US20130225697A1 - Tamper-resistant dosage form comprising pharmacologically active compound and anionic polymer - Google Patents

Tamper-resistant dosage form comprising pharmacologically active compound and anionic polymer Download PDF

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US20130225697A1
US20130225697A1 US13/778,186 US201313778186A US2013225697A1 US 20130225697 A1 US20130225697 A1 US 20130225697A1 US 201313778186 A US201313778186 A US 201313778186A US 2013225697 A1 US2013225697 A1 US 2013225697A1
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dosage form
pharmaceutical dosage
acid
active compound
pharmacologically active
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Lutz BARNSCHEID
Jessica Redmer
Sebastian Schwier
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Gruenenthal GmbH
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Gruenenthal GmbH
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Priority to US13/778,186 priority Critical patent/US20130225697A1/en
Publication of US20130225697A1 publication Critical patent/US20130225697A1/en
Assigned to Grünenthal GmbH reassignment Grünenthal GmbH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BARNSCHEID, LUTZ, DR., REDMER, JESSICA, SCHWIER, SEBASTIAN, DR.
Priority to US14/636,801 priority patent/US20150238422A1/en
Priority to US15/166,573 priority patent/US9655853B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/2027—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/32—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. carbomers, poly(meth)acrylates, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/2031—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, poloxamers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2072—Pills, tablets, discs, rods characterised by shape, structure or size; Tablets with holes, special break lines or identification marks; Partially coated tablets; Disintegrating flat shaped forms
    • A61K9/2077—Tablets comprising drug-containing microparticles in a substantial amount of supporting matrix; Multiparticulate tablets
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
    • A61P25/36—Opioid-abuse
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2095—Tabletting processes; Dosage units made by direct compression of powders or specially processed granules, by eliminating solvents, by melt-extrusion, by injection molding, by 3D printing

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a pharmaceutical dosage form having a breaking strength of at least 300 N and comprising a pharmacologically active compound, an anionic polymer bearing carboxylic groups, wherein the content of the anionic polymer is 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form, and a nonionic surfactant.
  • Tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms containing pharmacologically active compounds have been known for many years.
  • Pharmacologically active compound abuse with conventional dosage forms is typically achieved by (i) pulverization of the pharmaceutical dosage form and nasal administration of the powder; (ii) pulverization of the pharmaceutical dosage form, dissolution of the powder in a suitable liquid and intravenous administration of the solution; (iii) pulverization of the pharmaceutical dosage form and inhalation by smoking; (iv) liquid extraction of the drug from the pharmaceutical dosage form and intravenous administration of the solution; and the like. Accordingly, many of these methods of abuse require the mechanical destruction of the pharmaceutical dosage form in order to render it suitable for abuse.
  • Some of these concepts of rendering pharmaceutical dosage forms tamper resistant rely on the mechanical properties of the pharmaceutical dosage forms, particularly a substantially increased breaking strength (resistance to crushing).
  • the major advantage of such pharmaceutical dosage forms is that comminuting, particularly pulverization, by conventional means, such as grinding in a mortar or fracturing by means of a hammer, is impossible or at least substantially impeded.
  • comminuting, particularly pulverization by conventional means, such as grinding in a mortar or fracturing by means of a hammer, is impossible or at least substantially impeded.
  • a form suitable for abuse e.g. a powder for nasal administration.
  • WO 2005/016313 WO 2005/016314, WO 2005/063214, WO 2005/102286, WO 2006/002883, WO 2006/002884, WO 2006/002886, WO 2006/082097, WO 2006/082099, and WO 2008/107149.
  • the tamper resistance of these known pharmaceutical dosage forms substantially relies on the presence of high molecular weight polyalkylene oxide, in particular polyethylene oxide, as matrix material, and further depends on the manufacturing process.
  • the manufacturing process typically includes the application of heat and pressure to a preformed mixture comprising polyalkylene oxide and pharmacologically active substance, and requires careful selection of the process conditions.
  • acrylic acid polymers are used in concentrations up to 10 wt.-% as dry or wet binders and as rate controlling agents. It is known from WO 2006/082099, that small amounts of anionic methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate copolymers (Eudragit®) can be included into polyalkylene oxide matrices of tamper-resistant dosage forms without altering their mechanical properties. However, pharmaceutical dosage forms comprising larger amounts of anionic polymer(s) that nonetheless exhibit a sufficiently high breaking strength and impact resistance are not known so far.
  • T. Ozeki et al. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 165 (1998) 239-244 disclose poly(ethylene oxide)-carboxyvinylpolymer solid dispersions prepared from water/ethanol mixture as a solvent.
  • T. Ozeki et al. Journal of Controlled Release, 63 (2000) 287-295 relates to controlled release from solid dispersion composed of poly(ethylene oxide)-Carbopol® interpolymer complex with various cross-linking degrees of Carbopol®.
  • the polyethylene oxide employed in these studies had an average molecular weight of below 150,000 g/mol only.
  • these solid dispersions are prepared by means of wet granulation using water/ethanol as the granulating fluid, and are thus not suitable for the avoidance of drug abuse.
  • US 2008/069871 discloses oral dosage forms of therapeutic agents that are resistant to abuse and methods of their formulation.
  • oral dosage forms that are resistant to dissolution in aqueous solutions of ethanol are described.
  • EP 1 502 592 relates to controlled release oxycodone dosage form for oral administration to human patients, comprising an oxycodone salt; a matrix incorporating said oxycodone salt; the matrix comprising at least one acrylic resin; wherein said dosage form has an in vitro dissolution rate when measured by the USP Paddle Method at 100 rpm in 900 ml aqueous buffer (pH between 1.6 and 7.2) at 37 DEG C, between 12.5% and 42.5% (by weight) oxycodone salt released after 1 hour, between 25% and 56% (by weight) oxycodone salt released after 2 hours, between 45% and 75% (by weight) oxycodone salt released after 4 hours and between 55% and 85% (by weight) oxycodone salt released after 6 hours, the in vitro dissolution rate being independent of pH between 1.6 and 7.2.
  • US 2007/190142 discloses a dosage form and method for the delivery of drugs, particularly drugs of abuse, characterized by resistance to solvent extraction, tampering, crushing, or grinding, and providing an initial burst of release of drug followed by a prolonged period of controllable drug release.
  • US 2011/097404 relates to an oral dosage form comprising (i) an opioid agonist in releasable form and (ii) a sequestered opioid antagonist which is not released when the dosage form is administered orally intact.
  • WO 2010/140007 discloses a dosage form, particularly a tamper resistant dosage form, comprising: melt-extruded particulates comprising a drug; and a matrix; wherein said melt-extruded particulates are present as a discontinuous phase in said matrix.
  • US 2011/159100 relates to controlled release formulations and methods for preparing controlled release formulations for delivery of active drug substances.
  • the formulations may be employed to produce pharmaceutical compositions, such as controlled release dosage forms, adjusted to a specific administration scheme.
  • WO 2012/028318 discloses a pharmaceutical dosage form exhibiting a breaking strength of at least 500 N, said dosage form containing—a pharmacologically active ingredient (A);—a physiologically acceptable polymer (B) obtainable by polymerization of a monomer composition comprising an ethylenically unsaturated monomer bearing an anionic functional group, in protonated form or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof;—a polyalkylene oxide (C) having a weight average molecular weight of at least 200,000 g/mol, wherein the content of the polyalkylene oxide (C) is at least 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the dosage form; wherein the pharmacologically active ingredient (A) is present in a controlled-release matrix comprising the polymer (B) and the polyalkylene oxide (C).
  • A pharmacologically active ingredient
  • B physiologically acceptable polymer
  • C having a weight average molecular weight of at least 200,000 g/mol, wherein the content of the polyal
  • a first aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical dosage form having a breaking strength of at least 300 N and comprising
  • tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms having a high breaking strength and impact resistance can be prepared by using an anionic polymer and optionally a nonionic surfactant, and that the presence of high molecular weight polyalkylene oxide is not required.
  • liquid extraction of the pharmacologically active compound and subsequent administration of the thus obtained liquid by the non-prescribed, parenteral route can be substantially impeded by incorporating an effective amount of anionic polymer and optionally nonionic surfactant into the pharmaceutical dosage forms. It has further been found that these ingredients can have a stabilizing effect on the pharmaceutical ingredient contained in the dosage form.
  • FIGS. 1-A , 1 -B, 1 -C, 1 -D and 1 -E respectively, show the corresponding force-displacement diagrams of examples I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4 and C.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises a pharmaceutically active compound, preferably a pharmacologically active compound having psychotropic activity, more preferably an opioid.
  • a pharmaceutically active compound preferably a pharmacologically active compound having psychotropic activity, more preferably an opioid.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is selected from the group consisting of opiates, opioids, stimulants, tranquilizers, and other narcotics.
  • pharmacologically active compound also includes the free base and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof.
  • opioids are divided into natural opium alkaloids, phenylpiperidine derivatives, diphenylpropylamine derivatives, benzomorphan derivatives, oripavine derivatives, morphinan derivatives and others.
  • natural opium alkaloids are morphine, opium, hydromorphone, nicomorphine, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, diamorphine, papaveretum, and codeine.
  • pharmacologically active compounds are, for example, ethylmorphine, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, and the physiologically acceptable derivatives thereof or compounds, preferably the salts and solvates thereof, preferably the hydrochlorides thereof, physiologically acceptable enantiomers, stereoisomers, diastereomers and racemates and the physiologically acceptable derivatives thereof, preferably ethers, esters or amides.
  • opiates, opioids, tranquillizers or other narcotics are substances with a psychotropic action, i.e. have a potential of abuse, and hence are preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention: alfentanil, allobarbital, allylprodine, alphaprodine, alprazolam, amfepramone, amphetamine, amphetaminil, amobarbital, anileridine, apocodeine, axomadol, barbital, bemidone, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, bromazepam, brotizolam, buprenorphine, butobarbital, butorphanol, camazepam, carfentanil, cathine/D-norpseudoephedrine, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam clofedanol, clonazepam, clonitazene, clorazepate,
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains an opioid selected from the group consisting of DPI-125, M6G (CE-04-410), ADL-5859, CR-665, NRP290 and sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester.
  • Particularly preferred pharmacologically active compounds include hydromorphone, oxymorphone, oxycodone, tapentadol, and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains one pharmacologically active compound or more pharmacologically active compounds selected from the group consisting of oxymorphone, hydromorphone and morphine.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is selected from the group consisting of tapentadol, faxeladol and axomadol.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is selected from the group consisting of 1,1-(3-dimethylamino-3-phenylpentamethylene)-6-fluoro-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole, particularly its hemicitrate; 1,1-[3-dimethylamino-3-(2-thienyl)-pentamethylene]-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole, particularly its citrate; and 1,1-[3-dimethylamino-3-(2-thienyl)pentamethylene]-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]-6-fluoroindole, particularly its hemicitrate.
  • These compounds are known from, e.g., WO 2004/043967, WO 2005/066183.
  • the pharmacologically active compound may be present in form of a physiologically acceptable salt, e.g. physiologically acceptable acid addition salt.
  • Physiologically acceptable acid addition salts comprise the acid addition salt forms which can conveniently be obtained by treating the base form of the active ingredient with appropriate organic and inorganic acids. Active ingredients containing an acidic proton may be converted into their non-toxic metal or amine addition salt forms by treatment with appropriate organic and inorganic bases.
  • the term addition salt also comprises the hydrates and solvent addition forms which the active ingredients are able to form. Examples of such forms are e.g. hydrates, alcoholates and the like.
  • the content of the pharmacologically active compound in the pharmaceutical dosage form is not limited.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is present in the pharmaceutical dosage form in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the amount that constitutes a therapeutically effective amount varies according to the active ingredients being used, the condition being treated, the severity of said condition, the patient being treated, and whether the pharmaceutical dosage form is designed for an immediate or retarded release.
  • the content of the pharmacologically active compound is within the range of from 0.01 to 80 wt.-%, more preferably 0.1 to 50 wt.-%, still more preferably 1 to 25 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the content of pharmacologically active compound is within the range of from 7 ⁇ 6 wt.-%, more preferably 7 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, still more preferably 5 ⁇ 4 wt.-%, 7 ⁇ 4 wt.-% or 9 ⁇ 4 wt.-%, most preferably 5 ⁇ 3 wt.-%, 7 ⁇ 3 wt.-% or 9 ⁇ 3 wt.-%, and in particular 5 ⁇ 2 wt.-%, 7 ⁇ 2 wt.-% or 9 ⁇ 2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the content of pharmacologically active compound is within the range of from 11 ⁇ 10 wt.-%, more preferably 11 ⁇ 9 wt.-%, still more preferably 9 ⁇ 6 wt.-%, 11 ⁇ 6 wt.-%, 13 ⁇ 6 wt.-% or 15 ⁇ 6 wt.-%, most preferably 11 ⁇ 4 wt.-%, 13 ⁇ 4 wt.-% or 15 ⁇ 4 wt.-%, and in particular 11 ⁇ 2 wt.-%, 13 ⁇ 2 wt.-% or 15 ⁇ 2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the content of pharmacologically active compound is within the range of from 20 ⁇ 6 wt.-%, more preferably 20 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, still more preferably 20 ⁇ 4 wt.-%, most preferably 20 ⁇ 3 wt.-%, and in particular 20 ⁇ 2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the total amount of the pharmacologically active compound that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of from 0.01 to 200 mg, more preferably 0.1 to 190 mg, still more preferably 1.0 to 180 mg, yet more preferably 1.5 to 160 mg, most preferably 2.0 to 100 mg and in particular 2.5 to 80 mg.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of 7.5 ⁇ 5 mg, 10 ⁇ 5 mg, 20 ⁇ 5 mg, 30 ⁇ 5 mg, 40 ⁇ 5 mg, 50 ⁇ 5 mg, 60 ⁇ 5 mg, 70 ⁇ 5 mg, 80 ⁇ 5 mg, 90 ⁇ 5 mg, 100 ⁇ 5 mg, 110 ⁇ 5 mg, 120 ⁇ 5 mg, 130 ⁇ 5, 140 ⁇ 5 mg, 150 ⁇ 5 mg, or 160 ⁇ 5 mg.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of 5 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 7.5 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 10 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 15 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 20 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 25 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 30 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 35 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 40 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 45 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 50 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 55 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 60 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 65 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 70 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 75 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 80 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 85 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 90 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 95 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 100 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 105 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 110 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 115 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 120 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 125 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 130 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 135 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 140 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 145 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 150 ⁇ 2.5 mg, 155 ⁇ 2.5 mg, or 160 ⁇ 2.5 mg.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is oxymorphone, preferably its hydrochloride salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration twice daily.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 5 to 40 mg.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is oxymorphone, preferably its hydrochloride salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 10 to 80 mg.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is oxycodone, preferably its hydrochloride salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration twice daily.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 5 to 80 mg, preferably 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg or 40 mg.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is oxycodone, preferably its hydrochloride salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 10 to 320 mg.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is hydromorphone, preferably its hydrochloride, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration twice daily.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 2 to 52 mg.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is hydromorphone, preferably its hydrochloride salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 4 to 104 mg.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is tapentadol, preferably its hydrochloride, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration twice daily.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 25 to 250 mg.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is tapentadol, preferably its hydrochloride salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 50 to 600 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention further comprises an anionic polymer bearing carboxylic groups, wherein the content of the anionic polymer is 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the anionic polymer comprises anionic functional groups selected from carboxyl groups, sulfonyl groups, sulfate groups, and phosphoryl groups.
  • the anionic polymer is derived from an ethylenically unsaturated monomer selected from (alk)acrylic acids, (alk)acrylic anhydrides, alkyl (alk)acrylates, or a combination thereof; i.e. the anionic polymer is preferably obtainable by polymerization of a monomer composition comprising one or more of said ethylenically unsaturated monomers and optionally at least partial hydrolysis of the optionally present acid anhydride and/or carboxylic ester groups.
  • an ethylenically unsaturated monomer selected from (alk)acrylic acids, (alk)acrylic anhydrides, alkyl (alk)acrylates, or a combination thereof; i.e. the anionic polymer is preferably obtainable by polymerization of a monomer composition comprising one or more of said ethylenically unsaturated monomers and optionally at least partial hydrolysis of the optionally present acid anhydride and/or carboxylic ester groups.
  • the anionic polymer is obtainable by polymerization of a monomer composition comprising an ethylenically unsaturated monomer selected from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydrides, ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acids, and mixtures thereof.
  • a monomer composition comprising an ethylenically unsaturated monomer selected from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydrides, ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acids, and mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride monomers include the acrylic acids typified by acrylic acid itself, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, alpha-chloracrylic acid, alpha-cyano acrylic acid, beta-methyl-acrylic acid (crotonic acid), alpha-phenyl acrylic acid, beta-acryloxy propionic acid, sorbic acid, alpha-chloro sorbic acid, angelic acid, cinnamic acid, p-chloro cinnamic acid, beta-styryl acrylic acid (1-carboxy-4-phenyl butadiene-1,3), itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tricarboxy ethylene and maleic acid anhydride.
  • acrylic acids typified by acrylic acid itself, methacrylic acid, ethacryl
  • Preferred ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acids include aliphatic or aromatic vinyl sulfonic acids such as vinylsulfonic acid, allyl sulfonic acid, vinyltoluenesulfonic acid and styrene sulfonic acid; acrylic and methacrylic sulfonic acid such as sulfoethyl acrylate, sulfoethyl methacrylate, sulfopropyl acrylate, sulfopropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy-3-acryloxy propyl sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxy propyl sulfonic acid and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid.
  • vinylsulfonic acid allyl sulfonic acid, vinyltoluenesulfonic acid and styrene sulfonic acid
  • acrylic and methacrylic sulfonic acid such as sulf
  • the monomer composition comprises acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and/or 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid.
  • Acrylic acid is especially preferred.
  • the wording “obtainable by polymerization of a monomer composition” does not necessarily require that the anionic polymer has been obtained from such a monomer composition indeed.
  • the anionic polymer is a polymer comprising at least one repeating unit which results from polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer bearing an anionic functional group, in protonated form or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the anionic polymer may be linear or branched or cross-linked.
  • the anionic polymer is hydrophilic, more preferably water-soluble or water-swellable.
  • the anionic polymer may be a homopolymer or a copolymer.
  • the anionic polymer comprises a single type of repeating unit, i.e. it is the polymerization product of a monomer composition comprising a single type of monomer.
  • the anionic polymer is a copolymer, it may comprise two, three or more different repeating units, i.e. may be the polymerization product of a monomer composition comprising two, three or more different monomers.
  • the anionic polymer is a copolymer, comprising from about 50 mol-% to 99.999 mol-%, and more preferably from about 75 mol-% to 99.99 mol-% repeating units bearing anionic functional groups, preferably acid groups, more preferably carboxylic groups.
  • the anionic polymer has an average equivalent weight of 76 ⁇ 50 g/mol, more preferably of 76 ⁇ 30 g/mol, still more preferably of 76 ⁇ 20 g/mol and most preferably of 76 ⁇ 10 g/mol per carboxyl group.
  • the monomer composition from which the anionic polymer is derivable further comprises a cross-linking agent, i.e. in this embodiment the anionic polymer is cross-linked.
  • Suitable cross-linking agents include
  • Cross-linking agents having at least two polymerizable double bonds, preferably allyl groups, are particularly preferred.
  • Cross-linking agents having at least two polymerizable double bonds include (i) di- or polyvinyl compounds such as divinylbenzene and divinyltoluene; (ii) di- or poly-esters of unsaturated mono- or poly-carboxylic acids with polyols including, for example, di- or triacrylic acid esters of polyols such as ethylene glycol, trimethylol propane, glycerine, or polyoxyethylene glycols; (iii) bisacrylamides such as N,N-methylenebisacrylamide; (iv) carbamyl esters that can be obtained by reacting polyisocyanates with hydroxyl group-containing monomers; (v) di- or poly-allyl ethers of polyols; (vi) di- or poly-allyl esters of polycarboxylic acids such as diallyl phthalate, diallyl adipate, and the like; (vii) esters of unsaturated mono- or poly-carboxylic acids with mono
  • divinyl glycol (1,5-hexadiene-3,4-diol) is contained as cross-linking agent, whereas allyl or vinyl derivatives of polyols, such as allylsucrose or allyl pentaerythritol, are less preferred.
  • This embodiment is preferably realized by polyacrylic acid polymers of polycarbophil type according to USP.
  • allyl derivatives of polyols such as allylsucrose or allyl pentaerythritol
  • cross-linking agent such as allylsucrose or allyl pentaerythritol
  • divinyl glycol (1,5-hexadiene-3,4-diol) is less preferred.
  • This embodiment is preferably realized by polyacrylic acid polymers of carbomer type according to USP or Ph. Eur.
  • Cross-linking agents having at least one polymerizable double bond and at least one functional group capable of reacting with other functional groups of one or more of the repeating units of the anionic polymer include N-methylol acrylamide, glycidyl acrylate, and the like.
  • Suitable cross-linking agents having at least two functional groups capable of reacting with other functional groups of one or more of the repeating units of the anionic polymer include glyoxal; polyols such as ethylene glycol; polyamines such as alkylene diamines (e.g., ethylene diamine), polyalkylene polyamines, polyepoxides, di- or polyglycidyl ethers and the like.
  • Suitable polyvalent metal cross-linking agents which can form ionic cross-linkages include oxides, hydroxides and weak acid salts (e.g., carbonate, acetate and the like) of alkaline earth metals (e.g., calcium magnesium) and zinc, including, for example, calcium oxide and zinc diacetate.
  • alkaline earth metals e.g., calcium magnesium
  • zinc including, for example, calcium oxide and zinc diacetate.
  • diol derivatives and polyol derivatives are diol derivatives and polyol derivatives, more specifically those selected from the group consisting of allyl sucrose, allyl pentaerythritol, divinyl glycol, divinyl polyethylene glycol and (meth)acrylic acid esters of diols.
  • the monomer composition from which the anionic polymer is derivable comprises the cross-linking agent in an amount of at most 1.0 mol-%, more preferably at most 0.1 mol-%, even more preferably at most about 0.01 mol-%, and most preferably at most 0.005 mol-% based on all monomers forming the anionic polymer.
  • the anionic polymer is a homopolymer of acrylic acid, optionally cross-linked, preferably with allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol, in particular with allyl pentaerythritol.
  • the anionic polymer is a copolymer of acrylic acid and C 10 -C 30 -alkyl acrylate, optionally cross-linked, preferably with allyl pentaerythritol.
  • the anionic polymer is a so-called interpolymer, namely a homopolymer of acrylic acid, optionally cross-linked, preferably with allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol; or a copolymer of acrylic acid and C 10 -C 30 -alkyl acrylate, optionally cross-linked, preferably with allyl pentaerythritol; which contain a block copolymer of polyethylene glycol and a long chain alkyl acid, preferably a C 8 -C 30 -alkyl acid.
  • Polymers of this type are commercially available, e.g. under the trademark Carbopol®.
  • the anionic polymer when it is an interpolymer, it preferably exhibits a viscosity within the range of from 2,000 to 60,000 mPa ⁇ s, more preferably 2,500 to 40,000 mPa ⁇ s, still more preferably 3,000 to 15,000 mPa ⁇ s, measured by means of a Brookfield viscosimeter (RVF, 20 rpm, spindle 5) in a 0.5 wt.-% aqueous solution at pH 7.5 and 25° C.
  • RVF Brookfield viscosimeter
  • the anionic functional groups contained in the anionic polymer are present in neutralized form, i.e. they are not present in their protonated forms, but are salts with salt-forming cations instead.
  • Suitable salt-forming cations include alkali metal, ammonium, substituted ammonium and amines. More preferably, at least some of the anionic functional groups, e.g. carboxylate and/or sulfonate anions, are salts of sodium or potassium cations.
  • This percentage of neutralized anionic functional groups i.e. the percentage of anionic functional groups being present in neutralized form, based on the total amount of anionic functional groups, is referred to herein as the “degree of neutralization.”
  • the degree of neutralization is within the range of from 2.5 ⁇ 2.4%, more preferably 2.5 ⁇ 2.0%, still more preferably 2.5 ⁇ 1.5%, yet more preferably 2.5 ⁇ 1.0%, and most preferably 2.5 ⁇ 0.5%.
  • the degree of neutralization is within the range of 35 ⁇ 30%, more preferably 35 ⁇ 25%, still more preferably 35 ⁇ 20%, yet more preferably 35 ⁇ 15%, most preferably 35 ⁇ 10%, and in particular 35 ⁇ 5%.
  • the degree of neutralization is in the range of 65 ⁇ 30%, more preferably 65 ⁇ 25%, still more preferably 65 ⁇ 20%, yet more preferably 65 ⁇ 15%, most preferably 65 ⁇ 10%, and in particular 65 ⁇ 5%.
  • the anionic polymer has a weight average molecular weight (M W ) of at least 100,000 g/mol, preferably at least 200,000 g/mol or at least 400,000 g/mol, more preferably in the range of about 500,000 g/mol to about 5,000,000 g/mol, and most preferably in the range of about 600,000 g/mol to about 2,000,000 g/mol.
  • M W weight average molecular weight
  • Suitable methods to determine M W are known to a person skilled in the art. For instance, M W can be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
  • the pK A of the anionic polymer is 6.0 ⁇ 2.0, more preferably 6.0 ⁇ 1.5, even more preferably 6.0 ⁇ 1.0, and most preferably 6.0 ⁇ 0.5.
  • the pK A of the anionic polymer is 7.0 ⁇ 2.0, more preferably 7.0 ⁇ 1.5, even more preferably 7.0 ⁇ 1.0, and most preferably 7.0 ⁇ 0.5.
  • the pK A of the anionic polymer is 8.0 ⁇ 2.0, more preferably 8.0 ⁇ 1.5, even more preferably 8.0 ⁇ 1.0, and most preferably 8.0 ⁇ 0.5.
  • the pH (in 1 wt % aqueous dispersion) of the anionic polymer is 3.0 ⁇ 3.0, more preferably 3.0 ⁇ 2.0, even more preferably 3.0 ⁇ 1.5, and most preferably 3.0 ⁇ 1.0.
  • the pH (in 1 wt % aqueous dispersion) of the anionic polymer is 6.0 ⁇ 3.0, more preferably 6.0 ⁇ 2.0, even more preferably 6.0 ⁇ 1.5, and most preferably 6.0 ⁇ 1.0.
  • the anionic polymer preferably exhibits a viscosity of 2,000 to 100,000 mPa s (cp), more preferably 3,000 to 80,000 mPa s, still more preferably 4,000 to 60,000 mPa s, measured by means of a Brookfield viscometer (RVF, 20 rpm, spindle 5) in a 0.5 wt.-% aqueous solution at pH 7.5 and 25° C.
  • the anionic polymer exhibits a viscosity of at most 30,000 mPa s (cp), preferably at most 28,000 mPa s, more preferably at most 25,000 mPa s, still more preferably at most 20,000 mPa s or at most 15,000 mPa s, measured by means of a Brookfield viscometer (RVF, 20 rpm, spindle 5) in a 0.5 wt.-% aqueous solution at pH 7.5 and 25° C.
  • cp Brookfield viscometer
  • the overall content of anionic polymer is within the range of from 20 to 95 wt.-%, more preferably 20 to 90 wt.-%, most preferably 25 to 75 wt.-%, and in particular 25 to 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the overall content of anionic polymer is at least 21 wt.-%, more preferably at least 22 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 23 wt.-% or at least 24 wt.-%, most preferably at least 26 wt.-% or 28 wt.-%, and in particular at least 30 wt.-% or at least 32 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the overall content of anionic polymer is within the range of 20 to 50 wt.-%, more preferably 20 to 45 wt.-%, still more preferably 20 to 40 wt.-%, most preferably 20 to 35 wt.-%, and in particular preferably 20 to 30 wt.-%.
  • the overall content of anionic polymer is within the range of 20 to 50 wt.-%, more preferably 20 to 45 wt.-%, still more preferably 20 to 40 wt.-%, most preferably 20 to 35 or 25 to 40 wt.-%, and in particular preferably 25 to 35 wt.-%.
  • the overall content of anionic polymer is within the range of 35 ⁇ 15 wt.-%, more preferably 35 ⁇ 10 wt.-%, and most preferably 35 ⁇ 5 wt.-%. In yet another preferred embodiment, the overall content of anionic polymer is within the range of 40 ⁇ 20 wt.-%, more preferably 40 ⁇ 15 wt.-%, most preferably 40 ⁇ 10 wt.-%, and in particular 40 ⁇ 5 wt.-%.
  • the overall content of anionic polymer is within the range of 50 ⁇ 20 wt.-%, more preferably 50 ⁇ 15 wt.-%, most preferably 50 ⁇ 10 wt.-%, and in particular 50 ⁇ 5 wt.-%.
  • the relative weight ratio of the anionic polymer to the pharmacologically active compound is at least 0.5:1, more preferably at least 1:1, at least 2:1, at least 3:1, at least 4:1, at least 5:1, at least 6:1, at least 7:1, at least 8:1 or at least 9:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the anionic polymer to the pharmacologically active compound is within the range of from 5:1 to 1:1, more preferably 4:1 to 2:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the pharmacologically active ingredient to the anionic polymer is at most 4.5:1, more preferably at most 4.0:1, still more preferably at most 3.5:1, yet more preferably at most 3.0:1, even more preferably at most 2.5:1, most preferably at most 2.0:1 and in particular at most 1.5:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the pharmacologically active ingredient to the anionic polymer is at most 1.4:1, more preferably at most 1.3:1, still more preferably at most 1.2:1, yet more preferably at most 1.1:1, even more preferably at most 1.0:1, most preferably at most 0.9:1 and in particular at most 0.8:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the pharmacologically active ingredient to the sum of anionic polymer and nonionic surfactant is at most 3.0:1, more preferably at most 2.8:1, still more preferably at most 2.6:1, yet more preferably at most 2.4:1, even more preferably at most 2.2:1, most preferably at most 2.0:1 and in particular at most 1.8:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the pharmacologically active ingredient to the sum of anionic polymer and nonionic surfactant is at most 1.6:1, more preferably at most 1.4:1, still more preferably at most 1.2:1, yet more preferably at most 1.0:1, even more preferably at most 0.8:1, most preferably at most 0.6:1 and in particular at most 0.4:1.
  • the anionic polymer is homogeneously distributed in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention.
  • the anionic polymer forms a matrix in which the pharmacologically active compound is embedded.
  • the pharmacologically active compound and the anionic polymer are intimately homogeneously distributed in the pharmaceutical dosage form so that the pharmaceutical dosage form does not contain any segments where either pharmacologically active compound is present in the absence of anionic polymer, or where anionic polymer is present in the absence of pharmacologically active compound.
  • the anionic polymer is preferably homogeneously distributed in the core of the pharmaceutical dosage form, i.e. the film coating preferably does not contain anionic polymer. Nonetheless, the film coating as such may of course contain one or more polymers, which however, preferably differ from the anionic polymer contained in the core.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may either contain only one, or two or more anionic polymers of various types.
  • the anionic polymer may be combined with one or more different polymers selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxide, preferably polymethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide; polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(hydroxy fatty acids), such as for example poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (Biopol®), poly(hydroxyvaleric acid); polycaprolactone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyesteramide, polyethylene succinate, polylactone, polyglycolide, polyurethane, polyamide, polylactide, polyacetal (for example polysaccharides optionally with modified side chains), polylactide/glycolide, polylactone, polyglycolide, polyorthoester, polyanhydride, block polymers of polyethylene glycol and polybutylene terephthalate (Polyactive®), polyanhydride (Polifeprosan), copoly
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention does not contain any polyalkylene oxide having an average molecular weight of at least 200,000 g/mol, preferably at least 150,000 g/mol, more preferably at least 100,000 g/mol, still more preferably at least 75,000 g/mol, yet more preferably at least 50,000 g/mol, and most preferably at least 25,000 g/mol.
  • the anionic polymer is combined with one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxides, preferably polymethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide; the total content of polyalkylene oxide(s) having an average molecular weight of at least 200,000 g/mol is preferably ⁇ 35 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • polyalkylene oxides preferably polymethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide
  • the total content of polyalkylene oxide(s) having an average molecular weight of at least 200,000 g/mol is preferably ⁇ 35 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains at least one polyalkylene oxide having an average molecular weight of at least 200,000 g/mol, preferably at least 150,000 g/mol, more preferably at least 100,000 g/mol, still more preferably at least 75,000 g/mol, yet more preferably at least 50,000 g/mol, and most preferably at least 25,000 g/mol.
  • the total content of polyalkylene oxide(s) contained in the dosage form and having said minimum average molecular weight is preferably ⁇ 35 wt.-%, more preferably ⁇ 30 wt.-%, still more preferably ⁇ 25 wt.-%, yet more preferably ⁇ 20 wt.-%, even more preferably ⁇ 15 wt.-%, most preferably ⁇ 10 wt.-%, and in particular ⁇ 5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • a polyalkylene oxide may comprise a single polyalkylene oxide having a particular average molecular weight, or a mixture (blend) of different polymers, such as two, three, four or five polymers, e.g., polymers of the same chemical nature but different average molecular weight, polymers of different chemical nature but same average molecular weight, or polymers of different chemical nature as well as different molecular weight.
  • a polyalkylene glycol has a molecular weight of up to 20,000 g/mol whereas a polyalkylene oxide has a molecular weight of more than 20,000 g/mol.
  • Polyalkylene glycols, if any, are preferably not taken into consideration when determining the weight average molecular weight of polyalkylene oxide.
  • the anionic polymer is combined with at least one further polymer, preferably selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polystyrene, poly(hydroxy fatty acids), polycaprolactone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyesteramide, polyethylene succinate, polylactone, polyglycolide, polyurethane, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyamide, polylactide, polylactide/glycolide, polylactone, polyglycolide, polyorthoester, polyanhydride, block polymers of polyethylene glycol and polybutylene terephthalate, polyanhydride, polyacetal, cellulose esters, cellulose ethers and copolymers thereof.
  • at least one further polymer preferably selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polystyrene, poly(hydroxy fatty acids), polycaprolactone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyesteramide, polyethylene
  • Cellulose esters and cellulose ethers are particularly preferred, e.g. methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and the like.
  • said further polymer is neither an anionic polymer nor a polyalkylene glycol or polyalkylene oxide.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form may contain polyalkylene glycol, e.g. as plasticizer, or a polyalkylene oxide, but then, the pharmaceutical dosage form preferably is an at least ternary mixture of polymers: anionic polymer+further polymer+plasticizer or anionic polymer+further polymer+polyalkylene oxide.
  • a ternary mixture of anionic polymer+further polymer+plasticizer is particularly preferred.
  • said further polymer is a hydrophilic cellulose ester or cellulose ether, preferably hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) or hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), preferably having an average viscosity (preferably measured by capillary viscosimetry or rotational viscosimetry) of 1,000 to 150,000 mPas, more preferably 3,000 to 150,000.
  • the average viscosity is within the range of 110,000 ⁇ 50,000 mPas, more preferably 110,000 ⁇ 40,000 mPas, still more preferably 110,000 ⁇ 30,000 mPas, most preferably 110,000 ⁇ 20,000 mPas, and in particular 100,000 ⁇ 10,000 mPas.
  • the further polymer is a cellulose ester or cellulose ether, preferably HPMC, having a content within the range of 10 ⁇ 8 wt.-%, more preferably 10 ⁇ 6 wt.-%, still more preferably 10 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 10 ⁇ 4 wt.-%, most preferably 10 ⁇ 3 wt.-%, and in particular 10 ⁇ 2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • HPMC cellulose ester or cellulose ether
  • the further polymer is a cellulose ester or cellulose ether, preferably HPMC, having a content within the range of 15 ⁇ 8 wt.-%, more preferably 15 ⁇ 6 wt.-%, still more preferably 15 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 15 ⁇ 4 wt.-%, most preferably 15 ⁇ 3 wt.-%, and in particular 15 ⁇ 2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • HPMC cellulose ester or cellulose ether
  • the relative weight ratio of the sum of anionic polymer and nonionic surfactant to further polymer is within the range of from 1:1 to 10:1, more preferably from 2:1 to 8:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the sum of anionic polymer and nonionic surfactant to further polymer is at least 2.0:1, more preferably at least 2.5:1, still more preferably at least 3.0:1, yet more preferably at least 3.5:1, even more preferably at least 4.0:1, most preferably at least 4.5:1, and in particular at least 5.0:1.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention further comprises a nonionic surfactant.
  • the nonionic surfactant has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of at least 10, preferably at least 12, more preferably at least 14, still more preferably at least 16, yet more preferably at least 18, even more preferably at least 20, most preferably at least 22, and in particular at least or more than 24.
  • HLB hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
  • HLB value The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB value) can be estimated according to Griffin's method (Griffin, W. C.; J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1 (1949) 311).
  • the HLB value is calculated by the incremental method, i.e. by adding the individual HLB increments of all hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups present in the molecule.
  • HLB increments of many hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups can be found, e.g., in Fiedler, H. P., Encyclopedia of Excipients, Editio Cantor Verlag, Aulendorf, 6th Edition, 2007.
  • the HLB value can further be determined experimentally, e.g. by partition chromatography or HPLC.
  • the nonionic surfactant exhibits a surface tension in 0.1% aqueous solution at 25° C. of at least 35 dynes/cm, more preferably at least 40 dynes/cm, still more preferably at least 43 dynes/cm, yet more preferably at least 45 dynes/cm, even more preferably at least 47 dynes/cm, in particular at least 50 dynes/cm.
  • the nonionic surfactant exhibits a viscosity of at most 4000 mPa ⁇ s, more preferably at most 3500 mPa ⁇ s, still more preferably at most 3000 mPa ⁇ s, yet more preferably at most 2500 mPa ⁇ s, even more preferably at most 2000 mPa ⁇ s, most preferably at most 1500 mPa ⁇ s, and in particular at most 1000 mPa ⁇ s, measured at 70° C. using a model LVF or LVT Brookfield viscosimeter.
  • Suitable non-ionic surfactants include but are not limited to
  • the nonionic surfactant is a thermosensitive polymer, in particular an inverse thermosensitive polymer, i.e. a polymer that is soluble in water at a comparatively low temperature, e.g. below or about 20° C., but gels (forms a gel) at higher temperatures, e.g. above 35° C.
  • a thermosensitive polymer in particular an inverse thermosensitive polymer, i.e. a polymer that is soluble in water at a comparatively low temperature, e.g. below or about 20° C., but gels (forms a gel) at higher temperatures, e.g. above 35° C.
  • an “inverse thermosensitive polymer” preferably is a polymer exhibiting an atypical dependency of viscosity from temperature; while aqueous dispersions of conventional polymers typically show decreased viscosities at increased temperatures, the viscosity of an aqueous dispersion of an inverse thermosensitive polymer according to the invention increases at increased temperatures, at least within a certain temperature range above ambient temperature.
  • the increase of viscosity that is induced by an increase of temperature leads to gel formation so that an aqueous dispersion of an inverse thermosensitive polymer according to the invention preferably forms a liquid solution at ambient temperature but a viscous gel at elevated temperature.
  • Polymeric nonionic surfactants exhibiting these properties are known to the skilled artisan.
  • an aqueous dispersion of an inverse thermosensitive polymer according to the invention preferably has a viscosity maximum, which at a concentration of 25 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the aqueous dispersion, is preferably within the range 45 ⁇ 20° C., or 55 ⁇ 20° C., or 65 ⁇ 20° C., or 75 ⁇ 20° C.
  • the nonionic surfactant according to the invention preferably forms a liquid solution in water at ambient temperature, and when the temperature is increased, the surfactant forms an aqueous gel, at least within a certain temperature range above ambient temperature.
  • the nonionic surfactant forms an aqueous dispersion having a viscosity ⁇ 1 at a temperature T 1 of 20° C. and a viscosity ⁇ 2 at a temperature T 2 of more than 20° C. (i.e. T 2 >T 1 ), where ⁇ 2 > ⁇ 1 .
  • T 2 >T 1 a viscosity ⁇ 2 at any temperature T 2 above 20° C.
  • ⁇ 2 > ⁇ 1 i.e. T 2 > ⁇ 1
  • an aqueous solution comprising at least 20 wt.-% or at least 25 wt.-% nonionic surfactant shows a thermoreversible behavior, i.e. the viscosity of the solution increases with increasing temperature and decreases with decreasing temperature, and repeated heating and cooling does not affect this property.
  • the aqueous solution exhibits a thermoreversible behavior with a maximum viscosity between 30 and 80° C.
  • the aqueous solution is a liquid at 20° C. and forms a semi-solid gel upon heating to a temperature of at most 80° C., more preferably 60° C., most preferably at most 45° C., and in particular at most 37° C.
  • the sol-gel transition temperature i.e. the temperature at which the phase transition occurs, is within the range of from 10° C. to 80° C., more preferably within the range of from 15° C. to 75° C., and most preferably within the range of from 20° C. to 60° C.
  • poloxamines and poloxamers including poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188, show inverse thermosensitivity.
  • the nonionic surfactant is a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer, preferably selected from poloxamers and poloxamines, in particular polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer according to general formula (I-a) and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer according to general formula (I-b).
  • the nonionic surfactant is a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer according to general formula (I-a)
  • Polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymers of this type are also known as poloxamers and are commercially available under the trade name Pluronics.
  • a, b and c are each independently an integer as specified as preferred embodiments N 1 to N 32 in the table here below:
  • the nonionic surfactant is a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer according to general formula (I-b)
  • e, f, g and h are each independently an integer of from 1 to 150, and i, j, k and l are each independently an integer of from 2 to 50; and preferably, the ratio (e+f+g+h)/(i+j+k+l) is from 0.015 to 30, in particular from 1 to 10. More preferably, e, f, g and h are each independently an integer of from 3 to 50, and i, j, k and l are each independently an integer of from 2 to 30.
  • Tetrafunctional polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymers of this type are also known as poloxamines and are commercially available under the trade name Tetronics.
  • the nonionic surfactant preferably according to general formula (I-a) or according to general formula (I-b) has an average molecular weight of at least 2,000 g/mol, more preferably at least 3,000 g/mol, still more preferably at least 4,000 g/mol, yet more preferably at least 5,000 g/mol, even more preferably at least 6,000 g/mol, most preferably at least 7,000 g/mol, and in particular at least 7,500 g/mol.
  • the nonionic surfactant preferably according to general formula (I-a) or according to general formula (I-b) has an average molecular weight of at most 30,000 g/mol, more preferably at most 25,000 g/mol, still more preferably at most 20,000 g/mol, yet more preferably at most 15,000 g/mol, even more preferably at most 12,500 g/mol, most preferably at most 10,000 g/mol, and in particular at most 9,500 g/mol.
  • the nonionic surfactant preferably according to general formula (I-a) or according to general formula (I-b) has an average molecular weight as specified as preferred embodiments O 1 to O 32 in the table here below:
  • the nonionic surfactant preferably according to general formula (I-a) or according to general formula (I-b) has an oxyethylene content, as determined according to USP or Ph.Eur., of at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, still more preferably at least 72%, yet more preferably at least 74%, even more preferably at least 76%, most preferably at least 78%, and in particular at least 80%.
  • the nonionic surfactant preferably according to general formula (I-a) or according to general formula (I-b) has an oxyethylene content, as determined according to USP or Ph.Eur., of at most 90%, more preferably at most 89%, still more preferably at most 88%, yet more preferably at most 87%, even more preferably at most 86%, most preferably at most 85%, and in particular at most 84%.
  • the nonionic surfactant preferably according to general formula (I-a) or according to general formula (I-b) has an oxyethylene content, as determined according to USP or Ph.Eur., as specified as preferred embodiments P 1 to P 32 in the table here below:
  • the content of the nonionic surfactant in the pharmaceutical dosage form is not limited.
  • the content of the nonionic surfactant in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is such that liquid extraction of the pharmacologically active compound and thus, parenteral administration of the liquid extract, is impeded.
  • the content of the nonionic surfactant is at least 0.1 wt.-%, more preferably at least 1.0 wt.-%, still more at least 5 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 10 wt.-%, most preferably at least 15 wt.-%, and in particular at least 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the content of the nonionic surfactant is within the range of from 0.1 to 60 wt.-%, more preferably 5 to 50 wt.-%, still more preferably 10 to 45 wt.-%, most preferably 15 to 40 wt.-%, and in particular 20 to 35 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the content of nonionic surfactant is within the range of 15 ⁇ 12 wt.-%, more preferably 15 ⁇ 10 wt.-%, most preferably 15 ⁇ 7 wt.-%, and in particular 15 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the content of nonionic surfactant is within the range of 20 ⁇ 18 wt.-%, more preferably 20 ⁇ 15 wt.-%, still more preferably 20 ⁇ 12 wt.-%, most preferably 20 ⁇ 10 wt.-%, 20 ⁇ 7 wt.-%, and in particular 20 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the content of nonionic surfactant is within the range of 25 ⁇ 20 wt.-%, more preferably 25 ⁇ 17 wt.-%, still more preferably 25 ⁇ 15 wt.-%, even more preferably 25 ⁇ 10 wt.-%, most preferably 25 ⁇ 7 wt.-%, and in particular 25 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the content of nonionic surfactant is within the range of 30 ⁇ 20 wt.-%, more preferably 30 ⁇ 17 wt.-%, still more preferably 30 ⁇ 15 wt.-%, even more preferably 30 ⁇ 10 wt.-%, most preferably 30 ⁇ 7 wt.-%, and in particular 30 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the content of nonionic surfactant is within the range of 35 ⁇ 20 wt.-%, more preferably 35 ⁇ 17 wt.-%, still more preferably 35 ⁇ 15 wt.-%, even more preferably 35 ⁇ 10 wt.-%, most preferably 35 ⁇ 7 wt.-%, and in particular 35 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the content of nonionic surfactant is within the range of 40 ⁇ 25 wt.-%, more preferably 40 ⁇ 15 wt.-%, still more preferably 40 ⁇ 10 wt.-%, most preferably 40 ⁇ 7 wt.-%, and in particular 40 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the total amount of the nonionic surfactant that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of from 0.1 to 750 mg, more preferably 10 to 500 mg, still more preferably 25 to 400 mg, yet more preferably 50 to 350 mg, most preferably 75 to 300 mg and in particular 100 to 250 mg.
  • the nonionic surfactant is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of 100 ⁇ 95 mg, 100 ⁇ 90 mg, 100 ⁇ 80 mg, 100 ⁇ 70 mg, 100 ⁇ 60 mg, 100 ⁇ 50 mg, 100 ⁇ 40 mg, 100 ⁇ 30 mg, 100 ⁇ 20 mg, or 100 ⁇ 10 mg.
  • the nonionic surfactant is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of 120 ⁇ 115 mg, 120 ⁇ 100 mg, 120 ⁇ 90 mg, 120 ⁇ 80 mg, 120 ⁇ 70 mg, 120 ⁇ 60 mg, 120 ⁇ 50 mg, 120 ⁇ 40 mg, 120 ⁇ 30 mg, 120 ⁇ 20 mg, or 120 ⁇ 10 mg.
  • the nonionic surfactant is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of 140 ⁇ 135 mg, 140 ⁇ 120 mg, 140 ⁇ 110 mg, 140 ⁇ 100 mg, 140 ⁇ 90 mg, 140 ⁇ 80 mg, 140 ⁇ 70 mg, 140 ⁇ 60 mg, 140 ⁇ 50 mg, 140 ⁇ 40 mg, 140 ⁇ 30 mg, 140 ⁇ 20 mg, or 140 ⁇ 10 mg.
  • the nonionic surfactant is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of 160 ⁇ 155 mg, 160 ⁇ 140 mg, 160 ⁇ 130 mg, 160 ⁇ 120 mg, 160 ⁇ 110 mg, 160 ⁇ 100 mg, 160 ⁇ 90 mg, 160 ⁇ 80 mg, 160 ⁇ 70 mg, 160 ⁇ 60 mg, 160 ⁇ 50 mg, 160 ⁇ 40 mg, 160 ⁇ 30 mg, 160 ⁇ 20 mg, or 160 ⁇ 10 mg.
  • the nonionic surfactant is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of 180 ⁇ 175 mg, 180 ⁇ 160 mg, 180 ⁇ 150 mg, 180 ⁇ 140 mg, 180 ⁇ 130 mg, 180 ⁇ 120 mg, 180 ⁇ 110 mg, 180 ⁇ 100 mg, 180 ⁇ 90 mg, 180 ⁇ 80 mg, 180 ⁇ 70 mg, 180 ⁇ 60 mg, 180 ⁇ 50 mg, 180 ⁇ 40 mg, 180 ⁇ 30 mg, 180 ⁇ 20 mg, or 180 ⁇ 10 mg.
  • the nonionic surfactant is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of 200 ⁇ 190 mg, 200 ⁇ 180 mg, 200 ⁇ 170 mg, 200 ⁇ 160 mg, 200 ⁇ 150 mg, 200 ⁇ 140 mg, 200 ⁇ 130 mg, 200 ⁇ 120 mg, 200 ⁇ 110 mg, 200 ⁇ 100 mg, 200 ⁇ 90 mg, 200 ⁇ 80 mg, 200 ⁇ 70 mg, 200 ⁇ 60 mg, 200 ⁇ 50 mg, 200 ⁇ 40 mg, 200 ⁇ 30 mg, 200 ⁇ 20 mg, or 200 ⁇ 10 mg.
  • the nonionic surfactant is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of 220 ⁇ 210 mg, 220 ⁇ 200 mg, 220 ⁇ 180 mg, 220 ⁇ 160 mg, 220 ⁇ 150 mg, 220 ⁇ 140 mg, 220 ⁇ 130 mg, 220 ⁇ 120 mg, 220 ⁇ 110 mg, 220 ⁇ 100 mg, 220 ⁇ 90 mg, 220 ⁇ 80 mg, 220 ⁇ 70 mg, 220 ⁇ 60 mg, 220 ⁇ 50 mg, 220 ⁇ 40 mg, 220 ⁇ 30 mg, 220 ⁇ 20 mg, or 220 ⁇ 10 mg.
  • the nonionic surfactant is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of 240 ⁇ 210 mg, 240 ⁇ 200 mg, 240 ⁇ 180 mg, 240 ⁇ 160 mg, 240 ⁇ 150 mg, 240 ⁇ 140 mg, 240 ⁇ 130 mg, 240 ⁇ 120 mg, 240 ⁇ 110 mg, 240 ⁇ 100 mg, 240 ⁇ 90 mg, 240 ⁇ 80 mg, 240 ⁇ 70 mg, 240 ⁇ 60 mg, 240 ⁇ 50 mg, 240 ⁇ 40 mg, 240 ⁇ 30 mg, 240 ⁇ 20 mg, or 240 ⁇ 10 mg.
  • the relative weight ratio of the pharmacologically active compound and the nonionic surfactant is within the range of from 20:1 to 1:20, more preferably 15:1 to 1:15, still more preferably 10:1 to 1:10, yet more preferably 5:1 to 1:10, even more preferably 2:1 to 1:5, most preferably 1:1 to 1:4, and in particular 1:1.5 to 1:3.
  • the relative weight ratio of the pharmacologically active compound and the nonionic surfactant is at most 6.5:1, more preferably at most 5.0:1, still more preferably at most 4.0:1, yet more preferably at most 3.0:1, even more preferably at most 2.5:1, most preferably at most 2.0:1, and in particular at most 1.5:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the pharmacologically active compound and the nonionic surfactant is at most 1.4:1, more preferably at most 1.3:1, still more preferably at most 1.2:1, yet more preferably at most 1.1:1, even more preferably at most 1.0:1, most preferably at most 0.9:1, and in particular at most 0.8:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the anionic polymer and the nonionic surfactant is within the range of from 20:1 to 1:20, more preferably 15:1 to 1:15, still more preferably 10:1 to 1:10, yet more preferably 5:1 to 1:5, even more preferably 5:1 to 1:3, most preferably 3:1 to 1:2, and in particular 2:1 to 1:2.
  • the nonionic surfactant is homogeneously distributed in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention.
  • the pharmacologically active compound, the anionic polymer and the nonionic surfactant are homogeneously distributed over the pharmaceutical dosage form or, when the pharmaceutical dosage form comprises a film coating, over the coated core of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the pharmacologically active compound, the anionic polymer and the nonionic surfactant are intimately mixed with one another, so that the pharmaceutical dosage form does not contain any segments where either pharmacologically active compound is present in the absence of anionic polymer and/or the nonionic surfactant, or where anionic polymer is present in the absence of pharmacologically active compound and/or the surfactant.
  • the pharmacologically active compound and the nonionic surfactant are homogeneously dispersed in the anionic polymer, preferably in molecular disperse form or solid disperse form.
  • the pharmacologically active compound and the nonionic surfactant preferably form a solid solution or solid dispersion in the anionic polymer.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is embedded in a prolonged release matrix comprising the anionic polymer and the nonionic surfactant.
  • the prolonged release matrix is preferably a hydrophilic matrix.
  • the release profile of the pharmacologically active compound is matrix-retarded.
  • the pharmacologically active compound is embedded in a matrix comprising the anionic polymer and the nonionic surfactant, said matrix controlling the release of the pharmacologically active compound from the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • Physiologically acceptable materials which are known to the person skilled in the art may be used as supplementary matrix materials.
  • Polymers particularly preferably cellulose ethers and/or cellulose esters are preferably used as supplementary hydrophilic matrix materials.
  • Ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, and/or the derivatives thereof, such as the salts thereof are very particularly preferably used as matrix materials.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is for oral administration.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is configured for administration once daily, preferably orally. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is configured for administration twice daily, preferably orally. In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is configured for administration thrice daily, preferably orally.
  • “twice daily” means equal or nearly equal time intervals, i.e., about every 12 hours, or different time intervals, e.g., 8 and 16 hours or 10 and 14 hours, between the individual administrations.
  • thrice daily means equal or nearly equal time intervals, i.e., about every 8 hours, or different time intervals, e.g., 6, 6 and 12 hours; or 7, 7 and 10 hours, between the individual administrations.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention causes an at least partially delayed or prolonged release of pharmacologically active compound.
  • Controlled or prolonged release is understood according to the invention preferably to mean a release profile in which the pharmacologically active compound is released over a relatively long period with reduced intake frequency with the purpose of extended therapeutic action of the pharmacologically active compound.
  • the meaning of the term “prolonged release” is in accordance with the European guideline on the nomenclature of the release profile of pharmaceutical dosage forms (CHMP). This is achieved in particular with peroral administration.
  • CHMP pharmaceutical dosage forms
  • the expression “at least partially delayed or prolonged release” covers according to the invention any pharmaceutical dosage forms which ensure modified release of the pharmacologically active compound contained therein.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage forms preferably comprise coated or uncoated pharmaceutical dosage forms, which are produced with specific auxiliary substances, by particular processes or by a combination of the two possible options in order purposefully to change the release rate or location of release.
  • the release profile of a controlled release form may be modified e.g. as follows: extended release, repeat action release, prolonged release and sustained release.
  • controlled release preferably means a product in which the release of active compound over time is controlled by the type and composition of the formulation.
  • extended release preferably means a product in which the release of active compound is delayed for a finite lag time, after which release is unhindered.
  • remote action release preferably means a product in which a first portion of active compound is released initially, followed by at least one further portion of active compound being released subsequently.
  • prolonged release preferably means a product in which the rate of release of active compound from the formulation after administration has been reduced over time, in order to maintain therapeutic activity, to reduce toxic effects, or for some other therapeutic purpose.
  • sustained release preferably means a way of formulating a medicine so that it is released into the body steadily, over a long period of time, thus reducing the dosing frequency.
  • sustained release preferably means a way of formulating a medicine so that it is released into the body steadily, over a long period of time, thus reducing the dosing frequency.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may comprise one or more pharmacologically active compounds at least in part in a further controlled release form, wherein controlled release may be achieved with the assistance of conventional materials and processes known to the person skilled in the art, for example by embedding the substances in a controlled release matrix or by applying one or more controlled release coatings. Substance release must, however, be controlled such that addition of delayed-release materials does not impair the necessary breaking strength. Controlled release from the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is preferably achieved by embedding the pharmacologically active compound in a matrix.
  • Matrix materials may, for example, be hydrophilic, gel-forming materials, from which release proceeds mainly by erosion and diffusion.
  • the anionic polymer and the nonionic surfactant serve as matrix material, optionally in combination with auxiliary substances also acting as matrix materials.
  • the release profile is substantially matrix controlled, preferably by embedding the pharmacologically active compound in a matrix comprising the anionic polymer and optionally, further matrix materials, such as the nonionic surfactant and/or the optionally present further polymer.
  • the release profile is not osmotically driven.
  • release kinetics is not zero order.
  • the in vitro release profile of the pharmacologically active compound complies with any same single one of the following release profiles R 1 to R 50 :
  • the in vitro release profile is measured under the following conditions: 600 ml phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at temperature of 37° C. with sinker (type 1 or 2); rotation speed of the paddle: 75 min ⁇ 1 .
  • the release profile of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is stable upon storage, preferably upon storage at elevated temperature, e.g. 37° C., for 3 months in sealed containers.
  • “stable” means that when comparing the initial release profile with the release profile after storage, at any given time point the release profiles deviate from one another absolutely by not more than 20%, more preferably not more than 15%, still more preferably not more than 10%, yet more preferably not more than 7.5%, most preferably not more than 5.0%. and in particular not more than 2.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is monolithic.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form is a monolithic mass.
  • all polymers are preferably employed as powders.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is thermoformed, more preferably hot-melt extruded, although also other methods of thermoforming may be used in order to manufacture the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention, such as press-molding at elevated temperature or heating of tablets that were manufactured by conventional compression in a first step and then heated above the softening temperature of the polymer in the tablet in a second step to form hard tablets.
  • thermoforming means forming or molding of a mass after the application of heat.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form is thermoformed by hot-melt extrusion.
  • the melt extruded strands are preferably cut into monoliths, which are then preferably formed into tablets.
  • tablettes is preferably not to be understood as pharmaceutical dosage forms being made by compression of powder or granules (compressi) but rather, as shaped extrudates.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight within the range of 100 ⁇ 75 mg, more preferably 100 ⁇ 50 mg, most preferably 100 ⁇ 25 mg. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight within the range of 200 ⁇ 75 mg, more preferably 200 ⁇ 50 mg, most preferably 200 ⁇ 25 mg. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight within the range of 250 ⁇ 75 mg, more preferably 250 ⁇ 50 mg, most preferably 250 ⁇ 25 mg. In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight within the range of 300 ⁇ 75 mg, more preferably 300 ⁇ 50 mg, most preferably 300 ⁇ 25 mg. In yet another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight within the range of 400 ⁇ 75 mg, more preferably 400 ⁇ 50 mg, most preferably 400 ⁇ 25 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight within the range of 500 ⁇ 250 mg, more preferably 500 ⁇ 200 mg, most preferably 500 ⁇ 150 mg. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight within the range of 750 ⁇ 250 mg, more preferably 750 ⁇ 200 mg, most preferably 750 ⁇ 150 mg. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight within the range of 1000 ⁇ 250 mg, more preferably 1000 ⁇ 200 mg, most preferably 1000 ⁇ 150 mg. In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight within the range of 1250 ⁇ 250 mg, more preferably 1250 ⁇ 200 mg, most preferably 1250 ⁇ 150 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is characterized by excellent storage stability.
  • the content of pharmacologically active compound amounts to at least 90%, more preferably at least 91%, still more preferably at least 92%, yet more preferably at least 93%, most preferably at least 94% and in particular at least 95%, of its original content before storage.
  • Suitable methods for measuring the content of the pharmacologically active compound in the pharmaceutical dosage form are known to the skilled artisan. In this regard it is referred to the Eur. Ph. or the USP, especially to reversed phase HPLC analysis.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form is stored in closed, preferably sealed containers, most preferably being equipped with an oxygen scavenger, in particular with an oxygen scavenger that is effective even at low relative humidity.
  • the average peak plasma level (C max ) of the pharmacologically active compound is on average reached after t max 4.0 ⁇ 2.5 h, more preferably after t max 4.0 ⁇ 2.0 h, still more preferably after t max 4.0 ⁇ 1.5 h, most preferably after t max 4.0 ⁇ 1.0 h and in particular after t max 4.0 ⁇ 0.5 h.
  • the average peak plasma level (C max ) of the pharmacologically active compound is on average reached after t max 5.0 ⁇ 2.5 h, more preferably after t max 5.0 ⁇ 2.0 h, still more preferably after t max 5.0 ⁇ 1.5 h, most preferably after t max 5.0 ⁇ 1.0 h and in particular after t max 5.0 ⁇ 0.5 h.
  • the average peak plasma level (C max ) of the pharmacologically active compound is on average reached after t max 6.0 ⁇ 2.5 h, more preferably after t max 6.0 ⁇ 2.0 h, still more preferably after t max 6.0 ⁇ 1.5 h, most preferably after t max 6.0 ⁇ 1.0 h and in particular after t max 6.0 ⁇ 0.5 h.
  • the average value for t 1/2 of the pharmacologically active compound after oral administration of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention in vivo is 4.0 ⁇ 2.5 h, more preferably 4.0 ⁇ 2.0 h, still more preferably 4.0 ⁇ 1.5 h, most preferably 4.0 ⁇ 1.0 h, and in particular 4.0 ⁇ 0.5 h.
  • the average value for t 1/2 of the pharmacologically active compound after oral administration of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention in vivo is preferably 5.0 ⁇ 2.5 h, more preferably 5.0 ⁇ 2.0 h, still more preferably 5.0 ⁇ 1.5 h, most preferably 5.0 ⁇ 1.0 h, and in particular 5.0 ⁇ 0.5 h.
  • the average value for t 1/2 of the pharmacologically active compound after oral administration of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention in vivo is preferably 6.0 ⁇ 2.5 h, more preferably 6.0 ⁇ 2.0 h, still more preferably 6.0 ⁇ 1.5 h, most preferably 6.0 ⁇ 1.0 h, and in particular 6.0 ⁇ 0.5 h.
  • C max of the pharmacologically active compound does not exceed 0.01 ng/ml, or 0.05 ng/ml, or 0.1 ng/ml, or 0.5 ng/ml, or 1.0 ng/ml, or 2.5 ng/ml, or 5 ng/ml, or 10 ng/ml, or ng/ml, or 30 ng/ml, or 40 ng/ml, or 50 ng/ml, or 75 ng/ml, or 100 ng/ml, or 150 ng/ml, or 200 ng/ml, or 250 ng/ml, or 300 ng/ml, or 350 ng/ml, or 400 ng/ml, or 450 ng/ml, or 500 ng/ml, or 750 ng/ml, or 1000 ng/ml.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains no substances which irritate the nasal passages and/or pharynx, i.e. substances which, when administered via the nasal passages and/or pharynx, bring about a physical reaction which is either so unpleasant for the patient that he/she does not wish to or cannot continue administration, for example burning, or physiologically counteracts taking of the corresponding active compound, for example due to increased nasal secretion or sneezing.
  • substances which irritate the nasal passages and/or pharynx are those which cause burning, itching, urge to sneeze, increased formation of secretions or a combination of at least two of these stimuli.
  • Corresponding substances and the quantities thereof which are conventionally to be used are known to the person skilled in the art. Some of the substances which irritate the nasal passages and/or pharynx are accordingly based on one or more constituents or one or more plant parts of a hot substance drug.
  • Corresponding hot substance drugs are known per se to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in “Pharmazeutician Biologie—Drogen and emp warsstoffe” by Prof. Dr. Hildebert Wagner, 2nd., revised edition, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart-New York, 1982, pages 82 et seq. The corresponding description is hereby introduced as a reference and is deemed to be part of the disclosure.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention furthermore preferably contains no emetic.
  • Emetics are known to the person skilled in the art and may be present as such or in the form of corresponding derivatives, in particular esters or ethers, or in each case in the form of corresponding physiologically acceptable compounds, in particular in the form of the salts or solvates thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably contains no emetic based on one or more constituents of ipecacuanha (ipecac) root, for example based on the constituent emetine, as are, for example, described in “Pharmazeutician Biologie—Drogen and Häffensstoffe” by Prof. Dr.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably also contains no apomorphine as an emetic.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably also contains no bitter substance.
  • bitter substances and the quantities effective for use may be found in US-2003/0064099 A1, the corresponding disclosure of which should be deemed to be the disclosure of the present application and is hereby introduced as a reference.
  • bitter substances are aromatic oils, such as peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, bitter almond oil, menthol, fruit aroma substances, aroma substances from lemons, oranges, limes, grapefruit or mixtures thereof, and/or denatonium benzoate.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention accordingly preferably contains neither substances which irritate the nasal passages and/or pharynx, nor emetics, nor bitter substances.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains no neuroleptics, for example a compound selected from the group consisting of haloperidol, promethacine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, levomepromazine, thioridazine, perazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixine, zuclopenthixol, flupentixol, prothipendyl, zotepine, benperidol, pipamperone, melperone and bromperidol.
  • neuroleptics for example a compound selected from the group consisting of haloperidol, promethacine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, levomepromazine, thioridazine, perazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixine, zuclopenthixol, flupentixol, prothipendyl, zotepine, benperidol, pipamperone, melper
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains no pharmacologically active compound antagonists.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention does contain a pharmacologically active compound antagonist.
  • Pharmacologically active compound antagonists suitable for a given pharmacologically active compound are known to the person skilled in the art and may be present as such or in the form of corresponding derivatives, in particular esters or ethers, or in each case in the form of corresponding physiologically acceptable compounds, in particular in the form of the salts or solvates thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably contains an opioid as pharmacologically active compound and an opioid antagonist as pharmacologically active compound antagonist, wherein the opioid antagonist is selected from the group consisting of naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene, nalide, nalmexone, nalorphine or naluphine, in each case optionally in the form of a corresponding physiologically acceptable compound, in particular in the form of a base, a salt or solvate. Naloxone and nalmexone as well as their physiologically acceptable salts are preferred pharmacologically active compound antagonists.
  • the content of the pharmacologically active compound antagonist in the pharmaceutical dosage form is not limited.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may contain further constituents, such as conventional pharmaceutical excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains a plasticizer.
  • Preferred plasticizers are polyalkylene glycols, like polyethylene glycol, triacetin, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, waxes and/or microcrystalline waxes. Particularly preferred plasticizers are polyethylene glycols, such as PEG 6000.
  • the content of the plasticizer is within the range of from 0.1 to 30 wt.-%, more preferably 0.5 to 27.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 1.0 to 25 wt.-%, yet more preferably 5 to 25 wt.-%, most preferably 10 to 20 wt.-% and in particular 12.5 to 17.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the plasticizer is a polyalkylene glycol having a content within the range of 5 ⁇ 4 wt.-%, more preferably 5 ⁇ 3.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 5 ⁇ 3 wt.-%, yet more preferably 5 ⁇ 2.5 wt.-%, most preferably 5 ⁇ 2 wt.-%, and in particular 5 ⁇ 1.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the plasticizer is a polyalkylene glycol having a content within the range of 10 ⁇ 8 wt.-%, more preferably 10 ⁇ 6 wt.-%, still more preferably 10 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 10 ⁇ 4 wt.-%, most preferably 10 ⁇ 3 wt.-%, and in particular 10 ⁇ 2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the plasticizer is a polyalkylene glycol having a content within the range of 15 ⁇ 8 wt.-%, more preferably 15 ⁇ 6 wt.-%, still more preferably 15 ⁇ 5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 15 ⁇ 4 wt.-%, most preferably 15 ⁇ 3 wt.-%, and in particular 15 ⁇ 2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the relative weight ratio of the anionic polymer and the plasticizer is within the range of from 0.1:1 to 5.0:1, more preferably from 0.2:1 to 4.0:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the anionic polymer and the plasticizer is at least 0.2:1, more preferably at least 0.4:1, still more preferably at least 0.6:1, yet more preferably at least 0.8:1, even more preferably at least 1.0:1, most preferably at least 1.2:1, and in particular at least 1.4:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the nonionic surfactant and the plasticizer is within the range of from 0.1:1 to 5.0:1, more preferably from 0.2:1 to 4.0:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the nonionic surfactant and the plasticizer is at least 0.2:1, more preferably at least 0.4:1, still more preferably at least 0.6:1, yet more preferably at least 0.8:1, even more preferably at least 1.0:1, most preferably at least 1.2:1, and in particular at least 1.4:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the sum of anionic polymer and nonionic surfactant to the plasticizer is within the range of from 0.1:1 to 7.0:1, more preferably from 0.2:1 to 6.5:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the sum of anionic polymer and nonionic surfactant to the plasticizer is at least 0.2:1, more preferably at least 0.4:1, still more preferably at least 0.6:1, yet more preferably at least 0.8:1, even more preferably at least 1.0:1, most preferably at least 1.2:1, and in particular at least 1.4:1.
  • the relative weight ratio of the sum of anionic polymer and nonionic surfactant to the plasticizer is at least 1.6:1, more preferably at least 1.8:1, still more preferably at least 2.0:1, yet more preferably at least 2.2:1, even more preferably at least 2.4:1, most preferably at least 2.6:1, and in particular at least 2.8:1.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may further contain an antioxidant.
  • Suitable antioxidants include ascorbic acid, ⁇ -tocopherol (vitamin E), butylhydroxyanisol, butylhydroxytoluene, salts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), ascorbylic palmitate, monothioglycerine, coniferyl benzoate, nordihydroguajaretic acid, gallus acid esters, phosphoric acid, and the derivatives thereof, such as vitamin E-succinate or vitamin E-palmitate and/or sodium bisulphite, more preferably butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) or butylhydroxyanisol (BHA) and/or ⁇ -tocopherol.
  • BHT butylhydroxytoluene
  • BHA butylhydroxyanisol
  • ⁇ -tocopherol is ⁇ -tocopherol.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention does either not contain any antioxidant, or contains one or more antioxidants, wherein the content of all antioxidant(s) being present in the dosage form preferably amounts to at most 5.0 wt.-%, more preferably at most 2.5 wt.-%, more preferably at most 1.5 wt.-%, still more preferably at most 1.0 wt.-%, yet more preferably at most 0.5 wt.-%, most preferably at most 0.4 wt.-% and in particular at most 0.3 wt.-%, 0.2 wt.-% or 0.1 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may further contain a free physiologically acceptable acid.
  • the acid may be organic or inorganic, liquid or solid. Solid acids are preferred, particularly crystalline organic or inorganic acids.
  • the acid is free.
  • the acidic functional groups of the acid are not all together constituents of a salt of the pharmacologically active compound.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably contains as acid another, chemically different acid which is not present as a constituent of the salt of the pharmacologically active compound.
  • monoacids that form a salt with the pharmacologically active compound are not to be considered as free acids in the meaning of the invention.
  • acid has more than a single acidic functional group (e.g.
  • the acid may be present as a constituent of a salt of the pharmacologically active compound, provided that at least one of the acidic functional groups of the acid is not involved in the formation of the salt, i.e. is free.
  • each and every acidic functional group of acid is not involved in the formation of a salt with pharmacologically active compound.
  • free acid and the acid forming a salt with pharmacologically active compound are identical. Under these circumstances the acid is preferably present in molar excess compared to pharmacologically active compound.
  • the acid contains at least one acidic functional group (e.g. —CO 2 H, —SO 3 H, —PO 3 H 2 , —OH and the like) having a pK A value within the range of 2.00 ⁇ 1.50, more preferably 2.00 ⁇ 1.25, still more preferably 2.00 ⁇ 1.00, yet more preferably 2.00 ⁇ 0.75, most preferably 2.00 ⁇ 0.50 and in particular 2.00 ⁇ 0.25.
  • the acid contains at least one acidic functional group having a pK A value within the range of 2.25 ⁇ 1.50, more preferably 2.25 ⁇ 1.25, still more preferably 2.25 ⁇ 1.00, yet more preferably 2.25 ⁇ 0.75, most preferably 2.25 ⁇ 0.50 and in particular 2.25 ⁇ 0.25.
  • the acid contains at least one acidic functional group having a pK A value within the range of 2.50 ⁇ 1.50, more preferably 2.50 ⁇ 1.25, still more preferably 2.50 ⁇ 1.00, yet more preferably 2.50 ⁇ 0.75, most preferably 2.50 ⁇ 0.50 and in particular 2.50 ⁇ 0.25.
  • the acid contains at least one acidic functional group having a pK A value within the range of 2.75 ⁇ 1.50, more preferably 2.75 ⁇ 1.25, still more preferably 2.75 ⁇ 1.00, yet more preferably 2.75 ⁇ 0.75, most preferably 2.75 ⁇ 0.50 and in particular 2.75 ⁇ 0.25.
  • the acid contains at least one acidic functional group having a pK A value within the range of 3.00 ⁇ 1.50, more preferably 3.00 ⁇ 1.25, still more preferably 3.00 ⁇ 1.00, yet more preferably 3.00 ⁇ 0.75, most preferably 3.00 ⁇ 0.50 and in particular 3.00 ⁇ 0.25.
  • the acid contains at least one acidic functional group having a pK A value within the range of 3.25 ⁇ 1.50, more preferably 3.25 ⁇ 1.25, still more preferably 3.25 ⁇ 1.00, yet more preferably 3.25 ⁇ 0.75, most preferably 3.25 ⁇ 0.50 and in particular 3.25 ⁇ 0.25.
  • the acid contains at least one acidic functional group having a pK A value within the range of 4.50 ⁇ 1.50, more preferably 4.50 ⁇ 1.25, still more preferably 4.50 ⁇ 1.00, yet more preferably 4.50 ⁇ 0.75, most preferably 4.50 ⁇ 0.50 and in particular 4.50 ⁇ 0.25.
  • the acid contains at least one acidic functional group having a pK A value within the range of 4.75 ⁇ 1.50, more preferably 4.75 ⁇ 1.25, still more preferably 4.75 ⁇ 1.00, yet more preferably 4.75 ⁇ 0.75, most preferably 4.75 ⁇ 0.50 and in particular 4.75 ⁇ 0.25.
  • the acid contains at least one acidic functional group having a pK A value within the range of 5.00 ⁇ 1.50, more preferably 5.00 ⁇ 1.25, still more preferably 5.00 ⁇ 1.00, yet more preferably 5.00 ⁇ 0.75, most preferably 5.00 ⁇ 0.50 and in particular 5.00 ⁇ 0.25.
  • the acid is an organic carboxylic or sulfonic acid, particularly a carboxylic acid.
  • Multicarboxylic acids and/or hydroxy-carboxylic acids are especially preferred.
  • the partial salts thereof are also to be regarded as multi-carboxylic acids, e.g. the partial sodium, potassium or ammonium salts.
  • citric acid is a multicarboxylic acid having three carboxyl groups.
  • the salt is to be regarded as a multicarboxylic acid.
  • all carboxyl groups of the multicarboxylic acid are protonated.
  • the acid is of low molecular weight, i.e., not polymerized.
  • the molecular weight of the acid is below 500 g/mol.
  • acids include saturated and unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, saturated and unsaturated bicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, ⁇ -hydroxyacids and ⁇ -hydroxylacids of monocarboxylic acids, ⁇ -hydroxyacids and ⁇ -hydroxyacids of bicarboxylic acids, ⁇ -hydroxy-acids and ⁇ -hydroxyacids of tricarboxylic acids, ketoacids, ⁇ -ketoacids, ⁇ -ketoacids, of the polycarboxylic acids, of the polyhydroxy monocarboxylic acids, of the polyhydroxy bicarboxylic acids, of the polyhydroxy tricarboxylic acids.
  • the acid is selected from the group consisting of benzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, ⁇ -glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, propanoic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid (d, l, or dl), tosic acid (toluene-sulfonic acid), valeric acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, acetic acid, adipic acid, glutaric acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, ethanedisulfonic acid, ethylsuccinic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid (mucic acid), D-glucuronic acid, 2-oxo-glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, hippuric acid, isethionic acid (ethanolsulfonic acid), lactobionic acid, cit
  • the acid is a multicarboxylic acid. More preferably, the multicarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid.
  • Citric acid is particularly preferred.
  • the multicarboxylic acid preferably citric acid
  • a free physiologically acceptable acid is contained in the phramaceutical dosage form, it is preferably present in an amount of at most 5.0 wt.-%, preferably at most 2.5 wt.-%, more at most 2.0 wt.-%, at most 1.5 wt.-%, most preferably at most 1.0 wt.-% and in particular at most 0.9 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may also contain a natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic wax.
  • Waxes with a softening point of at least 50° C., more preferably 60° C. are preferred.
  • Carnauba wax and beeswax are particularly preferred, especially carnauba wax.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains a coating, preferably a film-coating.
  • Suitable coating materials are known to the skilled person. Suitable coating materials are commercially available, e.g. under the trademarks Opadry® and Eudragit®.
  • Suitable materials include cellulose esters and cellulose ethers, such as methyl-cellulose (MC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), ethylcellulose (EC), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP); poly(meth)acrylates, such as aminoalkylmethacrylate copolymers, ethylacrylate methyl-methacrylate copolymers, methacrylic acid methylmethacrylate copolymers, methacrylic acid methylmethacrylate copolymers; vinyl polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl-acetatephthalate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylacetate; and natural film formers, such as shellack.
  • MC methyl-cellulose
  • HPMC hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
  • HPC hydroxypropyl
  • the coating is water-soluble.
  • the coating is based on polyvinyl alcohol, such as polyvinyl alcohol-part. hydrolyzed, and may additionally contain polyethylene glycol, such as macrogol 3350, and/or pigments.
  • the coating is based on hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, preferably hypromellose type 2910 having a viscosity of 3 to 15 mPas.
  • the coating of the pharmaceutical dosage form can increase its storage stability.
  • the coating can be resistant to gastric juices and dissolve as a function of the pH value of the release environment. By means of this coating, it is possible to ensure that the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention passes through the stomach undissolved and the active compound is only released in the intestines.
  • the coating which is resistant to gastric juices preferably dissolves at a pH value of between 5 and 7.5.
  • Corresponding materials and methods for the delayed release of active compounds and for the application of coatings which are resistant to gastric juices are known to the person skilled in the art, for example from “Coated Pharmaceutical dosage forms—Fundamentals, Manufacturing Techniques, Biopharmaceutical Aspects, Test Methods and Raw Materials” by Kurt H. Bauer, K. Lehmann, Hermann P. Osterwald, Rothgang, Gerhart, 1st edition, 1998, Medpharm Scientific Publishers.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is preferably tamper-resistant.
  • tamper-resistance is achieved based on the mechanical properties of the pharmaceutical dosage form so that comminution is avoided or at least substantially impeded.
  • the term comminution means the pulverization of the pharmaceutical dosage form using conventional means usually available to an abuser, for example a pestle and mortar, a hammer, a mallet or other conventional means for pulverizing under the action of force.
  • tamper-resistance preferably means that pulverization of the pharmaceutical dosage form using conventional means is avoided or at least substantially impeded.
  • the mechanical properties of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention substantially rely on the presence and spatial distribution of the anionic polymer and the nonionic surfactant, although its/their mere presence does typically not suffice in order to achieve said properties.
  • the advantageous mechanical properties of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may not automatically be achieved by simply processing pharmacologically active compound, anionic polymer, and optionally further excipients, such as the nonionic surfactant, by means of conventional methods for the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
  • suitable apparatuses must be selected for the preparation and critical processing parameters must be adjusted, particularly pressure/force, temperature and time.
  • the process protocols usually must be adapted in order to meet the required criteria.
  • tamper-resistance is achieved based on the poor solubility properties of the pharmaceutical dosage form in alcohol, especially ethanol, thereby effectively preventing alcohol dose dumping.
  • anionic polymer that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is associated with the tamper resistance of the pharmaceutical dosage form, especially when the pharmaceutical dosage form is intended by an abuser for administration by a non-prescribed route, particularly intravenous administration of a liquid extract.
  • a pharmaceutical dosage form (a) for 5 minutes in 5 mL of cold water, or (b) to boiling water and boiling the tablet for 5 minutes, respectively, closing the vessel with aluminum foil, boiling extraction only, drawing up the liquid into a syringe using a canula, preferably 0.80 ⁇ 40 mm BL/LB; 21G ⁇ 11 ⁇ 2′′, through a cigarette filter, and determining the pharmacologically active compound content in the drawn liquid by HPLC analysis; the content of extracted pharmacologically active compound in the overhead liquid amounts to at most 14.5 wt.-%, 14.0 wt.-%, 13.5 wt.-%, or 13.0 wt.-%, more preferably at most 12.5 wt.-%, 12.0 wt.-%, 11.5 wt.-%, or 11.0 wt.-%, still more preferably at most 10.5 wt.-%, 10 wt.-%, 9.5 wt.-%, or 9.0 wt.
  • a pharmaceutical dosage form (a) for 5 minutes in 5 mL of cold water, or (b) to boiling water and boiling the pharmaceutical dosage form for 5 minutes, respectively, closing the vessel with aluminum foil, boiling extraction only, drawing up the liquid into a 10 mL syringe using a canula, preferably 0.80 ⁇ 40 mm BL/LB; 21 G ⁇ 11 ⁇ 2′′, through a cigarette filter, and determining the pharmacologically active compound content in the drawn liquid by HPLC analysis.
  • the total amount of extracted pharmacologically active compound in the overhead liquid amounts to at most 115 mg, 110 mg, 105 mg, or 100 mg, more preferably at most 95 mg, 90 mg, 85 mg, or 80 mg, still more preferably at most 75 mg, 70 mg, 65 mg, or 60 mg, yet more preferably at most 55 mg, 50 mg, 47.5 mg, or 45 mg, even more preferably at most 42.5 mg, 40 mg, 37.5 mg, or 35 mg, most more preferably at most 32.5 mg, 30 mg, 27.5 mg, or 25 mg, and in particular at most 22.5 mg, 20 mg, 17.5 mg, or 15 mg; or at most 14.5 mg, 14.0 mg, 13.5 mg, or 13.0 mg, more preferably at most 12.5 mg, 12.0 mg, 11.5 mg, or 11.0 mg, still more preferably at most 10.5 mg, 10 mg, 9.5 mg, or 9.0 mg, yet more preferably at most 8.5 mg, 8.0 mg, 7.5 mg, or 7.0 mg, even more preferably at most 6.5 mg, 6.0 mg
  • a pharmaceutical dosage form (a) for 30 minutes to 30 mL of solvent with continuous shaking, or (b) giving a pharmaceutical dosage form in 30 mL of purified water, heating the water until boiling and shaking for 30 minutes, during the slow cooling of the water; supplementing lost water, if any, and determining the pharmacologically active compound content in the overhead liquid by HPLC analysis; the content of extracted pharmacologically active compound in the overhead liquid amounts to at most 40 wt.-%, more preferably at most 35 wt.-%, still more preferably at most 30 wt.-%, yet more preferably at most 25 wt.-% or 24 wt.-%, even more preferably at most 23 wt.-%, 22 wt.-%, 21 wt.-% or 20 wt.-%, most preferably at most 19 wt.-%, 18 wt.-%, 17 wt.-%, or 16 wt.-%, and in particular at most 15.5 wt
  • a pharmaceutical dosage form (a) for 30 minutes to 30 mL of solvent with continuous shaking, or (b) giving a pharmaceutical dosage form in 30 mL of purified water, heating the water until boiling and shaking for 30 minutes, during the slow cooling of the water; supplementing lost water, if any, and determining the pharmacologically active compound content in the overhead liquid by HPLC analysis; the total amount of extracted pharmacologically active compound in the overhead liquid amounts to at most 200 mg, 190 mg, 180 mg, or 170 mg, more preferably at most 160 mg, 150 mg, 140 mg, or 135 mg, still more preferably at most 130 mg, 125 mg, 120 mg, or 110 mg, yet more preferably at most 105 mg or 100 mg, even more preferably at most 95 mg or 90 mg, most more preferably at most 85 mg or 80 mg, and in particular at most 75 mg, 70 mg, 65 mg, or 60 mg; or at most 55 mg, 50 mg, 47.5 mg, or 45 mg, more preferably at most 42.5 mg, 40 mg, 37.5 mg,
  • a pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention when a pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is treated with a commercial coffee mill, preferably type Bosch MKM6000, for 2 minutes, at least 40 wt.-%, more preferably at least 50 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 60 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 65 wt.-%, even more preferably at least 70 wt.-%, most preferably at least 75 wt.-%, and in particular at least 80 wt.-%, of the total weight of the thus obtained material does not pass a sieve having a mesh size of 1.000 mm.
  • a commercial coffee mill preferably type Bosch MKM6000
  • a pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention when a pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is treated with a commercial coffee mill, preferably type Bosch MKM6000, for 2 minutes, it either remains intact and in one piece, or it is split into at most 10, preferably at most 7 or 8, more preferably at most 5 or 6, still more preferably at most 4, most preferably at most 3, and in particular at most 2 pieces.
  • a commercial coffee mill preferably type Bosch MKM6000
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention has a breaking strength of at least 300 N, preferably at least 400 N, more preferably at least 500 N, still more preferably at least 750 N, yet more preferably at least 1000 N, most preferably at least 1250 N and in particular at least 1500 N.
  • the “breaking strength” (resistance to crushing) of a pharmaceutical dosage form is known to the skilled person. In this regard it can be referred to, e.g., W. A. Ritschel, Die Tablette, 2. Auflage, Editio Cantor Verlag Aulendorf, 2002; H Liebermann et al., Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets, Vol. 2, Informa Healthcare; 2 edition, 1990; and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Informa Healthcare; 1 edition.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention are distinguished from conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms in that, due to their breaking strength, they cannot be pulverized by the application of force with conventional means, such as for example a pestle and mortar, a hammer, a mallet or other usual means for pulverization, in particular devices developed for this purpose (tablet crushers).
  • pulverization means crumbling into small particles that would immediately release the pharmacologically active compound in a suitable medium. Avoidance of pulverization virtually rules out oral or parenteral, in particular intravenous or nasal abuse.
  • the actual mean chewing force is about 220 N (cf., e.g., P. A. Proeschel et al., J Dent Res, 2002, 81(7), 464-468). This means that conventional tablets having a breaking strength well below 200 N may be crushed upon spontaneous chewing, whereas the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention may not.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention can preferably withstand a weight of more than 30 kg without being pulverised.
  • the breaking strength can be measured in accordance with the Eur. Ph. 5.0, 2.9.8 or 6.0, 2.09.08 “Resistance to Crushing of Tablets”.
  • the test is intended to determine, under defined conditions, the resistance to crushing of tablets, measured by the force needed to disrupt them by crushing.
  • the apparatus consists of 2 jaws facing each other, one of which moves towards the other.
  • the flat surfaces of the jaws are perpendicular to the direction of movement.
  • the crushing surfaces of the jaws are flat and larger than the zone of contact with the tablet.
  • the apparatus is calibrated using a system with a precision of 1 Newton.
  • the tablet is placed between the jaws, taking into account, where applicable, the shape, the break-mark and the inscription; for each measurement the tablet is oriented in the same way with respect to the direction of application of the force (and the direction of extension in which the breaking strength is to be measured).
  • the measurement is carried out on 10 tablets, taking care that all fragments of tablets have been removed before each determination.
  • the result is expressed as the mean, minimum and maximum values of the forces measured, all expressed in Newton.
  • breaking strength breaking force
  • the breaking strength can alternatively be measured in accordance with the method described therein where it is stated that the breaking strength is the force required to cause a tablet to fail (i.e., break) in a specific plane.
  • the tablets are generally placed between two platens, one of which moves to apply sufficient force to the tablet to cause fracture.
  • loading occurs across their diameter (sometimes referred to as diametral loading), and fracture occurs in the plane.
  • the breaking force of tablets is commonly called hardness in the pharmaceutical literature; however, the use of this term is misleading.
  • hardness refers to the resistance of a surface to penetration or indentation by a small probe.
  • crushing strength is also frequently used to describe the resistance of tablets to the application of a compressive load. Although this term describes the true nature of the test more accurately than does hardness, it implies that tablets are actually crushed during the test, which is often not the case.
  • the breaking strength (resistance to crushing) is measured in accordance with WO 2005/016313, WO 2005/016314, and WO 2006/082099, which can be regarded as a modification of the method described in the Eur. Ph.
  • the breaking strength is measured by means of a breaking strength tester e.g. Sotax®, type HT100 or type HT1 (Allschwil, Switzerland).
  • a breaking strength tester e.g. Sotax®, type HT100 or type HT1 (Allschwil, Switzerland).
  • the Sotax® HT100 and the Sotax® HT1 can measure the breaking strength according to two different measurement principles: constant speed (where the test jaw is moved at a constant speed adjustable from 5-200 mm/min) or constant force (where the test jaw increases force linearly adjustable from 5-100 N/sec).
  • both measurement principles are suitable for measuring the breaking strength of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention.
  • the breaking strength is measured at constant speed, preferably at a constant speed of 120 mm/min.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form is regarded as being broken if it is fractured into at least two separate pieces.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably exhibits mechanical strength over a wide temperature range, in addition to the breaking strength (resistance to crushing) optionally also sufficient hardness, impact resistance, impact elasticity, tensile strength and/or modulus of elasticity, optionally also at low temperatures (e.g. below ⁇ 24° C., below ⁇ 40° C. or in liquid nitrogen), for it to be virtually impossible to pulverize by spontaneous chewing, grinding in a mortar, pounding, etc.
  • breaking strength resistance to crushing
  • sufficient hardness, impact resistance, impact elasticity, tensile strength and/or modulus of elasticity optionally also at low temperatures (e.g. below ⁇ 24° C., below ⁇ 40° C. or in liquid nitrogen), for it to be virtually impossible to pulverize by spontaneous chewing, grinding in a mortar, pounding, etc.
  • the comparatively high breaking strength of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is maintained even at low or very low temperatures, e.g., when the pharmaceutical dosage form is initially chilled to increase its brittleness, for example to temperatures below ⁇ 25° C., below ⁇ 40° C. or even in liquid nitrogen.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is characterized by a certain degree of breaking strength. This does not mean that the pharmaceutical dosage form must also exhibit a certain degree of hardness. Hardness and breaking strength are different physical properties. Therefore, the tamper resistance of the pharmaceutical dosage form does not necessarily depend on the hardness of the pharmaceutical dosage form. For instance, due to its breaking strength, impact strength, elasticity modulus and tensile strength, respectively, the pharmaceutical dosage form can preferably be deformed, e.g. plastically, when exerting an external force, for example using a hammer, but cannot be pulverized, i.e., crumbled into a high number of fragments. In other words, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is characterized by a certain degree of breaking strength, but not necessarily also by a certain degree of form stability.
  • a pharmaceutical dosage form that is deformed when being exposed to a force in a particular direction of extension but that does not break is preferably to be regarded as having the desired breaking strength in said direction of extension.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may be produced by different processes, the particularly preferred of which are explained in greater detail below.
  • Several suitable processes have already been described in the prior art. In this regard it can be referred to, e.g., WO 2005/016313, WO 2005/016314, WO 2005/063214, WO 2005/102286, WO 2006/002883, WO 2006/002884, WO 2006/002886, WO 2006/082097, and WO 2006/082099.
  • the invention also relates to pharmaceutical dosage forms that are obtainable by any of the processes described here below.
  • the process for the production of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably comprises the following steps:
  • Heat may be supplied directly, e.g. by contact or by means of hot gas such as hot air, or with the assistance of ultrasound, microwaves and/or radiation.
  • Force may be applied and/or the pharmaceutical dosage form may be shaped for example by direct tabletting or with the assistance of a suitable extruder, particularly by means of a screw extruder equipped with two screws (twin-screw-extruder) or by means of a planetary gear extruder.
  • the final shape of the pharmaceutical dosage form may either be provided during the hardening of the mixture by applying heat and force (step (c)) or in a subsequent step (step (e)).
  • the mixture of all components is preferably in the plastified state, i.e. preferably, shaping is performed at a temperature at least above the softening point of the matrix material.
  • extrusion at lower temperatures e.g. ambient temperature, is also possible and may be preferred.
  • Shaping can be performed, e.g., by means of a tabletting press comprising die and punches of appropriate shape.
  • a particularly preferred process for the manufacture of the pharmaceutical dosage form of the invention involves hot-melt extrusion.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is produced by thermoforming with the assistance of an extruder, preferably without there being any observable consequent discoloration of the extrudate.
  • acid is capable of suppressing discoloration. In the absence of acid, the extrudate tends to develop beige to yellowish coloring whereas in the presence of acid the extrudates are substantially colorless, i.e. white.
  • Mixing of the components according to process step a) may also proceed in the extruder.
  • the components may also be mixed in a mixer known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the mixer may, for example, be a roll mixer, shaking mixer, shear mixer or compulsory mixer.
  • The, preferably molten, mixture which has been heated in the extruder at least up to the softening point of matrix material is extruded from the extruder through a die with at least one bore.
  • the process according to the invention requires the use of suitable extruders, preferably screw extruders. Screw extruders which are equipped with two screws (twin-screw-extruders) are particularly preferred.
  • the extrusion is preferably performed so that the expansion of the strand due to extrusion is not more than 30%, i.e. that when using a die with a bore having a diameter of e.g. 6 mm, the extruded strand should have a diameter of not more than 8 mm. More preferably, the expansion of the strand is not more than 25%, still more preferably not more than 20%, most preferably not more than 15% and in particular not more than 10%.
  • extrusion is performed in the absence of water, i.e., no water is added.
  • traces of water e.g., caused by atmospheric humidity may be present.
  • the extruder preferably comprises at least two temperature zones, with heating of the mixture at least up to the softening point of the matrix material proceeding in the first zone, which is downstream from a feed zone and optionally mixing zone.
  • the throughput of the mixture is preferably from 1.0 kg to 15 kg/hour. In a preferred embodiment, the throughput is from 1 to 3.5 kg/hour. In another preferred embodiment, the throughput is from 4 to 15 kg/hour.
  • the die head pressure is within the range of from 2 to 100 bar. In a preferred embodiment, the die head pressure is within the range of from 25 to 100 bar. In another preferred embodiment, the die head pressure is within the range of from 2 to 25 bar.
  • the die head pressure can be adjusted inter alia by die geometry, temperature profile and extrusion speed.
  • the die geometry or the geometry of the bores is freely selectable.
  • the die or the bores may accordingly exhibit a round, oblong or oval cross-section, wherein the round cross-section preferably has a diameter of 0.1 mm to 15 mm and the oblong cross-section preferably has a maximum lengthwise extension of 21 mm and a crosswise extension of 10 mm.
  • the die or the bores have a round cross-section.
  • the casing of the extruder used according to the invention may be heated or cooled. The corresponding temperature control, i.e.
  • the mixture to be extruded exhibits at least an average temperature (product temperature) corresponding to the softening temperature of the matrix material and does not rise above a temperature at which the pharmacologically active compound to be processed may be damaged.
  • the temperature of the mixture to be extruded is adjusted to below 180° C., preferably below 150° C., but at least to the softening temperature of matrix material. Typical extrusion temperatures are 120° C. and 130° C.
  • the extruder torque is within the range of from 30 to 95%.
  • Extruder torque can be adjusted inter alia by die geometry, temperature profile and extrusion speed.
  • the extrudates are preferably singulated. This singulation may preferably be performed by cutting up the extrudates by means of revolving or rotating knives, water jet cutters, wires, blades or with the assistance of laser cutters.
  • intermediate or final storage of the optionally singulated extrudate or the final shape of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is performed under oxygen-free atmosphere which may be achieved, e.g., by means of oxygen-scavengers.
  • the singulated extrudate may be press-formed into tablets in order to impart the final shape to the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the application of force in the extruder onto the at least plasticized mixture is adjusted by controlling the rotational speed of the conveying device in the extruder and the geometry thereof and by dimensioning the outlet orifice in such a manner that the pressure necessary for extruding the plasticized mixture is built up in the extruder, preferably immediately prior to extrusion.
  • the extrusion parameters which, for each particular composition, are necessary to give rise to a pharmaceutical dosage form with desired mechanical properties, may be established by simple preliminary testing.
  • extrusion may be performed by means of a twin-screw-extruder type ZSE 18 or ZSE27 (Leistritz, Nurnberg, Germany), screw diameters of 18 or 27 mm. Screws having eccentric ends may be used. A heatable die with a round bore having a diameter of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mm may be used.
  • the extrusion parameters may be adjusted e.g. to the following values: rotational speed of the screws: 120 Upm; delivery rate 2 kg/h for a ZSE 18 or 8 kg/h for a ZSE27; product temperature: in front of die 125° C.; temperature of the die 135° C.; and jacket temperature: 110° C.
  • extrusion is performed by means of twin-screw-extruders or planetary-gear-extruders, twin-screw extruders (co-rotating or contra-rotating) being particularly preferred.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is preferably produced by thermoforming with the assistance of an extruder without any observable consequent discoloration of the extrudates.
  • the process for the preparation of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is preferably performed continuously.
  • the process involves the extrusion of a homogeneous mixture of all components.
  • the thus obtained intermediate e.g. the strand obtained by extrusion, exhibits uniform properties.
  • Particularly desirable are uniform density, uniform distribution of the active compound, uniform mechanical properties, uniform porosity, uniform appearance of the surface, etc. Only under these circumstances the uniformity of the pharmacological properties, such as the stability of the release profile, may be ensured and the amount of rejects can be kept low.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to the use of a pharmacologically active compound in combination with an anionic polymer for the manufacture of the pharmaceutical dosage form as described above for the treatment of pain, preferably moderate to severe pain such as moderate to severe low back pain.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to the use of a pharmaceutical dosage form as described above for avoiding or hindering the abuse of the pharmacologically active compound contained therein.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to the use of a pharmaceutical dosage form as described above for avoiding or hindering the unintentional overdose of the pharmacologically active compound contained therein.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a pharmacologically active compound as described above and/or an anionic polymer as described above for the manufacture of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention for the prophylaxis and/or the treatment of a disorder, thereby preventing an overdose of the pharmacologically active compound, particularly due to comminution of the pharmaceutical dosage form by mechanical action.
  • the invention relates to a method for the prophylaxis and/or the treatment of a disorder comprising the administration of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention, thereby preventing an overdose of the pharmacologically active compound, particularly due to comminution of the pharmaceutical dosage form by mechanical action.
  • the mechanical action is selected from the group consisting of chewing, grinding in a mortar, pounding, and using apparatuses for pulverizing conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms.
  • Carbopol 71 G, tramadol hydrochloride and all other excipients were weighted and sieved to each other.
  • Hot-melt extrusion (revolution speed 100 rpm) was performed by means of a twin screw extruder of type ZSE27 micro PH 40D (Leistritz, Nurnberg, Germany) that was equipped with a heatable round die having a diameter of 10 mm (cutting length 6-7 mm or 7-8 mm).
  • the hot extrudate was cooled by ambient air and the cooled extrusion strand was comminuted to cut pieces.
  • the cut pieces were shaped by means of an excenter press which was equipped with a round punch.
  • the breaking strength of the pharmaceutical dosage forms was measured by means of a Sotax® HT100. A tablet was regarded as failing the breaking strength test when during the measurement the force dropped below the threshold value of 25% of the maximum force that was observed during the measurement, regardless of whether the pharmaceutical dosage form was fractured into separate pieces or not. All values are given as a mean of 10 measurements.
  • the in vitro release profile of tramadol hydrochloride was measured in 600 ml phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at temperature of 37° C. with sinker (type 1 or 2). The rotation speed of the paddle was adjusted to 75/min.
  • n 10 I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4 C-1 weight [mg] min 584 578 577 575 599 max 629 628 624 625 627 average 612 597 602 609 613 length [mm] min 6.95 6.39 6.30 6.52 6.45 max 7.46 7.01 7.33 7.40 7.54 average 7.26 6.68 6.66 6.94 7.12 diameter [mm] min 9.16 10.32 9.21 9.86 9.73 max 10.75 11.25 11.11 10.92 10.12 average 9.75 10.79 10.33 10.44 9.97
  • Tablets were manufactured from the crude extrudates by means of a round punch having the following dimensions (no engraving):
  • FIGS. 1-A , 1 -B, 1 -C, 1 -D and 1 -E The corresponding force-displacement diagrams of examples I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4 and C are displayed as FIGS. 1-A , 1 -B, 1 -C, 1 -D and 1 -E, respectively.
  • the deviating curve in FIG. 1-C represents a measurement error (tablet displaced).
  • the extractable content of pharmacologically active compound was determined by
  • the syringeable content of pharmacologically active compound was determined by
  • the test was performed by means of a free falling weight testing device Type 40-550-001, 40-550-011 ff, Coesfeld GmbH & Co. KG, Germany. The following parameters were set:
  • Falling height 1000 mm ⁇ 1% Falling weight: 500 g ⁇ 2% Form of falling weight: 25 mm ⁇ 25 mm
  • the measuring result was qualified according to the following scale:
  • the tablets were treated by means of o commercially available household coffee mill, type Bosch MKM6000 (180 W, type KM 13). Subsequently, the thus obtained material was analyzed by means of a sieving tower (Haver & Boecker, analysis sieve, diameter: 50 mm) equipped with a bottom plate, displacement ring, lid, and 14 sieves the mesh sizes ranging from 0.045 mm to 4.000 mm, namely 0.045 mm; 0.063 mm; 0.090 mm; 0.125 mm; 0.180 mm; 0.250 mm; 0.355 mm; 0.500 mm; 0.710 mm; 1.000 mm; 1.400 mm; 2.000 mm; 2.800 mm; 4.000 mm. The amplitude was set to 1.5 mm. Sieving time was 10 min.
  • Tablets having a total weight of 600 mg were manufactured in analogy to example 1.
  • the compositions and the measured breaking strengths are summarized in the table here below:

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US20150238422A1 (en) 2015-08-27
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US9655853B2 (en) 2017-05-23

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