US20150216938A1 - Combination therapy for treatment of hbv infections - Google Patents

Combination therapy for treatment of hbv infections Download PDF

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US20150216938A1
US20150216938A1 US14/615,292 US201514615292A US2015216938A1 US 20150216938 A1 US20150216938 A1 US 20150216938A1 US 201514615292 A US201514615292 A US 201514615292A US 2015216938 A1 US2015216938 A1 US 2015216938A1
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heterocycloalkyl
cycloalkyl
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heteroaryl
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George D. Hartman
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Novira Therapeutics LLC
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Assigned to NOVIRA THERAPEUTICS, INC. reassignment NOVIRA THERAPEUTICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HARTMAN, GEORGE D.
Publication of US20150216938A1 publication Critical patent/US20150216938A1/en
Priority to US15/284,807 priority patent/US10213420B2/en
Priority to US16/235,210 priority patent/US10632112B2/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/397—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having four-membered rings, e.g. azetidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/45—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cycloheximide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • A61K38/21—Interferons [IFN]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • A61K38/21—Interferons [IFN]
    • A61K38/212—IFN-alpha
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00

Definitions

  • HBV infection chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global health problem, affecting over 5% of the world population (over 350 million people worldwide and 1.25 million individuals in the U.S.).
  • HBV Despite the availability of a prophylactic HBV vaccine, the burden of chronic HBV infection continues to be a significant unmet worldwide medical problem, due to suboptimal treatment options and sustained rates of new infections in most parts of the developing world.
  • Current treatments rarely provide a cure and are limited to only two classes of agents (interferon and nucleoside analogues/inhibitors of the viral polymerase); drug resistance, low cure rates, and tolerability issues limit their impact.
  • the low cure rates of HBV can be attributed at least in part to incomplete suppression of HBV replication and to the presence and persistence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes.
  • cccDNA covalently closed circular DNA
  • persistent suppression of HBV DNA slows liver disease progression and helps to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, current therapy goals for HBV-infected patients are directed to reducing serum HBV DNA to low or undetectable levels, and to ultimately reducing or preventing the development of cirrhos
  • interferon ⁇ (IFN) and nucleos(t)ide polymerase inhibitors have failed to show improved efficacy.
  • IFN interferon ⁇
  • nucleos(t)ide polymerase inhibitors nor combinations of nucleos(t)ide polymerase inhibitors have provided improved efficacy in treating HBV compared to monotherapy.
  • a combination therapy comprising a capsid assembly inhibitor and an interferon.
  • the combination therapy is useful for the treatment of HBV infection. This combination unexpectedly provides additional HBV virus replication suppression efficacy compared to monotherapy with interferon, entecavir, or a compound of Formula I.
  • the interferon is selected from the group consisting of interferon alpha, interferon alpha-2a, recombinant interferon alpha-2a, peginterferon-alpha 2a, interferon alpha-2b, recombinant interferon alpha-2b, interferon alpha-2b XL, peginterferon alpha-2b, glycosylated interferon alpha-2b, interferon alpha-2c, recombinant interferon alpha-2c, interferon beta, interferon beta-1a, peginterferon beta-la, interferon delta, interferon lambda, peginterferon lambda-1, interferon omega, interferon tau, gamma interferon, interferon alfacon-1, interferon alpha-n
  • the interferon is selected from the group consisting of peginterferon alpha-2a, peginterferon alpha-2b, glycosylated interferon alpha-2b, peginterferon beta-1a, and peginterferon lambda-1. In a particular embodiment, the interferon is peginterferon alpha-2a.
  • the capsid assembly inhibitor is a compound of Formula I:
  • a method of treating an HBV infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject peginterferon alfa-2a and a compound of Formula I:
  • the peginterferon alfa-2a and compound of Formula I are in a single formulation or unit dosage form. In another embodiment, this method further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In yet another embodiment, the peginterferon alfa-2a and compound of Formula I are administered separately. In still another embodiment, the method comprises administering the peginterferon alfa-2a and compound of Formula I at substantially the same time.
  • the treatment comprises administering the peginterferon alfa-2a and compound of Formula I at different times.
  • the peginterferon alfa-2a is administered to the subject, followed by administration of a compound of Formula I.
  • the compound of Formula I is administered to the subject, followed by administration of the peginterferon alfa-2a.
  • the peginterferon alfa-2a and compound of Formula I are in separate formulations or unit dosage forms.
  • the subject is human.
  • composition comprising peginterferon alfa-2a and a compound of Formula I:
  • FIG. 1 is a line graph of viral load reduction from baseline (Log 10 ; ordinate) as a function of time (days; abscissa) in a uPa-SCID humanized mouse model of HBV infection.
  • Murine subjects were administered amounts of either: capsid inhibitor only; Entecavir (ETV) only; pegylated interferon ⁇ (IFN) (PEGASYS) only; a mixture of a capsid inhibitor and Entecavir (capsid inhibitor+ETV); or a mixture of a capsid inhibitor and interferon (capsid inhibitor+PEG-IFN ⁇ ).
  • Control subjects were administered dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) only.
  • N 6
  • FIG. 2 is a line graph of HBV DNA (Log 10 copies/mL; ordinate) as a function of time (days; abscissa) in a murine model for HBV genotype C infection of human chimeric liver.
  • Murine subjects were administered amounts of either: capsid inhibitor only; pegylated interferon ⁇ (PEG-IFN ⁇ ) (PEGASYS); or a mixture of a capsid inhibitor and pegylated interferon ⁇ (capsid inhibitor+PEG-IFN ⁇ ).
  • a “combination of agents” and similar terms refer to a combination of two types of agents: (1) a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (2) and peginterferon alfa-2a or another interferon analog.
  • Pegylated interferon alpha 2a or peginterferon alfa-2a is a conjugate of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and interferon alpha 2a
  • PEG poly(ethylene glycol)
  • interferon alpha 2a One brand name for pegylated interferon alpha 2a is PEGASYS.
  • Pegylated interferon alpha 2a compositions and/or methods of making pegylated interferon alpha-2a are disclosed, e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,657, U.S. Pat. No. 5,762,923 and WO 08/145323, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Pegylated interferon alpha 2a may be prepared using the procedures described in these references.
  • Compounds of Formula I are useful in the treatment and prevention of HBV in man.
  • the compounds of the invention are useful in HBV treatment by binding to the HBV core protein and thereby disabling all or a subset of the functions HBV core protein plays in HBV replication and persistence such as disrupting, accelerating, reducing delaying and/or inhibiting normal viral capsid assembly and/or disassembly of immature or mature particles, thereby inducing aberrant capsid morphology and leading to antiviral effects such as disruption of virion assembly and/or disassembly and/or virion maturation, and/or virus egress, and/or cccDNA production, maintenance or transcription, and/or modulation of the host innate immune response.
  • Capsid assembly plays a central role in HBV genome replication.
  • HBV polymerase binds pre-genomic HBV RNA (pgRNA), and pgRNA encapsidation must occur prior to HBV DNA synthesis.
  • pgRNA pre-genomic HBV RNA
  • nuclear accumulation of the cccDNA replication intermediate which is responsible for maintenance of chronic HBV replication in the presence of nucleoside suppressive therapy, requires the capsid for shuttling HBV DNA to the nuclei.
  • the HBV core inhibitors or capsid assembly disruptors of the invention have the potential to increase HBV functional cure rates through improved suppression of viral genome replication and through suppression of cccDNA when used alone or in combination with existing HBV drugs such as interferons and nucleos(t)ide inhibitors.
  • the core inhibitors or capsid assembly disruptors of the present invention may also alter normal core protein degradation, potentially leading to altered MHC-1 antigen presentation, which may in turn increase seroconversion/eradication rates through immuno-stimulatory activity, more effectively clearing infected cells.
  • the compounds of the present invention may have the potential to bind to HBV core protein and alter the function of that protein by interfering with, accelerating, decelerating, disrupting or otherwise modifying the functions associated with HBV core protein.
  • the compounds useful within the invention may be synthesized using techniques well-known in the art of organic synthesis.
  • the starting materials and intermediates required for the synthesis may be obtained from commercial sources or synthesized according to methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the combination therapy comprises a compound of Formula I:
  • R 4 is H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • each R 5 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of CH 3 , C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, halo, —CN, —NO 2 , —(L) m —SR 9 , —(L) m —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , -(1-) m -S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —(L) m —NHS( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —(L) m —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —(L) m -OC( ⁇ O)R 9 , —(L) m CO 2 R 8 , 4L) m -OCO2R 8 , —(L) m —N(R 8 ) 2 , —(L) m —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —(L) m -OC( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —(L) m -NHC
  • L is independently, at each occurrence, a bivalent radical selected from —(C 1 -C 3 alkylene)-, —(C 3 -C 7 cycloalkylene)-, —(C 1 -C 3 alkylene) m —O—(C 1 -C 3 alkylene) m -, or -(C 1 -C 3 alkylene) m —NH—(C 1 -C 3 alkylene) m —;
  • each R 8 is independently, at each occurrence, H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 dihaloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 trihaloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(C 3 -C to heterocycloalkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(aryl), or —C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), and wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents selected from R 2 ;
  • R 9 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 dihaloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 trihaloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, C 3 -C 1 ( )cycloalkyl, a C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(aryl), or —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(heteroaryl), and wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with 0-5 substituents selected from R 2 ;
  • R 10 is OH, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl-OH, —C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 dihaloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 trihaloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, a C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(aryl), or —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(heteroaryl), and wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with 1-5 substituent
  • R 11 is a bond or C 1 -C 3 alkylene, wherein the C 1 -C 3 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from R 2 ;
  • R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of OH, halo, —CN, —NO 2 , —C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 dihaloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 trihaloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, and C(O)—C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
  • w 0, 1 or 2;
  • each occurrence of x is independently selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4;
  • each occurrence of y is independently selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, and 3;
  • each occurrence of z is independently selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, and 3;
  • m is independently 0, 1 or 2.
  • R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of halo, —CN, —NO 2 , —C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 dihaloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 trihaloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, and C(O)—C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
  • compounds of Formula I are of the Formula IVa:
  • each R 5 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of CH 3 , C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, halo, —CN, —NO 2 , —C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 dihaloalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 and trihaloalkyl;
  • R I ° is OH, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl-OH, —C 1 -C 6 chloroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 dichloroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 trichloroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 fluoroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 difluoroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 trifluoroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, a C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(aryl), or —C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 11 is a bond or C 1 -C 3 alkylene, wherein the C 1 -C 3 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from R 2 ;
  • R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of halo, —CN, —NO2, -C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —C 1 -C 6 fluoroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, C(O)—C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and C(O)—C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 5 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of CH 3 , C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, halo, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, and trichloromethyl;
  • R 10 is OH, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl-OH, C 1 -C 6 fluoroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 difluoroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 trifluoroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(aryl), or —C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(heteroaryl), and wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents selected
  • R 11 is a bond or C 1 -C 3 alkylene
  • R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of halo, —CN, —NO2, -C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —C 1 -C 6 fluoroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, and C(O)—C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and C(O)—C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 5 i.e., (R 5 ) y
  • R 5 is 3-F, 3—Cl, 3—CH 3 , 3—CH 2 F, 3—CHF 2 , 4-F, 3—CH 3 -4-F, 3-C 1 -4-F, 3-Br-4-F, 3,4,5-trifluoro, 3,4,5-trichloro, or 3-chloro-4,5-difluoro.
  • w is 1 or 2.
  • R 11 is a bond or C 1 -C 3 alkylene
  • R 2 is OH, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl-OH, —C 1 -C 6 chloroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 dichloroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 trichloroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 fluoroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 difluoroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 trifluoroalkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl, or phenyl, wherein the C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, a C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl, or phenyl groups are optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents selected from halo, —C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and —C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; and
  • z is 0 or 1.
  • compounds of Formula I are of the Formula IVb:
  • G 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from CH 3 , OCH 3 , halo, CF 3 , CCl 3 , CH 2 C 1, CCl 2 H, CF 2 H, CH 2 F, and CF 3 ;
  • G 2 is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or halo
  • G 3 is OH, CH 2 OH, or CH 2 CH 2 OH;
  • G 4 is H, OH, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -C 1 -C 6 chloroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 dichloroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 trichloroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 fluoroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 difluoroalkyl, —C 1 -C 6 trifluoroalkyl, or phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally independently substituted with 1-5 substituents selected from halo, —C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and —C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; and
  • y is 1, 2, or 3.
  • G 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from halo, CF 3 , CCl 3 , CH 2 Cl, CCl 2 H, CF 2 H, CH 2 F, and CF 3 .
  • compounds of Formula I are of the Formula IVc:
  • G 1 is hydrogen or halo
  • G 2 is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or halo
  • G 4 is H, halo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or OH.
  • G 2 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl or halo, and wherein G 2 is in the 2, 3, or 4 position of the phenyl ring.
  • the compound of Formula I is a compound provided in the following table, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
  • Examples of compounds of Formula I include the compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,629,274, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Methods of making compounds of Formula I, including the compounds of the above table, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,629,274.
  • the compound of Formula (IV) from Scheme 1 may be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid to yield the sulfonyl chloride of formula (V).
  • the compound of Formula (V) may be reacted with a secondary or primary amine of formula HNR 6 R 6 , in a solvent such as but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, ethyl ether or a mixture thereof, preferably in the presence of a tertiary base such as but not limited to triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or pyridine, to yield the compound of Formula (VI), which may be coupled to an amine via an amide bond, yielding the compound of Formula (II).
  • a solvent such as but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, ethyl ether or a mixture thereof, preferably in the presence of a tertiary base such as but not limited to triethylamine, diisoprop
  • the amide coupling may be performed in the presence of a coupling agent, such as but not limited to DCC (N,N′-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide), DIC (N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide), EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide), HBTU (O-benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluoro-phosphate), HATU (2-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uronium hexafluorophosphate methanaminium), HCTU ((2-(6-chloro-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethylaminium hexafluorophosphate), TBTU (O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,
  • the sulfonyl chloride of Formula (V) may be reacted with a chlorinating reagent, such as but not limited to thionyl chloride, phosgene, diphosgene or triphosgene, to yield the acyl chloride of Formula (VII).
  • a chlorinating reagent such as but not limited to thionyl chloride, phosgene, diphosgene or triphosgene
  • the compound of Formula (VII) may then be reacted with an amine in a solvent such as but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, ethyl ether or a mixture thereof, under conditions that do not promote the reaction of the sulfonyl chloride group with the amine, to yield the compound of Formula (VIII), which may then be reacted with the amine HNR 6 R 6 in a solvent such as but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, toluene, dichloromethane, or a mixture thereof, and in the presence of a tertiary base, such as but not limited to triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or pyridine, to yield the compound of Formula (II).
  • a solvent such as but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, ethyl ether or a mixture thereof
  • a tertiary base such as but not limited to triethy
  • C x -C y -alkyl indicates a particular alkyl group (straight- or branched-chain) of a particular range of carbons.
  • C 1 -C 4 -alkyl includes, but is not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl and isobutyl.
  • C 3-6 cycloalkyl refers to saturated or unsaturated monocyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon groups of 3-6 carbon atoms, preferably 5 carbon atoms.
  • exemplary monocyclic hydrocarbon groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and cyclopentyl.
  • halogen refers to chloro, bromo, fluoro, and iodo groups.
  • Agents may contain one or more asymmetric elements such as stereogenic centers or stereogenic axes, e.g., asymmetric carbon atoms, so that the compounds can exist in different stereoisomeric forms.
  • asymmetric elements such as stereogenic centers or stereogenic axes, e.g., asymmetric carbon atoms, so that the compounds can exist in different stereoisomeric forms.
  • These compounds can be, for example, racemates or optically active forms.
  • these compounds with two or more asymmetric elements these compounds can additionally be mixtures of diastereomers.
  • compounds having asymmetric centers it should be understood that all of the optical isomers and mixtures thereof are encompassed.
  • compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds may occur in Z- and E-forms; all isomeric forms of the compounds are included in the present invention.
  • the single enantiomers can be obtained by asymmetric synthesis, synthesis from optically pure precursors, or by resolution of the racemates. Resolution of the racemates can also be accomplished, for example, by conventional methods such as crystallization in the presence of a resolving agent, or chromatography, using, for example a chiral HPLC column.
  • reference to compounds useful in the combination therapy of the invention includes both the free base of the compounds, and all pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention include the conventional non-toxic salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods.
  • such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred.
  • nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred.
  • Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17.sup.th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418 and Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2 (1977), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a combination therapy comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • Administration of the combination includes administration of the combination in a single formulation or unit dosage form, administration of the individual agents of the combination concurrently but separately, or administration of the individual agents of the combination sequentially by any suitable route.
  • the dosage of the individual agents of the combination may require more frequent administration of one of the agent(s) as compared to the other agent(s) in the combination. Therefore, to permit appropriate dosing, packaged pharmaceutical products may contain one or more dosage forms that contain the combination of agents, and one or more dosage forms that contain one of the combination of agents, but not the other agent(s) of the combination.
  • single formulation refers to a single carrier or vehicle formulated to deliver effective amounts of both therapeutic agents to a patient.
  • the single vehicle is designed to deliver an effective amount of each of the agents, along with any pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
  • the vehicle is a tablet, capsule, pill, or a patch. In other embodiments, the vehicle is a solution or a suspension.
  • unit dose is used herein to mean simultaneous administration of both agents together, in one dosage form, to the patient being treated.
  • the unit dose is a single formulation.
  • the unit dose includes one or more vehicles such that each vehicle includes an effective amount of at least one of the agents along with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients.
  • the unit dose is one or more tablets, capsules, pills, or patches administered to the patient at the same time.
  • treat is used herein to mean to relieve, reduce or alleviate, at least one symptom of a disease in a subject.
  • the term “treat” also denotes, to arrest, delay the onset (i.e., the period prior to clinical manifestation of a disease or symptom of a disease) and/or reduce the risk of developing or worsening a symptom of a disease.
  • subject is intended to include animals. Examples of subjects include mammals, e.g., humans, dogs, cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cats, mice, rabbits, rats, and transgenic non-human animals. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human, e.g., a human suffering from, at risk of suffering from, or potentially capable of suffering from an HBV infection.
  • the term “about” or “approximately” usually means within 20%, more preferably within 10%, and most preferably still within 5% of a given value or range. Alternatively, especially in biological systems, the term “about” means within about a log (i.e., an order of magnitude) preferably within a factor of two of a given value.
  • capsid assembly inhibitor refers to the same mode of action. Without being limited by any theoretical explanation, this mode of action may be initiated by binding of compounds of the invention to HBV core protein and altering the function of that protein by interfering with, accelerating, decelerating, disrupting or otherwise modifying the functions associated with HBV core protein.
  • combination therapy refers to the administration of two or more therapeutic agents to treat a therapeutic condition or disorder described in the present disclosure.
  • administration encompasses co-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio of active ingredients or in multiple, or in separate containers (e.g., capsules) for each active ingredient.
  • administration also encompasses use of each type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner, either at approximately the same time or at different times. In either case, the treatment regimen will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination in treating the conditions or disorders described herein.
  • the combination of agents described herein provide improved HBV suppression or HBV cure efficacy compared to the respective monotherapies.
  • the combination of agents described herein display a synergistic effect.
  • the term “synergistic effect” as used herein refers to action of two agents such as, for example, a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and Pegasys, producing an effect, for example, slowing the symptomatic progression of cancer or symptoms thereof, which is greater than the simple addition of the effects of each drug administered by themselves.
  • a synergistic effect can be calculated, for example, using suitable methods such as the Sigmoid-Emax equation (Holford, N. H. G. and Scheiner, L. B., Clin. Pharmacokinet.
  • a combination therapy comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • An “effective amount” of a combination of agents is an amount sufficient to provide an observable improvement over the baseline clinically observable signs and symptoms of the disorders treated with the combination.
  • oral dosage form includes a unit dosage form prescribed or intended for oral administration.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a capsid assembly inhibitor and an interferon.
  • the interferon is selected from the group consisting of interferon alpha, interferon alpha-2a, recombinant interferon alpha-2a, peginterferon-alpha 2a, interferon alpha-2b, recombinant interferon alpha-2b, interferon alpha-2b XL, peginterferon alpha-2b, glycosylated interferon alpha-2b, interferon alpha-2c, recombinant interferon alpha-2c, interferon beta, interferon beta-1a, peginterferon beta-1a, interferon delta, interferon lambda, peginterferon lambda-1, interferon omega, interferon tau, gamma interferon, interferon alfacon-1, interferon alpha-n1, interferon alpha-n3,albinterferon alpha-2b, BLX-883, DA-3021, PEG-Infergen, and BELEROFON.
  • the interferon is selected from the group consisting of peginterferon alpha-2a, peginterferon alpha-2b, glycosylated interferon alpha-2b, peginterferon beta-1a, and peginterferon lambda-1. In a specific embodiment, the interferon is peginterferon alpha-2a.
  • the capsid assembly inhibitor is a compound of Formula (I).
  • the invention includes a method of treatment of an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual the combination therapy of the invention (i.e., a compound of Formula I in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a).
  • the combination therapy of the invention i.e., a compound of Formula I in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a.
  • the invention also includes a method of reducing viral load associated with an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual the combination therapy of the invention.
  • the invention further includes a method of reducing reoccurrence of an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual the combination therapy of the invention.
  • the invention also includes a method of reducing the physiological impact of an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual the combination therapy of the invention.
  • the invention further includes a method of reducing, slowing, or inhibiting an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual the combination therapy of the invention.
  • the invention also includes a method of inducing remission of hepatic injury from an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual the combination therapy of the invention.
  • the invention further includes a method of reducing the physiological impact of long-term antiviral therapy for HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual the combination therapy of the invention.
  • the invention also includes a method of eradicating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual the combination therapy of the invention.
  • the invention further includes a method of prophylactically treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, wherein the individual is afflicted with a latent HBV infection, comprising administering to the individual the combination therapy of the invention.
  • the individual is refractory or non-responsive to other therapeutic classes of HBV drugs (e.g., HBV polymerase inhibitors, interferons, viral entry inhibitors, viral maturation inhibitors, literature-described capsid assembly modulators, antiviral compounds of distinct or unknown mechanism, and the like, or combinations thereof).
  • HBV drugs e.g., HBV polymerase inhibitors, interferons, viral entry inhibitors, viral maturation inhibitors, literature-described capsid assembly modulators, antiviral compounds of distinct or unknown mechanism, and the like, or combinations thereof.
  • the method of the invention reduces viral load in an individual suffering from an HBV infection to a greater extent compared to the extent that other therapeutic classes of HBV drugs reduce viral load in the individual.
  • the method of the invention reduces viral load in an individual suffering from an HBV infection, thus allowing lower doses or varying regimens of combination therapies to be used.
  • the method of the invention causes a lower incidence of viral mutation and/or viral resistance compared to other classes of HBV drugs, thereby allowing for long term therapy and minimizing the need for changes in treatment regimens.
  • the method of the invention increases the seroconversion rate beyond that of current treatment regimens.
  • the method of the invention increases and/or normalizes and/or restores normal health, elicits full recovery of normal health, restores life expectancy, and/or resolves the viral infection in the individual in need thereof.
  • the method of the invention eradicates HBV from an individual infected with HBV, thereby obviating the need for long term and/or life-long treatment, or shortening the duration of treatment, and/or allowing for reduction in dosing of other antiviral agents.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula IVa, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula IVb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula IVc, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 960, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 890, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 893, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 946, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 925, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1080, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1084, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1085, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1088, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1100, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1161, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 916, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1057, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1060, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1081, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1130, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1135, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1073, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1077, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • provided herein is a method of treating an HBV infection in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1076, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and PEGASYS.
  • the optimal dose of the combination of agents for treatment of disease can be determined empirically for each individual using known methods and will depend upon a variety of factors, including, though not limited to, the degree of advancement of the disease; the age, body weight, general health, gender and diet of the individual; the time and route of administration; and other medications the individual is taking. Optimal dosages may be established using routine testing and procedures that are well known in the art.
  • the amount of combination of agents that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the individual treated and the particular mode of administration.
  • the unit dosage forms containing the combination of agents as described herein will contain the amounts of each agent of the combination that are typically administered when the agents are administered alone.
  • each agent is administered at dosages that would not be effective when one or both of the agents are administered alone, but which amounts are effective in combination.
  • peginterferon alfa-2a and a compound of Formula I are administered at dosages that would not be effective when one or both of the peginterferon alfa-2a and compound of Formula I are administered alone, but which amounts are effective in combination.
  • Frequency of dosage may vary depending on the compound used and the particular condition to be treated or prevented. In general, the use of the minimum dosage that is sufficient to provide effective therapy is preferred. Patients may generally be monitored for therapeutic effectiveness using assays suitable for the condition being treated or prevented, which will be familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • one or more agents are administered for a duration that is shorter compared to the duration when either of the agents are administered alone.
  • current treatment guidelines recommend interferon treatment for 12 months.
  • the duration of interferon treatment is 12 months or less, e.g., 11 months or less, e.g., 10 months or less, e.g., 9 months or less, e.g., 8 months or less, e.g., 7 months or less, e.g., 6 months or less, e.g., 5 months or less, e.g., 4 months or less, e.g., 3 months or less, e.g., 2 months or less, e.g., 1 month or less.
  • a treatment of peginterferon alfa-2a and a compound of Formula I are administered for 12 months or less, e.g., 11 months or less, e.g., 10 months or less, e.g., 9 months or less, e.g., 8 months or less, e.g., 7 months or less, e.g., 6 months or less, e.g., 5 months or less, e.g., 4 months or less, e.g., 3 months or less, e.g., 2 months or less, e.g., 1 month or less.
  • the dosage form can be prepared by various conventional mixing, comminution and fabrication techniques readily apparent to those skilled in the chemistry of drug formulations.
  • the oral dosage form containing the combination of agents or individual agents of the combination of agents may be in the form of micro-tablets enclosed inside a capsule, e.g., a gelatin capsule.
  • a gelatin capsule as is employed in pharmaceutical formulations can be used, such as the hard gelatin capsule known as CAPSUGEL, available from Pfizer.
  • oral dosage forms useful herein contain the combination of agents or individual agents of the combination of agents in the form of particles.
  • Such particles may be compressed into a tablet, present in a core element of a coated dosage form, such as a taste-masked dosage form, a press coated dosage form, or an enteric coated dosage form, or may be contained in a capsule, osmotic pump dosage form, or other dosage form.
  • the drug compounds of the present invention are present in the combinations, dosage forms, pharmaceutical compositions and pharmaceutical formulations disclosed herein in a ratio in the range of 100:1 to 1:100.
  • the ratio of a compound of Formula I : peginterferon alfa-2a (or another interferon analog) can be in the range of 1:100 to 1:1, for example, 1:100, 1:90, 1:80, 1:70, 1:60, 1:50, 1:40, 1:30, 1:20, 1:10, 1:5, 1:2, or 1:1 of Formula I : peginterferon alfa-2a.
  • the ratio of peginterferon alfa-2a : a compound of Formula I can be in the range of 1:100 to 1:1, for example, 1:100, 1:90, 1:80, 1:70, 1:60, 1:50, 1:40, 1:30, 1:20, 1:10, 1:5, 1:2, or 1:1 of peginterferon alfa-2a: a compound of Formula I.
  • the optimum ratios, individual and combined dosages, and concentrations of the drug compounds that yield efficacy without toxicity are based on the kinetics of the active ingredients' availability to target sites, and are determined using methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • Suitable clinical studies may be, for example, open label, dose escalation studies in patients with proliferative diseases. Such studies prove in particular the improvement of efficacy of the active ingredients of the combination of the invention.
  • the beneficial effects on proliferative diseases may be determined directly through the results of these studies which are known as such to a person skilled in the art. Such studies may be, in particular, suitable to compare the effects of a monotherapy using the active ingredients and a combination of the invention.
  • a combination therapy of the invention may result not only in a beneficial effect, e.g. an improved therapeutic effect, e.g. with regard to alleviating, delaying progression of or inhibiting the symptoms, but also in further surprising beneficial effects, e.g. fewer side-effects, an improved quality of life or a decreased morbidity, compared with a monotherapy applying only one of the pharmaceutically active ingredients used in the combination of the invention.
  • a further benefit may be that lower doses of the active ingredients of the combination of the invention may be used, for example, that the dosages need not only often be smaller but may also be applied less frequently, which may diminish the incidence or severity of side-effects. This is in accordance with the desires and requirements of the patients to be treated.
  • It is one objective of this invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising a quantity, which may be jointly therapeutically effective at targeting or preventing HBV infection.
  • a compound of Formula I and peginterferon alfa-2a may be administered together, one after the other or separately in one combined unit dosage form or in two separate unit dosage forms.
  • the unit dosage form may also be a fixed combination.
  • compositions for separate administration of both compounds, or for the administration in a fixed combination i.e. a single galenical composition comprising both compounds according to the invention may be prepared in a manner known per se and are those suitable for enteral, such as oral or rectal, and parenteral administration to mammals (warm-blooded animals), including humans, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one pharmacologically active combination partner alone, e.g. as indicated above, or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents, especially suitable for enteral or parenteral application.
  • the drug combinations provided herein may be formulated by a variety of methods apparent to those of skill in the art of pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the various release properties described above may be achieved in a variety of different ways. Suitable formulations include, for example, tablets, capsules, press coat formulations, and other easily administered formulations.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical formulations may contain, for example, from about 0.1% to about 99.9%, preferably from about 1% to about 60%, of the active ingredient(s).
  • Pharmaceutical formulations for the combination therapy for enteral or parenteral administration are, for example, those in unit dosage forms, such as sugar-coated tablets, tablets, capsules or suppositories, or ampoules. If not indicated otherwise, these are prepared in a manner known per se, for example by means of conventional mixing, granulating, sugar-coating, dissolving or lyophilizing processes. It will be appreciated that the unit content of a combination partner contained in an individual dose of each dosage form need not in itself constitute an effective amount since the necessary effective amount may be reached by administration of a plurality of dosage units.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of each of the combination partner of the combination of the invention may be administered simultaneously or sequentially and in any order, and the components may be administered separately or as a fixed combination.
  • the method of treating a disease according to the invention may comprise (i) administration of the first agent in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form and (ii) administration of the second agent in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, simultaneously or sequentially in any order, in jointly therapeutically effective amounts, preferably in improved therapeutically effective amounts, e.g. in daily or intermittently dosages corresponding to the amounts described herein.
  • the individual combination partners of the combination of the invention may be administered separately at different times during the course of therapy or concurrently in divided or single combination forms.
  • administering also encompasses the use of a pro-drug of a combination partner that convert in vivo to the combination partner as such.
  • the instant invention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimens of simultaneous or alternating treatment and the term “administering” is to be interpreted accordingly.
  • each of the combination partners employed in the combination of the invention may vary depending on the particular compound or pharmaceutical composition employed, the mode of administration, the condition being treated, the severity of the condition being treated.
  • the dosage regimen of the combination of the invention is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including the route of administration and the renal and hepatic function of the patient.
  • a clinician or physician of ordinary skill can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the single active ingredients required to alleviate, counter or arrest the progress of the condition.
  • Preferred suitable dosages for the compounds used in the treatment described herein are on the order of about 1 mg to about 600 mg, preferably about 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90, 95, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 340, 360, 380, 400, 420, 440, 460, 480, 500, 520, 540, 560, 580 to about 600 mgs total.
  • a composition comprising an interferon and a compound of Formula I.
  • a composition comprising peginterferon alfa-2a and a compound of Formula I.
  • the compound of Formula I is compound 960, compound 890, compound 893, compound 946, compound 925, compound 1080, compound 1084, compound 1085, compound 1088, compound 1100, compound 1161, compound 916, compound 1057, compound 1060, compound 1081, compound 1130, compound 1135, compound 1073, compound 1077, or compound 1076.
  • the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • FIG. 1 is a line graph of viral load reduction from baseline (Log 10 ordinate) as a function of time (days; abscissa) in an uPa-SCID humanized mouse model of HBV infection.
  • Murine subjects were administered amounts of either: capsid inhibitor only; Entecavir (ETV) only; interferon ⁇ (IFN) (PEGASYS) only; a mixture of a capsid inhibitor and Entecavir (capsid inhibitor+ETV); or a mixture of a capsid inhibitor and interferon (capsid inhibitor+IFN).
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • FIG. 2 is a line graph of HBV DNA (log10 copies/ml; ordinate) as a function of time (days; abscissa) in a murine model for HBV genotype C infection of human chimeric liver.
  • Murine subjects were administered amounts of either: capsid inhibitor only; pegylated interferon ⁇ (PEG-IFN) (PEGASYS); or a mixture of a capsid inhibitor and pegylated interferon ⁇ (capsid inhibitor+PEG-IFN).
  • mice will be acclimated to the study room for at least 7 days prior to the start of the administration.
  • health condition observations and body weight measurements will be conducted once a day for all the candidate animals.
  • All the candidate animals will have pre-dose blood sampling for Assignment the measurements of blood h-Alb concentration and serum ALT/AST and Criteria activities. These analyses will be performed using the procedures for Animal described in the “Observations, Measurement, Sampling and Other Selection Methods” section. The remaining serum will be stored at ⁇ 80° C. until being shipped to the Sponsor.
  • Day-1 the animals with a healthy appearance and which meet all of the criteria specified below will be assigned to the groups.
  • the group composition will be randomized based on the arithmetic mean values for body weight and geometric mean values for blood h-Alb concentration.
  • Age 12 to 16-weeks on Day 0 Weight: 15.6 g or more on Day ⁇ 1
  • Blood h-Alb level 7.0 mg/int, or more on Day ⁇ 7 (for PX13-mouse) less than 7.0 mg/mL on Day ⁇ 7 (for non-PXB grade mouse)
  • Donor of hepatocytes :
  • the first day of administration will be set as Day 0.
  • the following observations, measurements and samplings will be conducted:
  • target volume of blood will be collected under isotlurane (Escain, Mylan, Osaka, Japan) anesthesia from all animals via the retro-orbital plexus/sinus using calibrated pipettes (Drummond Scientific Company. PA. USA). Two microliters (2 ⁇ L) from the collected blood will be used for these measurements. The remaining blood will be centrifuged to separate serum.
  • isotlurane Escain, Mylan, Osaka, Japan
  • Necropsy will be performed after the whole blood has been collected at sacrifice. Individual whole livers will be harvested, blot-dried, divided into 6 approximately equal sized pieces, weighed, then transferred into a tube and flashed frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozen liver samples will be stored at ⁇ 80° C. until being shipped to the Sponsor.
  • the individual blood samples of the animals will be transferred to labeled blood collection tubes and left to coagulate at room temperature for at least 5 minutes and then centrifuged at 13200 ⁇ g, 4° C. for 3 minutes to obtain scrum.
  • Target volume of serum from each separated serum sample will be transferred into a separate, labeled microtube.
  • the blood h-Alb concentration will be measured by PhoenixBio using latex agglutination immuronephelometry (LX Reagent “Hiken” Alb II, Eiken Chemical Co.. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Serum ALT/AST activities will be determined using Drichem 7000 (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan).

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