , preferably SO 2 Ph.
  • Very particularly preferred substituents with donor or acceptor action are selected from the group consisting of methoxy, phenyloxy, halogenated C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably CF 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , C 2 F 5 , halogen, preferably F, CN, SiR 32 R 33 R 34 , where suitable R 32 , R 33 and R 34 radicals are specified below, diphenylamino, or —C(O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
  • the aforementioned groups with donor or acceptor action are not intended to rule out the possibility that further radicals and groups among those specified above may also have donor or acceptor action.
  • the aforementioned heteroaryl radicals are likewise groups with donor or acceptor action
  • the C 1 -C 20 -alkyl radicals are groups with donor action.
  • R 32 , R 33 and R 34 radicals mentioned in the aforementioned groups with donor or acceptor action are each independently:
  • R 32 , R 33 and R 34 radicals are C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, e.g. methyl, ethyl, i-propyl or tert-butyl, or phenyl or pyridyl, most preferably methyl or phenyl.
  • organic electronic devices are known to those skilled in the art.
  • Preferred organic electronic devices are selected from organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEEC), organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) and organic field-effect transistors (OFET). More preferred organic electronic devices are OLEDs.
  • the organic light-emitting diode is usually a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current.
  • This layer of organic semiconductor is usually situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent.
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) may be present in any desired layer, preferably in the emissive electroluminescent layer (light-emitting layer), of the OLED as emitter material.
  • the light-emitting electrochemical cell is usually a solid-state device that generates light from an electric current (electroluminescence).
  • LEEC's are usually composed of two metal electrodes connected by (e.g. sandwiching) an organic semiconductor containing mobile ions. Aside from the mobile ions, their structure is very similar to that of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED).
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) may be present in any desired layer as emitter material.
  • the organic field-effect transistor generally includes a semiconductor layer formed from an organic layer with hole transport capacity and/or electron transport capacity; a gate electrode formed from a conductive layer; and an insulation layer introduced between the semiconductor layer and the conductive layer.
  • a source electrode and a drain electrode are mounted on this arrangement in order thus to produce the transistor element.
  • further layers known to those skilled in the art may be present in the organic transistor.
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) may be present in any desired layer.
  • the organic photovoltaic cell (photoelectric conversion element) generally comprises an organic layer present between two plate-type electrodes arranged in parallel.
  • the organic layer may be configured on a comb-type electrode.
  • at least one electrode is preferably formed from a transparent electrode, for example an ITO electrode or a fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode.
  • the organic layer is usually formed from two sublayers, i.e. a layer with p-type semiconductor character or hole transport capacity, and a layer formed with n-type semiconductor character or electron transport capacity.
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) may be present in any desired layer, of the OPV, preferably as absorption dye.
  • the organic electronic device is most preferably an OLED or OPV, wherein the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is employed as emitter material in OLEDs or LEECs, preferably OLEDs, or absorption dye in OPVs.
  • the organis electronic device is most preferably an OLED, wherein the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is employed as emitter material.
  • the present invention therefore preferably relates to an organic electronic device which is an OLED, wherein the OLED comprises
  • Metal-Carbene Complex Comprising One, Two or Three Bidentate Ligands of Formula (I) and/or (I′)
  • the metal in the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is Ir or Pt, preferably Ir(III) or Pt(II), more preferably, the metal in the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is Ir(III).
  • radicals, groups and symbols in the bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) of the metal-carbene complex preferably have—independently of each other—the following meanings:
  • R 1 has preferably the following meaning:
  • a linear or branched alkyl radical having a total of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl or iso-butyl; a linear or branched alkyl radical having a total of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms bearing at least one fluoro radical, preferably a linear or branched perfluoroalkyl radical, more preferably CF 3 and CF 2 CF 3 ; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms
  • R 7 and R 8 are hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, pyridyl, methylpyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyazinyl, carbazolyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, fluorenyl, dimethylfluorenyl, indolyl, methylindolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl; cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl; CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 ; SiMe 3 , SiEt 3 , SiPh 3 or SiPh 2 tBu; and R 7 and R 8 are hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl,
  • a 1 , A 1′ , A 2 , A 2′ , A 3 , A 3′ , A 4 and A 4′ have preferably the following meanings: A 1 is CR 2 ; A 2 is CR 3 ; A 3 is CR 4 ; A 4 is CR 5 ; A 1′ is CR 2′ ; A 2′ is CR 3′ ; A 3′ is CR 4′ ; A 4′ is CR 5′ ;
  • At least A 1 , A 1′ , A 4 and A 4′ are each CH, more preferably, A 1 , A 1′ , A2, A 2′ , A 3 , A 3′ , A 4 and A 4′ are each CH.
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2′ , R 3′ , R 4′ and R 5′ have preferably the following meanings:
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2′ , R 3′ , R 4′ and R 5′ are each independently hydrogen; deuterium; a linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, having a total of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, and having a total of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; a group with donor or acceptor action, selected from halogen radicals, preferably F or Cl, more preferably F, CF 3 , CN, SiPh 3 and SiMe 3 ; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms;
  • the present invention concerns an organic electronic device, preferably an OLED, comprising at least one metal-carbene complex, wherein the metal is Ir, comprising three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′)
  • a linear or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which is linked to the diazabenzimidazole carbene unit via a sp 3 hybridized carbon atom, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, optionally substituted with at least one of the following groups: a group with donor or acceptor action; deuterium; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, and having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, having a total of from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; or a substituted or an unsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, selected from O, S
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) has one of the following formulae (II), (II′) or (II′′):
  • a linear or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which is linked to the diazabenzimidazole carbene unit via a spa hybridized carbon atom, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, optionally substituted with at least one of the following groups: a group with donor or acceptor action; deuterium; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, and having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, having a total of from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; or a substituted or an unsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, selected from O, S and N;
  • the carbene ligands in the Ir metal-carbene complexes of formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′) are monoanionic bidentate ligands
  • the carbene ligands in the metal-carbene complexes of formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′) correspond to the carbene ligands of formulae (I) and (I′) mentioned above.
  • the Ir metal-carbene complexes of formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′) are cyclometallation isomers.
  • R 1 , A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 1′ , A 2′ , A 3′ and A 4′ in the carbene ligands of formulae (I) and (I′) mentioned above are also preferred definitions concerning said radicals and groups in the metal-carbene complexes of formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′).
  • the ⁇ in the definition of R 1 is in the case of the metal-carbene complexes of formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′) the bonding site to the carbene ligand in the metal-carbene complexes of formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′).
  • a bidentate ligand is understood to mean a ligand coordinated at two sites to the transition metal atom M.
  • Suitable monoanionic bidentate ligands L are preferably selected from the group of ligands (A), (B) and (C).
  • Ligands (A), (B) and (C) are mentioned below:
  • R 51 is in each case independently a linear or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 6 carbons atoms, preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropyl or tert-butyl; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably an unsubstituted phenyl or 2,6-dialkylphenyl; a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, R 52 is hydrogen; a linear or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical having 6 to 18 carbon atoms; preferably hydrogen or 2,6-dimethylphenyl; where the ligand of the formula (A) is preferably acetylacetonato.
  • a 9′ is CR 12′ or N;
  • a 10′ is CR 13′ or N;
  • R 11′ is a linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical having 3 to 18 carbon atoms; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, and having 3 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N and having a total of 5 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms;
  • R 12′ , R 13′ are each independently hydrogen; deuterium; a linear or branche
  • More preferred ligands of formula (B) are:
  • a most preferred ligand of formula (B) is:
  • D are each independently CR 34′′′ or N;
  • W is C or N
  • E are each independently CR 35′′′ , N, NR 36′′′ or O;
  • I is 1 or 2;
  • R 34′′′ , R 35′′′ , R 36′′′ are
  • Preferred ligands L in the Ir(III) complexes of formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′) are ligands (B). Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the metal-carbene complexes of formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′), wherein M is Ir(III), exclusively have carbene ligands.
  • n in formulae (II) and (II′) is preferably 3 and n′ and n′′ in formula (II′′) are 1 or 2, wherein the sum of n′ and n′′ is 3.
  • Preferred ligands L in the Pt(II) complexes of formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′) are ligands (A).
  • n in formulae (II) and (II′) is preferably 1 and one of n′ and n′′ in formula (II′′) is 1 and the other one is 0, wherein the sum of n′ and n′′ is 1.
  • the n diazabenzimidazole carbene ligands may each be the same or different in the metal-carbene complexes of the general formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′). They are preferably the same.
  • the metal-carbene complex of the general formula (II′′) preferably comprises three identical carbene ligands—in the case that M is Ir(III)—or two identical carbene ligands—in the case that M is Pt(II)—wherein the bonding situation in one of the carbene ligands is different from the bonding situation in the other one (in the case that M is Pt(II)) or two (in the case that M is Ir(III)) further carbene ligands as shown in formula (II′′).
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) has one of the following formulae (IIa), (II′a), (II′′a) or (II′′a′):
  • a linear or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which is linked to the diazabenzimidazole carbene unit via a spa hybridized carbon atom, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, optionally substituted with at least one of the following groups: a group with donor or acceptor action; deuterium; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, and having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, having a total of from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; or a substituted or an unsubstituted heteroaryl radical, having a total of from 5 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, selected from O, S and N;
  • carbene complexes of the general formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′) are the following Ir- and Pt-carbene complexes, wherein the following Ir carbene complexes are preferred:
  • a linear or branched alkyl radical having a total of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl or iso-butyl; a linear or branched alkyl radical having a total of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms bearing at least one fluoro radical, preferably a linear or branched perfluoroalkyl radical, more preferably CF 3 and CF 2 CF 3 ; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, selected from O, S and N, having a total of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms; a substituted or
  • R 51 is methyl, phenyl, 2,6-xylyl, 2,4,6-mesityl or 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl
  • R 52 is hydrogen; a linear or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical having 6 to 18 carbon atoms; preferably hydrogen.
  • inventive Ir- and Pt-complexes are:
  • R 7 and R 8 are hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-butyl, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, pyridyl, methylpyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyazinyl, carbazolyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, fluorenyl, dimethylfluorenyl, indolyl, methylindolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl; cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl; CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 ; SiMe 3 , SiPh 3 , SiEt 3 or SiPh 2 tBu; and R 7 and R 8 are hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, preferably hydrogen or methyl,
  • R 52 is hydrogen.
  • inventive Ir- and Pt-complexes are the following complexes:
  • R 6 R 7 R 8 51 phenyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 52 Tolyl hydrogen hydrogen 53 Xylyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 54 pyridyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 55 methylpyridyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 56 pyrimidyl hydrogen hydrogen 57 pyrazinyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 58 carbazolyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 59 dibenzofuranyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 60 dimethylfluorenyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 61 methylindonyl hydrogen hydrogen 62 —CH 2 -tolyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 63 —CH 2 -xylyl hydrogen hydrogen 64 —CH 2 -pyridyl hydrogen hydrogen 65 —CH 2 -pyrazinyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 66 —CH 2 -methylpyridinyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 67 —CH 2 -dibenzofuranyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 68 —CMe 2 -methyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 69 —CMe 2 -ethyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 70 —CMe 2 -propyl hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen 71 —CMe 2
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;
  • R 6 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, SiMe 3 , SiEt 3 , SiPh 3 , cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl
  • R 7 , R 8 are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or iso-propyl
  • R 51 is in each case independently methyl, phenyl or 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl
  • R 52 is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, SiMe 3 , SiEt 3 , SiPh 3 , cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
  • inventive Ir- and Pt-complexes are:
  • inventive metal-carbene complexes comprising three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) are the following complexes:
  • the present invention also relates to a process for preparing the inventive metal-carbene complexes comprising one, two or three, preferably three in the case of Ir and preferably one in the case of Pt, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) by contacting suitable compounds comprising Ir or Pt with the appropriate ligands or ligand precursors.
  • a suitable compound comprising iridium or platinum, preferably iridium, and appropriate carbene ligands, preferably in deprotonated form as the free carbene or in the form of a protected carbene, for example as the silver-carbene complex, are contacted.
  • the present invention therefore relates—in one embodiment—to a process according to the invention wherein the ligand precursor used is a corresponding Ag-carbene complex.
  • the ligand precursors used are organic compounds which are reacted with suitable Ir or Pt comprising compounds.
  • the carbene can be released from precursors of the carbene ligands by removing volatile substances, for example lower alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, for example at elevated temperature and/or under reduced pressure and/or using molecular sieves which bind the alcohol molecules eliminated.
  • volatile substances for example lower alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, for example at elevated temperature and/or under reduced pressure and/or using molecular sieves which bind the alcohol molecules eliminated.
  • the present invention also relates to the process according to the invention wherein the ligand precursor used is a compound of the general formula (IV)
  • R 1 , A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 1′ , A 2′ , A 3′ and A 4′ are each as already defined above for the compounds of the general formula (I), and R 12 is defined as follows: R 12 is independently SiR 13 R 14 R 15 , aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 12 is alkyl, especially C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, preferably C 1 -C 10 -alkyl, more preferably C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl such as n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl such as n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl or octyl.
  • R 12 in the compound of the general formula (IV) is most preferably methyl or ethyl.
  • X ⁇ is BF 4 ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ or I ⁇ and in a second step with R 12 OH or M′′OR 12 , wherein M′′ is an alkali metal salt, preferably Na, and where R 1 , A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 1′ , A 2′ , A 3′ , A 4′ and R 12 are each as already defined above for the compounds of the general formula (IV) or for the metal-carbene complexes, wherein the metal is Ir or Pt, comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′).
  • This preparation of the compounds of the general formula (IV) can be effected in the presence or in the absence of a solvent. Suitable solvents are specified below.
  • the compounds of the general formula (IV) are prepared in substance, or the compound of the general formula (VI) is added in an excess, such that it functions as a solvent.
  • the compounds of the general formula (IV) are prepared generally at a temperature of 10 to 150° C., preferably 40 to 120° C., more preferably 60 to 110° C.
  • the reaction time is generally 2 to 48 hours, preferably 6 to 24 hours, more preferably 8 to 16 hours.
  • the desired product can be isolated and purified by customary processes known to those skilled in the art, for example filtration, recrystallization, column chromatography, etc.
  • Appropriate compounds, especially complexes, comprising Ir or Pt, preferably iridium, are known to those skilled in the art.
  • Particularly suitable compounds comprising platinum or iridium comprise, for example, ligands such as halides, preferably chloride, 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD), cyclooctene (COE), phosphines, cyanides, alkoxides, pseudohalides and/or alkyl.
  • the carbene ligand precursors are deprotonated, preferably before the reaction, for example, by basic compounds known to those skilled in the art, for example basic metalates, basic metal acetates, acetylacetonates or alkoxides, or bases such as KOtBu, NaOtBu, LiOtBu, NaH, silylamides, Ag 2 O and phosphazene bases. Particular preference is given to deprotonating with Ag 2 O to obtain the corresponding Ag-carbene, which is reacted with the compound comprising M to give the inventive complexes.
  • basic compounds known to those skilled in the art for example basic metalates, basic metal acetates, acetylacetonates or alkoxides, or bases such as KOtBu, NaOtBu, LiOtBu, NaH, silylamides, Ag 2 O and phosphazene bases.
  • bases such as KOtBu, NaOtBu, LiOtBu, NaH, silylamides,
  • the carbene can be released from precursors of the carbene ligands by removing volatile substances, for example lower alcohols.
  • the process according to the invention for preparing the metal-carbene complexes, wherein the metal is Ir or Pt, comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) according to the present invention using the compounds of the general formula (IV) has the advantage that the compounds of the general formula (IV) are stable intermediates which can be handled readily and can be isolated under standard laboratory conditions.
  • the compounds of the general formula (IV) are soluble in customary organic solvents, such that the preparation of the inventive metal-carbene complexes, wherein the metal is Ir or Pt, comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) in homogeneous solution is possible, such that a workup of the desired product, i.e. of the metal-carbene complexes, wherein the metal is Ir or Pt, comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is more readily possible, for example for isolation and/or purification.
  • the contacting is preferably effected in a solvent.
  • Suitable solvents are known per se to those skilled in the art and are preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic or aliphatic solvents, for example benzene, toluene, xylene or mesitylene, cyclic or acyclic ethers, for example dioxane or THF, alcohols, esters, amides, ketones, nitriles, halogenated compounds and mixtures thereof.
  • Particularly preferred solvents are toluene, xylenes, mesitylene and dioxane.
  • the molar ratio of metal-noncarbene complex used to carbene ligand precursor used is generally 1:10 to 10:1, preferably 1:1 to 1:6, more preferably 1:2 to 1:5.
  • the contacting is generally effected at a temperature of 20 to 200° C., preferably 50 to 150° C., more preferably 60 to 150° C.
  • the reaction time depends on the desired carbene complex and is generally 0.02 to 50 hours, preferably 0.1 to 24 hours, more preferably 1 to 24 hours.
  • the metal-carbene complexes wherein the metal is Ir or Pt, comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) obtained after the reaction can optionally be purified by processes known to those skilled in the art, for example washing, crystallization or chromatography, and optionally isomerized under conditions likewise known to those skilled in the art, for example with acid mediation, thermally or photochemically.
  • Suitable processes for preparing the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′), especially suitable processes for preparing the inventive complexes of formulae (II), (II′) and (II′′), wherein at least one ligand L is present (o or o′ are 1 or 2), are for example mentioned in WO 2011/073149 A1.
  • the resulting complexes may yield different isomers that can be separated or converted into a form with a major isomer by isomerization of the mixture.
  • Metal-Carbene Complex Comprising One, Two or Three, Preferably Three, Bidentate Ligands of Formula (I) and/or (I′) as Emitter Material
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) are employed in an organic electronic device, preferably in an OLED. More preferably, the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) are employed as emitter material, preferably as emitter material in the light-emitting layer of an OLED.
  • Suitable OLEDs are known in the art and the preferred structures of suitable OLEDs are described above and—in more detail—below.
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) have an emission maximum (max) of from 400 to 500 nm.
  • the emitter has an emission maximum (A), which of from 425 nm to 490 nm, more preferably of from 440 nm to 475 nm, preferably with a FWHM (full width at half maximum) of from 1 nm to 140 nm, more preferably of from 30 nm to 120 nm, most preferably of from 40 nm to 80 nm.
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) are characterized by a high color purity, especially in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • the preferred CIE-y values of said metal-carbene complexes according to the present invention are ⁇ 035, more preferably ⁇ 0.30, most preferably ⁇ 0.25.
  • CIE 1931 XYZ color space, created by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) The CIE x and y values (coordinates) are extracted from the spectra according to CIE 1931 as known by a person skilled in the art.
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) are preferably phosphorescence emitter showing emission of light by phosphorescence. However, this does not exclude that the phosphorescence emitter additionally shows emission of light by fluorescence.
  • the phosphorescence emitter show phosphorescence emission from triplet excited states, preferably at the operating temperatures of the OLED. Phosphorescence may be preceded by a transition from a triplet excited state to an intermediate non-triplet state from which the emissive decay occurs.
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) may be employed alone as the only emitter material or in a mixture with one or more metal-carbene complexes comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) and/or one or more further emitter materials, preferably in the light-emitting layer of an OLED. Suitable further emitter materials are known by a person skilled in the art.
  • Suitable further emitter materials are for example:
  • Phosphorescence emitter compounds based on metal complexes and especially the complexes of the metals Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd and Pt, in particular the complexes of Ir
  • Suitable metal complexes for use in the inventive organic electronic device, preferably in the OLEDs are described, for example, in documents WO 02/60910 A1, US 2001/0015432 A1, US 2001/0019782 A1, US 2002/0055014 A1, US 2002/0024293 A1, US 2002/0048689 A1, EP 1 191 612 A2, EP 1 191 613 A2, EP 1 211 257 A2, US 2002/0094453 A1, WO 02/02714 A2, WO 00/70655 A2, WO 01/41512 A1, WO 02/15645 A1, WO 2005/019373 A2, WO 2005/113704 A2, WO 2006/115301 A1, WO 2006/067074 A1, WO 2006/056418, WO 2006121811 A1, WO 2007095118 A2, WO 2007/115970, WO 2007/115981, WO 2008/000727, WO 2010/086089, WO 2012/121936 A2, US 2011/0057559, WO 2011
  • metal complexes are the commercially available metal complexes tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III), iridium(III) tris(2-(4-tolyl)pyridinato-N,C 2′ ), bis(2-phenylpyridine)(acetylacetonato)indium(III), indium(III) tris(1-phenylisoquinoline), indium(III) bis(2,2′-benzothienyl)(pyridinato-N,C 3′ )(acetylacetonate), tris(2-phenylquinoline)iridium(III), iridium(III) bis(2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C 2 )picolinate, iridium(III) bis(1-phenylisoquinoline)(acetylacetonate), bis(2-phenylquinoline)(acetylacetonato)iridium(III), i
  • Preferred further phosphosphorescence emitters are carbene complexes.
  • Carbene complexes which are suitable phosphorescent blue emitters are specified in the following publications: WO 2006/056418 A2, WO 2005/113704, WO 2007/115970, WO 2007/115981, WO 2008/000727, WO2009050281, WO2009050290, WO2011051404, US2011/057559 WO2011/073149, WO2012/121936A2, US2012/0305894A1, WO2012170571, WO2012170461, WO 2012170463, WO2006121811, WO2007095118, WO2008156879, WO2008156879, WO2010068876, US20110057559, WO2011106344, US20110233528, WO2012048266 and WO2012172482.
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is employed alone—as the only emitter material, preferably in the light-emitting layer of an OLED.
  • each emitter material for example in a white OLED, 0.01 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight of a red emitter are employed, 5 to 40% by weight, preferably 10 to 30% by weight, more preferably 15 to 25% by weight of the metal-carbene complex according to the present invention as blue emitter are employed and 0.05 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 3% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 1% by weight of a green emitter are employed.
  • the residual amount to 100% in each emitter system is at least one host compound. Suitable host compounds for each emitter material are known to a person skilled in the art.
  • the metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) or the mixture of emitter materials mentioned above may be employed, preferably in the light-emitting layer of an OLED, without further additional components or with one or more further components in addition to the emitter material.
  • a fluorescent dye may be present in the light-emitting layer of an OLED in order to alter the emission color of the emitter material.
  • one or more host (matrix) materials can be used.
  • This host material may be a polymer, for example poly(N-vinylcarbazole) or polysilane.
  • Suitable as host material are carbazole derivatives, for example 4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)-2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl (CDBP), 4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene (mCP), and the host materials specified in the following applications: WO2008/034758, WO2009/003919.
  • CDBP 4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)-2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl
  • CBP 4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl
  • mCP 1,3-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene
  • WO2007108459 H-1 to H-37
  • H-20 to H-22 and H-32 to H-37 most preferably H-20, H-32, H-36, H-37
  • WO2008035571 A1 Host 1 to Host 6
  • JP2010135467 compounds 1 to 46 and Host-1 to Host-39 and Host-43
  • WO2009008100 compounds No. 1 to No. 67 preferably No. 3, No. 4, No. 7 to No. 12, No. 55, No. 59, No. 63 to No. 67, more preferably No. 4, No. 8 to No. 12, No.
  • one or more compounds of the general formula (IX) specified hereinafter are used as host material
  • X is NR, S, O or PR
  • R is aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl;
  • a 200 is —NR 206 R 207 , —P(O)R 208 R 209 , —PR 210 R 211 , —S(O) 2 R 212 , —S(O)R 213 , —SR 214 , or —OR 215 ;
  • R 221 , R 222 and R 223 are independently of each other aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclo-alkyl, wherein at least on of the groups R 221 , R 222 , or R 223 is aryl, or heteroaryl;
  • R 204 and R 205 are independently of each other alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a group A 200 , or a group having donor, or acceptor characteristics;
  • n2 and m1 are
  • Additional host materials on basis of dibenzofurane are, for example, described in US 2009066226, EP1 885 818 B1, EP 1 970 976, EP 1 998 388 and EP 2 034 538. Examples of particularly preferred host materials are shown below:
  • T is O, or S, preferably O. If T occurs more than one time in a molecule, all groups T have the same meaning.
  • the present invention therefore also concerns the organic electronic device, preferably the OLED, according to the present invention, wherein the at least one metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three in the case of Ir and preferably one in the case of Pt, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) is employed in combination with at least one host material.
  • the at least one host material comprises at least one dibenzofuranyl unit and/or at least one benzimidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazolyl unit and/or at least one carbazolyl and/or at least one dibenzothiofuranyl unit.
  • Suitable host materials and preferred host materials comprising at least one dibenzofuranyl unit and/or at least one benzimidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazolylunit and/or at least one carbazolyl and/or at least one dibenzothiofuranyl unit are mentioned above.
  • the at least one metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three in the case of Ir and preferably one in the case of Pt, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) which is employed in combination with at least one host material is preferably employed in the light-emitting layer of an OLED.
  • the light-emitting layer comprises at least one emitter material, which is a metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) according to the present invention, and at least one host material.
  • emitter material which is a metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) according to the present invention
  • host material Suitable and preferred emitter materials as well as suitable and preferred host materials are mentioned above.
  • the organic electronic device preferably the OLED, comprises a light-emitting layer comprising at least one metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) as emitter material in an amount of 5 to 40% by weight, preferably 5 to 30% by weight, more preferably 5 to 20 by weight, and at least one host material, preferably at least one host material comprising at least one dibenzofuranyl unit and/or at least one benzimidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazolyl unit and/or at least one carbazolyl and/or at least one dibenzothiofuranyl unit, more preferably at least one host material selected from the preferred and most preferred host materials comprising at least one dibenzofuranyl unit and/or at least one benzimidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazolyl unit and/or at least one carbazolyl and/or at least one dibenzothiofuranyl unit mentioned above, in an amount of
  • the light-emitting layer may comprise a second host compound.
  • the second host compound can be one compound or it can be a mixture of two or more compounds.
  • the carbene complexes Ir(DPBIC) 3 or Ir(DPABIC) 3 which are described below may be added as co-host.
  • Mixed matrix materials with two hosts selected from those hosts mentioned above, or one host from those hosts mentioned above and one Ir complex as described below, comprise preferably 5% by weight to 15% by weight of an Ir complex and 60% by weight to 90% by weight of a further host selected from the hosts as mentioned above.
  • the layer thickness of the light-emitting layer in the inventive OLED is preferably from 1 to 100 nm, more preferably 5 to 60 nm. Preferred OLED structures are mentioned above and—in more detail—below.
  • organic electronic devices are known to those skilled in the art.
  • Preferred organic electronic devices are selected from organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEEC), organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) and organic field-effect transistors (OFET). More preferred organic electronic devices are OLEDs.
  • the present invention preferably relates to an organic electronic device which is an OLED, wherein the OLED comprises
  • Preferred metal-carbene complexes comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) are mentioned before.
  • the layer sequence in the inventive OLED is preferably as follows:
  • Layer sequences different from the aforementioned construction are also possible, and are known to those skilled in the art.
  • the OLED does not have all of the layers mentioned; for example, an OLED with the layers (a) (anode), (c) (light-emitting layer) and (b) (cathode) and layer (d) (hole-transport layer) or layer (e) (electron/exciton blocking layer) are likewise suitable.
  • the OLEDs may additionally have a blocking layer for holes/excitons (f) adjacent to the cathode side of the light-emitting layer (c) and/or an electron transport layer (g) adjacent to the cathode side of the blocking layer for holes/excitons (f), if present, respectively adjacent to the cathode side of the light-emitting layer (c), if the blocking layer for holes/excitons (f) is not present.
  • a blocking layer for holes/excitons (f) adjacent to the cathode side of the light-emitting layer (c) and/or an electron transport layer (g) adjacent to the cathode side of the blocking layer for holes/excitons (f), if present, respectively adjacent to the cathode side of the light-emitting layer (c), if the blocking layer for holes/excitons (f) is not present.
  • the present invention therefore more preferably relates to an inventive OLED having the following layer sequence:
  • the inventive OLED in addition to layers (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g), comprises at least one of the further layers mentioned below:
  • the individual layers of the OLED among those specified above may in turn be formed from two or more layers.
  • the hole transport layer may be formed from a layer into which holes are injected from the electrode, and a layer which transports the holes away from the hole-injecting layer into the light-emitting layer.
  • the electron transport layer may likewise consist of a plurality of layers, for example a layer in which electrons are injected by the electrode, and a layer which receives electrons from the electron injection layer and transports them into the light-emitting layer.
  • These layers mentioned are each selected according to factors such as energy level, thermal resistance and charge carrier mobility, and also energy difference of the layers specified with the organic layers or the metal electrodes.
  • the person skilled in the art is capable of selecting the structure of the OLEDs such that it is matched optimally to the organic compounds used as emitter substances in accordance with the invention.
  • the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) of the hole-transport layer should be matched to the work function of the anode
  • the LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of the electron conductor layer should be matched to the work function of the cathode, provided that the aforementioned layers are present in the inventive OLEDs.
  • the hole-transport material and/or the electron/exciton blocker material in the OLED of the present invention may be an Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (III) and/or (III′)
  • R 1′′ , R 2′′ and R 3′′ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, a linear or branched alkyl radical, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl radical, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo alkyl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total of from 3 to 20 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical, interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total of from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,
  • Ir metal-carbene complexes suitable as hole-transport materials and/or the electron/exciton blocker materials in the OLED of the present invention are described in detail in the EP application No. 13162776.2.
  • the OLED comprises a material different from the materials mentioned before in the hole-transport layer or in the electron/exciton blocking layer, suitable materials are mentioned below.
  • hole-transport materials for layer (d) of the inventive OLED are disclosed, for example, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Edition, Vol. 18, pages 837 to 860, 1996.
  • Either hole-transporting molecules or polymers may be used as the hole-transport material.
  • Customarily used hole-transporting molecules are selected from the group consisting of
  • polymeric hole-injection materials can be used such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline, self-doping polymers, such as, for example, sulfonated poly(thiophene-3-[2[(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-2,5-diyl) (Plexcore® OC Conducting Inks commercially available from Plextronics), and copolymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) also called PEDOT/PSS.
  • PVK poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
  • polythiophenes polypyrrole
  • polyaniline polyaniline
  • self-doping polymers such as, for example, sulfonated poly(thiophene-3-[2[(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-2,5-diy
  • hole-transport materials mentioned above are commercially available and/or prepared by processes known by a person skilled in the art.
  • Suitable carbene complexes are, for example, carbene complexes as described in WO2005/019373A2, WO2006/056418 A2, WO2005/113704, WO2007/115970, WO2007/115981 and WO2008/000727.
  • a suitable carbene complex is Ir(DPBIC) 3 with the formula:
  • Ir(DPBIC) 3 The preparation of Ir(DPBIC) 3 is for example mentioned in WO 2005/019373 A2. Another example of a suitable carbene complex is Ir(DPABIC) 3
  • Ir(DPABIC) 3 is for example mentioned in WO2012/172182 (as complex fac-Em1; synthesis: example 1)).
  • the hole-transporting layer may also be electronically doped in order to improve the transport properties of the materials used, in order firstly to make the layer thicknesses more generous (avoidance of pinholes/short circuits) and in order secondly to minimize the operating voltage of the device.
  • Electronic doping is known to those skilled in the art and is disclosed, for example, in W. Gao, A. Kahn, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 94, No. 1, 1 Jul. 2003 (p-doped organic layers); A. G. Werner, F. Li, K. Harada, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 82, No. 25, 23 Jun.
  • mixtures may, for example, be the following mixtures: mixtures of the abovementioned hole transport materials with at least one metal oxide as doping material, for example MoO 2 , MoO 3 , WO x , ReO 3 and/or V 2 O 5 , preferably MoO 3 and/or ReO 3 , more preferably MoO 3 or mixtures comprising the aforementioned hole transport materials and one or more compounds selected from 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), 2,5-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, bis(tetra-n-butylammonium)tetracyanodiphenoquinodimethane, 2,5-dimethyl-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, tetracyanoethylene, 11,11,
  • the hole-transport layer comprises 50 to 90% by weight, of the hole-transport material and 10 to 50% by weight of the doping material, wherein the sum of the amount of the hole-transport material and the doping material is 100% by weight.
  • Blocking layers may also be used to block excitons from diffusing out of the emissive layer.
  • suitable metal complexes for use as electron/exciton blocker material are, for example, carbene complexes as described in WO 2005/019373 A2, WO 2006/056418 A2, WO 2005/113704, WO 2007/115970, WO 2007/115981 and WO 2008/000727.
  • Explicit reference is made here to the disclosure of the WO applications cited, and these disclosures shall be considered to be incorporated into the content of the present application.
  • One example of a suitable carbene complex is Ir(DPBIC) 3 with the formula:
  • the anode is an electrode which provides positive charge carriers. It may be composed, for example, of materials which comprise a metal, a mixture of different metals, a metal alloy, a metal oxide or a mixture of different metal oxides. Alternatively, the anode may be a conductive polymer. Suitable metals comprise the metals of groups 11, 4, 5 and 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and also the transition metals of groups 8 to 10. When the anode is to be transparent, mixed metal oxides of groups 12, 13 and 14 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are generally used, for example indium tin oxide (ITO). It is likewise possible that the anode (a) comprises an organic material, for example polyaniline, as described, for example, in Nature, Vol.
  • Preferred anode materials include conductive metal oxides, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum zinc oxide (AlZnO), and metals.
  • Anode (and substrate) may be sufficiently transparent to create a bottom-emitting device.
  • a preferred transparent substrate and anode combination is commercially available ITO (anode) deposited on glass or plastic (substrate).
  • a reflective anode may be preferred for some top-emitting devices, to increase the amount of light emitted from the top of the device. At least either the anode or the cathode should be at least partly transparent in order to be able to emit the light formed. Other anode materials and structures may be used.
  • anode materials mentioned above are commercially available and/or prepared by processes known by a person skilled in the art.
  • the cathode (b) is an electrode which serves to introduce electrons or negative charge carriers.
  • the cathode may be any metal or nonmetal which has a lower work function than the anode. Suitable materials for the cathode are selected from the group consisting of alkali metals of group 1, for example Li, Cs, alkaline earth metals of group 2, metals of group 12 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, comprising the rare earth metals and the lanthanides and actinides. In addition, metals such as aluminum, indium, calcium, barium, samarium and magnesium, and combinations thereof, may be used.
  • cathode materials mentioned above are commercially available and/or prepared by processes known by a person skilled in the art.
  • electron transport materials some may fulfil several functions.
  • some of the electron transport materials are simultaneously hole-blocking materials when they have a low-lying HOMO or exciton-blocking materials when they have a sufficiently high triplet energy. These can be used, for example, in the blocking layer for holes/excitons (f).
  • the function as a hole/exciton blocker is also adopted by the layer (g), such that the layer (f) can be dispensed with.
  • Electron transport layer may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity.
  • the electron-transport materials mentioned above are commercially available and/or prepared by processes known by a person skilled in the art.
  • At least one material is electron-conducting.
  • at least one phenanthroline compound is used, preferably BCP, or at least one pyridine compound according to the formula (VIII) below, preferably a compound of the formula (VIIIa) below.
  • alkaline earth metal or alkali metal hydroxyquinolate complexes for example Liq (8-hydroxyquinolatolithium) are used. Suitable alkaline earth metal or alkali metal hydroxyquinolate complexes are specified below (formula VII). Reference is made to WO2011/157779.
  • the electron transport layer may also be electronically doped in order to improve the transport properties of the materials used, in order firstly to make the layer thicknesses more generous (avoidance of pinholes/short circuits) and in order secondly to minimize the operating voltage of the device.
  • Electronic doping is known to those skilled in the art and is disclosed, for example, in W. Gao, A. Kahn, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 94, No. 1, 1 Jul. 2003 (p-doped organic layers); A. G. Werner, F. Li, K. Harada, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 82, No. 25, 23 Jun.
  • n-Doping is achieved by the addition of reducing materials.
  • mixtures may, for example, be mixtures of the abovementioned electron transport materials with alkali/alkaline earth metals or alkali/alkaline earth metal salts, for example Li, Cs, Ca, Sr, Cs 2 CO 3 , with alkali metal complexes, for example 8-hydroxyquinolatolithium (Liq), and with Y, Ce, Sm, Gd, Tb, Er, Tm, Yb, Li 3 N, Rb 2 CO 3 , dipotassium phthalate, W(hpp) 4 from EP 1786050, or with compounds as described in EP1 837 926 B1.
  • alkali/alkaline earth metals or alkali/alkaline earth metal salts for example Li, Cs, Ca, Sr, Cs 2 CO 3
  • alkali metal complexes for example 8-hydroxyquinolatolithium (Liq)
  • the electron transport layer comprises at least one compound of the general formula (VII)
  • R 32′ and R 33′ are each independently F, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, or C 6 -C 14 -aryl, which is optionally substituted by one or more C 1 -C 8 -alkyl groups, or two R 32′ and/or R 33′ substituents together form a fused benzene ring which is optionally substituted by one or more C 1 -C 8 -alkyl groups;
  • a and b are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3
  • M 1 is an alkaline metal atom or alkaline earth metal atom
  • p is 1 when M 1 is an alkali metal atom
  • p is 2 when M 1 is an alkali metal atom.
  • Q is an 8-hydroxyquinolate ligand or an 8-hydroxyquinolate derivative.
  • the electron-transporting layer comprises at least one compound of the formula (VIII),
  • R 34′ , R 35′ , R 36′ , R 37′ , R 34′′ , R 35′′ , R 36′′ and R 37′′ are each independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 18 -alkyl, C 1 -C 18 -alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, C 6 -C 24 -aryl, C 6 -C 24 -aryl which is substituted by G, C 2 -C 20 -heteroaryl or C 2 -C 20 -heteroaryl which is substituted by G, Q is an arylene or heteroarylene group, each of which is optionally substituted by G; D is —CO—; —COO—; —S—; —SO—; —SO 2 —; —O—; —NR 40′ —; —SiR 45′ R 46′ —; —POR 47′ —; —CR 38′ ⁇ CR 39′ —; or —C ⁇ C—; E is —
  • Preferred compounds of the formula (VIII) are compounds of the formula (VIIIa)
  • R 48′′ is H, C 1 -C 18 -alkyl or
  • the electron transport layer comprises a compound of the formula
  • the electron transport layer comprises the compound of the formula (VII) in an amount of 99 to 1% by weight, preferably 75 to 25% by weight, more preferably about 50% by weight, where the amount of the compounds of the formulae (VII) and the amount of the compounds of the formulae (VIII) adds up to a total of 100% by weight.
  • the electron transport layer comprises Liq in an amount of 99 to 1% by weight, preferably 75 to 25% by weight, more preferably about 50% by weight, where the amount of Liq and the amount of the dibenzofuran compound(s), especially ETM-2, adds up to a total of 100% by weight.
  • the electron transport layer comprises at least one phenanthroline derivative and/or pyridine derivative.
  • the electron transport layer comprises at least one phenanthroline derivative and/or pyridine derivative and at least one alkali metal hydroxyquinolate complex.
  • the electron transport layer comprises at least one of the dibenzofuran compounds A-1 to A-36 and B-1 to B-22 described in WO2011/157790, especially ETM-2.
  • the electron transport layer comprises a compound described in WO 2012/111462, WO 2012/147397 and US 2012/0261654, such as, for example, a compound of formula
  • WO 2012/115034 such as for example, such as, for example, a compound of formula
  • injection layers are comprised of a material that may improve the injection of charge carriers from one layer, such as an electrode or a charge generating layer, into an adjacent organic layer. Injection layers may also perform a charge transport function.
  • the hole injection layer may be any layer that improves the injection of holes from anode into an adjacent organic layer.
  • a hole injection layer may comprise a solution deposited material, such as a spin-coated polymer, or it may be a vapor deposited small molecule material, such as, for example, CuPc or MTDATA.
  • Polymeric hole-injection materials can be used such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline, self-doping polymers, such as, for example, sulfonated poly(thiophene-3-[2[(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-2,5-diyl) (Plexcore® OC Conducting Inks commercially available from Plextronics, e.g. Plxecore AJ20-1000), and copolymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) also called PEDOT/PSS.
  • PVK poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
  • polythiophenes polypyrrole
  • polyaniline polyaniline
  • self-doping polymers such as, for example, sulfonated poly(thiophene-3-[2[(2-methoxy
  • hole injection materials mentioned above are commercially available and/or prepared by processes known by a person skilled in the art.
  • the electron injection layer may be any layer that improves the injection of electrons into an adjacent organic layer.
  • Lithium-comprising organometallic compounds such as 8-hydroxyquinolatolithium (Liq), CsF, NaF, KF, Cs 2 CO 3 or LiF may be applied between the electron transport layer (g) and the cathode (b) as an electron injection layer (i) in order to reduce the operating voltage.
  • the different layers in the inventive OLED if present, have the following thicknesses:
  • anode 50 to 500 nm, preferably 100 to 200 nm; a hole injection layer (h): 5 to 100 nm, preferably 20 to 80 nm, hole-transport layer (d): 5 to 100 nm, preferably 10 to 80 nm, electron/exciton blocking layer (e): 1 to 50 nm, preferably 5 to 10 nm, light-emitting layer (c): 1 to 100 nm, preferably 5 to 60 nm, a hole/exciton blocking layer (f): 1 to 50 nm, preferably 5 to 10 nm, electron-transport layer (g): 5 to 100 nm, preferably 20 to 80 nm, electron injection layer (i): 1 to 50 nm, preferably 2 to 10 nm, cathode (b): 20 to 1000 nm, preferably 30 to 500 nm.
  • Suitable materials for the individual layers are known to those skilled in the art and are disclosed, for example, in WO 00/70655.
  • the layers used in the inventive OLED have been surface-treated in order to increase the efficiency of charge carrier transport.
  • the selection of the materials for each of the layers mentioned is preferably determined by obtaining an OLED with a high efficiency and lifetime.
  • the inventive organic electronic device preferably OLED
  • OLED can be produced by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the inventive OLED is produced by successive vapor deposition of the individual layers onto a suitable substrate.
  • Suitable substrates are, for example, glass, inorganic semiconductors or polymer films.
  • vapor deposition it is possible to use customary techniques, such as thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD) and others.
  • the organic layers of the organic electronic device, preferably OLED can be applied from solutions or dispersions in suitable solvents, employing coating techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • the relative position of the recombination zone of holes and electrons in the inventive OLED in relation to the cathode and hence the emission spectrum of the OLED can be influenced, among other factors, by the relative thickness of each layer.
  • the ratio of the layer thicknesses of the individual layers in the OLED depends on the materials used. The layer thicknesses of any additional layers used are known to those skilled in the art. It is possible that the electron-conducting layer and/or the holeconducting layer has/have greater thicknesses than the layer thicknesses specified when they are electrically doped.
  • the present invention relates to the use of a metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) in an OLED, preferably as emitter material.
  • a metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) in an OLED, preferably as emitter material.
  • Suitable and preferred metal-carbene complexes comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) and suitable and preferred OLEDs are mentioned above.
  • the emitter material is present in the light-emitting layer of the OLED.
  • At least one metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) in an OLED, preferably as emitter material makes it possible to obtain OLEDs with high color purity and high efficiency and/or high luminous efficacy and/or with high stability and long lifetimes.
  • the organic electronic devices can be used in all apparatus in which electroluminescence is useful.
  • Suitable devices are preferably selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units, such as visual display units of computers, televisions, visual display units in printers, kitchen appliances, advertising panels, information panels and illuminations; mobile visual display units such as visual display units in smartphones, cellphones, tablet computers, laptops, digital cameras, MP3-players, vehicles, keyboards and destination displays on buses and trains; illumination units; units in items of clothing; units in handbags, units in accessories, units in furniture and units in wallpaper.
  • the present invention therefore further relates to apparatus selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units, such as visual display units of computers, televisions, visual display units in printers, kitchen appliances, advertising panels, information panels and illuminations; mobile visual display units such as visual display units in smartphones, cellphones, tablet computers, laptops, digital cameras, MP3-players, vehicles, keyboards and destination displays on buses and trains; illumination units; units in items of clothing; units in handbags, units in accessories, units in furniture and units in wallpaper, comprising at least one organic electronic device, preferably at least one OLED, according to the present invention or comprising at least one hole transport layer or at least one electron/exciton blocking layer according to the present invention.
  • stationary visual display units such as visual display units of computers, televisions, visual display units in printers, kitchen appliances, advertising panels, information panels and illuminations
  • mobile visual display units such as visual display units in smartphones, cellphones, tablet computers, laptops, digital cameras, MP3-players, vehicles, keyboards and destination displays on buses and trains
  • illumination units units in items
  • the metal-carbene complexes comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) can be used in white OLEDs.
  • the OLEDs may further comprise at least one second light-emitting layer.
  • the overall emission of the OLEDs may be composed of the emission of the at least two light-emitting layers and may also comprise white light, as described for example in EP13160198.1.
  • metal-carbene complexes comprising one, two or three, preferably three, bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) can be used in OLEDs with inverse structure.
  • the structure of inverse OLEDs and the materials typically used therein are known to those skilled in the art.
  • stacked device concept It is also possible to stack two OLEDs or to stack three or more OLEDs (“stacked device concept”). These devices usually use a transparent charge generating interlayer such as indium tin oxide (ITO), V 2 O 5 , or an organic p-n junction.
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • V 2 O 5 V 2 O 5
  • organic p-n junction organic p-n junction
  • the stacked OLED usually includes at least two individual sub-elements.
  • Each sub-element comprises at least three layers: an electron transport layer, an emitter layer and a hole-transport layer. Additional layers may be added to a sub-element.
  • Each SOLED sub-element may include for example a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron/exciton blocking layer, an emitter layer, a hole/exciton blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer.
  • Each SOLED sub-element may have the same layer structure or different layer structure from the other sub-elements.
  • Suitable SOLED structures are known by a person skilled in the art.
  • organic electronic devices are a subject of the present invention but also all metal-carbene complex, wherein the metal is Ir or Pt, comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) as described in the present application.
  • inventive complexes can be used in the organic electronic devices, preferably in the OLEDs, of the present invention in a pure isomeric form or as mixture of cyclometalation isomers without significant impact on the device performance.
  • the present invention relates to a metal-carbene complex, wherein the metal is Ir or Pt, comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) as described in the present application, and to a process for preparing the inventive metal-carbene complex, by contacting suitable compounds comprising Ir or Pt with appropriate ligands or ligand precursors. A suitable process is described above.
  • the present invention further relates to the use of the inventive metal-carbene complex, wherein the metal is Ir or Pt, comprising one, two or three bidentate ligands of formula (I) and/or (I′) as described in the present application in organic electronic devices, preferably in OLEDs, more preferably as emitter materials in OLEDs. Suitable organic electronic devices and suitable OLEDs are described above.
  • the ITO substrate used as the anode is cleaned first with commercial detergents for LCD production (Deconex® 20NS, and 25ORGAN-ACID® neutralizing agent) and then in an acetone/isopropanol mixture in an ultrasound bath. To eliminate possible organic residues, the substrate is exposed to a continuous ozone flow in an ozone oven for a further 25 minutes. This treatment also improves the hole injection properties of the ITO.
  • the hole injection layer (40 nm) AJ20-1000 from Plexcore is spun on from solution.
  • the hole injection layer HATCN (10 nm) is applied by vapor deposition.
  • HATCN Dipyrazino[2,3-f:2′,3′-h]quinoxaline 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarbonitrile
  • the hole conductor and exciton blocker applied to the substrate is Ir(DPBIC) 3 (devices 1 to 6, 9, 10, 11 and 12) respectively Ir(DPABIC) 3 (devices 7 or 8 or 9) with a thickness of 20 nm (80 nm in device example 12), of which the first 10 nm (70 nm in device example 12) are doped with MoO 3 (50 wt.-%:50 wt. %) (90 wt.-% Ir(DPBIC) 3 :10 wt.-% MoO 3 in device example 12) to improve the conductivity.
  • a mixture of emitter (BE-X), Ir(DPBIC) 3 respectively Ir(DPABIC) 3 , and a host material (the emitter (BE-1, BE-2, BE-3, BE-4, BE-5, BE-6 or BE-7 or BE-9 or BE-10 or BE-11), the host material (SH-1, SH-2, SH-3, SH-4, SH-5 or SH-6) and the relative amounts in % by weight are given in the specific device examples) is applied by vapor deposition with a thickness of 40 nm (devices 1 to 3 and 5 to 12) respectively 60 nm (device 4). Subsequently, the host material is applied by vapor deposition with a thickness of 5 nm as an exciton and hole blocker.
  • a mixture of Liq and ETM (ETM-1 or ETM-2 as specified in the specific device examples) (50 wt.-%: 50 wt.-%) is applied by vapor deposition in a thickness of 25 nm; then a 4 nm KF layer is applied; and finally a 100 nm-thick Al electrode is applied. All components are adhesive-bonded to a glass lid in an inert nitrogen atmosphere.
  • electroluminescence spectra are recorded at different currents and voltages.
  • the current-voltage characteristic is measured in combination with the light output emitted.
  • the light output can be converted to photometric parameters by calibration with a photometer.
  • the lifetime t 1/2 of the diode is defined by the time taken for the luminance to fall to 50% of its initial value. The lifetime measurement is carried out at a constant current.
  • the CIE x,y coordinates are extracted from the spectra according to CIE 1931 as known in the art.
  • Inventive devices 1.2 and 1.3 show better color (CIE y ), luminous efficacy, lower voltage and better EQE compared with comparative device 1.1 (BE-V).
  • Inventive device 2.2 shows better color (CIE y ) and better EQE and better luminous efficacy compared with comparative device 2.1 (BE-V).
  • Inventive devices 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 show better color (CIE y ), luminous efficacy, better EQE and better lifetime compared with comparative device 3.1 (BE-V).
  • Inventive device 4.2 shows better voltage and better luminous efficacy by constant color (CIE) compared with comparative device 4.1 (BE-V).
  • Inventive devices 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 show better color (CIE y ), luminous efficacy and better EQE compared with comparative device 5.1 (BE-V).
  • Inventive devices 6.2 and 6.3 show better color (CIE y ) and better EQE compared with comparative device 6.1 (BE-V).
  • Inventive device 7.2 shows better color (CIE y ) and better luminous efficacy compared with comparative example device 7.1 (BE-V).
  • the emitter material BE7 luminescent organic light-emitting devices emitting blue light having a high color purity are obtained.
  • Inventive devices 9.2 and 9.3 show better color (CIE y ), luminous efficacy, better EQE and better lifetime compared with comparative device 9.1 (BE-V).
  • inventive compounds can be used in a pure isomeric form or as mixture of cyclometalation isomers without significant impact on the device performance.
  • the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the complexes are measured on thin polymer films doped with the respective complexes.
  • the thin films are prepared by the following procedure: a 10%-w/w polymer solution is made by dissolving 1 g of the polymer “PMMA 6N” (Evonik) in 9 g of dichloromethane, followed by stirring for one hour. 2 mg of the respective complexes are added to 0.098 g of the PMMA solution, and stirring continued for one minute.
  • the solutions are casted by doctor-blading with a film applicator (Model 360 2082, Erichsen) with a 60 ⁇ m gap onto quartz substrates providing thin doped polymer films (thickness ca. 6 ⁇ m).
  • the PL spectra and quantum-yields (Q.Y.) of these films are measured with the integrating-sphere method using the Absolute PL Quantum Yield Measurement System (Hamamatsu, Model C9920-02) (excitation wavelength: 400 nm).
  • the lifetime ( ⁇ v ) of the luminescence of the complexes in the prepared films are measured by the following procedure: For excitation of the emission a sequence of short laser pulses (THG Nd-YAG, 355 nm, 1 nsec pulse length, 1 kHz repetition rate) is used. The emissions are detected by the time-resolved photon-counting technique in the multi-channel scaling modus using a combination of photomultiplier, discriminator and a multiscaler card (FAST ComTec GmbH, Model P7888). The ⁇ max , CIE x,y, Q.Y., and ⁇ v values of the photoluminescence measurements, and the full width of half maxima (FWHM) of the emission spectra values are included in the following experimental part.
  • FWHM full width of half maxima
  • a light yellow solution of 19.0 g (0.20 mol) of 2-aminopyrazine in 40 ml of DMF and 120 ml of acetonitrile, and a light yellow solution of 30.0 g (0.10 mol) of 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBH) in 20 ml of DMF and 180 ml of acetonitrile are simultaneously added during 30 minutes under argon from two dropping funnels at ⁇ 5° C. to pre-cooled 20 ml of acetonitrile.
  • the resulting brown solution is treated with 40 ml of a 10%-solution of sodium thiosulfate at ⁇ 5° C.
  • the resulting solution is concentrated under vacuum and further suspended in 600 ml of toluene followed by the addition of 50 g of Hyflo® filter aid. The mixture is stirred during 30 minutes and filtered over a layer of Hyflo® filter aid. The solid filter residue is washed first with 1000 ml of toluene and 1000 ml of ethyl acetate and the combined filtrates concentrated under vacuum. An additional amount of crude product is obtained by washing the solid filter residue with 1500 ml of a 90:10-mixture of dichloromethane/methanol and concentrating the filtrate under vacuum.
  • the organic layer is concentrated under vacuum and the residue dissolved in toluene followed by filtration through a 4 cm layer of silica gel and additional rinsing of the silica gel layer with plenty of toluene.
  • the combined organic phases are concentrated under vacuum and further purified by chromatography (silica gel, toluene/hexane). The title product is obtained as light brown clear viscous oil (yield: 6.1 g (42%)).
  • the solid is three times suspended with 20 ml of ethanol followed by filtration and washing with 20 ml of ethanol.
  • the solid is further suspended in hexane followed by filtration and washing four times with 20 ml of methanol and drying under vacuum.
  • the resulting grey powder is dissolved in 10 ml of dichloromethane and filtered through a 4 cm layer of silica gel followed by rinsing with 80 ml of dichloromethane under the exclusion of light.
  • the combined filtrate is diluted with 30 ml of ethanol and concentrated under vacuum to one fifth of the volume giving a light yellow suspension which is filtered, and the resulting solid further washed with ethanol.
  • a colorless solution of 40.89 g (0.30 mol) of anhydrous zinc chloride in 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran is added during 10 minutes and the released exothermy carefully regulated with an ice-bath keeping the temperature at a maximum of 48° C.
  • the resulting grey thick suspension is further stirred during 75 minutes until the temperature reaches 25° C.
  • a solution of 17.4 g (0.10 mol) of 2-bromo-5-aminopyrazine in 200 of tetrahydrofuran and 1.08 g (2.0 mmol) of [1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane]dichloronickel(II) are sequentially added and the temperature increased up to 48° C.
  • Reagent A A solution of Isopropenylmagnesiumbromide (0.5 M in THF, 32.1 mL) is slowly added to a mixture of 3.4 g (32 mmol) Trimethylborate in dry THF (20 mL) at ⁇ 78° C. The reaction is stirred overnight to room temperature. The resulting suspension is poured into 50 mL saturated ammonium chloride solution between ⁇ 10 and 0° C. The clear aqueous solution is extracted three times with diethyl ether (65 mL). The organic layer is then washed once with saturated sodium chloride solution (25 mL) and then this organic layer is dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent is removed under vacuum and the white solid is stored under argon.
  • BE-7 is prepared in the same manner as BE-11 with the only difference that 2-ethoxy-5-isopropyl-1,3-diphenyl-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazine is employed instead of 2-ethoxy-5-isobutyl-1,3-diphenyl-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazine.

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