US20140072560A1 - Correctly folded etanercept in high purity and excellent yield - Google Patents

Correctly folded etanercept in high purity and excellent yield Download PDF

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US20140072560A1
US20140072560A1 US14/023,736 US201314023736A US2014072560A1 US 20140072560 A1 US20140072560 A1 US 20140072560A1 US 201314023736 A US201314023736 A US 201314023736A US 2014072560 A1 US2014072560 A1 US 2014072560A1
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etanercept
protein
mixed mode
resin
separation
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Tsutomu Arakawa
Douglas Farrar
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Coherus Biosciences Inc
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Coherus Biosciences Inc
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Application filed by Coherus Biosciences Inc filed Critical Coherus Biosciences Inc
Priority to US14/023,736 priority Critical patent/US20140072560A1/en
Publication of US20140072560A1 publication Critical patent/US20140072560A1/en
Priority to US15/720,291 priority patent/US11001627B2/en
Priority to US16/443,514 priority patent/US10954293B2/en
Priority to US16/443,594 priority patent/US10954294B2/en
Priority to US16/443,688 priority patent/US10947306B2/en
Priority to US16/443,721 priority patent/US10954295B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
    • C07K16/241—Tumor Necrosis Factors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
    • C07K1/16—Extraction; Separation; Purification by chromatography
    • C07K1/165—Extraction; Separation; Purification by chromatography mixed-mode chromatography
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70578—NGF-receptor/TNF-receptor superfamily, e.g. CD27, CD30, CD40, CD95
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/30—Non-immunoglobulin-derived peptide or protein having an immunoglobulin constant or Fc region, or a fragment thereof, attached thereto

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to chromatographic separation methods for purifying recombinantly expressed proteins, and products obtained from such methods. More particularly, it relates to use of mixed mode chromatography to purify a recombinant protein expression product, including, for example, fusion proteins which may include undesired amounts of incorrectly folded and/or aggregated protein along with properly folded protein.
  • the mixed-mode chromatography method of the invention is especially useful for separating correctly folded etanercept from incorrectly folded etanercept (as defined herein).
  • the invention is also directed to etanercept preparations and pharmaceutical formulations wherein the etanercept supplied therein has been produced in high yield and high purity using the disclosed method.
  • the invention further concerns treatment methods for TNF conditions employing highly purified etanercept characterized by remarkably low levels of misfolded/aggregated protein.
  • Etanercept (Enbrel®, manufactured by Immunex Corporation) is a dimeric fusion polypeptide consisting of the extracellular ligand-binding portion of the human 75 kilodalton (p75) tumor necrosis factor receptor (“TNFR”) linked to the Fc receptor [fragment, crystallizable] region of human Immunoglobulin G (“IgG1”).
  • Etanercept consists of 934 amino acids and has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 150 kilodaltons (Physicians Desk Reference, 2002, Medical Economics Company, Inc.).
  • the Fc component of etanercept contains the constant heavy 2 (CH2) domain, the constant heavy 3 (CH3) domain and hinge region, but not the constant heavy 1 (CH1) domain of human IgG1.
  • An Fc domain can contain one or all of the domains described above.
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • Etanercept can be produced in a known manner by recombinant DNA technology in a Chinese hamster ovary (“CHO”) mammalian cell expression system.
  • CHO Chinese hamster ovary
  • the product that is produced by the CHO cells contains a large amount of incorrectly or misfolded and/or aggregated etanercept.
  • Misfolding and aggregation frequently occur during production of recombinant proteins and hence must be addressed through downstream processes capable of separating the correctly folded protein from protein that is misfolded or aggregated. Misfolding reduces or eliminates the therapeutic effect of the protein. Aggregation, generally understood to involve non-covalent association of two or more etanercept homodimers to form very high molecular weight species, results in a similar loss of therapeutic effect, and occurs when proteins, including misfolded proteins, accumulate and clump together. As stated above, such misfolded proteins and protein aggregates are not only therapeutically ineffective, but may also be detrimental to the patient.
  • the ability to purify a protein expression product containing etanercept so that properly folded etanercept is separated from misfolded and/or aggregated etanercept is important for obtaining etanercept that provides the highest possible degree of pharmaceutical acceptability.
  • misfolded and aggregated proteins are not a problem specific to etanercept.
  • misfolding of disulfide-containing proteins during refolding of recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies is difficult to avoid, but can be effectively separated by reverse-phase chromatography with high resolution.
  • the use of low pH and organic solvent in reverse-phase chromatography can denature the proteins and may cause aggregation of the purified protein during the chromatography.
  • IEC ion exchange
  • HA hydroxyapatide
  • the present invention employs so called “mixed mode” chromatography.
  • a chromatography method for purifying recombinantly expressed proteins may generally be termed “mixed mode” when it utilizes at least two different forces to bind proteins and separate a desired protein product from undesired materials that may be present in a relatively impure expression product containing the desired protein along with undesired impurities.
  • These forces can include, for example, electrostatic forces and hydrophobic forces.
  • the stationary phase is normally an insoluble resin or gel, typically referred to as the chromatography resin, which provides the basis for the separation.
  • the resin is contained in a column allowing liquids to pass through and contact the resin.
  • the ability of the chromatography resin to separate desired material from undesired material is made possible by the presence of selected chemical groups, or moieties, that are conjugated to the resin.
  • conjugated groups typically called ligands
  • ligands give the resin the necessary affinity properties (i.e., electrostatic attraction properties resulting from ion exchange moieties present in the ligands, and hydrophobic attraction properties resulting from hydrophobic moieties present in the ligands) thereby enabling the resin to bind to some of the protein materials in an impure sample, but not others, when a solution containing the impure sample is allowed to flow through the chromatography column in contact with the resin.
  • the stationary phase of the chromatography column containing the resin with these affinity groups is packed inside the chromatography column which is typically a rigid cylindrical vessel into which fluid can be introduced at one end, contact the resin, and then exit the column at an opposite end.
  • a solution containing the protein to be purified can be introduced into (and thus allowed to flow through) the column by placing the protein product into an appropriate solution and allowing the solution, called the mobile phase, to travel through the column.
  • the analyte When the protein product to be purified (called the analyte) is presented to the column in the mobile phase, it reaches a state of equilibrium between the column and the mobile phase meaning that some of the material in the protein solution will attach, bind or become affixed to or captured by the affinity groups on the column resin, while the remainder of the material in the product will not attach to the column, but instead will flow through and out of the column where it can be collected for analysis, further processing, or it can be discarded.
  • the analyte When the protein product to be purified (called the analyte) is presented to the column in the mobile phase, it reaches a state of equilibrium between the column and the mobile phase meaning that some of the material in the protein solution will attach, bind or become affixed to or captured by the affinity groups on the column resin, while the remainder of the material in the product will not attach to the column, but instead will flow through and out of the column where it can be collected for analysis, further processing, or it can be discarded.
  • a washing step typically called an elution step—is then used to elute, or release, the bound analyte from the column.
  • affinity ligands e.g., charge based moieties or hydrophobic moieties, or a combination thereof, etc.
  • the solution used for eluting or releasing the analyte from the column must have an affinity or an attraction to the analyte and/or the ligand (example charge properties, hydrophobic properties, pH properties, salt concentration, etc.) that can overcome the analyte's affinity, or attraction, to the resin, thereby causing the analyte to be released from the resin (the stationary phase referenced above) and into the elution medium (the mobile phase).
  • the analyte can then flow through and out of the chromatography column for eventual collection, analysis, etc, or transfer to further purification methods or filtration steps.
  • the mobile phase solution that is subsequently used to elute or release the analyte must have a competing set of properties such that the analyte then “prefers” to be in the elution medium rather than remaining captured on the column resin.
  • mixed mode chromatography is unique in that the various binding and elution factors can be interdependent and can oppose one another. For example, increasing the ionic strength of the mobile phase in traditional single mode ion-exchange chromatography can drive elution or release of resin-bound analyte when the charged characteristics of an analyte have stronger attraction (preference) for the elution medium versus the attractive forces of the column resin.
  • an increase in the salt concentration may indeed drive a tendency to displace charged protein materials from the stationary phase when charged ions in the mobile phase compete with the protein for binding sites on the stationary phase—those portions of an analyte product mixture that may exhibit a higher degree hydrophobic character may have an enhanced tendency to remain bound to the hydrophobic moieties of the mixed mode chromatography column.
  • the ability to exploit these phenomenon in any given protein separation context can hardly be considered predictable.
  • CaptoTM MMC utilizes a ligand attached to a solid support matrix that may interact with the analyte by cation exchange (with its carboxylic group), hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions.
  • CaptoTM MMC's ligand is illustrated below:
  • CaptoTM Adhere is similar to CaptoTM MMC in that it also employs a ligand which is attached to a solid support matrix.
  • the ligand N-benzyl-N-methyl ethanol amine, also interacts with the analyte by anion exchange, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions.
  • CaptoTM Adhere's ligand is illustrated below:
  • hydrophobic interaction is expected to be weak.
  • these ligands have only hydrophobic moieties (no charges), they would most likely require salting-out (protein precipitating) conditions for protein binding.
  • having electrostatic interaction can make such weak hydrophobic interaction sufficient to provide additional binding force.
  • the present invention is premised upon the discovery that mixed mode chromatography, for example using CaptoTM MMC and CaptoTM Adhere as the mixed mode chromatography resin, may be employed to purify an analyte comprising a mixture of correctly folded and incorrectly folded protein, including, for example, a protein mixture comprising correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept, whereby the correctly folded protein can be efficiently separated from the incorrectly or misfolded protein in a highly efficient manner, and in excellent production yields, to obtain a protein preparation that is very highly enriched in the desired, correctly folded protein.
  • Mixed mode chromatography for example using CaptoTM MMC and CaptoTM Adhere as the mixed mode chromatography resin
  • the invention encompasses the ability to practice the mixed mode chromatographic separation described herein in such a manner as to obtain an elution product from the chromatographic separation that can, if desired, be free or essentially free of incorrectly folded product, although it may be understood for purposes of balancing yield and purity, one may find it acceptable to include very low levels of incorrectly folded product (e.g., less than 5 wt % and preferably less than 3 wt %) in order to maximize yields to a desired extent.
  • the present invention is a mixed mode chromatography method for separating a correctly folded protein from an incorrectly folded protein, comprising the steps of: (a) binding a first protein mixture comprising both correctly folded and incorrectly folded conformations of a given protein to a mixed mode chromatography resin having both ion exchange moieties and hydrophobic moieties; (b) eluting the correctly folded protein from the mixed mode resin to obtain a second protein mixture comprising a higher proportion of correctly folded protein than the first protein mixture.
  • the term “higher proportion” means that the ratio of correctly to incorrectly folded protein in the eluate of step (b) is at least greater than 1:1, but most preferably greater than about 8:2 and preferably greater than about 9:1.
  • the second protein mixture most preferably contains correctly folded protein in an amount constituting at least about 95 wt % of the second protein mixture.
  • the method is directed to a mixed mode chromatography method for purifying a protein mixture in order to separate correctly folded etanercept from incorrectly folded etanercept present in said mixture, the method comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a mixed mode chromatography resin having hydrophobic moieties and ion exchange moieties with a solution containing a protein mixture comprising correctly folded etanercept and incorrectly folded etanercept, such that both the correctly and incorrectly folded etanercept become affixed to, bound to or captured upon the mixed mode chromatography resin; and (b) contacting the mixed mode resin with a solution capable of eluting the etanercept proteins from the mixed mode chromatography resin to obtain an eluate in which the ratio of the amount of correctly folded etanercept to incorrectly folded etanercept is greater, and preferably much greater than that of the protein mixture introduced to the resin in step (a).
  • a third embodiment the present invention is directed to an etanercept-containing protein mixture, or a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation comprising said mixture, obtained in accordance with the above-described method embodiments and wherein said protein mixture comprises correctly folded etanercept in amount constituting greater than about 90 wt. % of the protein mixture; and comprising incorrectly folded etanercept in an amount constituting less than about 5 wt % of the protein mixture; and wherein the protein mixture has a combined amount of correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept constituting at least about 95 and preferably at least about 98 wt. % of the etanercept-containing protein mixture.
  • Amounts of correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept can be determined using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (single mode).
  • the combined amounts of correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept can be determined using size exclusion chromatography (“SEC”).
  • SEC size exclusion chromatography
  • the terms “etanercept-based protein mixture” or “etanercept-containing protein mixture” or “etanercept preparation” or “etanercept-based material” and the like, should be read as synonymous and are meant to denote a protein mixture in which the major component comprises correctly folded etanercept and the minor components may comprise clipped etanercept, incorrectly folded etanercept, aggregated etanercept (such aggregates being comprised of correctly and/or incorrectly folded etanercept), or fragments of etanercept.
  • the present invention affords the ability to produce an etanercept-based protein mixture (or etanercept preparation) for use as the active ingredient in pharmaceutical formulations in which it is desired to maximize the amount of correctly folded etanercept, while minimizing the amount of incorrectly folded (including aggregated) etanercept, to a greater extent than has been heretofore achieved.
  • the invention is directed to a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation comprising highly pure etanercept suitable for administration to a subject requiring treatment for a TNF mediated condition, said formulation containing a protein mixture comprising a major amount of correctly folded etanercept and a minor amount of incorrectly folded etanercept, wherein: (i) the incorrectly folded etanercept constitutes less than about 10 wt. %, preferably less than about 8 wt. % and most preferably preferably less than about 5 wt. % of the protein mixture; (ii) the correctly folded etanercept constitutes more than 90 wt.
  • the formulation further comprises pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients, excipients or carriers rendering the formulation suitable for administration to the subject.
  • the invention is a method for producing an etanercept-containing protein mixture having high purity with respect to the amount of correctly folded versus incorrectly folded etanercept present therein, said method comprising the steps of: (1) expressing etanercept in a mammalian expression system to obtain a harvest cell culture fluid containing an etanercept-containing protein mixture comprising both correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept; (2) subjecting the harvest cell culture fluid obtained in step 1 to a purification process whereby an etanercept-containing protein mixture is obtained with a reduced amount of, or substantially free of, undesired impurities (i.e., non-etanercept-based proteins) present in the harvest cell culture fluid produced in step (1); (3) contacting the etanercept-containing protein mixture obtained in step (2) one or more times with a mixed mode chromatographic resin having both ion exchange moieties and hydrophobic interaction moieties in order to affix proteins contained in the mixture to the
  • the amount of correctly folded etanercept present in the eluate of step 4 is at least about 30 wt. % and preferably at least about 34 wt. % of the amount of etanercept-containing protein mixture present in the harvest cell culture fluid obtained in step 1; and (iv) said correctly folded etanercept constitutes at least about 90 wt % and preferably at least about 95 wt. % of the eluate obtained in step 4.
  • the invention is directed to a method for treating a subject suffering from a TNF mediated disease, comprising the steps of administering to such individual a pharmaceutical formulation containing a protein mixture comprising correctly folded etanercept and incorrectly folded etanercept, said mixture being obtained by any of the methods described above, and wherein the amount of incorrectly folded etanercept in the protein mixture is less than about 10 wt. % and preferably less than about 5 wt % of said mixture.
  • the invention is directed to a method for treating a subject suffering from a TNF mediated disease, comprising the steps of administering to such individual a pharmaceutical formulation containing a protein mixture comprising correctly folded etanercept and incorrectly folded etanercept wherein the amount of incorrectly folded etanercept in the protein mixture is less than about 10 wt % and preferably less than about 5 wt % of said mixture.
  • the invention is directed to a method for separating correctly folded etanercept from incorrectly folded etanercept, wherein chromatographic means are used to achieve said separation, and wherein the chromatographic means consist solely of mixed mode chromatography in which a mixture comprising correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept is contacted with a mixed mode chromatographic resin having ion exchange and hydrophobic moieties, and then eluted therefrom, to obtain an eluate comprising at least about 85 and preferably at least about 90, and most preferably at least about 95 wt % correctly folded etanercept.
  • the methods described above as applied to etanercept may be practiced two or more times to obtain a highly pure etanercept preparation in the following manner: by performing a first mixed mode separation (separation #1) by carrying out steps. (a) and (b) as described, e.g., in embodiments 1 and 2 above; followed by performing a second mixed mode separation (separation #2) by carrying out steps (a) and (b) again; where the eluate obtained in step (b) of separation #1 is then used as the analyte (i.e., the solution containing a protein mixture) for step (a) of separation #2.
  • the mixed mode resins used in separation #1 and separation #2 can be the same or different.
  • separation #1 is performed with CAPTO MMC mixed mode resin and separation #2 is performed with CAPTO ADHERE mixed mode resin.
  • the etanercept preparations resulting from the method of the invention, or provided in the preparation, formulation or treatment embodiments described above may, if so desired, be free or essentially free of incorrectly folded etanercept, although it may be understood that the ability herein to provide etanercept preparations having remarkably low levels of incorrectly folded etanercept, preferably less than about 10 wt.
  • % and most preferably less than about 5 wt % of the total amount of an etanercept-based protein mixture present in a drug formulation represents a significant advance over pharmaceutical formulations currently available for commercial sale containing etanercept-based mixtures in which the amount of incorrectly folded etanercept in such mixtures, based on HIC analysis, can be greater than about 10% of the etanercept-based proteins found in such formulations.
  • Preferred mixed mode resins for use in the invention are CAPTO MMC and CAPTO ADHERE; however, it should be understood that any mixed mode resin functionalized with both ion exchange moieties and hydrophobic moieties are contemplated for use in the present invention.
  • the mixed mode method of the invention does not need to be combined with or supplemented with any other separation strategies to resolve correctly form incorrectly folded protein in excellent yield and high purity. For example, it is hot necessary to employ an additional HIC step to further achieve such separation of correctly from incorrectly folded protein.
  • the mixed mode chromatography method involves the occurrence of the following general sequence of phenomena: First, upon introduction of an impure etanercept-containing sample to the mixed mode resin (i.e., a sample comprising correctly folded, incorrectly folded and other impurities) such as that obtained, e.g., from CHO expression of etanercept, the method of the invention allows etanercept (both correctly and incorrectly folded) to bind to the mixed mode resin. Secondly, during a subsequent elution or washing step (e.g, using a salt gradient applied preferably in a gradient of increasing concentration), the present invention allows for release (i.e.
  • the mixed mode resin can be contained (i.e., packed) into a rigid columnar containment means or vessel which can contain the resin, and which has inlet and outlet means for allowing fluid solutions to enter at one end of the column, flow into contact with the resin, and then exit at an opposite end of the vessel to be collected for further analysis or processing, or to be discarded.
  • the solution containing a protein mixture of correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept used in step (a) of the methods described above can be obtained in a known manner from the expression of etanercept protein in mammalian cell culture, for example CHO cells.
  • the harvested protein from the mammalian expression may be subjected to an initial purification step, such as Protein A affinity purification, to remove impurities. While such step may be desirable for removing non-etanercept based impurities, this purification will generally not result in appreciable separation (i.e., resolution) of correctly folded etanercept from incorrectly folded etanercept. Accordingly the Protein A pool is then subject to the mixed mode methodology of the present invention to accomplish such separation.
  • the method of the present invention affords commercially useful recoveries (yields) of correctly folded etanercept.
  • the etanercept based protein solution of correctly and incorrectly folded etanercept used in step (a) of the present method is preferably provided in the form of Protein A chromatography output obtained by purifying a mammalian expression product of etanercept in a Protein A column
  • the amount of material recovered in the Protein A purification step is preferably at least about 80 wt.
  • the amount of etanercept-based protein material obtained in the elution of step (b) of the present is preferably at least about 60 wt. % and preferably at least about 70 wt % of the amount of etanercept-based material introduced to the mixed mode resin in step (a) of the invention.
  • the overall yield of a highly pure etanercept mixture in the mixed mode eluate of step (b) hereof that is highly enriched in correctly folded etanercept can be anywhere from about 30 to about 50 wt % of the etanercept-based mixture originally present in a harvest cell culture fluid prior to purification (e.g., Protein A purification) thereof.
  • Purification of the harvest cell culture fluid may also be achieved by other chromatographic means, such as mixed mode chromatography using chromatography resins having both ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction moieites.
  • additional filtration steps may be conducted in a known manner to further process eluates produced in step (b) of the above-described mixed mode chromatography method.
  • the present invention affords a vastly improved separation method for separation of correctly folded from incorrectly folded conformations (including aggregates) of a given protein, and, in particular, resolution of properly folded etanercept from misfolded (and aggregated) etanercept obtained from a mammalian cell culture harvest comprising a highly heterogenous mixture of etanercept-based species.
  • FIG. 1 shows the chemical structure of Capto-MMC and Capto-Adhere mixed mode resin.
  • FIG. 2A (elution profile from Protein A) shows an elution profile from Protein-A of CHO harvest culture comprising both correctly folded and misfolded etanercept protein using elution by 0.1 M citrate at indicated pH containing 1 M arginine.
  • the solid curve is UV abso absorbance; the dotted curve, is conductivity (same in the following figures).
  • FIG. 2B (elution profiled from Protein A) shows the Native-PAGE results for samples eluted from Protein-A wherein Lane-1 is standard (commercial Enbrel); lane-2 is Load; lane-3 is FT (flow-through); lane-4, pH 6.0; lane-5, pH 4.2; lane-6, pH 3.7; lane-7, pH 3.0.
  • FIG. 3A (elution profile of Protein A pool from Capto MMC) shows a CAPTO MMC chromatogram of elution by NaCl or arginine in 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5.
  • FIG. 3B (elution profile of Protein A pool from Capto MMC) SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE of eluted samples) wherein Lane-0, standard; lane-1, Load; lane-2, FT; lane-3, 0.15 M NaCl; lane-4, 0.3 M NaCl; lane-5, 1 M arginine.
  • FIG. 4A (Elution profile of Protein A pool from Capto MMC) shows a chromatograph of elution by 0-0.5 M NaCl gradient at pH 7.5. The column was equilibrated with 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 before gradient elution.
  • FIG. 4B (Elution profile of Protein A pool from Capto MMC) shows native-PAGE of eluted samples wherein: Lane-0, standard; lane-1, Load; lane-2 to lane-8, eluted fractions; lane-9, 1 M arginine.
  • FIG. 4C (Elution profile of Protein A pool from Capto MMC) shows SDS-PATE and native-PAGE of eluted sample for different Protein A pool wherein: Lane-0, standard; lane-1, Load, lane-2, FT; lane-3 to lane-8, eluted fractions; lane-9, 1 M arginine.
  • FIG. 5A (Elution profile of Protein-A pool from Capto-MMC) Chromatogram of elution by 0-0.4 M Na 2 SO 4 gradient at pH 7.5. The column was equilibrated with 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 before gradient elution.
  • FIG. 5B (Elution profile of Protein-A pool from Capto-MMC) SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE of eluted samples wherein; lane-1, Load; lane-2, FT; lane-3, buffer wash; lane-4 to lane-9, eluted fractions; lane-10, 1 M arginine.
  • FIG. 6 shows a HIC analysis of Capto-MMC eluted fractions.
  • FIG. 7A (Elution profile of Protein-A pool from Capto-MMC) shows a chromatogram of elution by pH and salt gradient.
  • FIG. 7B (Elution profile of Protein-A pool from Capto-MMC) shows SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE of eluted samples wherein Lane-0, standard; lane-1, Load; lane-2 and 3, FT; lane-4 to lane-8, eluted fractions; lane-9, 1 M arginine.
  • FIG. 8A (Elution profile of Protein-A pool from Capto-MMC) shows a chromatogram of elution by pH and Na 2 SO 4 gradient.
  • FIG. 8B (Elution profile of Protein-A pool from Capto-MMC) shows SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE of eluted samples wherein Lane-0, standard; lane-1, Load; lane-2, FT; lane-3 to lane-5, eluted fractions; lane-6, 1 M arginine.
  • FIG. 9 shows Native-PAGE of Protein-A pool from Capto-Adhere wherein Lane-0, standard; lane-1, Load; lane-2, 5 mM citrate (pH 4.5); lane-3 and 4, 0.1 M arginine (pH 4.5); lane-5, 0.5 M arginine. Low molecular weight species observed are boxed.
  • FIG. 10A (Elution profile of Protein-A pool from Capto-Adhere) shows a Chromatogram of elution by pH and arginine gradient.
  • FIG. 10B (Elution profile of Protein-A pool from Capto-Adhere) shows SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE of eluted samples wherein: Lane-0, standard; lane-1, Load; lane-2 to lane-4, FT; lane-5 to lane-7, eluted fractions; lane-8, 0.5 M arginine.
  • FIG. 11A (Elution profile of Protein-A pool from Capto-Adhere) shows a Chromatogram of elution by pH and arginine gradient.
  • FIG. 11B (Elution profile of Protein-A pool from Capto-Adhere) shows native-PAGE of eluted samples wherein Lane-0, standard; lane-1, Load; lane-2, FT; lane-3 to lane-5, eluted fractions; lane-6, 1 M arginine.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of HIC (hydrophobic interaction chromatography) analysis of Capto-Adhere mixed mode resin elution fractions obtain in step 3B of example 12 wherein the load sample is the material obtained in step 3A of example 12. Percentage of correctly folded etanercept is indicated on the vertical axis, and application of the salt gradient over time is represented on the horizontal axis. An elution fraction obtained early in the gradient contains 100% correctly folded etanercept.
  • HIC hydrophobic interaction chromatography
  • FIG. 13 (Elution profile of Capto-MMC pool from Capto-Adhere) shows SDS and Native-PAGE of eluted samples. Elution was done with arginine gradient at pH 7.5. wherein: Lane-0, standard; lane-1, Load; lane-2 and 3, FT; lane-4 to lane-7, eluted fractions; lane-8, 1 M arginine.
  • FIG. 14 is an elution chromatogram of Capto-MMC pool from Capto-Adhere. Elution was done by NaCl gradient at pH 7.5.
  • FIG. 15A (Elution profile of Capto-MMC pool from Capto-Adhere) shows a Chromatogram of elution by salt/arginine gradient at pH 7.5.
  • FIG. 15B (Elution profile of Capto-MMC pool from Capto-Adhere) SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE of eluted samples wherein: Lane-0, standard; lane-1, Load; lane-2, FT; lane-3 to lane-6, eluted fractions; lane-7, 1 M arginine.
  • FIG. 16 is a HIC chromatogram corresponding to the etanercept material produced in Example 12, in which the plot exhibiting essentially no second smaller peak (misfolded material) corresponds to the material produced according to the present invention (example 12); and wherein the additional curve in the figure corresponding to commercially available etanercept, provided for comparative purposes, is seen to exhibit a second minor peak representing misfolded and/or aggregated material.
  • the invention is premised on the discovery herein that mixed mode resins using both ion exchange and hydrophobic attraction principles, for example CaptoTM MMC and CaptoTM Adhere, can be used to bind and then preferentially (i.e. selectively) elute correctly folded versus incorrectly folded conformations of a given protein analyte.
  • Both of the aforementioned mixed mode resins comprise ligands with moieties (i.e., chemical groups) that provide two different modes for attracting and binding protein analyte, namely ion exchange attraction and hydrophobic interaction.
  • “Around,” “about” or “approximately” shall generally mean within 20 percent, within 10 percent, within 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 percent of a given value or range. Numerical quantities given are approximate, meaning that the term “around,” “about” or “approximately” can be inferred if not expressly stated.
  • Etanercept as used herein means the active ingredient contained in the commercial formulation of Enbrel®, namely a homodimer of the fusion polypeptide consisting of the extracellular ligand-binding portion of the human 75 kilodalton (p75) tumor necrosis factor receptor (“TNFR”) linked to the Fc portion [fragment, crystallizable] of human Immunoglobulin G (“IgG1”).
  • TNFR tumor necrosis factor receptor
  • IgG1 human Immunoglobulin G
  • Etanercept is a homodimer in that two chains of the 75 kilodalton TNFR:Fc molecule as described above are connected by a disulfide linkage at a hinge region of the Fc portion.
  • Etanercept consists of 934 amino acids and has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 150 kilodaltons, and the Fc component thereof contains the constant heavy 2 (CH2) domain, the constant heavy 3 (CH3) domain and hinge region, but not the constant heavy 1 (CH1) domain of human IgG1.
  • the term “etanercept” may also encompass etanercept with minor modifications in the amino acid structure (including deletions, additions, and/or substitutions of amino acids) which do not significantly affect the function of the polypeptide as described above.
  • the term etanercept should also be understood to include proteins intended or considered to be so-called biosimilar or bio-better variants of etanercept.
  • corrected folded etanercept as used herein is intended to denote a folding conformation of the etanercept homodimer (as defined above) having biological activity for inhibition of TNF and conformation that are the same or substantially the same as the conformation and biological activity of the active ingredient in Enbrel®.
  • the term “incorrectly folded etanercept” as used herein is intended to encompass: (i) a homodimeric protein having the same or essentially the same amino acid sequence as etanercept (as defined above), but having a conformation different from that of correctly folded etanercept, wherein said different conformation renders the protein lacking or substantially lacking in biological activity as a TNF inhibitor; and/or (ii) an aggregate in which two or more correctly and/or incorrectly folded etanercept homodimers have become associated (i.e., aggregated or clumped) in such a manner as to form species having higher molecular weight than correctly folded etanercept; and/or (iii) a mixture of (i) and (ii); and/or (iv) aggregated i.e., clumped protein compositions comprising the same or essentially the same sequence, or portions thereof, as correctly folded etanercept but which exhibit decreased elution position (due to greater hydrophobic
  • treatment refers to any administration or application of remedies for disease in a mammal and includes inhibiting the disease, arresting its development, relieving the disease (for example, by causing regression, or restoring or repairing a lost, missing, or defective function) or stimulating an inefficient process.
  • the term includes obtaining a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect and covering any treatment of a pathological condition or disorder in a mammal.
  • the effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a disorder or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete cure for a disorder and/or adverse affect attributable to the disorder.
  • It includes (1) preventing the disorder from occurring or recurring in a subject who may be predisposed to the disorder but is not yet symptomatic, (2) inhibiting the disorder, such as arresting its development, (3) stopping or terminating the disorder or at least its associated symptoms, so that the host no longer suffers from the disorder or its symptoms, such as causing regression of the disorder or its symptoms, for example, by restoring or repairing a lost, missing or defective function, or stimulating an inefficient process, or (4) relieving, alleviating or ameliorating the disorder, or symptoms associated therewith, where ameliorating is used in a broad sense to refer to at least a reduction in the magnitude of a parameter, such as inflammation, pain and/or tumor size.
  • a parameter such as inflammation, pain and/or tumor size.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material, formulation auxiliary, or excipient of any conventional type.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed and is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation.
  • compositions refers to a mixture that usually contains a carrier, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient that is conventional in the art and which is suitable for administration into a subject for therapeutic, diagnostic, or prophylactic purposes. It may include a cell culture in which the polypeptide or polynucleotide is present in the cells or in the culture medium.
  • a carrier such as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient that is conventional in the art and which is suitable for administration into a subject for therapeutic, diagnostic, or prophylactic purposes. It may include a cell culture in which the polypeptide or polynucleotide is present in the cells or in the culture medium.
  • compositions for oral administration can form solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations, oral rinses or powders.
  • the present invention is suitable for separating correctly folded from incorrectly folded conformations of a given protein.
  • proteins that can be processed in accordance with the methods of the invention include any disulfide-containing proteins that require refolding such as G-CSF, IGF, insulin, growth hormone, etc. as well as engineered antibodies, e.g., single chain variable domain antibody fragments.
  • Etanercept suitable for purification according to the mixed mode chromatographic method of the present invention can be produced by living host cells that express etanercept, such as hybridomas in the case of antibodies, or host cells that that have been genetically engineered to produce the polypeptide in the case of fusion polypeptides or antibodies.
  • Methods of genetically engineering cells to produce polypeptides are well known in the art. See, e.g., Ausubel et al., eds. (1990), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Wiley, New York). Such methods include introducing nucleic acids that encode and allow expression of the polypeptide into living host cells.
  • These host cells can be bacterial cells, fungal cells, or, preferably, animal cells grown in culture.
  • Bacterial host cells include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli cells.
  • suitable E. coli strains include: HB101, DH5.alpha, GM2929, JM109, KW251, NM538, NM539, and any E. coli strain that fails to cleave foreign DNA.
  • Fungal host cells that can be used include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris and Aspergillus cells.
  • a few examples of animal cell lines that can be used are CHO, VERO, BHK, HeLa, Cos, MDCK, 293, 3T3, and W138. New animal cell lines can be established using methods well know by those skilled in the art (e.g., by transformation, viral infection, and/or selection).
  • etanercept can be secreted by the host cells into the medium.
  • purification of the expressed etanercept can be performed by any standard method.
  • the particulate debris is removed, for example, by centrifugation or ultrafiltration.
  • supernatants from such expression systems can be first concentrated using standard polypeptide concentration filters.
  • Protease inhibitors can also be added to inhibit proteolysis and antibiotics can be included to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  • Etanercept can be purified using, for example, hydroxyapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, and affinity chromatography, and any combination of known or yet to be discovered purification techniques, including but not limited to Protein A chromatography, fractionation on an ion-exchange column, ethanol precipitation, reverse phase HPLC, chromatography on silica, chromatography on heparin SEPHAROSET®, an anion or cation exchange resin chromatography (such as a polyaspartic acid column), chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE, and ammonium sulfate precipitation.
  • Protein A chromatography fractionation on an ion-exchange column, ethanol precipitation, reverse phase HPLC, chromatography on silica, chromatography on heparin SEPHAROSET®, an anion or cation exchange resin chromatography (such as a polyaspartic acid column), chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE, and ammonium sulf
  • the invention provides a protein separation method comprising the steps of (a) introducing a solution containing an etanercept-based protein mixture having both correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept to a mixed mode chromatography resin functionalized with ion exchange moieties as well as hydrophobic interaction moieties under conditions capable of allowing the correctly and incorrectly folded etanercept to bind to the resin; and then (b) washing the resin with elution media capable of eluting correctly folded etanercept from the resin such that the resulting eluate has a higher proportion of correctly folded etanercept than the protein solution introduced in step (a).
  • the method may further include the preliminary steps of expressing etanercept in a mammalian cell culture such as a CHO cell culture, and then purifying the expression product using for example Protein A chromatography whereupon the protein A product output becomes the protein solution used in step (a) of the present invention.
  • a mammalian cell culture such as a CHO cell culture
  • purifying the expression product using for example Protein A chromatography whereupon the protein A product output becomes the protein solution used in step (a) of the present invention.
  • the method of the invention may be practiced in such a manner that mammalian expression and protein A steps, giving rise to a starting solution for use in step (a) of the present invention, may be performed by a first entity at a given manufacturing site, while the method of mixed mode separation of the present invention might be performed by the same or a different entity at the same or a different manufacturing site.
  • step (a) of the invention the protein solution comprising correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept should be introduced to the CAPTO MMC mixed mode resin for binding thereto at a pH of from about 4 to about 8, and preferably at a pH of about 4 to about 6.
  • the protein solution in step (a) comprising correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept should be introduced to the CAPTO ADHERE mixed mode resin for binding thereto at a pH of from about 6 to about 8.5, and preferably at a pH of about 7 to about 8.
  • the elution medium comprises a salt at a predetermined concentration, and applied to the column in a predetermined manner effective for preferential elution of correctly folded etanercept protein versus incorrectly folded etanercept.
  • the salt solution and the manner of application thereof to the resin is preferably selected such that the amount of correctly folded etanercept greatly exceeds the amount of incorrectly folded etanercept in the eluate of step (b).
  • Early eluted fractions can contain essentially 100% correctly folded protein.
  • the salt solution elution step can be accomplished by changing (increasing) the molar concentration of the salt solution, such as through a gradient.
  • the gradient can be accomplished step wise, but is preferred to be continuous and linear.
  • the salt solution contains sodium chloride (“NaCl”).
  • NaCl linear gradient can be from about 0 to about 1 M.
  • the salt solution can contain sodium sulfate (“Na 2 SO 4 ”).
  • the Na 2 SO 4 solution may also be applied in a step wise or linear gradient, preferably linearly and most preferably from a concentration gradient of from about 0 to about 1 molar.
  • the etanercept can be obtained by culturing in CHO cells.
  • the salt solution comprises NaCl.
  • Etanercept is expressed in conditioned media (“CM”) of recombinant CHO cells transfected with a gene coding for the human TNFR extracellular domain fused to human Fe at the C-terminus.
  • CM conditioned media
  • Examples in the art for mammalian expression of etanercept may be found in the following U.S. patents, incorporated herein by reference: RE 36755; U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,690; EP 464,533; EP 417,563; U.S. Pat. No. 8,063,182; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,481.
  • the CM obtained above is processed using a Protein A column with 1 ml HiTrap rProtein A column (available from GE Healthcare) and equilibrated with a 10 mM phosphate, 0.1 M NaCl, pH 7.0 solution. After washing the column with a 1 M arginine-hydrochloride (“arginine”), 0.1 M citrate, pH 6.0 solution, the bound proteins are eluted stepwise with pH 4.2, 3.7 and 3.0 containing 1 M arginine and 0.1 M citrate. Alternatively, the column may be processed without arginine in descending pH with 0.1 M citrate.
  • FIG. 2A shows the elution profile from Protein-A with low pH buffers containing 1 M arginine.
  • a large UV absorbance peak was observed at pH 6.0 (peak marked as 6.0) and contained no band ( FIG. 2B , lane-4) corresponding to the commercial Etanercept as examined by native-PAGE (lane-1): note that no Etanercept flowed through the Protein-A column (compare lane-2 and 3).
  • lane-4 the observed large UV absorbance indicates elution of pigments. After reaching baseline absorbance ( FIG.
  • the remaining bound proteins were eluted with pH 3.7 and then 3.0, both containing 1 M arginine. These low pH solvents resulted in elution of small peaks as shown in FIG. 2A (3.7 and 3.0).
  • the pH 3.7 peak contained a small amount of etanercept (lane-6), while the pH 3.0 peak contained mainly low mobility species, corresponding to the misfolded species as well as species that may also be aggregating (lane-7).
  • a similar elution pattern was observed in the absence of arginine.
  • a lower pH, e.g., pH 3.85 was required to elute etanercept and further decrease in pH resulted in elution of low mobility species.
  • the eluted fractions from Protein A, CaptoTM MMC and CaptoTM Adhere compositions can be analyzed using a variety of techniques well known in the art such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), denatured SEC (dSEC), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and native-PAGE.
  • SEC size exclusion chromatography
  • dSEC denatured SEC
  • HIC hydrophobic interaction chromatography
  • SDS-PAGE sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  • native-PAGE native-PAGE
  • the eluted fractions from Protein A, CaptoTM MMC and CaptoTM Adhere can be analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate or native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE or native-PAGE, respectively). Both SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE were carried out using 6% Tris-Glycine gel (available from Life Technology). SDS-PAGE may be done under non-reducing conditions so that disulfide-linked aggregates can be observed.
  • Size Exclusion Chromatography Eluate fractions obtained using the mixed mode chromatography methods of the present invention may be analyzed using the well known technique of Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), a high-performance liquid chromatography (“HPLC”) method in which analytes are separated by size (see Rogner, M. (2000). Size Exclusion Chromatography. Protein Liquid Chromatography . M. Kastner. Amsterdam, Elsevier. 61: 89-145.).
  • SEC Size Exclusion Chromatography
  • HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
  • a mobile phase buffer can be prepared to contain 50 mM sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate and 150 mM arginine. The pH is adjusted to 6.5 using 1 M HCl.
  • Separations can be performed using a Tosoh TSK-Gel SWxl 6 mm ⁇ 4 cm guard column (cat. no. 8543) attached linearly to a Tosoh TSK-Gel G4000 SWxl 7.8 mm ⁇ 30 cm (cat. no. 8542).
  • the columns are brought to room temperature (23° C.) and equilibrated with mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. 5 microliters of 50 mg/mL of solution comprising etanercept is injected onto the column using an autosampler.
  • the separation can be accomplished over about 30 minutes at a flow rate of about 0.5 mL/minute.
  • the chromatogram baseline value is defined as the signal in absence of analyte.
  • the signal in absence of analyte is defined as the absorbance in mAu at 12 minutes retention time.
  • Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) analysis may be carried out on Butyl-Sepharose® using an ammonium sulfate gradient from 1.8 to 0 M.
  • HIC chromatography may also be carried in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,481 (see column 19, lines 49-55).
  • FIG. 4 in U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,481, incorporated herein by reference contains an HIC chromatogram of an etanercept preparation in which there are three peaks, the largest of which (identified as “peak 2” in the '481 patent) is disclosed as representing properly folded etanercept fusion protein; while a smaller peak (identified as “peak 3” in the 481 patent) is postulated by the patentee to contain “scrambled” (i.e., believed in the present discussion to be synonymous with incorrectly folded) etanercept as well as aggregated etanercept (see U.S.
  • a significant advantage of the present invention is the ability to provide an extraordinarily high purity etanercept containing preparation, in commercially attractive yields, in which “peak 3” of the HIC chromatogram, as referenced in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 of the '481 patent, and believed herein to comprise incorrectly folded etanercept, can be substantially reduced or essentially eliminated.
  • the invention is further directed to pharmaceutical formulations of etanercept wherein a high purity etanercept for use in such formulations is obtained using the methods of the present invention.
  • the formulations of the invention may also include buffers, tonicity modifiers, excipients, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and other commonly used inactive ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions. For simplicity, these are discussed more fully later in the application.
  • Buffers maintain pH in a desired range.
  • Suitable buffers include histidine, potassium phosphate, sodium or potassium citrate, maleic acid, ammonium acetate, tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (tris), various forms of acetate and diethanolamine.
  • concentration of the buffer in the formulation is preferably between about 1 mM to about 1M, and more preferably about 10 mM to about 200 mM. Buffers are well known in the art and are manufactured by known methods and available from commercial suppliers.
  • buffers examples include phosphate, histidine, citrate, maleate, tartrate, succinate, acetate, tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (tris), bicarbonate.
  • the buffer is sodium phosphate.
  • the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is at or near physiological levels.
  • the pH of the provided compositions is between about 5.8 and about 8.4; and even more preferably, between about 6.2 and about 7.4.
  • the pH can be adjusted as necessary to maximize stability and solubility of etanercept in a particular formulation.
  • etanercept formulations at a pH outside of physiological ranges, yet tolerable to the patient, are also within the scope of the invention.
  • a tonicity modifier is a molecule that contributes to the osmolality of a solution.
  • the osmolality of a pharmaceutical composition is preferably adjusted to maximize the active ingredient's stability and/or to minimize discomfort to the patient upon administration. It is generally preferred that a pharmaceutical composition be isotonic with serum, i.e., having the same or similar osmolality, which is achieved by addition of a tonicity modifier.
  • the osmolality of the provided formulations is from about 180 to about 420 mOsM.
  • the osmolality can be either higher or lower as specific conditions require.
  • tonicity modifiers suitable for modifying osmolality include, but are not limited to amino acids (not including arginine) (e.g., cysteine, histidine and glycine), salts (e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium citrate) and/or saccharides/polyols (e.g., sucrose, glucose and mannitol).
  • amino acids not including arginine
  • cysteine e.g., cysteine, histidine and glycine
  • salts e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium citrate
  • saccharides/polyols e.g., sucrose, glucose and mannitol
  • Preferred tonicity modifiers are glycine, alanine, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium sulfate.
  • the concentration of the tonicity modifier in the formulation is preferably between about 1 mM to about 1 M, more preferably about 10 mM to about 200 mM.
  • Tonicity modifiers are well known in the art and are manufactured by known methods and available from commercial suppliers.
  • Excipients also referred to as chemical additives, co-solutes, or co-solvents, that stabilize the polypeptide while in solution (also in dried or frozen forms) can also be added to a pharmaceutical composition.
  • Excipients are well known in the art and are manufactured by known methods and available from commercial suppliers.
  • excipients include but are not limited to sugars/polyols such as: sucrose, lactose, glycerol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltose, inositol, trehalose, glucose; polymers such as: serum albumin (bovine serum albumin (BSA), human SA or recombinant HA), dextran, poly(viny alcohol) PVA, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyethyleneimine, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC); non-aqueous solvents such as: PEG, and glycerol and dimethylformamide (DMF); amino acids such as: proline, L-serine, sodium glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, lysine hydrochloride, sarcosine and gamma-aminobutyric acid; surfactants such as
  • Preferred excipients are sucrose, lactose, glycerol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltose, inositol, trehalose, glucose, bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA), recombinant albumin, dextran, PVA, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyethyleneimine, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), PEG, ethylene glycol, glycerol, alanine, glycine, lysine hydrochloride, sarcosine, SDS, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, poloxamer 188, trimethylamine N-oxide, betaine, zinc ions, calcium ions, magnesium ions, CHAPS, sucrose monolaurate, and 2-O-beta-mannoglycerate.
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • concentration of one or more excipients in a formulation of the invention is/are preferably between about 0.001 to 5 weight percent, more preferably about 0.1 to 2 weight percent.
  • an etanercept preparation prepared according to the present invention can be used in the same formulation in which commercial Enbrel is currently supplied, such formulation comprising, about 25 to about 75 mg/ml of the formulation, and further comprising sucrose, sodium chloride, L-arginine hydrochloride, and sodium phosphate.
  • the etanercept preparations obtained in accordance with the present invention may be supplied in a pharmaceutical formulation which does not contain arginine; for example any of the non-arginine formulations as described in Manning et al. provisional applications U.S. Ser. Nos. 61/548,518 and 61/669,480 filed Oct. 18, 2011 and Jul. 9, 2012, respectively, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention to a mammal, wherein the mammal has a disease or disorder that can be beneficially treated with etanercept.
  • the etanercept is derived from the same species of mammal as is to be treated with the composition.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • Diseases or disorders that can be treated with the provided compositions include but are not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Wegener's disease (granulomatosis), Crohn's disease (or inflammatory bowel disease), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Hepatitis C, endometriosis, asthma, cachexia, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis.
  • Additional diseases or disorders that can be treated with the compositions of the present invention include those described in WO 00/62790, WO 01/62272, U.S. Patent Application No. 2001/0021380, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,648,702 B2, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • compositions may be administered to a subject in need of treatment by injection systemically, such as by intravenous injection; or by injection or application to the relevant site, such as by direct injection, or direct application to the site when the site is exposed in surgery; or by topical application.
  • the invention provides a method of treatment and/or prevention of rheumatoid arthritis comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one of the provided etanercept compositions.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the etanercept in the provided compositions will depend on the condition to be treated, the severity of the condition, prior therapy, and the patient's clinical history and response to the therapeutic agent.
  • the proper dose can be adjusted according to the judgment of the attending physician such that it can be administered to the patient one time or over a series of administrations.
  • the effective etanercept amount per adult dose is from about 1-500 mg/m 2 , or from about 1-200 mg/m 2 , or from about 1-40 mg/m 2 or about 5-25 mg/m 2 .
  • a flat dose may be administered, whose amount may range from 2-500 mg/dose, 2-100 mg/dose or from about 10-80 mg/dose.
  • an exemplary dose range is the same as the foregoing described dose ranges or lower and preferably administered two or more times per week at a per dose range of 25-100 mg/dose.
  • an acceptable dose for administration by injection contains 80-100 mg/dose, or alternatively, containing 80 mg per dose.
  • the dose can be administered weekly, biweekly, or separated by several weeks (for example 2 to 8).
  • etanercept is administered at 25 to 75 mg/ml by a single subcutaneous (SC) injection.
  • SC single subcutaneous
  • an improvement in a patient's condition will be obtained by administering a dose of up to about 100 mg of the pharmaceutical composition one to three times per week over a period of at least three weeks. Treatment for longer periods may be necessary to induce the desired degree of improvement. For incurable chronic conditions the regimen may be continued indefinitely. For pediatric patients (ages 4-17), a suitable regimen may involve administering a dose of 0.4 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg of etanercept, one or more times per week.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations of the invention may be prepared in a bulk formulation, and as such, the components of the pharmaceutical composition are adjusted to be higher than would be required for administration and diluted appropriately prior to administration.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered as a sole therapeutic or in combination with additional therapies as needed.
  • the provided methods of treatment and/or prevention are used in combination with administering a therapeutically effective amount of another active agent.
  • the other active agent may be administered before, during, or after administering the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • Another active agent may be administered either as a part of the provided compositions, or alternatively, as a separate formulation.
  • Administration of the provided pharmaceutical compositions can be achieved in various ways, including parenteral, oral, buccal, nasal, rectal, intraperitoneal, intradermal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intra-arterial, intracardiac, intraventricular, intracranial, intratracheal, intrathecal administration, intramuscular injection, intravitreous injection, and topical application.
  • compositions of this invention are particularly useful for parenteral administration, i.e., subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, intraperitoneal, intracerebrospinal, intra-articular, intrasynovial, and/or intrathecal.
  • Parenteral administration can be by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • compositions of the present invention are suitable for administration using these new methods, e.g., Inject-ease®, Genject®, injector pens such as GenPen®, and needleless devices such as MediJector® and BioJector®.
  • the present pharmaceutical composition can also be adapted for yet to be discovered administration methods. See also Langer, 1990, Science, 249:1527-1533.
  • compositions can also be formulated as a depot preparation.
  • Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
  • the formulations may be modified with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • compositions may, if desired, be presented in a vial, pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.
  • the dispenser device can comprise a syringe having a single dose of the liquid formulation ready for injection.
  • the syringe can be accompanied by instructions for administration.
  • the present invention is directed to a kit or container, which contains an aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
  • concentration of the polypeptide in the aqueous pharmaceutical composition can vary over a wide range, but is generally within the range of from about 0.05 to about 20,000 micrograms per milliliter ( ⁇ g/ml) of aqueous formulation.
  • the kit can also be accompanied by instructions for use.
  • a Protein A eluate obtained as described above is subjected to CaptoTM MMC chromatography.
  • the CaptoTM MMC column is equilibrated with a 5 mM citrate, pH 4.5 solution.
  • An appropriate dilution of Protein A eluate e.g., 3 to 6 fold dilution depending on the elution buffer of Protein A step
  • 5 mM citrate results in complete binding to the column.
  • the loading sample pH 4.2, Protein A eluate
  • the loading sample is highly heterogeneous and no protein flows through the CaptoTM MMC column.
  • the bound proteins is then eluted with a 0.15 M NaCl in 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 solution which leads to a simultaneous change in pH (from 4.5 to 7.5) and NaCl concentration (from 0 to 0.15 M).
  • a sharp elution peak containing correctly folded etanercept is observed from analysis of the eluate. However, the recovery was about 40-50%.
  • the resin containing the remaining bound protein material is contacted with 0.3 M NaCl and the 1 M arginine in 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 solutions which results in elutions containing mainly misfolded species as well as disulfide-linked aggregates.
  • CaptoTM MMC is effective in separating the misfolded species from the correctly folded species.
  • 1 M arginine further increases the elution of misfolded and also aggregated proteins, indicating that these proteins are bound to the CaptoTM MMC not only through electrostatic interaction but also hydrophobic interaction and that arginine enhances disruption of both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.
  • Analysis of the eluate fractions obtained in this example are represented in FIGS. 3A and 3B .
  • the protein solution comprising correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept was initially contacted with the CAPTO MMC resin at pH 4.5.
  • a similar elution to that observed in Example 1 is observed when the CaptoTM MMC column is first equilibrated with a 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 solution and then eluted with NaCl followed by arginine.
  • no etanercept is eluted during this pH equilibration.
  • This result is unexpected because etanercept is negatively charged at pH 7.5; the pI of etanercept ranges from 4.9 to 5.4 due to heavy glycosylation.
  • etanercept is positively charged and hence should bind to the negatively charged CaptoTM MMC ligands, although hydrophobic interaction may contribute to the binding.
  • the negatively charged etanercept should dissociate from the negatively charged CaptoTM MMC, but it is found that this does not occur. This may be explained by the hydrophobic interaction between etanercept and CaptoTM MMC overwhelming the electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged column and etanercept.
  • CaptoTM MMC may hold the bound protein by binding to the local positive charges on the protein moiety (pI of protein moiety is ⁇ 8.1).
  • successful elution is accomplished using an NaCl concentration gradient. Specifically, after washing the column with the 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 solution, the bound proteins were eluted with linear salt gradient from 0 to 0.5 M.
  • the loading sample pH 4.2 Protein A eluate
  • the loading sample is extremely heterogeneous (containing both correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept) as in the previous case, and the bound proteins are eluted with increasing ionic strength of the NaCl gradient.
  • the gradient is terminated and salt concentration is then brought to 0.5 M, which caused a slightly enhanced protein elution.
  • low salt fractions contain more of the correctly folded etanercept and higher salt fractions were enriched with low mobility (misfolded and aggregated) species.
  • the remaining proteins is eluted with a 1 M arginine, 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 solution. This fraction contains no etanercept, but entirely low mobility (misfolded/aggregated) species.
  • the use of the NaCl gradient elution of CaptoTM MMC on different Protein A eluates, combined with a preliminary equilibrium of the resin results in a more pure eluate in terms of correctly folded etanercept.
  • the eluted samples are enriched with the folded etanercept.
  • the misfolded species gradually increase in the eluate as the salt gradient described above is applied to the resin.
  • the resin is contacted with the 1 M arginine solution, and the eluate fraction resulting therefrom is found to contain misfolded species (which include not only misfolded but also aggregated species) as is evident in subsequent SDS-PAGE analysis.
  • NaCl is in general exclusively used to elute proteins in IEC, it is generally known that different salts have varying degrees of salting-out (precipitation of protein) effects.
  • NaCl is an intermediate between salting-in salts, such as MgCl 2 , and salting-out salts, such as Na 2 SO 4 .
  • NaCl may be effective in weakening the electrostatic interaction between etanercept and CaptoTM MMC, but may be neutral in weakening hydrophobic interaction.
  • Na 2 SO 4 should also be effective in weakening the electrostatic interaction, but should enhance the hydrophobic interaction because it is known as a strong salting-out salt.
  • the low mobility species are bound by the column by hydrophobic interaction as indicated above, their elution may be suppressed by Na 2 SO 4 .
  • This is tested by elution of the protein solution containing correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept with an Na 2 SO 4 gradient from 0 to 0.4 M, after pH equilibration of the CAPTO MMC resin column with a 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 solution.
  • FIG. 5A shows elution chromatogram
  • FIG. 5B shows the SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE of the eluted fractions.
  • a relatively sharp band of correctly folded etanercept is observed in low Na 2 SO 4 fractions (lanes 6 and 7 FIG. 5B ) and the purity of these fractions is greater than the load (lane 1).
  • Higher Na 2 SO 4 concentrations results in elution of low mobility species on native-PAGE (lanes 8 and 9 FIG. 5B ).
  • the loading sample (Protein A eluate) contains only 51% correctly folded etanercept species
  • the salt elutions in the above examples are able to give a 96% purity at the beginning of the salt gradient, as determined by analytical HIC ( FIG. 6 ).
  • the purity of the eluted fractions gradually decreases from 96% to 20% with increasing salt concentrations, consistent with the native-PAGE result for CaptoTM MMC ( FIGS. 3B , 4 B, 5 B).
  • the possibility that small amounts of properly folded etanercept may be undesirably eluted during initial pH equilibrium of the mixed mode resin column is counteracted by combining a pH change with a salt gradient.
  • the bound protein is eluted by a simultaneous gradient of both pH and NaCl concentration, i.e., the column is developed from a 5 mM citrate, pH 4.5 solution to a 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 solution, containing NaCl. This results in simultaneous changes of both pH and salt concentration, both causing elution of the bound proteins.
  • the elution profile during the pH and salt gradient indeed shows a small peak at the beginning of the gradient and a major peak (the desired correctly folded etanercept) at the intermediate of the gradient.
  • the observed small peak may correspond to the elution that would have been observed if pH equilibration were performed initially without a pH/salt gradient.
  • the column is then subject to further elution with 1 M arginine solution which results in a final sharp peak corresponding to low mobility species.
  • a pH/salt gradient elution was also carried out using a 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 solution as the final solvent, which is thought to improve resolution of the folded species from the misfolded species.
  • the recovery of etanercept in pool is ⁇ 50%, and the low recovery is believed due to enhanced hydrophobic interaction by 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 , leading to retention of not only misfolded species mostly eluting in 1 M arginine wash, but also the etanercept, which also appeared in 1 M arginine wash.
  • use of Na 2 SO 4 can enhance the separation (i.e. resolution) of misfolded from correctly folded species, but also reduces the recovery of etanercept.
  • FIGS. 8A and 8B For analysis of the eluates in this Example, reference may be had to FIGS. 8A and 8B .
  • a Protein A eluate comprising both correctly and incorrectly folded etanercept species is subjected to mixed-mode chromatography using CaptoTM Adhere as the mixed mode resin.
  • the binding of the protein solution comprising correctly folded and incorrectly folded etanercept species was performed at pH 7.5, at which etanercept is negatively charged and hence should bind to the positively charged CaptoTM Adhere ligands.
  • pH 4.2 Protein A eluate is dialyzed versus the 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 solution, protein binding is complete, but elution by salt alone (at pH 7.5) is found to be ineffective, suggesting that CaptoTM Adhere is considerably hydrophobic.
  • Example 7 The bound protein is then eluted with a 5 mM citrate, pH 4.5 solution with and without arginine.
  • Arginine instead of NaCl, is used in this example to investigate the manner in which a more hydrophobic species (arginine) might impact elution in light of the hydrophobic nature of the CaptoTM Adhere ligands. It is found that low mobility (misfolded/aggregated) species along with correctly folded etanercept are eluted with a 5 mM citrate, pH 4.5 wash solution (containing no arginine). Elution of the low mobility species in this fraction may be due to a sudden change in pH, as the measured pH of this fraction was 3.0.
  • the pH gradient is such that the pH of the eluted fractions gradually decrease from 7.5 to 6.0, 5.7, 5.2 and finally 4.5.
  • two fractions in the main elution peak are enriched with correctly folded etanercept with a recovery of protein at ⁇ 65%.
  • the later part of the gradient showed a smearing band containing etanercept.
  • 0.5 M arginine gradient along with pH gradient enhanced elution of the bound etanercept
  • the correctly folded etanercept co-eluted with the misfolded species in the later part of the arginine/pH gradient.
  • the final 1 M arginine wash showed only a smearing band.
  • Arginine gradient elutions are also performed at pH 7.5 using CaptoTM MMC pools. Bound proteins were eluted with a gradient from 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 to 0.6 M arginine, 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5. SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE profiles show elution of correctly folded etanercept in the middle fractions (0.2-0.4 M arginine) ( FIG. 13 ). Low mobility species as seen in both gels are observed in the later fraction and a final 1 M arginine pH 7.0 wash.
  • FIG. 14 shows the elution profile at pH 7.5 during the salt gradient to 0.5 M NaCl. Two peaks were observed during the gradient, containing mostly etanercept, but with a low yield, A large amount of etanercept was eluted in the final 1 M arginine wash indicating that the salt concentration of 0.5 M NaCl coupled with pH 7.5 was not optimal for separation of correctly folded etanercept from misfolded/aggregated material.
  • a combined NaCl/arginine gradient is investigated at pH 7.5.
  • Two such gradients were investigated:
  • the first gradient that is investigated for the elution medium is one in which final NaCl and arginine concentrations are 0.4 and 0.2, respectively.
  • a second gradient is then investigated in which the final NaCl and arginine concentrations are 0.25 M NaCl and 0.5 M arginine, respectively.
  • the gradients are applied in a 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5 solution.
  • the first gradient was still too weak to reduce hydrophobic interactions and hence elute etanercept.
  • the second gradient was more effective, as indicated by a smaller peak in the final 1 M arginine wash.
  • elution of etanercept occurs throughout the second tested gradient up to 0.25 M NaCl, 0.5 M arginine without high molecular weight (low mobility/misfolded/aggregated) species. This high molecular weight species is then eluted in the final 1 M arginine wash.
  • native-PAGE a majority of native correctly folded etanercept is shown to elute in the middle fraction. A smearing band was observed with the 1 M arginine wash.
  • a Protein A eluate comprising correctly folded and misfolded etanercept was obtained by a method similar to the Protein A method described above.
  • the eluate was subsequently applied to a CaptoTM MMCe column, and the product pool was then applied to a CaptoTM ADHERE column to provide a superior etanercept product, both quantitatively and qualitatively.
  • cell expansion necessary to generate a sufficient number of cells for inoculation of a production bioreactor is performed using a clone of CHO cells expressing the etanercept fusion protein.
  • the product of this expression process results in a mixture of correctly folded etanercept, as well as incorrectly folded and/or aggregated etanercept, along with additional impurities.
  • the harvested cell culture fluid comprising such protein mixture is subjected to detergent viral inactivation.
  • Affinity Chromatography is performed on the harvested cell culture obtain in Step 1 above using a conventional Protein A affinity column in a well known manner. Product recovery is approximately 85%.
  • the product obtained is a complex protein mixture comprising correctly folded etanercept, incorrectly folded etanercept, and/or aggregates of correctly and/or incorrectly folded etanercept, or protein fragments.
  • the product obtained from this Protein A affinity column purification step is adjusted to pH 3.5 and then subjected to a viral inactivation step. Following viral inactivation the product is adjusted to pH 5.5 and then further clarified in a known manner using a commercially obtained capsule filter.
  • a 31.8 L (45 cm diameter ⁇ 20 cm bed height) packed bed GE Healthcare Capto MMC chromatography column is used to purify the product obtained in Step 2 above. Prior to use, the column is equilibrated with 2 CV of 25 mM acetate pH 5.5 and sanitized with 2 CV of 0.1 N NaOH, 1 M NaCl and neutralized with 2 CV of 25 mM acetate, 0.7 M NaCl, pH 5.5. The column is then equilibrated with 8-10 CV of 25 mM acetate pH 5.5 until the effluent is pH 5.5 and 3.5 mS/cm.
  • the Protein A pool from step 2 above is diluted to ⁇ 6 mS/cm with WFI and applied to a column loading of up to 15 g/L media for each cycle.
  • the column is operated at a linear velocity of 200 cm/h to give a 6 minute residence time.
  • the column is washed with 2 CV of 25 mM acetate pH 5.5.
  • the product is then eluted with an 8.5 CV, 15% to 85% gradient of 25 mM acetate pH 5.5 to 25 mM acetate, 0.7 M NaCl, pH 5.5.
  • Product collection begins at 0.15 OD (A280, 1.0 cm path length) and collection ends at 50% of peak maximum.
  • the eluate volume is approximately 5 CV.
  • Residual product and contaminants are stripped from the column with 2 CV of 10 mM Tris, 1 M NaCl, pH 8.0 and discarded.
  • the product obtained from the mixed mode column is filtered using a Millipore Opticap XL10, 0.22 ⁇ m Durapore capsule filter, (0.69 m 2 ).
  • the product obtained from this step represents a recovery of about 70% of the Protein A material obtained in Step 2.
  • a 27.0 L (45 cm diameter ⁇ 17 cm bed height) packed bed GE Healthcare Capto Adhere chromatography column is used to further purify the product obtained in step 3A above.
  • the column Prior to use, the column is equilibrated with 2 CV of 25 mM Tris, pH 8.0 and sanitized with 2 CV of 0.1 N NaOH, 1M NaCl and neutralized and equilibrated with 2 CV of 25 mM Tris, pH 8.0.
  • Prior to product loading the column is equilibrated with 3 CV of 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0.
  • the Capto MMC pool from Step 3A above is adjusted to pH 8.1 with 0.045 kg of 1 M Tris, pH 8.3 per kg of pool.
  • the product from Step 3A above was diluted in-line 1:3.8 with WFI to adjust the conductivity to 12.0 mS/cm and pH 8.0.
  • the resulting material is then applied to a column loading of up to 15 g/L media.
  • the column is operated at a linear velocity of 170 cm/h to give a 6 minute residence time.
  • the column is washed with 2 CV of 25 mM Tris, pH 8.0.
  • the product is then eluted with a 10 CV gradient (20% to 90%) of 25 mM Tris, pH 8.0 to 10 mM Tris, 1 M NaCl, pH 8.0.
  • Product collection is started at 0.15 OD (A280, 1.0 cm path length) and collection ended at 25% of peak maximum.
  • the eluate volume is 4-6 CV.
  • the eluted product is filtered using a commercially available capsule filter and then subjected in a known manner to viral filtration and tangential flow filtration steps.
  • Overall product recovery from step 3B (including the final viral and tangential flow filtration steps) was approximately 68%.
  • Product recovery measured before the filtration steps was about 75%.
  • a schematic representation of HIC data obtained on eluation fractions from this step are representing in FIG. 12 .
  • the final filtered product obtained in this example is found to have greater than about 90 wt % correctly folded etanercept as determined by HIC; less than 5 wt % incorrectly folded etanercept species as determined by HIC; less than about 3 wt % of clipped material by HIC analysis (believed to be fragments of etanercept in which the TNFR portion thereof has been truncated) and a combined amount of correctly and incorrectly folded etanercept of greater than 95 wt % as determined by size exclusion chromatography.
  • CaptoTM MMC Assuming that both folded and misfolded species have an identical electrostatic property and bind equally well to the charged group of CaptoTM MMC or CaptoTM Adhere ligands, it is possible that the stronger hydrophobic contribution of the misfolded species cause them to bind tighter to the mixed mode resins, thus necessitating stronger elution conditions for the misfolded species as is observed in the preceding examples.
  • CaptoTM MMC this can be achieved at higher salt concentration, which may not be enough to significantly enhance hydrophobic interaction, but may be sufficient to break additional electrostatic interaction between the CaptoTM MMC and both the correctly and incorrectly folded species.
  • misfolded or “incorrectly folded” or “improperly folded” interchangeably
  • these terms are intended to also encompass aggregated species, in that the mixed mode resins are also found to be effective in removing aggregated species in the same elution fractions which are found to contain the misfolded species.
  • etanercept forms disulfide-linked oligomers as seen in SDS-PAGE. Such oligomers are eluted mostly in 1 M arginine wash, indicating their stronger hydrophobic interaction with the resins.
  • CaptoTM MMC and CaptoTM Adhere can result in simultaneous removal of the misfolded and aggregated species. Removal of misfolded material and aggregates, whether covalent or non-covalent, is highly desired in order to provide for safer biopharmaceuticals due to the potential immunogenicity of aggregate material (whether correctly or incorrectly folded).
  • arginine (arginine hydrochloride) not only serves as a salt but also weakens hydrophobic interaction.
  • Arginine is known in the art to suppress protein aggregation and surface adsorption.
  • arginine interacts with aromatic groups and thereby interferes with aromatic-aromatic or aromatic-cation interaction between proteins or between proteins and the surface.
  • CaptoTM MMC and CaptoTM Adhere possess an aromatic group which can contribute to protein binding. It could not have been predicted that such a mode of binding could be effectively disrupted by arginine, but not NaCl.
  • Arginine also weakens interaction between fatty acids, suggesting that it can disrupt hydrophobic interaction, not mediated through aromatic groups.
  • the hydrophobic nature of arginine although not clearly understood mechanistically, can thus play an important role in modulating protein-protein interaction and surface adsorption and hence protein elution from the mixed mode resin.
  • a mixed mode chromatography method for separating a correctly folded protein from an incorrectly folded protein comprising the steps of:

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