US20110117067A1 - Glucanases, Nucleic Acids Encoding Them and Methods for Making and Using Them - Google Patents

Glucanases, Nucleic Acids Encoding Them and Methods for Making and Using Them Download PDF

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US20110117067A1
US20110117067A1 US12/375,146 US37514607A US2011117067A1 US 20110117067 A1 US20110117067 A1 US 20110117067A1 US 37514607 A US37514607 A US 37514607A US 2011117067 A1 US2011117067 A1 US 2011117067A1
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amino acid
acid position
nucleotides
positions
seq
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Alireza Esteghlalian
Kenneth Barrett
Shaun Healey
Stacy M. Miles
Rene Quadt
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BP Corp North America Inc
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Verenium Corp
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Publication of US20110117067A1 publication Critical patent/US20110117067A1/en
Assigned to BP CORPORATION NORTH AMERICA INC. reassignment BP CORPORATION NORTH AMERICA INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: VERENIUM CORPORATION
Assigned to BP CORPORATION NORTH AMERICA INC. reassignment BP CORPORATION NORTH AMERICA INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: VERENIUM CORPORATION
Priority to US14/229,633 priority patent/US10329549B2/en
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    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12N9/2405—Glucanases
    • C12N9/2434—Glucanases acting on beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds
    • C12N9/2437—Cellulases (3.2.1.4; 3.2.1.74; 3.2.1.91; 3.2.1.150)
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    • C12N9/2477—Hemicellulases not provided in a preceding group
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
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    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to enzymes used in food and feed compositions; and in alternative aspects provides novel enzymes, polynucleotides encoding these enzymes, and uses of these polynucleotides and polypeptides, and in alternative aspects provides polypeptides (e.g., enzymes, peptides, antibodies) having a glucanase activity, e.g., an endoglucanase, activity, e.g., catalyzing hydrolysis of internal endo- ⁇ -1,4- and/or ⁇ -1,3-glucanase linkages.
  • glucanase activity e.g., an endoglucanase
  • activity e.g., catalyzing hydrolysis of internal endo- ⁇ -1,4- and/or ⁇ -1,3-glucanase linkages.
  • the endoglucanase activity (e.g., endo-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucano hydrolase activity) comprises hydrolysis of 1,4- and/or ⁇ -1,3-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in cellulose, cellulose derivatives (e.g., carboxy methyl cellulose and hydroxy ethyl cellulose), lichenin, beta-1,4 bonds in mixed beta-1,3 glucans, such as cereal beta-D-glucans or xyloglucans and other plant or organic material containing cellulosic parts.
  • the polypeptides of the invention have a glucanase, xylanase and/or a mannanase activity.
  • Endoglucanases e.g., endo-beta-1,4-glucanases, EC 3.2.1.4; endo-beta-1,3(1)-glucanases, EC 3.2.1.6; endo-beta-1,3-glucanases, EC 3.2.1.39
  • hydrolyze internal ⁇ -1,4- and/or ⁇ -1,3-glucosidic linkages in cellulose and glucan hydrolyze internal ⁇ -1,4- and/or ⁇ -1,3-glucosidic linkages in cellulose and glucan to produce smaller molecular weight glucose and glucose oligomers.
  • Glucans are polysaccharides formed from 1,4- ⁇ - and/or 1,3-glycoside-linked D-glucopyranose.
  • Endoglucanases are of considerable commercial value, being used in the food industry, for baking and fruit and vegetable processing, breakdown of agricultural waste, in the manufacture of animal feed, e.g., a monogastric animal feed, such as a swine or poultry (e.g., chicken) feed, in pulp and paper production, textile manufacture and household and industrial cleaning agents. Endoglucanases are produced by fungi and bacteria.
  • Beta-glucans are major non-starch polysaccharides of cereals.
  • the glucan content can vary significantly depending on variety and growth conditions. The physicochemical properties of this polysaccharide are such that it gives rise to viscous solutions or even gels under oxidative conditions.
  • glucans have high water-binding capacity. All of these characteristics present problems for several industries including brewing, baking, animal nutrition. In brewing applications, the presence of glucan results in wort filterability and haze formation issues. In baking applications (especially for cookies and crackers), glucans can create sticky doughs that are difficult to machine and reduce biscuit size. In addition, this carbohydrate is implicated in rapid rehydration of the baked product resulting in loss of crispiness and reduced shelf-life.
  • beta-glucan is a contributing factor to viscosity of gut contents and thereby adversely affects the digestibility of the feed and animal growth rate.
  • these beta-glucans represent substantial components of fiber intake and more complete digestion of glucans would facilitate higher feed conversion efficiencies. It is desirable for animal feed endoglucanases to be active in the animal stomach.
  • Endoglucanases are also important for the digestion of cellulose, a beta-1,4-linked glucan found in all plant material.
  • Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide in nature.
  • Commercial enzymes that digest cellulose have utility in the pulp and paper industry, in textile manufacture and in household and industrial cleaning agents.
  • compositions e.g., feeds, drugs, dietary supplements, etc.
  • polypeptides e.g., enzymes (e.g., glucanases), peptides, antibodies
  • polynucleotides of the invention e.g., as liquids, sprays, aerosols, films, micelles, liposomes, powders, foods, feeds, additives, pellets, tablets, pills, gels, hydrogels, implants or encapsulated forms.
  • the invention provides a feed enzyme product comprising an enzyme of the invention, e.g., for use as a monogastric coarse grain feed or food, wherein the monogastric animals include poultry, swine (pigs, boars, hogs), sheep, rabbits, birds, horses, monogastric pets and humans.
  • feeding animals diets comprising enzymes of the invention will increase the dietary value of the enzyme-comprising food or feed.
  • a composition e.g., feeds, foods, drugs, dietary supplements, etc.
  • a composition of the invention can comprise one, two, three or more different polynucleotides of the invention; and in one aspect, a composition of the invention can comprise a combination of an enzyme of the invention with another polypeptide (e.g., enzyme, peptide) of the invention or any known enzyme.
  • the enzyme of the invention is thermotolerant and/or thermostable; for example, an enzyme of the invention can retain at least 75% residual activity (e.g., glucanase activity) after 2 minutes at 95° C.; and in another aspect, retains 100% activity after heating for 30 minutes at 95° C.
  • an enzyme of the invention can retain at least 75% residual activity (e.g., glucanase activity) after 2 minutes at 95° C.; and in another aspect, retains 100% activity after heating for 30 minutes at 95° C.
  • an enzyme of the invention used in these compositions comprise recombinant polypeptides expressed, e.g., in yeast (e.g., Pichia spp., Saccharomyces spp.) or bacterial (e.g., Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp.) expression systems, such as Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pseudomonas fluorescens expression systems.
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acids comprising a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more, or complete (100%) sequence identity to an exemplary nucleic acid of the invention, e.g., SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20
  • nucleotides at positions 4 to 6 are AAT or AAC,
  • a nucleic acid of the invention encodes at least one polypeptide or peptide having a glucanase activity, e.g., an endoglucanase activity, a xylanase activity, or a mannanase activity, or a nucleic acid of the invention encodes at least one polypeptide or peptide capable of eliciting an immune response, e.g., epitopes capable of eliciting a humoral (antibody) or cellular immune response specific for an exemplary polypeptide of the invention.
  • the sequence identities are determined by analysis with a sequence comparison algorithm or by a visual inspection.
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acids comprising a nucleic acid sequence modification of SEQ ID NO:1, wherein the modification comprises, or alternatively—consists of, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven (11), twelve (12), 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70 or more or all of the following changes:
  • nucleic acids of the invention also include isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acids encoding a polypeptide of the invention, e.g., a polypeptide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, and SEQ ID NO:23, subsequences thereof and/or variants thereof, e.g., polypeptides encoded by the invention's nucleic acid sequences of the invention, including the nucleic acid sequence modifications of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, and SEQ ID NO:22, as described herein.
  • the polypeptide has a glucanase activity, e.g., endoglucanase activity, e.g., catalyzing hydrolysis of internal endo- ⁇ -1,4- and/or 1,3-glucanase linkages, a xylanase activity, and/or a mannanase activity.
  • a glucanase activity e.g., endoglucanase activity, e.g., catalyzing hydrolysis of internal endo- ⁇ -1,4- and/or 1,3-glucanase linkages, a xylanase activity, and/or a mannanase activity.
  • the sequence comparison algorithm is a BLAST version 2.2.2 algorithm where a filtering setting is set to blastall-p blastp-d “nr pataa”-F F, and all other options are set to default, or a or FASTA version 3.0t78, with default parameters.
  • nucleic acid comprising, or consisting of, at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 or more consecutive bases of a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, sequences substantially identical thereto, and the sequences complementary thereto; and in one aspect the nucleic acid encodes a protein or peptide having an glucanase activity.
  • the glucanase activity of a polypeptide or peptide of the invention comprises an endoglucanase activity, e.g., endo-1,4- and/or 1,3-beta-D-glucan 4-glucano hydrolase activity.
  • the endoglucanase activity comprises catalyzing hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages.
  • the glucanase e.g., endoglucanase
  • activity comprises an endo-1,4- and/or 1,3-beta-endoglucanase activity or endo- ⁇ -1,4-glucanase activity.
  • the glucanase activity (e.g., endo-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucano hydrolase activity) comprises hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in cellulose, cellulose derivatives (e.g., carboxy methyl cellulose and hydroxy ethyl cellulose) lichenin, beta-1,4 bonds in mixed beta-1,3 glucans, such as cereal beta-D-glucans and other plant material containing cellulosic parts.
  • cellulose derivatives e.g., carboxy methyl cellulose and hydroxy ethyl cellulose
  • beta-1,4 bonds in mixed beta-1,3 glucans, such as cereal beta-D-glucans and other plant material containing cellulosic parts.
  • the glucanase, xylanase, or mannanase activity comprises hydrolyzing a glucan, mannan, arabinoxylan or xylan, or other polysaccharide to produce a smaller molecular weight polysaccharide or oligomer.
  • the glucan comprises a beta-glucan, such as a water soluble beta-glucan.
  • the water soluble beta-glucan can comprise a dough or a bread product.
  • the glucanase activity comprises hydrolyzing polysaccharides comprising 1,4- ⁇ -glycoside-linked D-glucopyranoses. In one aspect, the glucanase activity comprises hydrolyzing cellulose. In one aspect, the glucanase activity comprises hydrolyzing cellulose in a wood or paper pulp or a paper product.
  • the glucanase e.g., endoglucanase
  • activity comprises catalyzing hydrolysis of glucans, mannans, arabinoxylans or xylans, or other polysaccharides in a beverage or a feed, e.g., an animal feed, such as a monogastric animal feed, e.g., a swine or poultry (e.g., chicken) feed, or a food product.
  • the beverage, feed or food product can comprise a cereal-based animal feed, a wort or a beer, a fruit or a vegetable.
  • the invention provides a food, feed (e.g., an animal feed, such as a monogastric animal feed, e.g., for swine or poultry), a liquid, e.g., a beverage (such as a fruit juice or a beer) or a beverage precursor (e.g., a wort), comprising a polypeptide of the invention.
  • a food e.g., an animal feed, such as a monogastric animal feed, e.g., for swine or poultry
  • a liquid e.g., a beverage (such as a fruit juice or a beer) or a beverage precursor (e.g., a wort)
  • the food can be a dough or a bread product.
  • the beverage or a beverage precursor can be a fruit juice, a beer or a wort.
  • the invention provides methods for the clarification of a liquid, e.g., a juice, such as a fruit juice, or a beer, by treating the liquid
  • the invention provides methods of dough conditioning comprising contacting a dough or a bread product with at least one polypeptide of the invention under conditions sufficient for conditioning the dough.
  • the invention provides methods of beverage production comprising administration of at least one polypeptide of the invention to a beverage or a beverage precursor under conditions sufficient for decreasing the viscosity of the beverage.
  • the glucanase e.g., endoglucanase
  • activity comprises catalyzing hydrolysis of glucans, mannans, arabinoxylans or xylans, or other polysaccharides in a cell, e.g., a plant cell or a microbial cell.
  • the isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide having a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity that is thermostable.
  • a glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity that is thermostable.
  • a polypeptide of the invention e.g., for example, the variant or evolved enzymes of the invention, e.g., the specific variations to SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, AND SEQ ID NO:23, as set forth in Tables 1 and 2 (Table 2 is in Example 5), can be thermostable.
  • thermostable polypeptide according to the invention can retain binding and/or enzymatic activity, e.g., a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity, under conditions comprising a temperature range from about ⁇ 100° C. to about ⁇ 80° C., about ⁇ 80° C. to about ⁇ 40° C., about ⁇ 40° C. to about ⁇ 20° C., about ⁇ 20° C. to about 0° C., about 0° C. to about 37° C., about 0° C. to about 5° C., about 5° C. to about 15° C., about 15° C.
  • binding and/or enzymatic activity e.g., a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity
  • thermostable polypeptides according to the invention can retain activity, e.g.
  • a glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity
  • temperatures in the range from about ⁇ 100° C. to about ⁇ 80° C., about ⁇ 80° C. to about ⁇ 40° C., about ⁇ 40° C. to about ⁇ 20° C., about ⁇ 20° C. to about 0° C., about 0° C. to about 5° C., about 5° C. to about 15° C., about 15° C. to about 25° C., about 25° C. to about 37° C., about 37° C. to about 45° C., about 45° C. to about 55° C., about 55° C.
  • thermostable polypeptides according to the invention retains activity, e.g., a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity, at a temperature in the ranges described above, at about pH 3.0, about pH 3.5, about pH 4.0, about pH 4.5, about pH 5.0, about pH 5.5, about pH 6.0, about pH 6.5, about pH 7.0, about pH 7.5, about pH 8.0, about pH 8.5, about pH 9.0, about pH 9.5, about pH 10.0, about pH 10.5, about pH 11.0, about pH 11.5, about pH 12.0 or more.
  • a glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity
  • the isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide having a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity that is thermotolerant.
  • a glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity that is thermotolerant.
  • a polypeptide of the invention e.g., for example, the variant or evolved enzymes of the invention, e.g., the specific variations to SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, AND SEQ ID NO:23, as set forth in Tables 1 and 2 (Table 2 is in Example 5), can be thermotolerant or thermoactive.
  • thermotolerant polypeptides according to the invention can retain binding and/or enzymatic activity, e.g., a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity, after exposure to conditions comprising a temperature in the range from about ⁇ 100° C. to about ⁇ 80° C., about ⁇ 80° C. to about ⁇ 40° C., about ⁇ 40° C. to about ⁇ 20° C., about ⁇ 20° C. to about 0° C., about 0° C. to about 5° C., about 5° C. to about 15° C., about 15° C. to about 25° C., about 25° C.
  • thermotolerant polypeptides according to the invention can retain activity, e.g.
  • a glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity
  • a temperature in the range from about ⁇ 100° C. to about ⁇ 80° C., about ⁇ 80° C. to about ⁇ 40° C., about ⁇ 40° C. to about ⁇ 20° C., about ⁇ 20° C. to about 0° C., about 0° C. to about 5° C., about 5° C. to about 15° C., about 15° C. to about 25° C., about 25° C. to about 37° C., about 37° C. to about 45° C., about 45° C.
  • thermotolerant polypeptides according to the invention retains activity, e.g.
  • a glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity
  • a temperature in the ranges described above at about pH 3.0, about pH 3.5, about pH 4.0, about pH 4.5, about pH 5.0, about pH 5.5, about pH 6.0, about pH 6.5, about pH 7.0, about pH 7.5, about pH 8.0, about pH 8.5, about pH 9.0, about pH 9.5, about pH 10.0, about pH 10.5, about pH 11.0, about pH 11.5, about pH 12.0 or more.
  • the polypeptide retains a glucanase or other activity after exposure to a temperature in the range from greater than 90° C. to about 95° C. at pH 4.5.
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acids comprising a sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid comprising a sequence of the invention, e.g., the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, and SEQ ID NO:22 or fragments or subsequences thereof; and in one aspect this sequence has at least one, or several or all of the sequence modifications to SEQ ID NO:1 (or equivalent modifications), as described herein.
  • the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide having a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity.
  • the nucleic acid can be at least about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 or more residues in length or the full length of the gene or transcript.
  • the stringent conditions include a wash step comprising a wash in 0.2 ⁇ SSC at a temperature of about 65° C. for about 15 minutes.
  • the invention provides a nucleic acid probe for identifying, isolating, cloning, amplifying or sequencing of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, activity, a xylanase, or a mannanase, wherein the probe comprises at least about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000 or more, consecutive bases of a sequence comprising a sequence of the invention, or fragments or subsequences thereof (which includes both strands, sense and antisense, e.g., including sequences fully complementary to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ
  • the probe can comprise an oligonucleotide comprising between about 10-100 consecutive bases of a sequence in accordance with the invention, or fragments or subsequences thereof, for example, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 bases or more, or, any desired length in between.
  • the invention provides a nucleic acid probe for identifying a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a xylanase, or a mannanase activity, wherein the probe comprises, or consists of, a nucleic acid comprising a sequence at least about 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000 or more residues having at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%
  • Another aspect of the invention is a polynucleotide probe for isolation or identification of glucanase, (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase genes having a sequence which is the same as, or fully complementary to at least a nucleic acid sequence of the invention.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase genes having a sequence which is the same
  • the invention provides an amplification primer pair for amplifying a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase activity, wherein the primer pair is capable of amplifying a nucleic acid comprising a sequence of the invention, or fragments or subsequences thereof.
  • One or each member of the amplification primer sequence pair can comprise an oligonucleotide comprising at least about 10 to 50 or more consecutive bases of the sequence, or about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 or 35 or more consecutive bases of the sequence.
  • the invention provides amplification primer pairs, wherein the primer pair comprises a first member having a sequence as set forth by about the first (the 5′) 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 or 35 or more residues of a nucleic acid of the invention, and a second member having a sequence as set forth by about the first (the 5′) 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 or 35 or more residues of the complementary strand of the first member.
  • the invention provides glucanase-, e.g., endoglucanase-encoding, xylanase-encoding, or mannanase-encoding nucleic acids generated by amplification, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using an amplification primer pair of the invention.
  • amplification e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • the invention provides glucanases (or cellulases), mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases generated by amplification, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using an amplification primer pair of the invention.
  • amplification e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • the invention provides methods of making glucanases (or cellulases), mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases by amplification, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using an amplification primer pair of the invention.
  • amplification primer pair amplifies a nucleic acid from a library, e.g., a gene library, such as an environmental library.
  • the invention provides methods of amplifying a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a mannanase, or a xylanase activity comprising amplification of a template nucleic acid with an amplification primer sequence pair capable of amplifying a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or fragments or subsequences thereof.
  • glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, a mannanase, or a xylanase activity
  • the invention provides expression cassettes comprising a nucleic acid of the invention or a subsequence thereof.
  • the expression cassette can comprise the nucleic acid that is operably linked to a promoter.
  • the promoter can be a fungal, yeast, viral, bacterial, mammalian, plant, synthetic or hybrid promoter.
  • the promoter can be a constitutive promoter.
  • the promoter can be an inducible promoter.
  • the promoter can be a tissue-specific promoter or an environmentally regulated or a developmentally regulated promoter.
  • the expression cassette can further comprise a plant or plant virus expression vector.
  • the invention provides cloning vehicles comprising an expression cassette (e.g., a vector) of the invention or a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • the cloning vehicle can be a viral vector, a plasmid, a phage, a phagemid, a cosmid, a fosmid, a bacteriophage or an artificial chromosome.
  • the viral vector can comprise an adenovirus vector, a retroviral vector or an adeno-associated viral vector.
  • the cloning vehicle can comprise a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), a plasmid, a bacteriophage P1-derived vector (PAC), a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), or a mammalian artificial chromosome (MAC).
  • BAC bacterial artificial chromosome
  • PAC bacteriophage P1-derived vector
  • YAC yeast artificial chromosome
  • MAC mammalian artificial chromosome
  • the invention provides transformed cell comprising a nucleic acid of the invention or an expression cassette (e.g., a vector) of the invention, or a cloning vehicle of the invention.
  • the transformed cell can be a bacterial cell, a mammalian cell, a fungal cell, a yeast cell, an insect cell or a plant cell.
  • the plant cell can be from any plant, for example plants used for forage and/or feed for any animal, including ruminants, or as a source of feedstock to produce energy or fuel.
  • Plants of particular interest may include crop plants and feedstock plants, for example, maize, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica , soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, oat, rye, millet, barley, rice, conifers, grasses, e.g., switch grass and Miscanthus , legume crops, e.g., pea, bean and soybean, starchy tuber/roots, e.g., potato, sweet potato, cassava, taro, canna and sugar beet and the like.
  • crop plants and feedstock plants for example, maize, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica , soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, oat, rye, millet, barley, rice, conifers, grasses, e.g., switch grass and Miscanthus , legume crops, e.g., pea, bean and soybean, starchy tuber/roots
  • the invention provides transgenic non-human animals comprising a nucleic acid of the invention or an expression cassette (e.g., a vector) of the invention.
  • the animal is a mouse, a rat, a goat, a rabbit, a sheep, a pig, a cow, or any mammal.
  • the invention provides transgenic plants comprising a nucleic acid of the invention or an expression cassette (e.g., a vector) of the invention.
  • the transgenic plant can be any plant, but in one embodiment the plant would be used for forage and/or feed for any animal or as a feedstock to produce energy or fuel, such as, maize, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica , soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, oat, rye, millet, barley, rice, conifers, grasses, e.g., switch grass and Miscanthus , legume crops, e.g., pea, bean and soybean, starchy tuber/roots, e.g., potato, sweet potato, cassava, taro, canna and sugar beet and the like.
  • energy or fuel such as, maize, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica , soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, oat
  • the invention provides transgenic seeds comprising a nucleic acid of the invention or an expression cassette (e.g., a vector) of the invention.
  • the transgenic seed can from any plant, but in one embodiment the plant would be used for forage and/or feed for any animal or as a feedstock to produce energy or fuel, such as, maize, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica , soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, oat, rye, millet, barley, rice, conifers, grasses, e.g., switch grass and Miscanthus , legume crops, e.g., pea, bean and soybean, starchy tuber/roots, e.g., potato, sweet potato, cassava, taro, canna and sugar beet and the like.
  • energy or fuel such as, maize, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica , soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, oat
  • the invention provides an antisense oligonucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence complementary to or capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • the invention provides methods of inhibiting the translation of a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a mannanase, or a xylanase message in a cell comprising administering to the cell or expressing in the cell an antisense oligonucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence complementary to or capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • the antisense oligonucleotide is between about 10 to 50, about 20 to 60, about 30 to 70, about 40 to 80, about 60 to 100, or about 50 to 150 bases in length.
  • the invention provides methods of inhibiting the translation of a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a mannanase, or a xylanase message in a cell comprising administering to the cell or expressing in the cell an antisense oligonucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence complementary to or capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • RNAi double-stranded inhibitory RNA
  • siRNAs small interfering RNA, or siRNAs, for inhibiting transcription, and microRNAs, or miRNAs, for inhibiting translation
  • the RNAi is about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100 or more duplex nucleotides in length.
  • the invention provides methods of inhibiting the expression of a polypeptide, enzyme, protein, peptide, e.g.
  • RNA double-stranded inhibitory RNA
  • iRNA inhibitory RNA
  • siRNAs small interfering RNA, or siRNAs, for inhibiting transcription, and microRNAs, or miRNAs, for inhibiting translation
  • the RNA comprises a subsequence of a sequence of the invention.
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more, or complete (100%) sequence identity to an exemplary polypeptide or peptide of the invention over a region of at least about 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350 or more residues, or over the full length of the polypeptide, and the sequence identities
  • Exemplary polypeptide or peptide sequences of the invention include SEQ ID NO:2, subsequences thereof and variants thereof, wherein in one aspect exemplary polypeptide sequences of the invention comprise, or alternatively—consist of, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven (11), twelve (12), 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70 or more or all of the following amino acid residue changes to SEQ ID NO:2:
  • sequences are exemplary amino acid sequences of the invention having specific residue changes to the “parent” SEQ ID NO:2, summarized (in part) in Tables 1 and 2, below.
  • Exemplary polypeptides or peptides also include fragments of at least about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 or more residues in length, or over the full length of an enzyme or antibody.
  • Exemplary polypeptide or peptide sequences of the invention include sequences encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • Exemplary polypeptide or peptide sequences of the invention include polypeptides or peptides specifically bound by an antibody of the invention, or sequences capable of eliciting an immune response, e.g., epitopes capable of eliciting a humoral (antibody) or cellular immune response specific for an exemplary polypeptide of the invention.
  • a polypeptide (e.g., an enzyme, antibody or peptide) of the invention has at least one glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a mannanase, or a xylanase activity.
  • the endoglucanase activity comprises endo-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucano hydrolase activity.
  • the endoglucanase activity comprises catalyzing hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages or 1,3-beta-D-glycosidic linkages.
  • the endoglucanase activity comprises an endo-1,4-beta-endoglucanase activity or endo- ⁇ -1,4-glucanase activity, endo-1,3-beta-endoglucanase activity or endo- ⁇ -1,3-glucanase activity.
  • the glucanase activity (e.g., endo-1,4 and/or 1,3-beta-D-glucan 4-glucano hydrolase activity) comprises hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in cellulose, cellulose derivatives (e.g., carboxy methyl cellulose and hydroxy ethyl cellulose) lichenin, beta-1,4- and/or 1,3-bonds in mixed beta-1,3 glucans, such as cereal beta-D-glucans or xyloglucans and other plant material containing cellulosic parts.
  • cellulose derivatives e.g., carboxy methyl cellulose and hydroxy ethyl cellulose
  • beta-1,4- and/or 1,3-bonds in mixed beta-1,3 glucans, such as cereal beta-D-glucans or xyloglucans and other plant material containing cellulosic parts.
  • polypeptide or peptide comprise, or consists of, at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 or more consecutive bases of a polypeptide or peptide sequence of the invention, sequences substantially identical thereto (including the exemplary sequences that are modifications of SEQ ID NO:2, as described herein), and the sequences complementary thereto.
  • the peptide can be, e.g., an immunogenic fragment, an epitope, a motif (e.g., a binding site), a signal sequence, a prepro sequence or a catalytic domain (CD) or active site.
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acids comprising a sequence encoding a polypeptide (e.g., an enzyme, antibody or peptide) of the invention, including the exemplary sequences of the invention, having a glucanase activity, e.g., an endoglucanase activity, a mannanase activity, or a xylanase activity with—or without—a signal (leader) sequence, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a sequence of the invention.
  • a polypeptide e.g., an enzyme, antibody or peptide
  • a glucanase activity e.g., an endoglucanase activity, a mannanase activity, or a xylanase activity with—or without—a signal (leader) sequence
  • the nucleic acid comprises a sequence of the invention.
  • the signal (leader) sequence can be derived from another glucanase, (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention, or from another glucanase, (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase (not of the invention), or a non-glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, x
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acids comprising a sequence encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, e.g., an endoglucanase, a (or cellulase), e.g., an endoglucanase, a mannanase, a xylanase, an amylase, a xanthanase and/or a glycosidase, e.g., a cellobiohydrolase, a mannanase and/or a beta-glucosidase activity, wherein the sequence does not contain a signal (leader) sequence and the nucleic acid comprises a sequence of the invention.
  • a signal (leader) sequence e.g., a signal (leader) sequence
  • the nucleic acid comprises a sequence of the invention.
  • the glucanase e.g., endoglucanase
  • activity comprises catalyzing hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages or 1,3-beta-D-glycosidic linkages.
  • the endoglucanase activity comprises an endo-1,4-beta-endoglucanase activity.
  • the endoglucanase activity comprises hydrolyzing a glucan, a mannan, an arabinoxylan or a xylan to produce a smaller molecular weight polysaccharide or oligomer.
  • the glucan comprises a beta-glucan, such as a water soluble beta-glucan.
  • the water soluble beta-glucan can comprise a dough or a bread product.
  • the glucanase activity comprises hydrolyzing polysaccharides comprising 1,4- ⁇ -glycoside-linked D-glucopyranoses.
  • the glucanase activity comprises hydrolyzing cellulose.
  • the glucanase activity comprises hydrolyzing cellulose in a wood or paper pulp or a paper product.
  • the glucanase, xylanase, or mannanase activity comprises catalyzing hydrolysis of a glucan, a mannan, an arabinoxylan or a xylan, or other carbohydrate in a feed (e.g., an animal feed, such as a monogastric animal feed, including swine or poultry (e.g., chicken) feed) or a food product.
  • a feed e.g., an animal feed, such as a monogastric animal feed, including swine or poultry (e.g., chicken) feed
  • the feed or food product can comprise a cereal-based animal feed, a wort or a beer, a fruit or a vegetable.
  • the glucanase, xylanase, or mannanase activity comprises catalyzing hydrolysis of a glucan, a mannan, an arabinoxylan or a xylan, or other carbohydrate in a cell, e.g., a plant cell, a fungal cell, or a microbial (e.g., bacterial) cell.
  • a cell e.g., a plant cell, a fungal cell, or a microbial (e.g., bacterial) cell.
  • the isolated, synthetic or recombinant polypeptide can comprise the polypeptide of the invention that lacks all or part of a signal (leader) sequence.
  • the isolated, synthetic or recombinant polypeptide can comprise, or consist of, the polypeptide of the invention comprising, or consisting of, a heterologous signal (leader) sequence, such as a heterologous glucanase, or mannanase, xylanase signal sequence or non-glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase signal (leader) sequence.
  • a heterologous signal (leader) sequence such as a heterologous glucanase, or mannanase, xy
  • the invention provides chimeric proteins comprising a first domain comprising a signal sequence of the invention and at least a second domain.
  • the protein can be a fusion protein.
  • the second domain can comprise an enzyme.
  • the enzyme can be a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, a mannanase, or a xylanase.
  • the invention provides chimeric polypeptides comprising, or consisting of, at least a first domain comprising signal peptide (SP), a prepro sequence and/or a catalytic domain (CD) of the invention and at least a second domain comprising a heterologous polypeptide or peptide, wherein the heterologous polypeptide or peptide is not naturally associated with the signal peptide (SP), prepro sequence and/or catalytic domain (CD).
  • the heterologous polypeptide or peptide is not a glucanase, a mannanase, or a xylanase.
  • the heterologous polypeptide or peptide can be amino terminal to, carboxy terminal to or on both ends of the signal peptide (SP), prepro sequence and/or catalytic domain (CD).
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acids encoding a chimeric polypeptide, wherein the chimeric polypeptide comprises, or consists of, at least a first domain comprising signal peptide (SP), a prepro domain and/or a catalytic domain (CD) of the invention and at least a second domain comprising a heterologous polypeptide or peptide, wherein the heterologous polypeptide or peptide is not naturally associated with the signal peptide (SP), prepro domain and/or catalytic domain (CD).
  • SP signal peptide
  • CD catalytic domain
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant signal (leader) sequences (e.g., signal (leader) peptides) consisting of or comprising a sequence as set forth in the (amino terminal) residues 1 to 14, 1 to 15, 1 to 16, 1 to 17, 1 to 18, 1 to 19, 1 to 20, 1 to 21, 1 to 22, 1 to 23, 1 to 24, 1 to 25, 1 to 26, 1 to 27, 1 to 28, 1 to 28, 1 to 30, 1 to 31, 1 to 32, 1 to 33, 1 to 34, 1 to 35, 1 to 36, 1 to 37, 1 to 38, 1 to 40, 1 to 41, 1 to 42, 1 to 43 or 1 to 44, of a polypeptide of the invention, e.g., an exemplary polypeptide of the invention, such as SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, AND SEQ ID NO:23 and the exemplary sequence modifications thereof described herein.
  • the glucanase e.g., endoglucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity comprises a specific activity at about 37° C. in the range from about 1 to about 1200 units per milligram of protein, or, about 100 to about 1000 units per milligram of protein.
  • the glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity comprises a specific activity from about 100 to about 1000 units per milligram of protein, or, from about 500 to about 750 units per milligram of protein.
  • the glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity comprises a specific activity at 37° C. in the range from about 1 to about 750 units per milligram of protein, or, from about 500 to about 1200 units per milligram of protein.
  • the glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity comprises a specific activity at 37° C. in the range from about 1 to about 500 units per milligram of protein, or, from about 750 to about 1000 units per milligram of protein.
  • the glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity comprises a specific activity at 37° C. in the range from about 1 to about 250 units per milligram of protein.
  • the glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity comprises a specific activity at 37° C. in the range from about 1 to about 100 units per milligram of protein.
  • thermotolerance comprises retention of at least half of the specific activity of the glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase at 37° C. after being heated to an elevated temperature, such as a temperature from about 0° C. to about 20° C., about 20° C. to about 37° C., about 37° C. to about 50° C., about 50° C. to about 70° C., about 70° C. to about 75° C., about 75° C. to about 80° C., about 80° C.
  • an elevated temperature such as a temperature from about 0° C. to about 20° C., about 20° C. to about 37° C., about 37° C. to about 50° C., about 50° C. to about 70° C., about 70° C. to about 75°
  • thermotolerance can comprise retention of specific activity at 37° C. in the range from about 1 to about 1200 units per milligram of protein, or, from about 500 to about 1000 units per milligram of protein, after being heated to an elevated temperature.
  • thermotolerance can comprise retention of specific activity at 37° C. in the range from about 1 to about 500 units per milligram of protein after being heated to an elevated temperature, as described above.
  • glycosylation can be an N-linked glycosylation and/or an O-linked glycosylation.
  • the polypeptide can be glycosylated after being expressed in a yeast cell, e.g., a P. pastoris or a S. pombe , or in a mammalian, insect, fungal or other host cell.
  • a yeast cell e.g., a P. pastoris or a S. pombe
  • a mammalian, insect, fungal or other host cell e.g., a yeast cell, e.g., a P. pastoris or a S. pombe
  • the polypeptide can retain glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity under conditions comprising about pH 6.5, pH 6, pH 5.5, pH 5, pH 4.5, pH 4.0, pH 3.5, pH 3.0 or less (more acidic) pH.
  • glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity under conditions comprising about pH 6.5, pH 6, pH 5.5, pH 5, pH 4.5, pH 4.0, pH 3.5, pH 3.0
  • the polypeptide can retain a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity under conditions comprising about pH 7, pH 7.5 pH 8.0, pH 8.5, pH 9, pH 9.5, pH 10, pH 10.5, pH 11.0, pH 11.5, pH 12, pH 12.5 or more (more basic) pH.
  • a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity under conditions comprising about pH 7, pH 7.5 pH 8.0, pH 8.5, pH 9, pH 9.5, pH 10, pH 10.5, pH 11.0, pH 11.5, pH 12, pH 12.5 or more (more basic) pH
  • the polypeptide can retain a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity after exposure to conditions comprising about pH 6.5, pH 6, pH 5.5, pH 5, pH 4.5, pH 4.0, pH 3.5, pH 3.0 or less (more acidic) pH.
  • a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity after exposure to conditions comprising about pH 6.5, pH 6, pH 5.5, pH 5, pH 4.5, pH 4.0, pH 3.5, pH 3.0 or less (more acidic) pH.
  • the polypeptide can retain a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity after exposure to conditions comprising about pH 7, pH 7.5 pH 8.0, pH 8.5, pH 9, pH 9.5, pH 10, pH 10.5, pH 11.0, pH 11.5, pH 12, pH 12.5 or more (more basic) pH.
  • a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity after exposure to conditions comprising about pH 7, pH 7.5 pH 8.0, pH 8.5, pH 9, pH 9.5, pH 10, pH 10.5, pH 11.0, pH 11.5, pH 12, pH 12.5 or more (
  • the invention provides protein preparations comprising a polypeptide of the invention, wherein the protein preparation comprises a liquid, a solid or a gel.
  • the invention provides heterodimers comprising a polypeptide of the invention and a second protein or domain.
  • the second member of the heterodimer can be a different glycanase, a different enzyme or another protein.
  • the second domain can be a polypeptide and the heterodimer can be a fusion protein.
  • the second domain can be an epitope or a tag.
  • the invention provides homomultimers, including, but not limited to, homodimers, homotrimers, homotetramers, homopentamers, and homohexamers comprising a polypeptide (e.g., an enzyme, a peptide) of the invention.
  • the invention provides immobilized polypeptides having glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, wherein the polypeptide comprises a polypeptide of the invention, a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention, or a polypeptide comprising a polypeptide of the invention and a second domain.
  • glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity
  • the polypeptide comprises a polypeptid
  • the polypeptide can be immobilized on a cell, a metal, a resin, a polymer, a ceramic, a glass, a microelectrode, a graphitic particle, a bead, a gel, a plate, an array or a capillary tube.
  • the invention provides arrays comprising an immobilized nucleic acid of the invention.
  • the invention provides arrays comprising an antibody of the invention.
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant antibodies that specifically bind to a polypeptide of the invention or to a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • the antibody can be a monoclonal or a polyclonal antibody.
  • the invention provides hybridomas comprising an antibody of the invention, e.g., an antibody that specifically binds to a polypeptide of the invention or to a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • the invention provides method of isolating or identifying a polypeptide having glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity comprising the steps of: (a) providing an antibody of the invention; (b) providing a sample comprising polypeptides; and (c) contacting the sample of step (b) with the antibody of step (a) under conditions wherein the antibody can specifically bind to the polypeptide, thereby isolating or identifying a polypeptide having an glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-
  • the invention provides methods of making an anti-glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase antibody comprising administering to a non-human animal a nucleic acid of the invention or a polypeptide of the invention or subsequences thereof in an amount sufficient to generate a humoral immune response, thereby making an anti-glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase antibody.
  • the invention provides methods of making an anti-glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase humoral or cellular immune response comprising administering to a non-human animal a nucleic acid of the invention or a polypeptide of the invention or subsequences thereof in an amount sufficient to generate an immune response.
  • the invention provides methods of producing a recombinant polypeptide comprising the steps of: (a) providing a nucleic acid of the invention operably linked to a promoter; and (b) expressing the nucleic acid of step (a) under conditions that allow expression of the polypeptide, thereby producing a recombinant polypeptide.
  • the method can further comprise transforming a host cell with the nucleic acid of step (a) followed by expressing the nucleic acid of step (a), thereby producing a recombinant polypeptide in a transformed cell.
  • the invention provides methods for identifying a polypeptide having glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity comprising the following steps: (a) providing a polypeptide of the invention; or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase substrate; and (c) contacting the polypeptide or a fragment or variant thereof of step (a) with the
  • the invention provides methods for identifying glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase substrate comprising the following steps: (a) providing a polypeptide of the invention; or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing a test substrate; and (c) contacting the polypeptide of step (a) with the test substrate of step (b) and detecting a decrease in the amount of substrate or an increase in the amount of reaction product, wherein a decrease in the amount of the substrate or an increase in the amount of a reaction product identifies the test substrate as an glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycos
  • the invention provides methods of determining whether a test compound specifically binds to a polypeptide comprising the following steps: (a) expressing a nucleic acid or a vector comprising the nucleic acid under conditions permissive for translation of the nucleic acid to a polypeptide, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a nucleic acid of the invention, or, providing a polypeptide of the invention; (b) providing a test compound; (c) contacting the polypeptide with the test compound; and (d) determining whether the test compound of step (b) specifically binds to the polypeptide.
  • the invention provides methods for identifying a modulator of a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity comprising the following steps: (a) providing a polypeptide of the invention or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing a test compound; (c) contacting the polypeptide of step (a) with the test compound of step (b) and measuring an activity of the glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase wherein a change in
  • the glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity can be measured by providing a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase substrate and detecting a decrease in the amount of the substrate or an increase in the amount of a reaction product, or, an increase in the amount of the substrate or a decrease in the amount of a reaction product.
  • a decrease in the amount of the substrate or an increase in the amount of the reaction product with the test compound as compared to the amount of substrate or reaction product without the test compound identifies the test compound as an activator of glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity.
  • An increase in the amount of the substrate or a decrease in the amount of the reaction product with the test compound as compared to the amount of substrate or reaction product without the test compound identifies the test compound as an inhibitor of glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity.
  • the invention provides computer systems comprising a processor and a data storage device wherein said data storage device has stored thereon a polypeptide sequence or a nucleic acid sequence of the invention (e.g., a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention).
  • the computer system can further comprise a sequence comparison algorithm and a data storage device having at least one reference sequence stored thereon.
  • the sequence comparison algorithm comprises a computer program that indicates polymorphisms.
  • the computer system can further comprise an identifier that identifies one or more features in said sequence.
  • the invention provides computer readable media having stored thereon a polypeptide sequence or a nucleic acid sequence of the invention.
  • the invention provides methods for identifying a feature in a sequence comprising the steps of: (a) reading the sequence using a computer program which identifies one or more features in a sequence, wherein the sequence comprises a polypeptide sequence or a nucleic acid sequence of the invention; and (b) identifying one or more features in the sequence with the computer program.
  • the invention provides methods for comparing a first sequence to a second sequence comprising the steps of: (a) reading the first sequence and the second sequence through use of a computer program which compares sequences, wherein the first sequence comprises a polypeptide sequence or a nucleic acid sequence of the invention; and (b) determining differences between the first sequence and the second sequence with the computer program.
  • the step of determining differences between the first sequence and the second sequence can further comprise the step of identifying polymorphisms.
  • the method can further comprise an identifier that identifies one or more features in a sequence.
  • the method can comprise reading the first sequence using a computer program and identifying one or more features in the sequence.
  • the invention provides methods for isolating or recovering a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity from a sample, such as an environmental sample, comprising the steps of: (a) providing an amplification primer sequence pair for amplifying a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, wherein the primer pair is capable of amplifying a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) isolating a
  • the amplification primer sequence pair can comprise an oligonucleotide comprising at least about 10 to 50 consecutive bases of a sequence of the invention.
  • the amplification primer sequence pair is an amplification pair of the invention.
  • the sample is an environmental sample, e.g., comprising a water sample, a liquid sample, a soil sample, an air sample or a biological sample.
  • the biological sample can be derived from a bacterial cell, a protozoan cell, an insect cell, a yeast cell, a plant cell, a fungal cell or a mammalian cell.
  • the invention provides methods for isolating or recovering a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity from a sample, such as an environmental sample, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a polynucleotide probe comprising a nucleic acid of the invention or a subsequence thereof; (b) isolating a nucleic acid from the sample or treating the sample such that nucleic acid in the sample is accessible for hybridization to a polynucleotide probe of step (a); (c) combining the isolated, synthetic nucleic acid or the treated sample of step (b) with the polynucleotide probe of step (a); and (d) isolating a nucleic acid
  • the sample is an environmental sample, e.g., comprising a water sample, a liquid sample, a soil sample, an air sample or a biological sample.
  • the biological sample can be derived from a bacterial cell, a protozoan cell, an insect cell, a yeast cell, a plant cell, a fungal cell or a mammalian cell.
  • the invention provides methods of generating a variant of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity comprising the steps of: (a) providing a template nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid of the invention; and (b) modifying, deleting or adding one or more nucleotides in the template sequence, or a combination thereof, to generate a variant of the template nucleic acid.
  • the method can further comprise expressing the variant nucleic acid to generate a variant glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase polypeptide.
  • the modifications, additions or deletions can be introduced by a method comprising error-prone PCR, shuffling, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, assembly PCR, sexual PCR mutagenesis, in vivo mutagenesis, cassette mutagenesis, recursive ensemble mutagenesis, exponential ensemble mutagenesis, site-specific mutagenesis, gene reassembly, Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis (GSSM), synthetic ligation reassembly (SLR) or a combination thereof.
  • GSSM Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis
  • SLR synthetic ligation reassembly
  • the modifications, additions or deletions are introduced by a method comprising recombination, recursive sequence recombination, phosphothioate-modified DNA mutagenesis, uracil-containing template mutagenesis, gapped duplex mutagenesis, point mismatch repair mutagenesis, repair-deficient host strain mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis, radiogenic mutagenesis, deletion mutagenesis, restriction-selection mutagenesis, restriction-purification mutagenesis, artificial gene synthesis, ensemble mutagenesis, chimeric nucleic acid multimer creation and a combination thereof.
  • the method can be iteratively repeated until a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase having an altered or different activity or an altered or different stability from that of a polypeptide encoded by the template nucleic acid is produced.
  • a glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase having an altered or different activity or an altered or different stability from that of a polypeptide encoded by the template nucleic acid is produced.
  • the variant glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase polypeptide is thermotolerant, and retains some activity after being exposed to an elevated temperature.
  • the variant glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase polypeptide has increased glycosylation as compared to the glucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase encoded by a template nucleic acid.
  • the variant polypeptide has a glucanase, e.g., an endoglucanase, a (or cellulase), e.g., an endoglucanase, a mannanase, a xylanase, an amylase, a xanthanase and/or a glycosidase, e.g., a cellobiohydrolase, a mannanase and/or a beta-glucosidase activity under a high temperature, wherein the enzyme encoded by the template nucleic acid is not active under the high temperature.
  • a glucanase e.g., an endoglucanase, a (or cellulase), e.g., an endoglucanase, a mannanase, a xylanase, an amylase, a xanthanase and/or a glycosi
  • the method can be iteratively repeated until a glucanase, e.g., an endoglucanase, a (or cellulase), e.g., an endoglucanase, a mannanase, a xylanase, an amylase, a xanthanase and/or a glycosidase, e.g., a cellobiohydrolase, a mannanase and/or a beta-glucosidase coding sequence having an altered codon usage from that of the template nucleic acid is produced.
  • a glucanase e.g., an endoglucanase, a (or cellulase), e.g., an endoglucanase, a mannanase, a xylanase, an amylase, a xanthanase and/or a glycosidase,
  • the method can be iteratively repeated until a glucanase, e.g., an endoglucanase, a (or cellulase), e.g., an endoglucanase, a mannanase, a xylanase, an amylase, a xanthanase and/or a glycosidase, e.g., a cellobiohydrolase, a mannanase and/or a beta-glucosidase gene having higher or lower level of message expression or stability from that of the template nucleic acid is produced.
  • a glucanase e.g., an endoglucanase, a (or cellulase), e.g., an endoglucanase, a mannanase, a xylanase, an amylase, a xanthanase and/or a glycosidas
  • the invention provides methods for modifying codons in a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, e.g., an endoglucanase, a (or cellulase), e.g., an endoglucanase, a mannanase, a xylanase, an amylase, a xanthanase and/or a glycosidase, e.g., a cellobiohydrolase, a mannanase and/or a beta-glucosidase activity to increase its expression in a host cell, the method comprising the following steps: (a) providing a nucleic acid of the invention encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, e.g., an endoglucanase, a (or cellulase), e.g., an endoglucanase, a mannanase,
  • the invention provides methods for modifying codons in a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, mannanase, (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity; the method comprising the following steps: (a) providing a nucleic acid of the invention; and, (b) identifying a codon in the nucleic acid of step (a) and replacing it with a different codon encoding the same amino acid as the replaced codon, thereby modifying codons in a nucleic acid encoding a glucanase, mannanase, (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mann
  • the invention provides methods for modifying codons in a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, mannanase, (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity to increase its expression in a host cell, the method comprising the following steps: (a) providing a nucleic acid of the invention encoding a glucanase, mannanase, (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannana
  • the invention provides methods for modifying a codon in a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase, mannanase, (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity to decrease its expression in a host cell, the method comprising the following steps: (a) providing a nucleic acid of the invention; and (b) identifying at least one preferred codon in the nucleic acid of step (a) and replacing it with a non-preferred or less preferred codon encoding the same amino acid as the replaced codon, wherein a preferred codon is a codon over-represented in coding sequences in genes in a host cell and a non-preferred or less preferred codon is
  • the invention provides methods for producing a library of nucleic acids encoding a plurality of modified glucanase, mannanase, (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase active sites (catalytic domains (CDs)) or substrate binding sites, wherein the modified active sites or substrate binding sites are derived from a first nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding a first active site or a first substrate binding site the method comprising the following steps: (a) providing a first nucleic acid encoding a first active site or first substrate binding site, wherein the first nucleic acid sequence comprises a sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid of the invention, and the nucleic acid
  • the method comprises mutagenizing the first nucleic acid of step (a) by a method comprising an optimized directed evolution system, Gene Site-Saturation Mutagenesis (GSSM), synthetic ligation reassembly (SLR), error-prone PCR, shuffling, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, assembly PCR, sexual PCR mutagenesis, in vivo mutagenesis, cassette mutagenesis, recursive ensemble mutagenesis, exponential ensemble mutagenesis, site-specific mutagenesis, gene reassembly, synthetic ligation reassembly (SLR) and a combination thereof.
  • GSSM Gene Site-Saturation Mutagenesis
  • SLR synthetic ligation reassembly
  • error-prone PCR shuffling
  • oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis assembly PCR
  • sexual PCR mutagenesis in vivo mutagenesis
  • cassette mutagenesis cassette mutagenesis
  • the method comprises mutagenizing the first nucleic acid of step (a) or variants by a method comprising recombination, recursive sequence recombination, phosphothioate-modified DNA mutagenesis, uracil-containing template mutagenesis, gapped duplex mutagenesis, point mismatch repair mutagenesis, repair-deficient host strain mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis, radiogenic mutagenesis, deletion mutagenesis, restriction-selection mutagenesis, restriction-purification mutagenesis, artificial gene synthesis, ensemble mutagenesis, chimeric nucleic acid multimer creation and a combination thereof.
  • the invention provides methods for making a small molecule comprising the following steps: (a) providing a plurality of biosynthetic enzymes capable of synthesizing or modifying a small molecule, wherein one of the enzymes comprises a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing a substrate for at least one of the enzymes of step (a); and (c) reacting the substrate of step (b) with the enzymes under conditions that facilitate a plurality of biocatalytic reactions to generate a small molecule by a series of biocatalytic reactions.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • the invention provides methods for modifying a small molecule comprising the following steps: (a) providing a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme, wherein the enzyme comprises a polypeptide of the invention, or, a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention, or a subsequence thereof; (b) providing a small molecule; and (c) reacting the enzyme of step (a) with the small molecule of step (b) under conditions that facilitate an enzymatic reaction catalyzed by the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanas
  • the method can comprise a plurality of small molecule substrates for the enzyme of step (a), thereby generating a library of modified small molecules produced by at least one enzymatic reaction catalyzed by the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme.
  • the method can comprise a plurality of additional enzymes under conditions that facilitate a plurality of biocatalytic reactions by the enzymes to form a library of modified small molecules produced by the plurality of enzymatic reactions.
  • the method can further comprise the step of testing the library to determine if a particular modified small molecule that exhibits a desired activity is present within the library.
  • the step of testing the library can further comprise the steps of systematically eliminating all but one of the biocatalytic reactions used to produce a portion of the plurality of the modified small molecules within the library by testing the portion of the modified small molecule for the presence or absence of the particular modified small molecule with a desired activity, and identifying at least one specific biocatalytic reaction that produces the particular modified small molecule of desired activity.
  • the invention provides methods for determining a functional fragment of a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme comprising the steps of: (a) providing a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme, wherein the enzyme comprises a polypeptide of the invention, or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention, or a subse
  • the glucanase, mannanase, or xylanase activity is measured by providing a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase substrate and detecting a decrease in the amount of the substrate or an increase in the amount of a reaction product.
  • a glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase substrate
  • the invention provides methods for whole cell engineering of new or modified phenotypes by using real-time metabolic flux analysis, the method comprising the following steps: (a) making a modified cell by modifying the genetic composition of a cell, wherein the genetic composition is modified by addition to the cell of a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) culturing the modified cell to generate a plurality of modified cells; (c) measuring at least one metabolic parameter of the cell by monitoring the cell culture of step (b) in real time; and, (d) analyzing the data of step (c) to determine if the measured parameter differs from a comparable measurement in an unmodified cell under similar conditions, thereby identifying an engineered phenotype in the cell using real-time metabolic flux analysis.
  • the genetic composition of the cell can be modified by a method comprising deletion of a sequence or modification of a sequence in the cell, or, knocking out the expression of a gene.
  • the method can further comprise selecting a cell comprising a newly engineered phenotype.
  • the method can comprise culturing the selected cell, thereby generating a new cell strain comprising a newly engineered phenotype.
  • the invention provides methods of increasing thermotolerance or thermostability of a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase polypeptide, the method comprising glycosylating a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises at least 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250 or more con
  • the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase specific activity can be thermostable or thermotolerant at a temperature in the range from greater than about 37° C. to about 95° C., or 0° C. to about 37° C.
  • the invention provides methods for overexpressing a recombinant glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase polypeptide in a cell comprising expressing a vector comprising a nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid of the invention or a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, wherein the sequence identities are determined by analysis with a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection, wherein overexpression is effected by use of a high activity promoter, a dicistronic vector or by gene amplification of the vector.
  • a recombinant glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mann
  • the invention provides methods of making a transgenic plant comprising the following steps: (a) introducing a heterologous nucleic acid sequence into the cell, wherein the heterologous nucleic sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, thereby producing a transformed plant cell; and (b) producing a transgenic plant from the transformed cell.
  • the invention provides methods of expressing a heterologous nucleic acid sequence in a plant cell comprising the following steps: (a) transforming the plant cell with a heterologous nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter, wherein the heterologous nucleic sequence comprises a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) growing the plant under conditions wherein the heterologous nucleic acids sequence is expressed in the plant cell.
  • the invention provides methods of expressing a heterologous nucleic acid sequence in a plant cell comprising the following steps: (a) transforming the plant cell with a heterologous nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter, wherein the heterologous nucleic sequence comprises a sequence of the invention; (b) growing the plant under conditions wherein the heterologous nucleic acids sequence is expressed in the plant cell.
  • the invention provides methods for hydrolyzing, breaking up or disrupting a glucan-comprising composition
  • a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing a composition comprising a glucan; and (c) contacting the polypeptide of step (a) with the composition of step (b) under conditions wherein the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthana
  • the composition can comprise any plant or plant part, any glucan-, mannan-, xyloglucan- or xylan-containing food or feed, a waste product and the like.
  • the invention provides methods for liquefying or removing a glucan-comprising composition comprising the following steps: (a) providing a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing a composition comprising a glucan; and (c) contacting the polypeptide of step (a) with the composition of step (b) under conditions wherein the glucana
  • the invention provides detergent compositions comprising a polypeptide of the invention, or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention, wherein the polypeptide has a glucanase, e.g., endoglucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity.
  • glucanase e.g., endoglucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or
  • the glucanase can be a nonsurface-active glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase or a surface-active glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase.
  • glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthana
  • the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase can be formulated in a non-aqueous liquid composition, a cast solid, a granular form, a particulate form, a compressed tablet, a gel form, a paste or a slurry form.
  • the invention provides methods for washing an object comprising the following steps: (a) providing a composition comprising a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing an object; and (c) contacting the polypeptide of step (a) and the object of step (b) under conditions wherein the composition can wash the object.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/
  • the invention provides textiles or fabrics, including, e.g., threads, comprising a polypeptide of the invention, or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • the textiles or fabrics comprise glucan-containing fibers.
  • the invention provides methods for treating a textile or fabric (e.g., removing a stain from a composition) comprising the following steps: (a) providing a composition comprising a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase e.g., endoglucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing a textile or fabric comprising a glucan; and (c) contacting the polypeptide of step (a) and the composition of step (b) under conditions wherein the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase,
  • the invention provides methods for improving the finish of a fabric comprising the following steps: (a) providing a composition comprising a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing a fabric; and (c) contacting the polypeptide of step (a) and the fabric of step (b) under conditions wherein the polypeptide can treat the fabric thereby improving the finish of the fabric.
  • the fabric is a wool or a silk.
  • the invention provides feeds, including animal feeds for, e.g., monogastric animals, such as a swine or poultry (e.g., chicken) feed, or foods, comprising a polypeptide of the invention, or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • animal feeds for, e.g., monogastric animals, such as a swine or poultry (e.g., chicken) feed, or foods, comprising a polypeptide of the invention, or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • the invention provides methods for hydrolyzing a glucan, a mannan, an arabinoxylan or a xylan, or other polysaccharide in a feed or a food prior to consumption by an animal comprising the following steps: (a) obtaining a feed material comprising a glucanase e.g., endoglucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention, or a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g.
  • the invention provides methods for hydrolyzing a glucan, a mannan, an arabinoxylan or a xylan, or other polysaccharide in a feed or a food after consumption by an animal comprising the following steps: (a) obtaining a feed material comprising a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention, or a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannan
  • the invention provides methods for decreasing the viscosity of glucans, mannans, arabinoxylans or xylans, or other polysaccharides in a composition, e.g., in a food or a feed (e.g., an animal feed, e.g., monogastric animal feed, such as a poultry (e.g., chicken) feed), by treating the composition with a glucanase of the invention, or, including a glucanase of the invention in the composition.
  • a feed e.g., an animal feed, e.g., monogastric animal feed, such as a poultry (e.g., chicken) feed
  • the food or feed can comprise barley or wheat, e.g., a food for feed for a high-barley or a high-wheat diet, as in a monogastric animal's diet, including its use in a poultry (e.g., chicken) or swine diet.
  • a poultry e.g., chicken
  • swine diet e.g., chicken
  • the invention provides methods for minimizing wet droppings by feeding an animal (e.g., a bird, such as any domestic poultry) a food or a feed treated by or comprising a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention.
  • a glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase
  • a glucanase or cellulase
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannan
  • the invention provides methods for increasing growth rate and/or feed conversion by feeding an animal (e.g., a bird, such as a domestic poultry, e.g., a chicken) a food or a feed treated by or comprising a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention.
  • a glucanase or cellulase
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention.
  • the invention provides methods for decreasing excrement by feeding an animal (e.g., a bird, such as a domestic poultry, e.g., a chicken) a food or a feed treated by or comprising a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • Foods or feeds of the invention include dietary supplements and dietary additives, whether for animals or humans.
  • the invention provides food, feed, a dietary addition or supplements and/or nutritional supplements for an animal (e.g., a fowl, such as a chicken), or human, comprising a polypeptide of the invention, e.g., a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid of the invention.
  • a polypeptide of the invention e.g., a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid of the invention.
  • the polypeptide in the food, feed, dietary additions or supplements and/or nutritional supplements can be glycosylated.
  • the food, feed, dietary additions or supplements and/or nutritional supplements can comprise any edible plant, including any plant material used for forage and/or feed for any animal, including ruminants, such as hay, corn (e.g., silage), rice, millet, soy, wheat, buckwheat, barley, alfalfa, rye, annual grasses (including forage sorghums, sudangrass, veldt grass, buffel grass, etc.) and the like.
  • ruminants such as hay, corn (e.g., silage), rice, millet, soy, wheat, buckwheat, barley, alfalfa, rye, annual grasses (including forage sorghums, sudangrass, veldt grass, buffel grass, etc.) and the like.
  • the food, feed, a dietary addition or supplements and/or nutritional supplements of the invention also can be part of or added to the food, feed or forage material, e.g., for a ruminant animal, including goats, sheep, cattle/cows, bison and llamas and the like.
  • Enzymes of the invention can be added to, mixed into or sprayed onto the forage material, food or feed, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,627,338; alternatively the food, feed or forage material of this invention can comprise transgenic plant material that express one or more enzymes of this invention.
  • the invention provides edible enzyme delivery matrices comprising a polypeptide of the invention, e.g., a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid of the invention.
  • the delivery matrix comprises a pellet comprising an enzyme of the invention, e.g., a pellet comprising a thermotolerant or thermostable enzyme of the invention).
  • the polypeptide can be glycosylated (which in one aspect can make the enzyme more thermotolerant or thermostable).
  • the glucanase e.g., endoglucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity is thermotolerant.
  • the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity is thermostable.
  • the invention provides a food, a feed (e.g., an animal feed, e.g., monogastric animal feed, such as a swine or poultry (e.g., chicken) feed) or a nutritional supplement comprising a polypeptide of the invention.
  • a feed e.g., an animal feed, e.g., monogastric animal feed, such as a swine or poultry (e.g., chicken) feed
  • a nutritional supplement comprising a polypeptide of the invention.
  • the invention provides methods for utilizing a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase as a nutritional supplement in an animal diet, the method comprising: preparing a nutritional supplement containing a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme comprising at least 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250 or more contiguous amino acids of a
  • the animal can be a human, a ruminant or a monogastric animal.
  • the animal can be any poultry or bird, e.g., a chicken; or swine, which includes hogs, pigs and the like.
  • the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme can be prepared by expression of a polynucleotide encoding the glucanase in an organism such as a bacterium, a yeast, a plant, an insect, a fungus or an animal.
  • Exemplary organisms for expressing polypeptides of the invention can be S. pombe, S. cerevisiae, Pichia sp., e.g., P. pastoris, E. coli, Streptomyces sp., Bacillus sp. and Lactobacillus sp.
  • the invention provides edible enzyme delivery matrix comprising a thermostable recombinant glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme, e.g., a polypeptide of the invention.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme, e.g., a polypeptide of the invention.
  • the invention provides methods for delivering a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase supplement to an animal (a human, a ruminant, a monogastric animal, a bird, e.g., a chicken), the method comprising: preparing an edible enzyme delivery matrix in the form of pellets comprising a granulate edible carrier and a thermostable isolated, synthetic or recombinant glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydro
  • the recombinant glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme can comprise a polypeptide of the invention.
  • the granulate edible carrier can comprise a carrier selected from the group consisting of a grain germ, a grain germ that is spent of oil, a hay, an alfalfa, a timothy, a soy hull, a sunflower seed meal and a wheat midd.
  • the edible carrier can comprise grain germ that is spent of oil.
  • the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme can be glycosylated to provide thermostability at pelletizing conditions.
  • the delivery matrix can be formed by pelletizing a mixture comprising a grain germ and a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase.
  • the pelletizing conditions can include application of steam.
  • the pelletizing conditions can comprise application of a temperature in excess of about 80° C. for about 5 minutes and the enzyme retains a specific activity of at least 350 to about 900 units per milligram of enzyme.
  • the invention provides methods for improving texture and flavor of a dairy product comprising the following steps: (a) providing a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a glucanase encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing a dairy product; and (c) contacting the polypeptide of step (a) and the dairy product of step (b) under conditions wherein the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase,
  • the dairy product comprises a cheese or a yogurt.
  • the invention provides dairy products comprising a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention, or is encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention, or is encoded by a nucleic acid of
  • the invention provides methods for improving the extraction of oil from an oil-rich plant material comprising the following steps: (a) providing a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing an oil-rich plant material; and
  • the invention provides methods using a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention to produce fermentable sugars that can be converted into fuel ethanol.
  • a glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention
  • the invention provides fuels comprising one or more polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a glucanase encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • an enzyme of the invention is used to catalyze the hydrolysis of celluloses and hemicelluloses. The degradation of cellulose may be used for the conversion of plant biomass into fuels and chemicals. See, e.g., Kohlmann (1996) Adv. Space Res. 18:251-265; Perez (2002) Int Microbiol. 5:53-63.
  • plant material comprising the enzymes described herein can be used in an industrial process to produce fuel or energy.
  • Enzymes expressed in plants can be added to, mixed into or sprayed onto feedstock material.
  • the enzymes could be directly expressed in the feedstock material.
  • plant material expressing enzymes could be ground, milled, heated or the like, in order to disrupt the physical integrity of the plant cells or organs that contain the enzyme, thereby releasing the enzyme to come in contact with the substrate.
  • sources of plant material include, but are not limited to, maize, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica , soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, oat, rye, millet, barley, rice, conifers, grasses, e.g., switch grass and Miscanthus , legume crops, e.g., pea, bean and soybean, starchy tuber/roots, e.g., potato, sweet potato, cassava, taro, canna and sugar beet and the like.
  • the invention provides methods for preparing a fruit or vegetable juice, syrup, puree or extract comprising the following steps: (a) providing a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing a composition or
  • the invention provides papers or paper products or paper pulp comprising a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention, or a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase
  • the invention provides methods for treating a paper or a paper or wood pulp comprising the following steps: (a) providing a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase encoded by a nucleic acid of the invention; (b) providing a composition comprising a paper or
  • the pharmaceutical composition acts as a digestive aid or an anti-microbial (e.g., against Salmonella ).
  • the treatment is prophylactic.
  • the invention provides oral care products comprising a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase
  • the oral care product can comprise a toothpaste, a dental cream, a gel or a tooth powder, an odontic, a mouth wash, a pre- or post brushing rinse formulation, a chewing gum, a lozenge or a candy.
  • the invention provides contact lens cleaning compositions comprising a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobio
  • the invention provides methods for eliminating or protecting animals from a microorganism comprising a glucan, a mannan, an arabinoxylan or a xylan, or other polysaccharide comprising administering a polypeptide of the invention.
  • the microorganism can be a bacterium comprising a glucan, e.g., Salmonella.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of making a polypeptide of the invention.
  • the method includes introducing a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide into a host cell, wherein the nucleic acid is operably linked to a promoter and culturing the host cell under conditions that allow expression of the nucleic acid.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of making a polypeptide having at least 10 amino acids of a sequence as set forth in amino acid sequences of the invention.
  • the method includes introducing a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide into a host cell, wherein the nucleic acid is operably linked to a promoter and culturing the host cell under conditions that allow expression of the nucleic acid, thereby producing the polypeptide.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of generating a variant including obtaining a nucleic acid having a sequence of the invention, sequences substantially identical thereto, sequences complementary to a sequence of the invention, fragments comprising at least 30 consecutive nucleotides of the foregoing sequences and changing one or more nucleotides in the sequence to another nucleotide, deleting one or more nucleotides in the sequence, or adding one or more nucleotides to the sequence.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a computer readable medium having stored thereon a nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence of the invention.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a computer system including a processor and a data storage device wherein the data storage device has stored thereon a nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence of the invention.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for comparing a first sequence to a reference sequence wherein the first sequence is a nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence of the invention. The method includes reading the first sequence and the reference sequence through use of a computer program that compares sequences; and determining differences between the first sequence and the reference sequence with the computer program.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for identifying a feature in a nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence of the invention, including reading the sequence through the use of a computer program which identifies features in sequences; and identifying features in the sequence with the computer program.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention is a method of catalyzing the breakdown of glycan or a derivative thereof, comprising the step of contacting a sample containing a glucan, a mannan, an arabinoxylan or a xylan, or other polysaccharide or a derivative thereof with a polypeptide of the invention under conditions which facilitate the breakdown of a glucan.
  • Another aspect of the invention is an assay for identifying fragments or variants of a polypeptide of the invention, which retain the enzymatic function (e.g., a glucanase activity) of a polypeptide (e.g., enzyme or antibody) of the invention, including exemplary sequences of the invention.
  • the assay includes contacting a polypeptide of the invention with a substrate molecule under conditions which allow the polypeptide fragment or variant to function and detecting either a decrease in the level of substrate or an increase in the level of the specific reaction product of the reaction between the polypeptide and substrate thereby identifying a fragment or variant of such sequences.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention provides a method for modifying small molecules, comprising the step of mixing at least one polypeptide of the invention with at least one small molecule, to produce at least one modified small molecule via at least one biocatalytic reaction, where the at least one polypeptide has glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and
  • Another aspect of the invention is a cloning vector of a sequence that encodes a polypeptide of the invention having a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a host cell comprising a sequence that encodes a polypeptide of the invention.
  • the invention provides an expression vector capable of replicating in a host cell comprising a nucleic acid of the invention or a nucleic acid encoding a polynucleot
  • the invention provides a method of dough conditioning comprising contacting dough with at least one polypeptide of the invention under conditions sufficient for conditioning the dough.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of beverage production comprising administration of at least one polypeptide of the invention under conditions sufficient for decreasing the viscosity of wort or beer, or, increasing the clarity (e.g., clarification) of the beverage.
  • glucanases e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases of the invention are used to break down the high molecular weight glucans, mannans, arabinoxylans or xylans, or other polysaccharides in animal feed (e.g., a feed for a human, a ruminant, a monogastric animal, a bird, e.g., a chicken).
  • animal feed e.g., a feed for a human, a ruminant, a monogastric animal, a bird, e.g., a chicken.
  • Glucanase functions through the gastro-intestinal tract to reduce intestinal viscosity and increase diffusion of pancreatic enzymes.
  • the enzymes of the invention may be used in the treatment of endosperm cell walls of feed grains and vegetable proteins.
  • the novel enzymes of the invention are administered to an animal in order to increase the utilization of a glucan, a mannan, an arabinoxylan or a xylan, or other polysaccharide in the food. This activity of the enzymes of the invention may be used to break down insoluble cell wall material, liberating nutrients in the cell walls, which then become available to the animal.
  • Glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzymes of the invention can produce compounds that may be a nutritive source for the ruminal microflora.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method for utilizing glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase as a food or feed additive or a nutritional supplement in the diets of animals, comprising preparation of a nutritional supplement containing a recombinant glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme of the invention, or an enzymatically active subsequence thereof,
  • the granulate edible carrier may comprise a carrier selected from the group consisting of grain germ that is spent of oil, hay, alfalfa, timothy, soy hull, sunflower seed meal and wheat midd.
  • the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase enzyme may have an amino acid sequence of the invention.
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acids, wherein the nucleic acid encodes at least one polypeptide having a glucanase activity, or encodes a polypeptide or peptide capable of generating an antibody that binds specifically to a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and the sequence comprises the following changes based on SEQ ID NO:1:
  • the nucleotides at positions 112 to 114 are TAT or TAC
  • the nucleotides at positions 181 to 183 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 205 to 207 are GAA or GAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 280 to 282 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 547 to 549 are CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA or AGG
  • the nucleotides at positions 571 to 573 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 826 to 828 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG;
  • the nucleotides at positions 112 to 114 are TAT or TAC
  • the nucleotides at positions 181 to 183 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 205 to 207 are GAA or GAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 280 to 282 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 496 to 498 are GTT, GTC, GTA or GTG
  • the nucleotides at positions 547 to 549 are CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA or AGG
  • the nucleotides at positions 571 to 573 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 634 to 636 are CCA, CCC, CCG or CCT
  • the nucleotides at positions 826 to 828 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 838 to 840 are GGT, GGC, GGA or GGG;
  • the nucleotides at positions 112 to 114 are TAT or TAC
  • the nucleotides at positions 181 to 183 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 205 to 207 are GAA or GAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 280 to 282 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 496 to 498 are GTT, GTC, GTA or GTG
  • the nucleotides at positions 547 to 549 are CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA or AGG
  • the nucleotides at positions 571 to 573 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 634 to 636 are CCA, CCC, CCG or CCT
  • the nucleotides at positions 826 to 828 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 838 to 840 are GGT, GGC, GGA or GGG
  • the nucleotides at positions 181 to 183 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 205 to 207 are GAA or GAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 280 to 282 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 496 to 498 are GTT, GTC, GTA or GTG
  • the nucleotides at positions 547 to 549 are CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA or AGG
  • the nucleotides at positions 571 to 573 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 634 to 636 are CCA, CCC, CCG or CCT
  • the nucleotides at positions 826 to 828 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 838 to 840 are GGT, GGC, GGA or GGG
  • the nucleotides at positions 889 to 891 are CCA, CCC, CCG or
  • the nucleotides at positions 181 to 183 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 205 to 207 are GAA or GAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 211 to 213 are TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT or AGC
  • the nucleotides at positions 280 to 282 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 496 to 498 are GTT, GTC, GTA or GTG
  • the nucleotides at positions 547 to 549 are CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA or AGG
  • the nucleotides at positions 571 to 573 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 634 to 636 are CCA, CCC, CCG or CCT
  • the nucleotides at positions 826 to 828 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 838 to 840 are GGT,
  • the nucleotides at positions 181 to 183 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 205 to 207 are GAA or GAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 208 to 210 are CCA, CCC, CCG or CCT
  • the nucleotides at positions 211 to 213 are TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT or AGC
  • the nucleotides at positions 496 to 498 are GTT, GTC, GTA or GTG
  • the nucleotides at positions 547 to 549 are CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA or AGG
  • the nucleotides at positions 571 to 573 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 634 to 636 are CCA, CCC, CCG or CCT
  • the nucleotides at positions 826 to 828 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 112 to 114 are TAT or TAC
  • the nucleotides at positions 181 to 183 are CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 205 to 207 are GAA or GAG
  • the nucleotides at positions 211 to 213 are TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT or AGC
  • the nucleotides at positions 496 to 498 are GTT, GTC, GTA or GTG
  • the nucleotides at positions 547 to 549 are CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA or AGG
  • the nucleotides at positions 571 to 573 are GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • the nucleotides at positions 634 to 636 are CCA, CCC, CCG or CCT
  • the nucleotides at positions 691 to 693 are ATT, ATC or ATA
  • the nucleotides at positions 826 to 828 are GCT, GCC,
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 112 to 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to TAT or TAC
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 181 to 183 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to CAA or CAG
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 205 to 207 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to GAA or GAG
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 280 to 282 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to CAA or CAG
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 496 to 498 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to GTT, GTC, GTA or GTG
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 547 to 549 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA or AGG
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 571 to 573 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to GCT, GCC, GCA or GCG
  • (L) the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 181 to 183 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 205 to 207 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to GAA or GAG
  • the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 211 to 213 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT or AGC
  • the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 280 to 282 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 496 to 498 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to GTT, GTC, GTA or GTG
  • the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 547 to 549 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA or AGG
  • the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 571 to 573 of SEQ ID NO:1
  • (M) the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 181 to 183 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to CAA or CAG
  • the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 205 to 207 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to GAA or GAG
  • the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 208 to 210 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to CCA, CCC, CCG or CCT
  • the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 211 to 213 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT or AGC
  • the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 496 to 498 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to GTT, GTC, GTA or GTG
  • the nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 547 to 549 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA or AGG
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 112 to 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to TAT or TAC
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 181 to 183 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to CAA or CAG
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 205 to 207 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to GAA or GAG
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 211 to 213 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT or AGC
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 496 to 498 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to GTT, GTC, GTA or GTG
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 547 to 549 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA or AGG
  • nucleotides at the equivalent of positions 571 to 573 of SEQ ID NO:1 are changed to GCT, GCT, G
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant polypeptides having a glucanase activity or polypeptides or peptides capable of generating an antibody that binds specifically to a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, AND SEQ ID NO:23, and the sequence comprises the following changes based on SEQ ID NO:2:
  • the phenylalanine at amino acid position 38 is tyrosine
  • the tyrosine at amino acid position 61 is glutamine
  • the methionine at amino acid position 69 is glutamic acid
  • the isoleucine at amino acid position 94 is glutamine
  • the serine at amino acid position 183 is arginine
  • the serine at amino acid position 191 is alanine
  • the methionine at amino acid position 276 is alanine;
  • the phenylalanine at amino acid position 38 is tyrosine
  • the tyrosine at amino acid position 61 is glutamine
  • the methionine at amino acid position 69 is glutamic acid
  • the isoleucine at amino acid position 94 is glutamine
  • the isoleucine at amino acid position 166 is valine
  • the serine at amino acid position 183 is arginine
  • the serine at amino acid position 191 is alanine
  • the glutamic acid at amino acid position 212 is proline
  • the methionine at amino acid position 276 is alanine
  • the arginine at amino acid position 280 is glycine
  • the phenylalanine at amino acid position 38 is tyrosine
  • the tyrosine at amino acid position 61 is glutamine
  • the methionine at amino acid position 69 is glutamic acid
  • the isoleucine at amino acid position 94 is glutamine
  • the isoleucine at amino acid position 166 is valine
  • the serine at amino acid position 183 is arginine
  • the serine at amino acid position 191 is alanine
  • the glutamic acid at amino acid position 212 is proline
  • the methionine at amino acid position 276 is alanine
  • the arginine at amino acid position 280 is glycine
  • the threonine at amino acid position 297 is proline
  • the tyrosine at amino acid position 61 is glutamine
  • the methionine at amino acid position 69 is glutamic acid
  • the isoleucine at amino acid position 94 is glutamine
  • the isoleucine at amino acid position 166 is valine
  • the serine at amino acid position 183 is arginine
  • the serine at amino acid position 191 is alanine
  • the glutamic acid at amino acid position 212 is proline
  • the methionine at amino acid position 276 is alanine
  • the arginine at amino acid position 280 is glycine
  • the threonine at amino acid position 297 is proline
  • the threonine at amino acid position 301 is glutamine;
  • the tyrosine at amino acid position 61 is glutamine
  • the methionine at amino acid position 69 is glutamic acid
  • the arginine at amino acid position 71 is serine
  • the isoleucine at amino acid position 94 is glutamine
  • the isoleucine at amino acid position 166 is valine
  • the serine at amino acid position 183 is arginine
  • the serine at amino acid position 191 is alanine
  • the glutamic acid at amino acid position 212 is proline
  • the methionine at amino acid position 276 is alanine
  • the arginine at amino acid position 280 is glycine
  • the threonine at amino acid position 297 is proline
  • the threonine at amino acid position 301 is glutamine;
  • the tyrosine at amino acid position 61 is glutamine
  • the methionine at amino acid position 69 is glutamic acid
  • the aspartic acid at amino acid position 70 is proline
  • the arginine at amino acid position 71 is serine
  • the isoleucine at amino acid position 166 is valine
  • the serine at amino acid position 183 is arginine
  • the serine at amino acid position 191 is alanine
  • the glutamic acid at amino acid position 212 is proline
  • the methionine at amino acid position 276 is alanine
  • the arginine at amino acid position 280 is glycine
  • the threonine at amino acid position 297 is proline
  • the threonine at amino acid position 301 is glutamine;
  • the phenylalanine at amino acid position 38 is tyrosine
  • the tyrosine at amino acid position 61 is glutamine
  • the methionine at amino acid position 69 is glutamic acid
  • the arginine at amino acid position 71 is serine
  • the isoleucine at amino acid position 166 is valine
  • the serine at amino acid position 183 is arginine
  • the serine at amino acid position 191 is alanine
  • the glutamic acid at amino acid position 212 is proline
  • the leucine at amino acid position 231 is valine
  • the methionine at amino acid position 276 is alanine
  • the arginine at amino acid position 280 is glycine
  • the threonine at amino acid position 297 is proline
  • the threonine at amino acid position 301 is glutamine;
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acids of the invention (including the glucanase-encoding nucleic acids of the invention), wherein nucleotide residues in a cryptic transcriptional start site are modified to eliminate most or all of the production of a truncated transcript.
  • the nucleotide residue modifications in the cryptic transcriptional start site comprise an alteration in a ribosome binding site (RBS), e.g., the nucleotide residue modifications in the cryptic transcriptional start site comprise the following modifications in residues 77 to 106 of SEQ ID NO:3:
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant polypeptides of the invention, wherein the polypeptide further comprises additional amino acid residues between the signal sequence (leader peptide) and the enzyme; and in one aspect, the additional amino acid residues comprise Glu-Ala, e.g., the additional amino acid residues Glu-Ala are added between residue XX and YY in SEQ ID NO:2, for example, the additional amino acid residues Glu-Ala are added between residue K-R of SEQ ID NO:2 as illustrated:
  • the invention provides compositions for and methods of using polymer-degrading enzymes, such as polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, in oil, gas and related drilling processes and oil and gas well washing and/or fracturing processes.
  • polymer-degrading enzymes such as polysaccharide-degrading enzymes
  • the invention provides compositions and methods of using polymer-degrading enzymes to modify the rheological properties of polysaccharide thickeners (e.g., guar gums), e.g., as enzymes to modify polysaccharides in gels and flocculates, binders, lubricants, to serve as modifiers of film properties, and have a function as adjusters of rheological parameters in these compositions.
  • polysaccharide thickeners e.g., guar gums
  • polymer-degrading enzymes e.g., polysaccharide—(e.g., starch-) degrading enzymes, used to practice this invention, including any amylase, glucanase, xanthanase, glycosidase and/or cellulase, which include using “cocktails” of enzymes as described herein, and/or other enzymes.
  • the polymers degraded by the compositions (including the mixtures of enzymes) and methods of this invention include lignin, starch, cellulose, cellulose derivatives (e.g.
  • guar gum derivatized guar gum, carob gum, beta-glucan and beta glucan derivatives, xanthan gum, hydroxyalkyl guar, carboxyalkyl guar, or xanthan polymers or derivatives thereof, such as guar borate, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the invention provide methods comprising use of mixtures (“cocktails”) of enzymes comprising at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 or more or all of the enzymes selected from the group consisting of a lignin degrading enzyme, alpha amylase, beta amylase, glucoamylase, dextrinase, cellulase, cellobiohydrolase, avicelase, carboxymethylcellulase, beta-glucanase, glucosidase, xylanase, mannanase, arabinofuranosidase, laccase, lignin peroxidase, pectinase, pectate lyase, xanthanase, xanthan lyase, xanthan depolymerase, pullulanase, lichenase, pachy
  • methods of the invention using mixtures (“cocktails”) of enzymes are used to degrade a guar, hydroxyalkyl guar, carboxyalkyl guar, guar gum, a guar gum powder, a lignified coat of guar seeds or a solidified guar gum; and in one aspect, the method comprises providing a mixture of polymer-degrading enzymes, wherein at least one of the enzymes is a polymer-degrading enzyme, and optionally the polymer-degrading enzyme is a lignin degrading enzyme, a lignin peroxidase, a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, a protein-degrading enzyme, an amylase, a xanthanase, a glucanase, a protease, a glycosidase and/or a cellulase; and adding the polymer-degrading mixture of enzymes to the guar gum,
  • the invention provides methods for drilling or oil and gas well washing and/or a fracturing method using mixtures (“cocktails”) of enzymes; and in one aspect, the mixture (“cocktail”) comprises polymer-degrading enzymes, and optionally at least one polymer-degrading enzyme is a lignin degrading enzyme, a lignin peroxidase, a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, a protein-degrading enzyme, an amylase, a xanthanase, a glucanase, a protease, a glycosidase and/or a cellulase; and adding the polymer-degrading mixture of enzymes to the guar, hydroxyalkyl guar, carboxyalkyl guar, guar gum, guar gum powder, lignified coat of guar seeds or solidified guar gum in an amount sufficient to degrade the guar gum, guar gum powder, lignified
  • the polymers degraded comprise lignin, starch, cellulose, guar, hydroxyalkyl guar, carboxyalkyl guar, or xanthan polymers or derivatives thereof, such as guar borate, and/or combinations thereof.
  • composition and methods of the invention are used to degrade “mud cake” (also known as “filter cake”) that accumulates on a wellbore wall in an oil and/or gas well, by entraining polymer-degrading enzymes, such as polysaccharide (e.g., starch) degrading enzymes in oil well drilling fluids and oil and gas well washing and/or fracturing processes, and triggering their action by pH adjustment.
  • polymer-degrading enzymes such as polysaccharide (e.g., starch) degrading enzymes in oil well drilling fluids and oil and gas well washing and/or fracturing processes, and triggering their action by pH adjustment.
  • the polymers degraded comprise lignin, starch, cellulose, guar or xanthan.
  • the invention provides for the entraining of a polymer-degrading enzyme (see below) in the drilling fluid used in the oil and gas drilling operations and/or oil and gas well washing and/or fracturing fluids.
  • a polymer-degrading enzyme see below
  • the activity of the polymer-degrading enzyme is triggered by treating the solid residues deposited in the formation (mud cake or filter cake) with an acid solution.
  • advantages of practicing the compositions and methods of the invention can be: a) providing better distribution of the enzyme(s) within the mud cake (also known as “filter cake”) that will result in more uniform and effective mud cake removal, b) simplifying the operations by eliminating a separate enzyme delivery step (enzyme is included in the drilling fluid formulation, and/or in the fluids for oil and gas well washing and/or fracturing), and c) eliminating the need for buffering salts as the enzyme is not formulated with an acidic fluid.
  • polymer-degrading enzymes including amylases, glucanases, xanthanases, glycosidases, any starch degrading enzyme, any cellulase and/or protease, e.g., as described herein, are added to a drilling fluid and/or an oil and gas well washing and/or fracturing fluid that is used during an oil and gas well drilling operations or oil and gas well washing and/or fracturing processes.
  • an acidic-to-neutral enzyme will remain dormant in the fluid and in the mud cake (“filter cake”) that is formed after the loss of water from the fluid onto the formation surface.
  • the mud cake can be washed with an acid solution.
  • the acid will neutralize the alkalinity of the mud cake and will provide an acidic environment which will trigger the enzyme activity and hydrolytic function toward starch or other polymers.
  • the “acid wash”’ is a necessary step, and can be applied during the well drilling operations and/or the well cleaning operations (including oil and gas well washing and/or fracturing processes) in order to remove calcium carbonate deposits from the formation. Once activated (by an acid environment), the enzyme will degrade the starch or other polymers, and will remove the mud cake from the well bore.
  • this “washing” of the well bore is the final step in the drilling operation, and/or oil and gas well washing and/or fracturing operation, and a complete degradation of the mud cake (“filter cake”) by practicing the compositions and methods of the invention enables optimal productivity of the well.
  • a polymer-degrading enzyme used to practice this invention includes any amylase, xanthanase, glycosidase, glucanase, protease and/or cellulase, which include using mixtures or “cocktails” of these and other enzymes.
  • compositions and methods of the invention comprise use of isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acids comprising a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more, or complete (100%) sequence identity to an exemplary nucleic acid used to practice the invention, including SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ
  • the nucleic acids used to practice the compositions and methods of the invention can encode a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, and/or SEQ ID NO:23; and the exemplary nucleic acids variants of SEQ ID NO:1, e.g., SEQ ID NO:3, the exemplary amino acid variants of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, and SEQ ID NO:23, respectively).
  • these polypeptide have an amylase activity (in particular, the genus based on the exemplary SEQ ID NO:14 and SEQ ID NO:15), and/or a glycosidase or a cellulase activity, e.g., endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity (in particular, the genus based on the exemplary SEQ ID NO:7 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:6), SEQ ID NO:9 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:8), SEQ ID NO:11 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:10), SEQ ID NO:13 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:12), SEQ ID NO:17 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:16), SEQ ID NO:19 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:18), SEQ ID NO:21 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:20), and SEQ ID NO:23 (encoded by SEQ
  • compositions and methods of the invention comprise use of isolated, synthetic or recombinant polypeptides having an amylase activity (in particular, the genus based on the exemplary SEQ ID NO:14 and SEQ ID NO:15), and/or a glycosidase or a cellulase activity, e.g., endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity (in particular, the genus based on the exemplary SEQ ID NO:7 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:6), SEQ ID NO:9 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:8), SEQ ID NO:11 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:10), SEQ ID NO:13 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:12), SEQ ID NO:17 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:16), SEQ ID NO:19 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:18), SEQ ID NO:21 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:
  • a polypeptide used to practice this invention includes amylases that can catalyze the hydrolysis of polysaccharides comprising glucose monomers, such as starch (a polymer of glucose monomers joined by 1,4-alpha or 1,6-alpha linkages).
  • the polypeptide has an amylase activity, e.g., an alpha amylase activity, endoamylase activity, or a glucoamylase activity; and the term “amylase” as used herein also includes enzyme activity which catalyzes the hydrolysis of a polysaccharide, e.g., a starch.
  • Amylases used to practice the invention include polypeptides having an ⁇ -amylase activity, a (3-amylase activity, a glucoamylase activity, a 1,4- ⁇ -D-glucan glucohydrolase activity, an exoamylase activity, a glucan ⁇ -maltotetrahydrolase activity, a maltase activity, an isomaltase activity, a glucan 1, 4, ⁇ -glucosidase activity, an ⁇ -glucosidase activity, a sucrase activity or an agarase activity (e.g., a ⁇ -agarase activity).
  • a ⁇ -agarase activity e.g., a ⁇ -agarase activity
  • an amylase used to practice includes polypeptides having ⁇ -amylase activity, including the ability to hydrolyze internal alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkages in starch to produce smaller molecular weight malto-dextrins.
  • the ⁇ -amylase activity includes hydrolyzing internal alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkages in starch at random.
  • An amylase used to practice includes polypeptides having glucoamylase activity, such as the ability to hydrolase glucose polymers linked by ⁇ -1,4- and ⁇ -1,6-glucosidic bonds.
  • amylase used to practice includes polypeptides having glucoamylase activity, hydrolyzing internal ⁇ -1,4-glucosidic linkages to yield smaller molecular weight malto-dextrins.
  • An amylase used to practice includes polypeptides having glucan 1,4- ⁇ -glucosidase activity, or, 1,4- ⁇ -D-glucan glucohydrolase, commonly called glucoamylase but also called amyloglucosidase and ⁇ -amylase that, in one aspect, releases 3-D-glucose from 1,4- ⁇ -, 1,6- ⁇ - and 1,3- ⁇ -linked glucans.
  • An amylase used to practice includes polypeptides having exo-amylase activity.
  • compositions of the invention can comprise one polysaccharide-degrading enzyme as described herein, or can comprise a mixture (a “cocktail” of) one two, three, four or more of any of the polysaccharide-degrading polypeptides described herein, including the genuses based on SEQ ID NO:2, the exemplary variants of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, and/or SEQ ID NO:23.
  • a composition used to practice the invention can comprise one, two, three or more polypeptides described herein, including the genuses based on SEQ ID NO:2, the exemplary variants of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, and/or SEQ ID NO:23, and any combination of other enzymes, such as tryptophanases or tyrosine decarboxylases, laccases, catalases, laccases, other cellulases, endoglycosidases, endo-beta-1,4-laccases, amyloglucosidases, other glucosidases, glucose isomerases, glycosyltransferases, lipases, phospholipases, lipooxygenases, beta-laccases, endo-bet
  • the invention provides methods for modifying or adjusting the rheological properties of: a polysaccharide thickener; a polysaccharide thickener in a gel, a flocculate, a binder or a lubricant; or, a polysaccharide in a film to modify a property of the film, the method comprising
  • nucleic acid is at least about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 or more residues in length or the full length of the gene or transcript;
  • polypeptide having a sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, OR SEQ ID NO:23, the exemplary variants of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, and/or SEQ ID NO:23; or
  • sequence identities are determined by analysis with a sequence comparison algorithm or by a visual inspection
  • sequence comparison algorithm is a BLAST version 2.2.2 algorithm where a filtering setting is set to blastall-p blastp-d “nr pataa”-F F, and all other options are set to default.
  • optionally conservative substitution comprises replacement of an aliphatic amino acid with another aliphatic amino acid; replacement of a serine with a threonine or vice versa; replacement of an acidic residue with another acidic residue; replacement of a residue bearing an amide group with another residue bearing an amide group; exchange of a basic residue with another basic residue; or, replacement of an aromatic residue with another aromatic residue, or a combination thereof, and optionally the aliphatic residue comprises Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine or a synthetic equivalent thereof; the acidic residue comprises Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid or a synthetic equivalent thereof; the residue comprising an amide group comprises Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid or a synthetic equivalent thereof; the basic residue comprises Lysine, Arginine or a synthetic equivalent thereof; or, the aromatic residue comprises Phenylalanine, Tyrosine or a synthetic equivalent thereof; and
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system.
  • FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating one aspect of a process for comparing a new nucleotide or protein sequence with a database of sequences in order to determine the homology levels between the new sequence and the sequences in the database.
  • FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating one aspect of a process in a computer for determining whether two sequences are homologous.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating one aspect of an identifier process 300 for detecting the presence of a feature in a sequence.
  • FIG. 5 is a table summarizing the relative activities of several exemplary enzymes of the invention under various conditions.
  • FIG. 6 is an illustration in graph form of an exemplary set of data (“sample data”) that is illustrated as a “standard curve”, as discussed in Example 3.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the results of glucanase activity assays showing the temperature profile of the exemplary glucanase of the invention encoded by SEQ ID NO:2, as discussed in Example 4, below.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the results of glucanase activity assays showing the half-life determination of the exemplary glucanase of the invention encoded by SEQ ID NO:2, as discussed in Example 4, below.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates data demonstrating the thermal tolerance of exemplary variants of the invention, where activity of purified parental “wild-type” SEQ ID NO:2 and 7X variants was measured and compared, as discussed in Example 5, below.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates data demonstrating the thermal tolerance of exemplary variants of the invention, where activity of purified parental “wild-type” SEQ ID NO:2 and 7X variants was measured and compared, as discussed in Example 5, below.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates a photo of a gel sizing transcripts generated using unmodified “wild type (WT)” and exemplary modified (variant) transcript of the invention to demonstrate the effect of an RBS and second start site alteration on glucanase transcript expression, as discussed in Example 6, below.
  • WT wild type
  • FIG. 12 illustrates the thermostability of these two enzymes of the invention over a range of pelleting temperatures, as discussed in Example 8, below.
  • FIG. 13 two codons were inserted between the second (2nd codon) of the SEQ ID NO:2 enzyme (glucanase) coding sequence and an alpha factor signal sequence (leader sequence), as discussed in Example 9, below.
  • FIG. 14A illustrates N-terminal sequencing results for the Pichia -expressed glucanase enzymes of the invention designated “12X-6” and “13X-1”;
  • FIG. 14A illustrates an radiograph of an SDS-PAGE gel showing a glucanase doublet caused by inconsistent signal processing;
  • FIG. 14B illustrates an radiograph of an SDS-PAGE gel showing a protein as represented by an SDS-PAGE gel 37 kDa band, which was excised and sequenced, as discussed in Example 9, below.
  • the invention provides polypeptides and polynucleotides encoding them and methods of making and using them, including SEQ ID NO:2, encoded, e.g., by SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:7 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:6), SEQ ID NO:9 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:8), SEQ ID NO:11 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:10), SEQ ID NO:13 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:12), SEQ ID NO:19 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:18), SEQ ID NO:21 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:20), and SEQ ID NO:23 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:22), and the specific modifications to SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2 described herein.
  • SEQ ID NO:2 encoded, e.g., by SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:7 (encoded by SEQ ID NO:6), SEQ ID NO:9 (encoded by SEQ
  • Enzyme activity of the polypeptides of the invention encompasses polypeptides having a hydrolase activity, e.g., a glucanase activity, for example, polypeptides capable of hydrolyzing glycosidic linkages present in a glucan, e.g., catalyzing hydrolysis of internal ⁇ -1,4-glucosidic linkages.
  • Enzyme activity of the polypeptides and peptides of the invention encompasses polypeptides having a glucanase, a xylanase, and/or a mannanase activity.
  • the polypeptides and peptides can be used to make and/or process foods, feeds (e.g., for a human, a ruminant, a monogastric animal, a bird, e.g., a chicken), beverages, nutritional supplements, textiles, detergents and the like.
  • the polypeptides and peptides (including enzymes and antibodies) of the invention can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dietary aids.
  • Glucanases (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases of the invention are useful in food processing, baking, animal feeds or foods, beverages, detergents, pulp processing and paper processes.
  • the invention provides isolated, recombinant and synthetic nucleic acids, including the exemplary nucleic acids of the invention, e.g., SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, and/or SEQ ID NO:22 and sequences having the specific modifications described herein, and sequences having a sequence identity to an exemplary nucleic acid; nucleic acids encoding polypeptides of the invention, e.g., the exemplary amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, and/or SEQ ID NO:23, and sequences having the specific modifications described herein.
  • nucleic acids of the invention include the polypeptides that are sequence variations of SEQ ID NO:2, as set forth (summarized) in Table 1, below (and in Table 2, see Example 5).
  • original codon refers to the codon as in the “parent” sequence SEQ ID NO:1
  • original amino acid refers to the amino acid residue as in the “parent” polypeptide SEQ ID NO:2:
  • the invention also provides expression cassettes such as expression vectors, comprising nucleic acids of the invention, which include polynucleotides which encode the polypeptides of the invention.
  • the invention also includes methods for discovering new glucanase sequences using the nucleic acids of the invention.
  • the invention also includes methods for inhibiting the expression of glucanase genes, transcripts and polypeptides using the nucleic acids of the invention. Also provided are methods for modifying the nucleic acids of the invention by, e.g., synthetic ligation reassembly, optimized directed evolution system and/or saturation mutagenesis.
  • nucleic acids of the invention can be made, isolated and/or manipulated by, e.g., cloning and expression of cDNA libraries, amplification of message or genomic
  • nucleic acid or “nucleic acid sequence” as used herein refer to an oligonucleotide, nucleotide, polynucleotide, or to a fragment of any of these, to DNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin which may be single-stranded or double-stranded and may represent a sense or antisense strand, to peptide nucleic acid (PNA), or to any DNA-like or RNA-like material, natural or synthetic in origin.
  • PNA peptide nucleic acid
  • nucleic acid or “nucleic acid sequence” includes oligonucleotide, nucleotide, polynucleotide, or to a fragment of any of these, to DNA or RNA (e.g., mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, iRNA) of genomic or synthetic origin which may be single-stranded or double-stranded and may represent a sense or antisense strand, to peptide nucleic acid (PNA), or to any DNA-like or RNA-like material, natural or synthetic in origin, including, e.g., iRNA, ribonucleoproteins (e.g., e.g., double stranded iRNAs, e.g., iRNPs, siRNA or miRNA).
  • DNA or RNA e.g., mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, iRNA
  • PNA peptide nucleic acid
  • nucleic acids i.e., oligonucleotides, containing known analogues of natural nucleotides.
  • the term also encompasses nucleic-acid-like structures with synthetic backbones, see e.g., Mata (1997) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 144:189-197; Strauss-Soukup (1997) Biochemistry 36:8692-8698; Straussense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 6:153-156.
  • Oligonucleotide includes either a single stranded polydeoxynucleotide or two complementary polydeoxynucleotide strands which may be chemically synthesized.
  • Such synthetic oligonucleotides have no 5′ phosphate and thus will not ligate to another oligonucleotide without adding a phosphate with an ATP in the presence of a kinase.
  • a synthetic oligonucleotide can ligate to a fragment that has not been dephosphorylated.
  • a “coding sequence of” or a “nucleotide sequence encoding” a particular polypeptide or protein is a nucleic acid sequence which is transcribed and translated into a polypeptide or protein when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences.
  • the term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as, where applicable, intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons).
  • “Operably linked” as used herein refers to a functional relationship between two or more nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) segments. Typically, it refers to the functional relationship of transcriptional regulatory sequence to a transcribed sequence.
  • a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence, such as a nucleic acid of the invention, if it stimulates or modulates the transcription of the coding sequence in an appropriate host cell or other expression system.
  • promoter transcriptional regulatory sequences that are operably linked to a transcribed sequence are physically contiguous to the transcribed sequence, i.e., they are cis-acting.
  • some transcriptional regulatory sequences, such as enhancers need not be physically contiguous or located in close proximity to the coding sequences whose transcription they enhance.
  • homologous genes can be modified by manipulating a template nucleic acid, as described herein.
  • the invention can be practiced in conjunction with any method or protocol or device known in the art, which are well described in the scientific and patent literature.
  • the isolated, nucleic acids may comprise DNA, including cDNA, genomic DNA and synthetic DNA.
  • the DNA may be double-stranded or single-stranded and if single stranded may be the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand.
  • the isolated nucleic acids may comprise RNA.
  • the isolated nucleic acids of the invention may be used to prepare one of the polypeptides of the invention, or fragments thereof.
  • the coding sequences of these nucleic acids may be identical to one of the coding sequences of one of the nucleic acids of the invention or may be different as a result of the redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic code.
  • the genetic code is well known to those of skill in the art and can be obtained, for example, on page 214 of B. Lewin, Genes VI , Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • the isolated nucleic acid which encodes one of the polypeptides of the invention is not limited to: only the coding sequence of a nucleic acid of the invention and additional coding sequences, such as leader sequences or proprotein sequences and non-coding sequences, such as introns or non-coding sequences 5′ and/or 3′ of the coding sequence.
  • additional coding sequences such as leader sequences or proprotein sequences
  • non-coding sequences such as introns or non-coding sequences 5′ and/or 3′ of the coding sequence.
  • polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only the coding sequence for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and/or non-coding sequence.
  • nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be mutagenized using conventional techniques, such as site directed mutagenesis, or other techniques familiar to those skilled in the art, to introduce silent changes into the polynucleotides o of the invention.
  • silent changes include, for example, changes which do not alter the amino acid sequence encoded by the polynucleotide. Such changes may be desirable in order to increase the level of the polypeptide produced by host cells containing a vector encoding the polypeptide by introducing codons or codon pairs which occur frequently in the host organism.
  • the invention also relates to polynucleotides which have nucleotide changes which result in amino acid substitutions, additions, deletions, fusions and truncations in the polypeptides of the invention.
  • nucleotide changes may be introduced using techniques such as site directed mutagenesis, random chemical mutagenesis, exonuclease III deletion and other recombinant DNA techniques.
  • nucleotide changes may be naturally occurring allelic variants which are isolated by identifying nucleic acids which specifically hybridize to probes of the invention, e.g., sequences comprising at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 consecutive bases of one of the sequences of the invention (including the sequences complementary thereto) under conditions of high, moderate, or low stringency as provided herein.
  • RNA e.g., siRNA, miRNA
  • antisense nucleic acid e.g., cDNA, genomic DNA, vectors, viruses or hybrids thereof
  • RNA iRNA
  • antisense nucleic acid e.g., cDNA
  • genomic DNA e.g
  • Recombinant polypeptides e.g., glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases
  • glucanases e.g., glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases
  • Any recombinant expression system can be used, including bacterial, mammalian, yeast, fungal, insect or plant cell expression systems.
  • these nucleic acids can be synthesized in vitro by well-known chemical synthesis techniques, as described in, e.g., Adams (1983) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105:661; Belousov (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3440-3444; Frenkel (1995) Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19:373-380; Blommers (1994) Biochemistry 33:7886-7896; Narang (1979) Meth. Enzymol. 68:90; Brown (1979) Meth. Enzymol. 68:109; Beaucage (1981) Tetra. Lett. 22:1859; U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066.
  • nucleic acids such as, e.g., subcloning, labeling probes (e.g., random-primer labeling using Klenow polymerase, nick translation, amplification), sequencing, hybridization and the like are well described in the scientific and patent literature, see, e.g., Sambrook, ed., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (2ND ED.), Vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, (1989); CURRENT PROTOCOLS 1N MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Ausubel, ed.
  • Another useful means of obtaining and manipulating nucleic acids used to practice the methods of the invention is to clone from genomic samples, and, if desired, screen and re-clone inserts isolated or amplified from, e.g., genomic clones or cDNA clones.
  • Sources of nucleic acid used in the methods of the invention include genomic or cDNA libraries contained in, e.g., mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACS), see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,721,118; 6,025,155; human artificial chromosomes, see, e.g., Rosenfeld (1997) Nat. Genet.
  • MCS mammalian artificial chromosomes
  • yeast artificial chromosomes YAC
  • bacterial artificial chromosomes BAC
  • P1 artificial chromosomes see, e.g., Woon (1998) Genomics 50:306-316
  • P1-derived vectors see, e.g., Kern (1997) Biotechniques 23:120-124; cosmids, recombinant viruses, phages or plasmids.
  • the term “recombinant” means that the nucleic acid is adjacent to a “backbone” nucleic acid to which it is not adjacent in its natural environment.
  • the nucleic acids represent about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more of the number of nucleic acid inserts in a population of nucleic acid backbone molecules, e.g., recombinant backbone molecules.
  • Backbone molecules include nucleic acids such as expression vectors, self-replicating nucleic acids, viruses, integrating nucleic acids and other vectors or nucleic acids used to maintain or manipulate a nucleic acid insert of interest.
  • a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of the invention is assembled in appropriate phase with a leader sequence capable of directing secretion of the translated polypeptide or fragment thereof.
  • the invention provides fusion proteins and nucleic acids encoding them.
  • a polypeptide of the invention can be fused to a heterologous peptide or polypeptide, such as N-terminal identification peptides which impart desired characteristics, such as increased stability or simplified purification.
  • Peptides and polypeptides of the invention can also be synthesized and expressed as fusion proteins with one or more additional domains linked thereto for, e.g., producing a more immunogenic peptide, to more readily isolate a recombinantly synthesized peptide, to identify and isolate antibodies and antibody-expressing B cells, and the like.
  • Detection and purification facilitating domains include, e.g., metal chelating peptides such as polyhistidine tracts and histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp, Seattle Wash.).
  • an expression vector can include an epitope-encoding nucleic acid sequence linked to six histidine residues followed by a thioredoxin and an enterokinase cleavage site (see e.g., Williams (1995) Biochemistry 34:1787-1797; Dobeli (1998) Protein Expr. Purif. 12:404-414).
  • histidine residues facilitate detection and purification while the enterokinase cleavage site provides a means for purifying the epitope from the remainder of the fusion protein.
  • Technology pertaining to vectors encoding fusion proteins and application of fusion proteins are well described in the scientific and patent literature, see e.g., Kroll (1993) DNA Cell. Biol., 12:441-53.
  • Saturation Mutagenesis or “Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis” or “GSSM” includes a method that uses degenerate oligonucleotide primers to introduce point mutations into a polynucleotide, as described in detail, below.
  • the invention provides nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) sequences of the invention operatively linked to expression (e.g., transcriptional or translational) control sequence(s), e.g., promoters or enhancers, to direct or modulate RNA synthesis/expression.
  • expression control sequence can be in an expression vector.
  • Exemplary bacterial promoters include lacI, lacZ, T3, T7, gpt, lambda PR, PL and trp.
  • Exemplary eukaryotic promoters include CMV immediate early, HSV thymidine kinase, early and late SV40, LTRs from retrovirus, and mouse metallothionein I.
  • promoter includes all sequences capable of driving transcription of a coding sequence in a cell.
  • promoters used in the constructs of the invention include cis-acting transcriptional control elements and regulatory sequences that are involved in regulating or modulating the timing and/or rate of transcription of a gene.
  • a promoter can be a cis-acting transcriptional control element, including an enhancer, a promoter, a transcription terminator, an origin of replication, a chromosomal integration sequence, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, or an intronic sequence, which are involved in transcriptional regulation.
  • tissue-specific promoters are transcriptional control elements that are only active in particular cells or tissues or organs, e.g., in plants or animals. Tissue-specific regulation may be achieved by certain intrinsic factors which ensure that genes encoding proteins specific to a given tissue are expressed. Such factors are known to exist in mammals and plants so as to allow for specific tissues to develop.
  • Promoters suitable for expressing a polypeptide in bacteria include the E. coli lac or trp promoters, the lad promoter, the lacZ promoter, the T3 promoter, the T7 promoter, the gpt promoter, the lambda PR promoter, the lambda PL promoter, promoters from operons encoding glycolytic enzymes such as 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and the acid phosphatase promoter.
  • Eukaryotic promoters include the CMV immediate early promoter, the HSV thymidine kinase promoter, heat shock promoters, the early and late SV40 promoter, LTRs from retroviruses, and the mouse metallothionein-I promoter.
  • Promoters suitable for expressing the polypeptide or fragment thereof in bacteria include the E. coli lac or trp promoters, the lacI promoter, the lacZ promoter, the T3 promoter, the T7 promoter, the gpt promoter, the lambda P R promoter, the lambda P L promoter, promoters from operons encoding glycolytic enzymes such as 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and the acid phosphatase promoter.
  • Fungal promoters include the ⁇ factor promoter.
  • Eukaryotic promoters include the CMV immediate early promoter, the HSV thymidine kinase promoter, heat shock promoters, the early and late SV40 promoter, LTRs from retroviruses and the mouse metallothionein-I promoter. Any promoter known to control expression of genes in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses may also be used.
  • the invention provides expression cassettes that may be expressed in any manner in a plant.
  • the invention also provides plants or seeds that express an enzyme of the invention in any manner
  • plant includes whole plants, plant parts (e.g., leaves, stems, flowers, roots, etc.), plant protoplasts, seeds and plant cells and progeny of same.
  • the class of plants which can be used in the method of the invention is generally as broad as the class of higher plants amenable to transformation techniques, including angiosperms (monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants), as well as gymnosperms. It includes plants of a variety of ploidy levels, including polyploid, diploid, haploid and hemizygous states.
  • transgenic plant includes plants or plant cells into which a heterologous nucleic acid sequence has been inserted, e.g., the nucleic acids and various recombinant constructs (e.g., expression cassettes) of the invention.
  • the transgenic expression in plants of genes derived from heterologous sources may involve the modification of those genes to achieve and optimize their expression in plants.
  • bacterial ORFs which encode separate enzymes but which are encoded by the same transcript in the native microbe are best expressed in plants on separate transcripts.
  • each microbial ORF is isolated individually and cloned within a cassette which provides a plant promoter sequence at the 5′ end of the ORF and a plant transcriptional terminator at the 3′ end of the ORF.
  • the isolated ORF sequence preferably includes the initiating ATG codon and the terminating STOP codon but may include additional sequence beyond the initiating ATG and the STOP codon.
  • the ORF may be truncated, but still retain the required activity; for particularly long ORFs, truncated versions which retain activity may be preferable for expression in transgenic organisms.
  • plant promoter and “plant transcriptional terminator” it is intended to mean promoters and transcriptional terminators which operate within plant cells. This includes promoters and transcription terminators which may be derived from non-plant sources such as viruses (an example is the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus).
  • modification to the ORF coding sequences and adjacent sequence is not required. It is sufficient to isolate a fragment containing the ORF of interest and to insert it downstream of a plant promoter.
  • Gaffney et. al. ( Science 261: 754-756 (1993)) have expressed the Pseudomonas nahG gene in transgenic plants under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and the CaMV tml terminator successfully without modification of the coding sequence and with nucleotides of the Pseudomonas gene upstream of the ATG still attached, and nucleotides downstream of the STOP codon still attached to the nahG ORF.
  • Preferably as little adjacent microbial sequence should be left attached upstream of the ATG and downstream of the STOP codon. In practice, such construction may depend on the availability of restriction sites.
  • genes derived from microbial sources may provide problems in expression. These problems have been well characterized in the art and are particularly common with genes derived from certain sources such as Bacillus. These problems may apply to the nucleotide sequence of this invention and the modification of these genes can be undertaken using techniques now well known in the art. The following problems may be encountered:
  • the preferred codon usage in plants differs from the preferred codon usage in certain microorganisms. Comparison of the usage of codons within a cloned microbial ORF to usage in plant genes (and in particular genes from the target plant) will enable an identification of the codons within the ORF which should preferably be changed. Typically plant evolution has tended towards a strong preference of the nucleotides C and G in the third base position of monocotyledons, whereas dicotyledons often use the nucleotides A or T at this position. By modifying a gene to incorporate preferred codon usage for a particular target transgenic species, many of the problems described below for GC/AT content and illegitimate splicing will be overcome.
  • Plant genes typically have a GC content of more than 35%.
  • ORF sequences which are rich in A and T nucleotides can cause several problems in plants. Firstly, motifs of ATTTA are believed to cause destabilization of messages and are found at the 3′ end of many short-lived mRNAs. Secondly, the occurrence of polyadenylation signals such as AATAAA at inappropriate positions within the message is believed to cause premature truncation of transcription. In addition, monocotyledons may recognize AT-rich sequences as splice sites (see below).
  • Plants differ from microorganisms in that their messages do not possess a defined ribosome binding site. Rather, it is believed that ribosomes attach to the 5′ end of the message and scan for the first available ATG at which to start translation. Nevertheless, it is believed that there is a preference for certain nucleotides adjacent to the ATG and that expression of microbial genes can be enhanced by the inclusion of a eukaryotic consensus translation initiator at the ATG.
  • Clontech (1993/1994 catalog, page 210, incorporated herein by reference) have suggested one sequence as a consensus translation initiator for the expression of the E. coli uidA gene in plants. Further, Joshi ( N.A.R.
  • Genes cloned from non-plant sources and not optimized for expression in plants may also contain motifs which may be recognized in plants as 5′ or 3′ splice sites, and be cleaved, thus generating truncated or deleted messages. These sites can be removed using the techniques well known in the art.
  • compositions of the invention may contain nucleic acid sequences for transformation and expression in a plant of interest.
  • the nucleic acid sequences may be present in DNA constructs or expression cassettes.
  • “Expression cassette” as used herein means a nucleic acid molecule capable of directing expression of a particular nucleotide sequence in an appropriate host cell, comprising a promoter operatively linked to the nucleotide sequence of interest, which is operatively linked to termination signals. It also typically comprises sequences required for proper translation of the nucleotide sequence.
  • the coding region usually codes for a protein of interest but may also code for a functional RNA of interest, for example antisense RNA or a nontranslated RNA, in the sense or antisense direction.
  • the expression cassette comprising the nucleotide sequence of interest may be chimeric, meaning that at least one of its components is heterologous with respect to at least one of its other components.
  • the expression cassette may also be one that is naturally occurring but has been obtained in a recombinant form useful for heterologous expression.
  • the expression cassette is heterologous with respect to the host, i.e., the particular DNA sequence of the expression cassette does not occur naturally in the host cell and must have been introduced into the host cell or an ancestor of the host cell by a transformation event.
  • the expression of the nucleotide sequence in the expression cassette may be under the control of a constitutive promoter or of an inducible promoter that initiates transcription only when the host cell is exposed to some particular external stimulus. Additionally, the promoter can also be specific to a particular tissue or organ or stage of development.
  • the present invention encompasses the transformation of plants with expression cassettes capable of expressing polynucleotides.
  • the expression cassette will include in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region (i.e., a promoter) and a polynucleotide of interest.
  • the expression cassette may optionally comprise a transcriptional and translational termination region (i.e. termination region) functional in plants.
  • the expression cassette comprises a selectable marker gene to allow for selection for stable transformants.
  • Expression constructs of the invention may also comprise a leader sequence and/or a sequence allowing for inducible expression of the polynucleotide of interest. See, Guo et. al. (2003) Plant J. 34:383-92 and Chen et. al. (2003) Plant J. 36:731-40 for examples of sequences allowing for inducible expression.
  • operably linked is intended a functional linkage between a promoter and a second sequence wherein the promoter sequence initiates and mediates transcription of the DNA sequence corresponding to the second sequence.
  • operably linked means that the nucleotide sequences being linked are contiguous.
  • any promoter capable of driving expression in the plant of interest may be used in the practice of the invention.
  • the promoter may be native or analogous or foreign or heterologous to the plant host.
  • a heterologous gene in a host cell includes a gene that is endogenous to the particular host cell but has been modified.
  • the terms also include non-naturally occurring multiple copies of a naturally occurring DNA sequence.
  • the terms refer to a DNA segment that is foreign or heterologous to the cell, or homologous to the cell but in a position within the host cell nucleic acid in which the element is not ordinarily found. Exogenous DNA segments are expressed to yield exogenous polypeptides.
  • a “homologous” nucleic acid (e.g. DNA) sequence is a nucleic acid (e.g. DNA or RNA) sequence naturally associated with a host cell into which it is introduced.
  • the choice of promoters to be included depends upon several factors, including, but not limited to, efficiency, selectability, inducibility, desired expression level, and cell- or tissue-preferential expression. It is a routine matter for one of skill in the art to modulate the expression of a sequence by appropriately selecting and positioning promoters and other regulatory regions relative to that sequence.
  • a cell type- or tissue-preferential promoter is one that drives expression preferentially in the target tissue, but may also lead to some expression in other cell types or tissues as well.
  • Methods for identifying and characterizing promoter regions in plant genomic DNA include, for example, those described in the following references: Jordano, et. al., Plant Cell, 1:855-866 (1989); Bustos, et. al., Plant Cell, 1:839-854 (1989); Green, et. al., EMBO J. 7, 4035-4044 (1988); Meier, et. al., Plant Cell, 3, 309-316 (1991); and Zhang, et. al., Plant Physiology 110: 1069-1079 (1996).
  • tissue preferred regulated genes and/or promoters have been reported in plants.
  • Some reported tissue preferred genes include the genes encoding the seed storage proteins (such as napin, cruciferin, beta-conglycinin, and phaseolin, prolamines, glutelins, globulins, and zeins) zeins or oil body proteins (such as oleosin), or genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis (including acyl carrier protein, stearoyl-ACP desaturase, and fatty acid desaturases (fad 2-1)), and other genes expressed during embryo development (such as Bce4, see, for example, EP 255378 and Kridl et. al., (1991) Seed Science Research, 1:209).
  • the seed storage proteins such as napin, cruciferin, beta-conglycinin, and phaseolin, prolamines, glutelins, globulins, and zeins
  • zeins or oil body proteins such as oleosin
  • tissue-specific promoters examples include the lectin (Vodkin, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 138; 87 (1983); Lindstrom et. al., (1990) Der. Genet., 11:160), corn alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Dennis et. al., Nucleic Acids Res., 12:3983 (1984)), corn light harvesting complex (see, e.g., Simpson, (1986) Science, 233:34; Bansal (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3654), corn heat shock protein (see, e.g., Odell et.
  • petunia chalcone isomerase see, e.g., vanTunen (1988) EMBO J. 7:1257
  • bean glycine rich protein 1 see, e.g., Keller (1989) Genes Dev. 3:1639)
  • truncated CaMV 35S see, e.g., Odell (1985) Nature 313:810
  • potato patatin see, e.g., Wenzler (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 13:347
  • root cell see, e.g., Yamamoto (1990) Nucleic Acids Res.
  • globulin-1 see, e.g., Belanger (1991) Genetics 129:863); ⁇ -globulin (Sunilkumar, et. al. (2002), Transgenic Res. 11:347-359); ⁇ -tubulin; cab (see, e.g., Sullivan (1989) Mol. Gen. Genet., 215:431); PEPCase (see e.g., Hudspeth & Grula, (1989) Plant Molec. Biol., 12:579-589); R gene complex-associated promoters (Chandler et. al., (1989) Plant Cell, 1:1175); pea vicilin promoter (Czako et.
  • a class of fruit-preferred promoters expressed at or during antithesis through fruit development, at least until the beginning of ripening, is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,674, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the promoter for polygalacturonase gene is active in fruit ripening.
  • the polygalacturonase gene is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,060, U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061, U.S. Pat. No. 4,801,590, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,065, which disclosures are incorporated herein by reference.
  • tissue-preferred promoters include those that direct expression in leaf cells following damage to the leaf (for example, from chewing insects), in tubers (for example, patatin gene promoter), and in fiber cells (an example of a developmentally-regulated fiber cell protein is E6 (John & Crow (1992) PNAS 89:5769-5773).
  • the E6 gene is most active in fiber, although low levels of transcripts are found in leaf, ovule and flower.
  • Promoters active in photosynthetic tissue in order to drive transcription in green tissues are suitable when they drive expression only or predominantly in such tissues.
  • the promoter may confer expression constitutively throughout the plant, or differentially with respect to the green tissues, or differentially with respect to the developmental stage of the green tissue in which expression occurs, or in response to external stimuli.
  • RbcS ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
  • Examples of such promoters include the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RbcS) promoters such as the RbcS promoter from eastern larch ( Larix laricina ), the pine cab6 promoter (Yamamoto et. al. (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35:773-778), the Cab-1 gene promoter from wheat (Fejes et. al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 15:921-932), the CAB-1 promoter from spinach (Lubberstedt et. al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 104:997-1006), the cablR promoter from rice (Luan et. al.
  • RbcS ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
  • tissue specificity of some “tissue preferred” promoters may not be absolute and may be tested reporter genes such as Gus or green fluorescent protein, cyan fluorescent protein, yellow fluorescent protein or red fluorescent protein.
  • tissue preferred expression with “leaky” expression by a combination of different tissue-preferred promoters.
  • Other tissue preferred promoters can be isolated by one skilled in the art (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,379).
  • plant promoters which are inducible upon exposure to plant hormones, such as auxins, are used to express the nucleic acids of the invention.
  • the invention can use the auxin-response elements E1 promoter fragment (AuxREs) in the soybean ( Glycine max L.) (Liu (1997) Plant Physiol. 115:397-407); the auxin-responsive Arabidopsis GST6 promoter (also responsive to salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide) (Chen (1996) Plant J. 10: 955-966); the auxin-inducible parC promoter from tobacco (Sakai (1996) 37:906-913); a plant biotin response element (Streit (1997) Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact. 10:933-937); and, the promoter responsive to the stress hormone abscisic acid (Sheen (1996) Science 274:1900-1902).
  • auxin-response elements E1 promoter fragment AuxREs
  • the nucleic acids of the invention can also be operably linked to plant promoters which are inducible upon exposure to chemicals reagents which can be applied to the plant, such as herbicides or antibiotic.
  • plant promoters which are inducible upon exposure to chemicals reagents which can be applied to the plant, such as herbicides or antibiotic.
  • gene expression systems that are activated in the presence of a chemical ligand, including ethanol, such as can be found in WO 96/27673; WO 93/01294; WO 94/03619; WO 02/061102, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the maize In2-2 promoter activated by benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners, can be used (De Veylder (1997) Plant Cell Physiol.
  • Coding sequence can be under the control of, e.g., a tetracycline-inducible promoter, e.g., as described with transgenic tobacco plants containing the Avena sativa L. (oat) arginine decarboxylase gene (Masgrau (1997) Plant J. 11:465-473); estrogen, such as, the ecdysone receptor (WO 01/52620) or, a salicylic acid-responsive element (Stange (1997) Plant J. 11:1315-1324).
  • a tetracycline-inducible promoter e.g., as described with transgenic tobacco plants containing the Avena sativa L. (oat) arginine decarboxylase gene (Masgrau (1997) Plant J. 11:465-473)
  • estrogen such as, the ecdysone receptor (WO 01/52620) or, a salicylic acid-responsive element (Stange (1997) Plant J. 11:13
  • induced promoters i.e., promoter responsive to a chemical which can be applied to the transgenic plant in the field
  • expression of a polypeptide of the invention can be induced at a particular stage of development of the plant.
  • Examples of some constitutive promoters which have been described include rice actin 1 (Wang et. al. (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol., 12:3399; U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,876); other actin isoforms (McElroy et. al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 163-171 and McElroy et. al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 231: 150-160); CaMV 35S (Odell et. al. (1985) Nature, 313:810); CaMV 19S (Lawton et. al. (1987) Plant Mol. Biol. 9:315-324; U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,949); nos (Ebert et.
  • transcriptional terminators are available for use in expression cassettes. These are responsible for the termination of transcription beyond the transgene and correct mRNA polyadenylation.
  • the termination region may be native with the transcriptional initiation region, may be native with the operably linked DNA sequence of interest, may be native with the plant host, or may be derived from another source (i.e., foreign or heterologous to the promoter, the DNA sequence of interest, the plant host, or any combination thereof).
  • Appropriate transcriptional terminators are those that are known to function in plants and include the CAMV 35S terminator, the tml terminator, the nopaline synthase terminator and the pea rbcs E9 terminator. These can be used in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
  • a gene's native transcription terminator may be used.
  • sequences have been found to enhance gene expression from within the transcriptional unit and these sequences can be used in conjunction with the genes of this invention to increase their expression in transgenic plants.
  • various intron sequences have been shown to enhance expression, particularly in monocotyledonous cells.
  • the introns of the maize Adh1 gene have been found to significantly enhance the expression of the wild-type gene under its cognate promoter when introduced into maize cells.
  • a number of non-translated leader sequences derived from viruses are also known to enhance expression, and these are particularly effective in dicotyledonous cells.
  • TMV Tobacco Mosaic Virus
  • MCMV Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus
  • AMV Alfalfa Mosaic Virus
  • Any mechanism for targeting gene products known in plants can be used to practice this invention, and the sequences controlling the functioning of these mechanisms have been characterized in some detail. Sequences that have been characterized to cause the targeting of gene products to other cell compartments also can be used to practice this invention.
  • Amino terminal sequences responsible for targeting a protein of interest to any cell compartment such as, a vacuole, mitochondrion, peroxisome, protein bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, starch granule, amyloplast, apoplast or cell wall of a plant (e.g. Unger et. al. Plant Molec. Biol. 13: 411-418 (1989); Rogers et. al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad.
  • the signal sequence is an N-terminal signal sequence from waxy, an N-terminal signal sequence from ⁇ -zein, a starch binding domain, a C-terminal starch binding domain, a chloroplast targeting sequence, which imports the mature protein to the chloroplast (Comai et. al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263: 15104-15109; van den Broeck, et. al. (1985) Nature 313: 358-363; U.S. Pat. No.
  • the signal sequence selected can include the known cleavage site, and the fusion constructed should take into account any amino acids after the cleavage site(s), which are required for cleavage. In some embodiments, this requirement may be fulfilled by the addition of a small number of amino acids between the cleavage site and the transgene ATG or, alternatively, replacement of some amino acids within the transgene sequence.
  • the above-described mechanisms for cellular targeting can be utilized not only in conjunction with their cognate promoters, but also in conjunction with heterologous promoters so as to effect a specific cell-targeting goal under the transcriptional regulation of a promoter that has an expression pattern different to that of the promoter from which the targeting signal derives.
  • the invention provides vectors, including cloning and expression vectors, or any cloning vehicles comprising nucleic acids of the invention, e.g., sequences encoding the glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases of the invention.
  • nucleic acids of the invention e.g., sequences encoding the glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases of the
  • Expression vectors and cloning vehicles of the invention can comprise viral particles, recombinant viruses, baculovirus, phage, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, fosmids, bacterial artificial chromosomes, viral DNA (e.g., vaccinia, adenovirus, foul pox virus, pseudorabies and derivatives of SV40), P1-based artificial chromosomes, yeast plasmids, yeast artificial chromosomes, and any other vectors specific for specific hosts of interest (such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Aspergillus and yeast).
  • Vectors of the invention can include chromosomal, non-chromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences.
  • exemplary vectors are include: bacterial: pQE vectors (Qiagen), pBluescript plasmids, pNH vectors, (lambda-ZAP vectors (Stratagene); ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pDR540, pRIT2T (Pharmacia); Eukaryotic: pXT1, pSGS (Stratagene), pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, pSVLSV40 (Pharmacia).
  • any other plasmid or other vector may be used so long as they are replicable and viable in the host.
  • Low copy number or high copy number vectors may be employed with the present invention.
  • Plasmids can be commercially available, publicly available on an unrestricted basis, or can be constructed from available plasmids in accord with published procedures. Equivalent plasmids to those described herein are known in the art and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan. The starting plasmids herein are either commercially available, publicly available on an unrestricted basis, or can be constructed from available plasmids in accord with published procedures. In addition, equivalent plasmids to those described herein are known in the art and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
  • the expression vector can comprise a promoter, a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription terminator.
  • the vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression.
  • Mammalian expression vectors can comprise an origin of replication, any necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, transcriptional termination sequences, and 5′ flanking non-transcribed sequences.
  • DNA sequences derived from the SV40 splice and polyadenylation sites may be used to provide the required non-transcribed genetic elements.
  • an “expression cassette” comprising a sequence of the invention, e.g., an “expression cassette” can comprise a nucleotide sequence which is capable of affecting expression of a nucleic acid, e.g., a structural gene (i.e., a protein-coding sequence, such as a glucanase of the invention) in a host compatible with such sequences.
  • Expression cassettes comprise at least a promoter operably linked with the polypeptide coding sequence; and, optionally, with other sequences, e.g., transcription termination signals. Additional factors necessary or helpful in effecting expression may also be used, e.g., enhancers.
  • expression cassettes also include plasmids, expression vectors, recombinant viruses, any form of recombinant “naked DNA” vector, and the like.
  • a “vector” comprises a nucleic acid which can infect, transfect, transiently or permanently transduce a cell. It will be recognized that a vector can be a naked nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid complexed with protein or lipid.
  • the vector optionally comprises viral or bacterial nucleic acids and/or proteins, and/or membranes (e.g., a cell membrane, a viral lipid envelope, etc.).
  • Vectors include, but are not limited to replicons (e.g., RNA replicons, bacteriophages) to which fragments of DNA may be attached and become replicated.
  • Vectors thus include, but are not limited to RNA, autonomous self-replicating circular or linear DNA or RNA (e.g., plasmids, viruses, and the like, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,879), and include both the expression and non-expression plasmids.
  • a recombinant microorganism or cell culture is described as hosting an “expression vector” this includes both extra-chromosomal circular and linear DNA and DNA that has been incorporated into the host chromosome(s).
  • the vector may either be stably replicated by the cells during mitosis as an autonomous structure, or is incorporated within the host's genome.
  • the expression vectors contain one or more selectable marker genes to permit selection of host cells containing the vector.
  • selectable markers include genes encoding dihydrofolate reductase or genes conferring neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, genes conferring tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli , and the S. cerevisiae TRP1 gene.
  • Promoter regions can be selected from any desired gene using chloramphenicol transferase (CAT) vectors or other vectors with selectable markers.
  • CAT chloramphenicol transferase
  • Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually from about 10 to about 300 bp in length that act on a promoter to increase its transcription. Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin by 100 to 270, the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and the adenovirus enhancers.
  • a nucleic acid sequence can be inserted into a vector by a variety of procedures.
  • the sequence is ligated to the desired position in the vector following digestion of the insert and the vector with appropriate restriction endonucleases.
  • blunt ends in both the insert and the vector may be ligated.
  • a variety of cloning techniques are known in the art, e.g., as described in Ausubel and Sambrook. Such procedures and others are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art.
  • the vector can be in the form of a plasmid, a viral particle, or a phage.
  • Other vectors include chromosomal, non-chromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, derivatives of SV40; bacterial plasmids, phage DNA, baculovirus, yeast plasmids, vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA, viral DNA such as vaccinia, adenovirus, fowl pox virus, and pseudorabies.
  • a variety of cloning and expression vectors for use with prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described by, e.g., Sambrook.
  • Particular bacterial vectors which can be used include the commercially available plasmids comprising genetic elements of the well known cloning vector pBR322 (ATCC 37017), pKK223-3 (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden), GEM1 (Promega Biotec, Madison, Wis., USA) pQE70, pQE60, pQE-9 (Qiagen), pD10, psiX174 pBluescript II KS, pNH8A, pNH16a, pNH18A, pNH46A (Stratagene), ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, DR540, pRITS (Pharmacia), pKK232-8 and pCM7.
  • Particular eukaryotic vectors include pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1, pSG (Stratagene) pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, and pSVL (Pharmacia).
  • any other vector may be used as long as it is replicable and viable in the host cell.
  • the nucleic acids of the invention can be expressed in expression cassettes, vectors or viruses and transiently or stably expressed in plant cells and seeds.
  • One exemplary transient expression system uses episomal expression systems, e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) viral RNA generated in the nucleus by transcription of an episomal mini-chromosome containing supercoiled DNA, see, e.g., Covey (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1633-1637.
  • coding sequences, i.e., all or sub-fragments of sequences of the invention can be inserted into a plant host cell genome becoming an integral part of the host chromosomal DNA.
  • Sense or antisense transcripts can be expressed in this manner.
  • a vector comprising the sequences (e.g., promoters or coding regions) from nucleic acids of the invention can comprise a marker gene that confers a selectable phenotype on a plant cell or a seed.
  • the marker may encode biocide resistance, particularly antibiotic resistance, such as resistance to kanamycin, G418, bleomycin, hygromycin, or herbicide resistance, such as resistance to chlorosulfuron or Basta.
  • Expression vectors capable of expressing nucleic acids and proteins in plants are well known in the art, and can include, e.g., vectors from Agrobacterium spp., potato virus X (see, e.g., Angell (1997) EMBO J. 16:3675-3684), tobacco mosaic virus (see, e.g., Casper (1996) Gene 173:69-73), tomato bushy stunt virus (see, e.g., Hillman (1989) Virology 169:42-50), tobacco etch virus (see, e.g., Dolja (1997) Virology 234:243-252), bean golden mosaic virus (see, e.g., Morinaga (1993) Microbiol Immunol.
  • potato virus X see, e.g., Angell (1997) EMBO J. 16:3675-3684
  • tobacco mosaic virus see, e.g., Casper (1996) Gene 173:69-73
  • tomato bushy stunt virus see, e.g., Hillman (1989)
  • cauliflower mosaic virus see, e.g., Cecchini (1997) Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact. 10:1094-1101
  • maize Ac/Ds transposable element see, e.g., Rubin (1997) Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:6294-6302; Kunze (1996) Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 204:161-194)
  • Spm maize suppressor-mutator
  • the expression vector can have two replication systems to allow it to be maintained in two organisms, for example in mammalian or insect cells for expression and in a prokaryotic host for cloning and amplification.
  • the expression vector can contain at least one sequence homologous to the host cell genome. It can contain two homologous sequences which flank the expression construct.
  • the integrating vector can be directed to a specific locus in the host cell by selecting the appropriate homologous sequence for inclusion in the vector. Constructs for integrating vectors are well known in the art.
  • Expression vectors of the invention may also include a selectable marker gene to allow for the selection of bacterial strains that have been transformed, e.g., genes which render the bacteria resistant to drugs such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, neomycin and tetracycline.
  • selectable markers can also include biosynthetic genes, such as those in the histidine, tryptophan and leucine biosynthetic pathways.
  • the DNA sequence in the expression vector is operatively linked to an appropriate expression control sequence(s) (promoter) to direct RNA synthesis.
  • promoter particularly named bacterial promoters include lad, lacZ, T3, T7, gpt, lambda P R , P L and trp.
  • Eukaryotic promoters include CMV immediate early, HSV thymidine kinase, early and late SV40, LTRs from retrovirus and mouse metallothionein-I. Selection of the appropriate vector and promoter is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the expression vector also contains a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription terminator.
  • the vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression.
  • Promoter regions can be selected from any desired gene using chloramphenicol transferase (CAT) vectors or other vectors with selectable markers.
  • the expression vectors in one aspect contain one or more selectable marker genes to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells such as dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, or such as tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
  • Mammalian expression vectors may also comprise an origin of replication, any necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, transcriptional termination sequences and 5′ flanking nontranscribed sequences.
  • DNA sequences derived from the SV40 splice and polyadenylation sites may be used to provide the required nontranscribed genetic elements.
  • Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually from about 10 to about 300 bp in length that act on a promoter to increase its transcription. Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin by 100 to 270, the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin and the adenovirus enhancers.
  • the expression vectors typically contain one or more selectable marker genes to permit selection of host cells containing the vector.
  • selectable markers include genes encoding dihydrofolate reductase or genes conferring neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, genes conferring tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli and the S. cerevisiae TRP1 gene.
  • the nucleic acid encoding one of the polypeptides of the invention, or fragments comprising at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof is assembled in appropriate phase with a leader sequence capable of directing secretion of the translated polypeptide or fragment thereof.
  • the nucleic acid can encode a fusion polypeptide in which one of the polypeptides of the invention, or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof is fused to heterologous peptides or polypeptides, such as N-terminal identification peptides which impart desired characteristics, such as increased stability or simplified purification.
  • the appropriate DNA sequence may be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures.
  • the DNA sequence is ligated to the desired position in the vector following digestion of the insert and the vector with appropriate restriction endonucleases.
  • blunt ends in both the insert and the vector may be ligated.
  • a variety of cloning techniques are disclosed in Ausubel et al. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley 503 Sons, Inc. 1997 and Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2 nd Ed ., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989. Such procedures and others are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art.
  • the vector may be, for example, in the form of a plasmid, a viral particle, or a phage.
  • Other vectors include chromosomal, nonchromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, derivatives of SV40; bacterial plasmids, phage DNA, baculovirus, yeast plasmids, vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA, viral DNA such as vaccinia, adenovirus, fowl pox virus and pseudorabies.
  • the invention also provides a transformed cell comprising a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, e.g., a sequence encoding a glucanase of the invention, or a vector of the invention.
  • the host cell may be any of the host cells familiar to those skilled in the art, including prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, such as bacterial cells, fungal cells, yeast cells, mammalian cells, insect cells, or plant cells.
  • Exemplary bacterial cells include any species within the genera Escherichia, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Salmonella, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus , including, e.g., Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas fluorescens .
  • Exemplary fungal cells include any species of Aspergillus .
  • Exemplary yeast cells include any species of Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces , or Schwanniomyces , including Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , or Schizosaccharomyces pombe .
  • Exemplary insect cells include any species of Spodoptera or Drosophila , including Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf 9.
  • Exemplary animal cells include CHO, COS or Bowes melanoma or any mouse or human cell line. The selection of an appropriate host is within the abilities of those skilled in the art. Techniques for transforming a wide variety of higher plant species are well known and described in the technical and scientific literature. See, e.g., Weising (1988) Ann Rev. Genet. 22:421-477; U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,870.
  • the vector can be introduced into the host cells using any of a variety of techniques, including transformation, transfection, transduction, viral infection, gene guns, or Ti-mediated gene transfer. Particular methods include calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-Dextran mediated transfection, lipofection, or electroporation (Davis, L., Dibner, M., Battey, I., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, (1986)).
  • the nucleic acids or vectors of the invention are introduced into the cells for screening, thus, the nucleic acids enter the cells in a manner suitable for subsequent expression of the nucleic acid.
  • the method of introduction is largely dictated by the targeted cell type. Exemplary methods include CaPO 4 precipitation, liposome fusion, lipofection (e.g., LIPOFECTINTM), electroporation, viral infection, etc.
  • the candidate nucleic acids may stably integrate into the genome of the host cell (for example, with retroviral introduction) or may exist either transiently or stably in the cytoplasm (i.e. through the use of traditional plasmids, utilizing standard regulatory sequences, selection markers, etc.). As many pharmaceutically important screens require human or model mammalian cell targets, retroviral vectors capable of transfecting such targets can be used.
  • the engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying the genes of the invention.
  • the selected promoter may be induced by appropriate means (e.g., temperature shift or chemical induction) and the cells may be cultured for an additional period to allow them to produce the desired polypeptide or fragment thereof.
  • Cells can be harvested by centrifugation, disrupted by physical or chemical means, and the resulting crude extract is retained for further purification.
  • Microbial cells employed for expression of proteins can be disrupted by any convenient method, including freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lysing agents. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the expressed polypeptide or fragment thereof can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Protein refolding steps can be used, as necessary, in completing configuration of the polypeptide. If desired, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps.
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • the constructs in host cells can be used in a conventional manner to produce the gene product encoded by the recombinant sequence.
  • the polypeptides produced by host cells containing the vector may be glycosylated or may be non-glycosylated.
  • Polypeptides of the invention may or may not also include an initial methionine amino acid residue.
  • Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce a polypeptide of the invention.
  • Cell-free translation systems can use mRNAs transcribed from a DNA construct comprising a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide or fragment thereof.
  • the DNA construct may be linearized prior to conducting an in vitro transcription reaction.
  • the transcribed mRNA is then incubated with an appropriate cell-free translation extract, such as a rabbit reticulocyte extract, to produce the desired polypeptide or fragment thereof.
  • the expression vectors can contain one or more selectable marker genes to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells such as dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, or such as tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
  • Host cells containing the polynucleotides of interest can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying genes.
  • the culture conditions such as temperature, pH and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
  • the clones which are identified as having the specified enzyme activity may then be sequenced to identify the polynucleotide sequence encoding an enzyme having the enhanced activity.
  • the invention provides a method for overexpressing a recombinant glucanase in a cell comprising expressing a vector comprising a nucleic acid of the invention, e.g., an exemplary nucleic acid of the invention, including, e.g., SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, AND SEQ ID NO:22 and the specific modifications to SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein.
  • the overexpression can be effected by any means, e.g., use of a high activity promoter, a dicistronic vector or by gene amplification of the vector.
  • the nucleic acids of the invention can be expressed, or overexpressed, in any in vitro or in vivo expression system.
  • Any cell culture systems can be employed to express, or over-express, recombinant protein, including bacterial, insect, yeast, fungal or mammalian cultures.
  • Over-expression can be effected by appropriate choice of promoters, enhancers, vectors (e.g., use of replicon vectors, dicistronic vectors (see, e.g., Gurtu (1996) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 229:295-8), media, culture systems and the like.
  • gene amplification using selection markers e.g., glutamine synthetase (see, e.g., Sanders (1987) Dev. Biol. Stand. 66:55-63), in cell systems are used to overexpress the polypeptides of the invention. Additional details regarding this approach are in the public literature and/or are known to the skilled artisan, e.g., EP 0659215 (WO 9403612 A1) (Nevalainen et al.); Lapidot (1996) J. Biotechnol. November 51:259-64; Lüthi (1990) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. September 56:2677-83 (1990); Sung (1993) Protein Expr. Purif. June 4:200-6 (1993).
  • selection markers e.g., glutamine synthetase (see, e.g., Sanders (1987) Dev. Biol. Stand. 66:55-63)
  • the host cell may be any of the host cells familiar to those skilled in the art, including prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, mammalian cells, insect cells, fungal cells, yeast cells and/or plant cells.
  • prokaryotic cells such as E.
  • eukaryotic cells such as E.
  • mammalian cells such as E.
  • insect cells such as E.
  • fungal cells such as E.
  • yeast cells such as E.
  • yeast such as any species of Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Schwanniomyces , including Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , or Schizosaccharomyces pombe
  • insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf 9
  • animal cells such as CHO, COS or Bowes melanoma and adenoviruses. The selection of an appropriate host is within the abilities of those skilled in the art.
  • the vector may be introduced into the host cells using any of a variety of techniques, including transformation, transfection, transduction, viral infection, gene guns, or Ti-mediated gene transfer. Particular methods include calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-Dextran mediated transfection, lipofection, or electroporation (e.g., see Davis, L., Dibner, M., Battey, I., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, (1986)).
  • the engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying the genes of the invention.
  • the selected promoter may be induced by appropriate means (e.g., temperature shift or chemical induction) and the cells may be cultured for an additional period to allow them to produce the desired polypeptide or fragment thereof.
  • Cells can be harvested by centrifugation, disrupted by physical or chemical means and the resulting crude extract is retained for further purification.
  • Microbial cells employed for expression of proteins can be disrupted by any convenient method, including freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lysing agents. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the expressed polypeptide or fragment thereof can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Protein refolding steps can be used, as necessary, in completing configuration of the polypeptide. If desired, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps.
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • mammalian cell culture systems can also be employed to express recombinant protein.
  • mammalian expression systems include the COS-7 lines of monkey kidney fibroblasts (described, e.g., by Gluzman (1981) Cell 23:175; and other cell lines capable of expressing proteins from a compatible vector, such as the C127, 3T3, CHO, HeLa and BHK cell lines.
  • the constructs in host cells can be used in a conventional manner to produce the gene product encoded by the recombinant sequence.
  • the polypeptides produced by host cells containing the vector may be glycosylated or may be non-glycosylated.
  • Polypeptides of the invention may or may not also include an initial methionine amino acid residue.
  • polypeptides and peptides of the invention can be synthetically produced by conventional peptide synthesizers.
  • fragments or portions of the polypeptides may be employed for producing the corresponding full-length polypeptide by peptide synthesis; therefore, the fragments may be employed as intermediates for producing the full-length polypeptides.
  • Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce one of the polypeptides of the invention using mRNAs transcribed from a DNA construct comprising a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide or fragment thereof.
  • the DNA construct may be linearized prior to conducting an in vitro transcription reaction.
  • the transcribed mRNA can be incubated with an appropriate cell-free translation extract, such as a rabbit reticulocyte extract, to produce the desired polypeptide or peptide.
  • the invention provides amplification primer sequence pairs for amplifying nucleic acids of the invention.
  • the invention provides a nucleic acid amplified by a primer pair of the invention, e.g., a primer pair as set forth by about the first (the 5′) or about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 or 35 or more residues of a nucleic acid of the invention, and about the first (the 5′) or about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 or 35 or more residues of the complementary strand.
  • the invention provides an amplification primer sequence pair for amplifying a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a glucanase activity, wherein the primer pair is capable of amplifying a nucleic acid comprising a sequence of the invention, or fragments or subsequences thereof.
  • One or each member of the amplification primer sequence pair can comprise an oligonucleotide comprising at least about 10 to 50 consecutive bases of the sequence, or about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 consecutive bases of the sequence.
  • the invention provides amplification primer pairs, wherein the primer pair comprises a first member having a sequence as set forth by about the first (the 5′) 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 or 35 residues of a nucleic acid of the invention, and a second member having a sequence as set forth by about the first (the 5′) 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 or 35 residues of the complementary strand of the first member.
  • the invention provides glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases generated by amplification, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using an amplification primer pair of the invention.
  • amplification e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • the invention provides methods of making glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases by amplification, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using an amplification primer pair of the invention.
  • amplification primer pair amplifies a nucleic acid from a library, e.g., a gene library, such as an environmental library.
  • Amplification reactions can also be used to quantify the amount of nucleic acid in a sample (such as the amount of message in a cell sample), label the nucleic acid (e.g., to apply it to an array or a blot), detect the nucleic acid, or quantify the amount of a specific nucleic acid in a sample.
  • message isolated from a cell or a cDNA library are amplified.
  • Amplification methods are also well known in the art, and include, e.g., polymerase chain reaction, PCR (see, e.g., PCR PROTOCOLS, A GUIDE TO METHODS AND APPLICATIONS, ed. Innis, Academic Press, N.Y. (1990) and PCR STRATEGIES (1995), ed.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • LCR ligase chain reaction
  • the invention provides nucleic acids comprising sequences having at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more, or complete (100%) sequence identity to an exemplary nucleic acid of the invention, including SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, AND SEQ ID NO:22, and the sequence modifications to SEQ ID NO:
  • polypeptides comprising sequences having at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more, or complete (100%) sequence identity to an exemplary polypeptide of the invention.
  • sequence identity may be determined using any computer program and associated parameters, including those described herein, such as BLAST 2.2.2. or FASTA version 3.0t78, with the default parameters.
  • Nucleic acid sequences of the invention can comprise at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 or more consecutive nucleotides of an exemplary sequence of the invention and sequences substantially identical thereto.
  • Homologous sequences and fragments of nucleic acid sequences of the invention can refer to a sequence having at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more, or complete (100%) sequence identity (homology)
  • substantially identical in the context of two nucleic acids or polypeptides, refers to two or more sequences that have, e.g., at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more nucleotide or amino acid residue (sequence) identity, when compared and fed for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the known sequence comparison algorithms or by visual inspection.
  • the substantial identity can exist over a region of at least about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 or more residues.
  • the sequences are substantially identical over the entire length of the coding regions.
  • a “substantially identical” amino acid sequence is a sequence that differs from a reference sequence by one or more conservative or non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions, particularly when such a substitution occurs at a site that is not the active site (catalytic domains (CDs)) of the molecule and provided that the polypeptide essentially retains its functional properties.
  • a conservative amino acid substitution substitutes one amino acid for another of the same class (e.g., substitution of one hydrophobic amino acid, such as isoleucine, valine, leucine, or methionine, for another, or substitution of one polar amino acid for another, such as substitution of arginine for lysine, glutamic acid for aspartic acid or glutamine for asparagine).
  • One or more amino acids can be deleted, for example, from a glucanase polypeptide, resulting in modification of the structure of the polypeptide, without significantly altering its biological activity. For example, amino- or carboxyl-terminal amino acids that are not required for glucanase biological activity can be removed.
  • Modified polypeptide sequences of the invention can be assayed for glucanase biological activity by any number of methods, including contacting the modified polypeptide sequence with a glucanase substrate and determining whether the modified polypeptide decreases the amount of specific substrate in the assay or increases the bioproducts of the enzymatic reaction of a functional glucanase polypeptide with the substrate.
  • Sequence identity may be determined using any of the computer programs and parameters described herein, including FASTA version 3.0t78 with the default parameters.
  • Homologous sequences also include RNA sequences in which uridines replace the thymines in the nucleic acid sequences of the invention.
  • the homologous sequences may be obtained using any of the procedures described herein or may result from the correction of a sequencing error. It will be appreciated that the nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be represented in the traditional single character format (See the inside back cover of Stryer, Lubert. Biochemistry, 3rd Ed., W. H Freeman & Co., New York.) or in any other format which records the identity of the nucleotides in a sequence.
  • a “coding sequence of” or a “sequence encodes” a particular polypeptide or protein is a nucleic acid sequence which is transcribed and translated into a polypeptide or protein when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences.
  • sequence comparison programs identified elsewhere in this patent specification are particularly contemplated for use in this aspect of the invention. Protein and/or nucleic acid sequence homologies may be evaluated using any of the variety of sequence comparison algorithms and programs known in the art. Such algorithms and programs include, but are by no means limited to, TBLASTN, BLASTP, FASTA, TFASTA and CLUSTALW (Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85(8):2444-2448, 1988; Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215(3):403-410, 1990; Thompson et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 22(2):4673-4680, 1994; Higgins et al., Methods Enzymol. 266:383-402, 1996; Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215(3):403-410, 1990; Altschul et al., Nature Genetics 3:266-272, 1993).
  • sequence analysis software e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705.
  • sequence analysis software e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705.
  • sequence analysis software e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705
  • sequence analysis software e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705
  • identity in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window or designated region as measured using any number of
  • sequence comparison For sequence comparison, one sequence can acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared.
  • test and reference sequences are entered into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. Default program parameters can be used, or alternative parameters can be designated.
  • sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identities for the test sequences relative to the reference sequence, based on the program parameters.
  • a “comparison window”, as used herein, includes reference to a segment of any one of the number of contiguous positions selected from the group consisting of from 20 to 600, usually about 50 to about 200, more usually about 100 to about 150 in which a sequence may be compared to a reference sequence of the same number of contiguous positions after the two sequences are optimally aligned.
  • Methods of alignment of sequence for comparison are well-known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482, 1981, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol.
  • Such alignment programs can also be used to screen genome databases to identify polynucleotide sequences having substantially identical sequences.
  • a number of genome databases are available, for example, a substantial portion of the human genome is available as part of the Human Genome Sequencing Project. At least twenty-one other genomes have already been sequenced, including, for example, M genitalium (Fraser et al., 1995), M. jannaschii (Bult et al., 1996), H. influenzae (Fleischmann et al., 1995), E. coli (Blattner et al., 1997) and yeast ( S. cerevisiae ) (Mewes et al., 1997) and D.
  • BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms are described in Altschul et al., Nuc. Acids Res. 25:3389-3402, 1977 and Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410, 1990, respectively.
  • Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  • This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., supra).
  • initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them.
  • the word hits are extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached.
  • the BLAST algorithm parameters W, T and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment.
  • W wordlength
  • E expectation
  • N ⁇ 4
  • B BLOSUM62 scoring matrix
  • the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin & Altschul, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873, 1993).
  • One measure of similarity provided by BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance.
  • P(N) the smallest sum probability
  • a nucleic acid is considered similar to a references sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.2, more in one aspect less than about 0.01 and most in one aspect less than about 0.001.
  • protein and nucleic acid sequence homologies are evaluated using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (“BLAST”)
  • BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
  • five specific BLAST programs are used to perform the following task:
  • the BLAST programs identify homologous sequences by identifying similar segments, which are referred to herein as “high-scoring segment pairs,” between a query amino or nucleic acid sequence and a test sequence which is in one aspect obtained from a protein or nucleic acid sequence database.
  • High-scoring segment pairs are in one aspect identified (i.e., aligned) by means of a scoring matrix, many of which are known in the art.
  • the scoring matrix used is the BLOSUM62 matrix (Gonnet et al., Science 256:1443-1445, 1992; Henikoff and Henikoff, Proteins 17:49-61, 1993).
  • the PAM or PAM250 matrices may also be used (see, e.g., Schwartz and Dayhoff, eds., 1978 , Matrices for Detecting Distance Relationships: Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure , Washington: National Biomedical Research Foundation). BLAST programs are accessible through the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • the parameters used with the above algorithms may be adapted depending on the sequence length and degree of homology studied. In some aspects, the parameters may be the default parameters used by the algorithms in the absence of instructions from the user.
  • nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence of the invention can be stored, recorded, and manipulated on any medium which can be read and accessed by a computer.
  • the invention provides computers, computer systems, computer readable mediums, computer programs products and the like recorded or stored thereon the nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences of the invention.
  • the words “recorded” and “stored” refer to a process for storing information on a computer medium.
  • a skilled artisan can readily adopt any known methods for recording information on a computer readable medium to generate manufactures comprising one or more of the nucleic acid and/or polypeptide sequences of the invention.
  • polypeptides of the invention comprise amino acid sequences of the invention, e.g., the exemplary sequences of the invention, and sequences substantially identical thereto, and fragments thereof, including enzymatically active tragments.
  • substantially identical, or homologous, polypeptide sequences refer to a polypeptide sequence having at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more, or complete (100%) sequence identity to an exemplary sequence of the invention.
  • sequence identity may be determined using any of the computer programs and parameters described herein, including FASTA version 3.0t78 with the default parameters or with any modified parameters.
  • the homologous sequences may be obtained using any of the procedures described herein or may result from the correction of a sequencing error.
  • the polypeptide fragments comprise at least about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 or more consecutive amino acids of the polypeptides of the invention. It will be appreciated that the polypeptide codes as set forth in amino acid sequences of the invention, can be represented in the traditional single character format or three letter format (See the inside back cover of Stryer, Lubert. Biochemistry, 3 rd Ed ., W. H Freeman & Co., New York.) or in any other format which relates the identity of the polypeptides in a sequence.
  • a nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence of the invention can be stored, recorded and manipulated on any medium which can be read and accessed by a computer.
  • the words “recorded” and “stored” refer to a process for storing information on a computer medium.
  • a skilled artisan can readily adopt any of the presently known methods for recording information on a computer readable medium to generate manufactures comprising one or more of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention, one or more of the polypeptide sequences of the invention.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a computer readable medium having recorded thereon at least 2, 5, 10, 15, or 20 or more nucleic acid sequences of the invention.
  • Computer readable media include magnetically readable media, optically readable media, electronically readable media and magnetic/optical media.
  • the computer readable media may be a hard disk, a floppy disk, a magnetic tape, CD-ROM, Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), Random Access Memory (RAM), or Read Only Memory (ROM) as well as other types of other media known to those skilled in the art.
  • a computer system 100 refers to the hardware components, software components and data storage components used to analyze a nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention.
  • the computer system 100 can include a processor for processing, accessing and manipulating the sequence data.
  • the processor 105 can be any well-known type of central processing unit, such as, for example, the Pentium III from Intel Corporation, or similar processor from Sun, Motorola, Compaq, AMD or International Business Machines.
  • the computer system 100 can be a general purpose system that comprises the processor 105 and one or more internal data storage components 110 for storing data and one or more data retrieving devices for retrieving the data stored on the data storage components.
  • the processor 105 can be a general purpose system that comprises the processor 105 and one or more internal data storage components 110 for storing data and one or more data retrieving devices for retrieving the data stored on the data storage components.
  • a skilled artisan can readily appreciate that any one of the currently available computer systems are suitable.
  • the computer system 100 includes a processor 105 connected to a bus which is connected to a main memory 115 (in one aspect implemented as RAM) and one or more internal data storage devices 110 , such as a hard drive and/or other computer readable media having data recorded thereon.
  • the computer system 100 further includes one or more data retrieving device 118 for reading the data stored on the internal data storage devices 110 .
  • the data retrieving device 118 may represent, for example, a floppy disk drive, a compact disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, or a modem capable of connection to a remote data storage system (e.g., via the internet) etc.
  • the internal data storage device 110 is a removable computer readable medium such as a floppy disk, a compact disk, a magnetic tape, etc. containing control logic and/or data recorded thereon.
  • the computer system 100 may advantageously include or be programmed by appropriate software for reading the control logic and/or the data from the data storage component once inserted in the data retrieving device.
  • the computer system 100 includes a display 120 which is used to display output to a computer user. It should also be noted that the computer system 100 can be linked to other computer systems 125 a - c in a network or wide area network to provide centralized access to the computer system 100 .
  • Software for accessing and processing the nucleotide sequences of a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention, may reside in main memory 115 during execution.
  • the computer system 100 may further comprise a sequence comparison algorithm for comparing a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention, stored on a computer readable medium to a reference nucleotide or polypeptide sequence(s) stored on a computer readable medium.
  • a “sequence comparison algorithm” refers to one or more programs which are implemented (locally or remotely) on the computer system 100 to compare a nucleotide sequence with other nucleotide sequences and/or compounds stored within a data storage means.
  • sequence comparison algorithm may compare the nucleotide sequences of a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention, stored on a computer readable medium to reference sequences stored on a computer readable medium to identify homologies or structural motifs.
  • FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating one aspect of a process 200 for comparing a new nucleotide or protein sequence with a database of sequences in order to determine the homology levels between the new sequence and the sequences in the database.
  • the database of sequences can be a private database stored within the computer system 100 , or a public database such as GENBANK that is available through the Internet.
  • the process 200 begins at a start state 201 and then moves to a state 202 wherein the new sequence to be compared is stored to a memory in a computer system 100 .
  • the memory could be any type of memory, including RAM or an internal storage device.
  • the process 200 then moves to a state 204 wherein a database of sequences is opened for analysis and comparison.
  • the process 200 then moves to a state 206 wherein the first sequence stored in the database is read into a memory on the computer.
  • a comparison is then performed at a state 210 to determine if the first sequence is the same as the second sequence. It is important to note that this step is not limited to performing an exact comparison between the new sequence and the first sequence in the database.
  • Well-known methods are known to those of skill in the art for comparing two nucleotide or protein sequences, even if they are not identical. For example, gaps can be introduced into one sequence in order to raise the homology level between the two tested sequences. The parameters that control whether gaps or other features are introduced into a sequence during comparison are normally entered by the user of the computer system.
  • the term “same” is not limited to sequences that are absolutely identical. Sequences that are within the homology parameters entered by the user will be marked as “same” in the process 200 .
  • the process 200 moves to a state 214 wherein the name of the sequence from the database is displayed to the user. This state notifies the user that the sequence with the displayed name fulfills the homology constraints that were entered.
  • the process 200 moves to a decision state 218 wherein a determination is made whether more sequences exist in the database. If no more sequences exist in the database, then the process 200 terminates at an end state 220 . However, if more sequences do exist in the database, then the process 200 moves to a state 224 wherein a pointer is moved to the next sequence in the database so that it can be compared to the new sequence. In this manner, the new sequence is aligned and compared with every sequence in the database.
  • one aspect of the invention is a computer system comprising a processor, a data storage device having stored thereon a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention, a data storage device having retrievably stored thereon reference nucleotide sequences or polypeptide sequences to be compared to a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention and a sequence comparer for conducting the comparison.
  • the sequence comparer may indicate a homology level between the sequences compared or identify structural motifs in the above described nucleic acid code a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention, or it may identify structural motifs in sequences which are compared to these nucleic acid codes and polypeptide codes.
  • the data storage device may have stored thereon the sequences of at least 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or 40 or more of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention, or the polypeptide sequences of the invention.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for determining the level of homology between a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention and a reference nucleotide sequence.
  • the method including reading the nucleic acid code or the polypeptide code and the reference nucleotide or polypeptide sequence through the use of a computer program which determines homology levels and determining homology between the nucleic acid code or polypeptide code and the reference nucleotide or polypeptide sequence with the computer program.
  • the computer program may be any of a number of computer programs for determining homology levels, including those specifically enumerated herein, (e.g., BLAST2N with the default parameters or with any modified parameters).
  • the method may be implemented using the computer systems described above.
  • the method may also be performed by reading at least 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 40 or more of the above described nucleic acid sequences of the invention, or the polypeptide sequences of the invention through use of the computer program and determining homology between the nucleic acid codes or polypeptide codes and reference nucleotide sequences or polypeptide sequences.
  • FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating one aspect of a process 250 in a computer for determining whether two sequences are homologous.
  • the process 250 begins at a start state 252 and then moves to a state 254 wherein a first sequence to be compared is stored to a memory.
  • the second sequence to be compared is then stored to a memory at a state 256 .
  • the process 250 then moves to a state 260 wherein the first character in the first sequence is read and then to a state 262 wherein the first character of the second sequence is read.
  • the sequence is a nucleotide sequence, then the character would normally be either A, T, C, G or U.
  • the sequence is a protein sequence, then it is in one aspect in the single letter amino acid code so that the first and sequence sequences can be easily compared.
  • the process 250 moves to a state 276 wherein the level of homology between the first and second sequences is displayed to the user.
  • the level of homology is determined by calculating the proportion of characters between the sequences that were the same out of the total number of sequences in the first sequence. Thus, if every character in a first 100 nucleotide sequence aligned with a every character in a second sequence, the homology level would be 100%.
  • the computer program may be a computer program which compares the nucleotide sequences of a nucleic acid sequence as set forth in the invention, to one or more reference nucleotide sequences in order to determine whether the nucleic acid code of the invention, differs from a reference nucleic acid sequence at one or more positions.
  • a program records the length and identity of inserted, deleted or substituted nucleotides with respect to the sequence of either the reference polynucleotide or a nucleic acid sequence of the invention.
  • the computer program may be a program which determines whether a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, contains a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with respect to a reference nucleotide sequence.
  • SNP single nucleotide polymorphism
  • another aspect of the invention is a method for determining whether a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, differs at one or more nucleotides from a reference nucleotide sequence comprising the steps of reading the nucleic acid code and the reference nucleotide sequence through use of a computer program which identifies differences between nucleic acid sequences and identifying differences between the nucleic acid code and the reference nucleotide sequence with the computer program.
  • the computer program is a program which identifies single nucleotide polymorphisms. The method may be implemented by the computer systems described above and the method illustrated in FIG. 3 .
  • the method may also be performed by reading at least 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 40 or more of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention and the reference nucleotide sequences through the use of the computer program and identifying differences between the nucleic acid codes and the reference nucleotide sequences with the computer program.
  • the computer based system may further comprise an identifier for identifying features within a nucleic acid sequence of the invention or a polypeptide sequence of the invention.
  • an “identifier” refers to one or more programs which identifies certain features within a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention.
  • the identifier may comprise a program which identifies an open reading frame in a nucleic acid sequence of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating one aspect of an identifier process 300 for detecting the presence of a feature in a sequence.
  • the process 300 begins at a start state 302 and then moves to a state 304 wherein a first sequence that is to be checked for features is stored to a memory 115 in the computer system 100 .
  • the process 300 then moves to a state 306 wherein a database of sequence features is opened.
  • a database would include a list of each feature's attributes along with the name of the feature. For example, a feature name could be “Initiation Codon” and the attribute would be “ATG”. Another example would be the feature name “TAATAA Box” and the feature attribute would be “TAATAA”.
  • the features may be structural polypeptide motifs such as alpha helices, beta sheets, or functional polypeptide motifs such as enzymatic catalytic domains (CDs), or, active sites, helix-turn-helix motifs or other motifs known to those skilled in the art.
  • structural polypeptide motifs such as alpha helices, beta sheets, or functional polypeptide motifs such as enzymatic catalytic domains (CDs), or, active sites, helix-turn-helix motifs or other motifs known to those skilled in the art.
  • CDs enzymatic catalytic domains
  • the process 300 moves to a state 308 wherein the first feature is read from the database.
  • a comparison of the attribute of the first feature with the first sequence is then made at a state 310 .
  • a determination is then made at a decision state 316 whether the attribute of the feature was found in the first sequence. If the attribute was found, then the process 300 moves to a state 318 wherein the name of the found feature is displayed to the user.
  • the process 300 then moves to a decision state 320 wherein a determination is made whether move features exist in the database. If no more features do exist, then the process 300 terminates at an end state 324 . However, if more features do exist in the database, then the process 300 reads the next sequence feature at a state 326 and loops back to the state 310 wherein the attribute of the next feature is compared against the first sequence. It should be noted, that if the feature attribute is not found in the first sequence at the decision state 316 , the process 300 moves directly to the decision state 320 in order to determine if any more features exist in the database.
  • another aspect of the invention is a method of identifying a feature within a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention, comprising reading the nucleic acid code(s) or polypeptide code(s) through the use of a computer program which identifies features therein and identifying features within the nucleic acid code(s) with the computer program.
  • computer program comprises a computer program which identifies open reading frames. The method may be performed by reading a single sequence or at least 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 40 of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention, or the polypeptide sequences of the invention, through the use of the computer program and identifying features within the nucleic acid codes or polypeptide codes with the computer program.
  • a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention may be stored and manipulated in a variety of data processor programs in a variety of formats.
  • a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention may be stored as text in a word processing file, such as Microsoft WORDTM or WORDPERFECTTM or as an ASCII file in a variety of database programs familiar to those of skill in the art, such as DB2TM, SYBASETM, or ORACLETM.
  • sequence comparison algorithms may be used as sequence comparison algorithms, identifiers, or sources of reference nucleotide sequences or polypeptide sequences to be compared to a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention.
  • sequence comparison algorithms identifiers, or sources of reference nucleotide sequences or polypeptide sequences to be compared to a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention.
  • identifiers or sources of reference nucleotide sequences or polypeptide sequences to be compared to a nucleic acid sequence of the invention, or a polypeptide sequence of the invention.
  • the programs and databases which may be used include, but are not limited to: MacPattern (EMBL), DiscoveryBase (Molecular Applications Group), GeneMine (Molecular Applications Group), Look (Molecular Applications Group), MacLook (Molecular Applications Group), BLAST and BLAST2 (NCBI), BLASTN and BLASTX (Altschul et al, J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403, 1990), FASTA (Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85: 2444, 1988), FASTDB (Brutlag et al. Comp. App. Biosci. 6:237-245, 1990), Catalyst (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Catalyst/SHAPE (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Cerius 2 .
  • EMBL MacPattern
  • DiscoveryBase Molecular Applications Group
  • GeneMine Molecular Applications Group
  • Look Molecular Applications Group
  • MacLook MacLook
  • BLAST and BLAST2 NCBI
  • BLASTN and BLASTX Alt
  • Motifs which may be detected using the above programs include sequences encoding leucine zippers, helix-turn-helix motifs, glycosylation sites, ubiquitination sites, alpha helices and beta sheets, signal sequences encoding signal peptides which direct the secretion of the encoded proteins, sequences implicated in transcription regulation such as homeoboxes, acidic stretches, enzymatic active sites (catalytic domains (CDs)), substrate binding sites and enzymatic cleavage sites.
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acids that hybridize under stringent conditions to an exemplary sequence of the invention, e.g., SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, and/or SEQ ID NO:22, or a modification of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein, as well as SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, and SEQ ID NO:22.
  • SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, and/or SEQ ID NO:22 or a modification of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein, as well as SEQ ID NO:
  • the stringent conditions can be highly stringent conditions, medium stringent conditions and/or low stringent conditions, including the high and reduced stringency conditions described herein. In one aspect, it is the stringency of the wash conditions that set forth the conditions which determine whether a nucleic acid is within the scope of the invention, as discussed below.
  • Hybridization refers to the process by which a nucleic acid strand joins with a complementary strand through base pairing. Hybridization reactions can be sensitive and selective so that a particular sequence of interest can be identified even in samples in which it is present at low concentrations.
  • stringent conditions can be defined by, for example, the concentrations of salt or formamide in the prehybridization and hybridization solutions, or by the hybridization temperature and are well known in the art. In particular, stringency can be increased by reducing the concentration of salt, increasing the concentration of formamide, or raising the hybridization temperature.
  • nucleic acids of the invention are defined by their ability to hybridize under various stringency conditions (e.g., high, medium, and low), as set forth herein.
  • hybridization under high stringency conditions occurs in conditions comprising about 50% formamide at about 37° C. to 42° C.
  • Hybridization also can occur under reduced stringency in conditions comprising about 35% to 25% formamide at about 30° C. to 35° C.
  • hybridization occurs under high stringency in conditions comprising about 42° C. in 50% formamide, 5 ⁇ SSPE, 0.3% SDS and 200 ⁇ g/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA.
  • hybridization occurs under reduced stringency conditions as described above, but in 35% formamide at a reduced temperature of 35° C.
  • the temperature range corresponding to a particular level of stringency can be further narrowed by calculating the purine to pyrimidine ratio of the nucleic acid of interest and adjusting the temperature accordingly. Variations on the above ranges and conditions are well known in the art.
  • nucleic acids of the invention as defined by their ability to hybridize under stringent conditions can be between about five residues and the full length of nucleic acid of the invention; e.g., they can be at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, or more, residues in length. Nucleic acids shorter than full length are also included.
  • nucleic acids can be useful as, e.g., hybridization probes, labeling probes, PCR oligonucleotide probes, iRNA (single or double stranded, siRNA or miRNA), antisense or sequences encoding antibody binding peptides (epitopes), motifs, active sites (catalytic domains (CDs)) and the like.
  • nucleic acids of the invention are defined by their ability to hybridize under high stringency comprises conditions of about 50% formamide at about 37° C. to 42° C. In one aspect, nucleic acids of the invention are defined by their ability to hybridize under reduced stringency comprising conditions in about 35% to 25% formamide at about 30° C. to 35° C. Alternatively, nucleic acids of the invention are defined by their ability to hybridize under high stringency comprising conditions at 42° C. in 50% formamide, 5 ⁇ SSPE, 0.3% SDS, and a repetitive sequence blocking nucleic acid, such as cot-1 or salmon sperm DNA (e.g., 200 ⁇ g/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA). In one aspect, nucleic acids of the invention are defined by their ability to hybridize under reduced stringency conditions comprising 35% formamide at a reduced temperature of 35° C.
  • nucleic acid hybridization reactions the conditions used to achieve a particular level of stringency will vary, depending on the nature of the nucleic acids being hybridized. For example, the length, degree of complementarity, nucleotide sequence composition (e.g., GC v. AT content) and nucleic acid type (e.g., RNA v. DNA) of the hybridizing regions of the nucleic acids can be considered in selecting hybridization conditions. An additional consideration is whether one of the nucleic acids is immobilized, for example, on a filter.
  • Hybridization may be carried out under conditions of low stringency, moderate stringency or high stringency.
  • nucleic acid hybridization a polymer membrane containing immobilized denatured nucleic acids is first prehybridized for 30 minutes at 45° C. in a solution consisting of 0.9 M NaCl, 50 mM NaH 2 PO 4 , pH 7.0, 5.0 mM Na 2 EDTA, 0.5% SDS, 10 ⁇ Denhardt's and 0.5 mg/ml polyriboadenylic acid. Approximately 2 ⁇ 10 7 cpm (specific activity 4 ⁇ 9 ⁇ 10 8 cpm/ug) of 32 P end-labeled oligonucleotide probe are then added to the solution.
  • the membrane is washed for 30 minutes at room temperature in 1 ⁇ SET (150 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 7.8, 1 mM Na 2 EDTA) containing 0.5% SDS, followed by a 30 minute wash in fresh 1 ⁇ SET at T m -10° C. for the oligonucleotide probe.
  • 1 ⁇ SET 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 7.8, 1 mM Na 2 EDTA
  • the membrane is then exposed to auto-radiographic film for detection of hybridization signals.
  • a filter can be washed to remove any non-specifically bound detectable probe.
  • the stringency used to wash the filters can also be varied depending on the nature of the nucleic acids being hybridized, the length of the nucleic acids being hybridized, the degree of complementarity, the nucleotide sequence composition (e.g., GC v. AT content) and the nucleic acid type (e.g., RNA v. DNA).
  • Examples of progressively higher stringency condition washes are as follows: 2 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS at room temperature for 15 minutes (low stringency); 0.1 ⁇ SSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature for 30 minutes to 1 hour (moderate stringency); 0.1 ⁇ SSC, 0.5% SDS for 15 to 30 minutes at between the hybridization temperature and 68° C. (high stringency); and 0.15M NaCl for 15 minutes at 72° C. (very high stringency).
  • a final low stringency wash can be conducted in 0.1 ⁇ SSC at room temperature.
  • the examples above are merely illustrative of one set of conditions that can be used to wash filters.
  • One of skill in the art would know that there are numerous recipes for different stringency washes. Some other examples are given below. Nucleic acids which have hybridized to the probe can be identified by autoradiography or other conventional techniques.
  • the above procedure may be modified to identify nucleic acids having decreasing levels of homology to the probe sequence.
  • less stringent conditions may be used.
  • the hybridization temperature may be decreased in increments of 5° C. from 68° C. to 42° C. in a hybridization buffer having a Na + concentration of approximately 1M.
  • the filter may be washed with 2 ⁇ SSC, 0.5% SDS at the temperature of hybridization.
  • These conditions are considered to be “moderate” conditions above 50° C. and “low” conditions below 50° C.
  • a specific example of “moderate” hybridization conditions is when the above hybridization is conducted at 55° C.
  • a specific example of “low stringency” hybridization conditions is when the above hybridization is conducted at 45° C.
  • the hybridization may be carried out in buffers, such as 6 ⁇ SSC, containing formamide at a temperature of 42° C.
  • concentration of formamide in the hybridization buffer may be reduced in 5% increments from 50% to 0% to identify clones having decreasing levels of homology to the probe.
  • the filter may be washed with 6 ⁇ SSC, 0.5% SDS at 50° C.
  • wash conditions used to identify nucleic acids within the scope of the invention include, e.g.: a salt concentration of about 0.02 molar at pH 7 and a temperature of at least about 50° C. or about 55° C. to about 60° C.; or, a salt concentration of about 0.15 M NaCl at 72° C. for about 15 minutes; or, a salt concentration of about 0.2 ⁇ SSC at a temperature of at least about 50° C. or about 55° C. to about 60° C.
  • the hybridization complex is washed twice with a solution with a salt concentration of about 2 ⁇ SSC containing 0.1% SDS at room temperature for 15 minutes and then washed twice by 0.1 ⁇ SSC containing 0.1% SDS at 68° C. for 15 minutes; or, equivalent conditions. See Sambrook, Tijssen and Ausubel for a description of SSC buffer and equivalent conditions.
  • nucleic acids of the invention may be used to isolate nucleic acids of the invention.
  • the preceding methods may be used to isolate nucleic acids having a sequence with at least about 97%, at least 95%, at least 90%, at least 85%, at least 80%, at least 75%, at least 70%, at least 65%, at least 60%, at least 55%, or at least 50% homology to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of one of the sequences of the invention, or fragments comprising at least about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 consecutive bases thereof and the sequences complementary thereto. Homology may be measured using the alignment algorithm.
  • the homologous polynucleotides may have a coding sequence which is a naturally occurring allelic variant of one of the coding sequences described herein.
  • allelic variants may have a substitution, deletion or addition of one or more nucleotides when compared to the nucleic acids of the invention.
  • nucleic acids which encode polypeptides having at least about 99%, 95%, at least 90%, at least 85%, at least 80%, at least 75%, at least 70%, at least 65%, at least 60%, at least 55%, or at least 50% homology to a polypeptide of the invention, or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof as determined using a sequence alignment algorithm (e.g., such as the FASTA version 3.0t78 algorithm with the default parameters).
  • sequence alignment algorithm e.g., such as the FASTA version 3.0t78 algorithm with the default parameters.
  • Oligonucleotides Probes and Methods for Using them
  • the invention also provides nucleic acid probes that can be used, e.g., for identifying nucleic acids encoding a polypeptide with a glucanase activity or fragments thereof or for identifying glucanase genes.
  • the probe comprises at least 10 consecutive bases of a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • a probe of the invention can be at least about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 150 or about 10 to 50, about 20 to 60 about 30 to 70, consecutive bases of a sequence as set forth in a nucleic acid of the invention.
  • the probes identify a nucleic acid by binding and/or hybridization.
  • the probes can be used in arrays of the invention, see discussion below, including, e.g., capillary arrays.
  • the probes of the invention can also be used to isolate other nucleic acids or polypeptides.
  • the isolated nucleic acids of the invention, the sequences complementary thereto, or a fragment comprising at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 consecutive bases of one of the sequences of the invention, or the sequences complementary thereto may also be used as probes to determine whether a biological sample, such as a soil sample, contains an organism having a nucleic acid sequence of the invention or an organism from which the nucleic acid was obtained. In such procedures, a biological sample potentially harboring the organism from which the nucleic acid was isolated is obtained and nucleic acids are obtained from the sample. The nucleic acids are contacted with the probe under conditions which permit the probe to specifically hybridize to any complementary sequences from which are present therein.
  • conditions which permit the probe to specifically hybridize to complementary sequences may be determined by placing the probe in contact with complementary sequences from samples known to contain the complementary sequence as well as control sequences which do not contain the complementary sequence.
  • Hybridization conditions such as the salt concentration of the hybridization buffer, the formamide concentration of the hybridization buffer, or the hybridization temperature, may be varied to identify conditions which allow the probe to hybridize specifically to complementary nucleic acids.
  • Hybridization may be detected by labeling the probe with a detectable agent such as a radioactive isotope, a fluorescent dye or an enzyme capable of catalyzing the formation of a detectable product.
  • a detectable agent such as a radioactive isotope, a fluorescent dye or an enzyme capable of catalyzing the formation of a detectable product.
  • more than one probe may be used in an amplification reaction to determine whether the sample contains an organism containing a nucleic acid sequence of the invention (e.g., an organism from which the nucleic acid was isolated).
  • the probes can comprise oligonucleotides.
  • the amplification reaction may comprise a PCR reaction. PCR protocols are described in Ausubel and Sambrook, supra.
  • the amplification may comprise a ligase chain reaction, 3SR, or strand displacement reaction.
  • the amplification product may be detected by performing gel electrophoresis on the reaction products and staining the gel with an intercalator such as ethidium bromide.
  • an intercalator such as ethidium bromide.
  • one or more of the probes may be labeled with a radioactive isotope and the presence of a radioactive amplification product may be detected by autoradiography after gel electrophoresis.
  • Probes derived from sequences near the ends of the sequences of the invention may also be used in chromosome walking procedures to identify clones containing genomic sequences located adjacent to the sequences of the invention. Such methods allow the isolation of genes which encode additional proteins from the host organism.
  • the isolated nucleic acids of the invention, the sequences complementary thereto, or a fragment comprising at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 consecutive bases of one of the sequences of the invention, or the sequences complementary thereto may be used as probes to identify and isolate related nucleic acids.
  • the related nucleic acids may be cDNAs or genomic DNAs from organisms other than the one from which the nucleic acid was isolated.
  • the other organisms may be related organisms.
  • a nucleic acid sample is contacted with the probe under conditions which permit the probe to specifically hybridize to related sequences. Hybridization of the probe to nucleic acids from the related organism is then detected using any of the methods described above.
  • nucleic acids having different levels of homology to the probe can be identified and isolated.
  • Stringency may be varied by conducting the hybridization at varying temperatures below the melting temperatures of the probes.
  • the melting temperature, T m is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly complementary probe.
  • Very stringent conditions are selected to be equal to or about 5° C. lower than the T m for a particular probe.
  • the melting temperature of the probe may be calculated using the following formulas:
  • T m melting temperature
  • Prehybridization may be carried out in 6 ⁇ SSC, 5 ⁇ Denhardt's reagent, 0.5% SDS, 100 ⁇ g/ml denatured fragmented salmon sperm DNA or 6 ⁇ SSC, 5 ⁇ Denhardt's reagent, 0.5% SDS, 100 ⁇ g/ml denatured fragmented salmon sperm DNA, 50% formamide.
  • SSC and Denhardt's solutions are listed in Sambrook et al., supra.
  • Hybridization is conducted by adding the detectable probe to the prehybridization solutions listed above. Where the probe comprises double stranded DNA, it is denatured before addition to the hybridization solution. The filter is contacted with the hybridization solution for a sufficient period of time to allow the probe to hybridize to cDNAs or genomic DNAs containing sequences complementary thereto or homologous thereto. For probes over 200 nucleotides in length, the hybridization may be carried out at about 15 to 25° C. below the T m . For shorter probes, such as oligonucleotide probes, the hybridization may be conducted at about 5° C. to 10° C. below the T m . For hybridizations in 6 ⁇ SSC, the hybridization can be conducted at approximately 68° C. In one aspect, for hybridizations in 50% formamide-comprising solutions, the hybridization is conducted at approximately 42° C.
  • the invention provides nucleic acids complementary to (e.g., antisense sequences to) the nucleic acids of the invention, e.g., endoglucanase-, mannanase-, or xylanase-encoding nucleic acids.
  • Antisense sequences are capable of inhibiting the transport, splicing or transcription of glucanase-encoding, endoglucanase-, mannanase-, or xylanase-encoding genes.
  • the inhibition can be effected through the targeting of genomic DNA or messenger RNA.
  • the transcription or function of targeted nucleic acid can be inhibited, for example, by hybridization and/or cleavage.
  • One particularly useful set of inhibitors provided by the present invention includes oligonucleotides which are able to either bind glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase gene or message, in either case preventing or inhibiting the production or function of glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • Another useful class of inhibitors includes oligonucleotides which cause inactivation or cleavage of glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase message.
  • the oligonucleotide can have enzyme activity which causes such cleavage, such as ribozymes.
  • the oligonucleotide can be chemically modified or conjugated to an enzyme or composition capable of cleaving the complementary nucleic acid.
  • a pool of many different such oligonucleotides can be screened for those with the desired activity.
  • the invention provides various compositions for the inhibition of glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase expression on a nucleic acid and/or protein level, e.g., antisense, iRNA (e.g., siRNA, miRNA) and ribozymes comprising glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylana
  • glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase expression
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase expression
  • glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase expression
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase
  • mannanase e.g., xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase expression
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase expression
  • Spoilage can occur when polysaccharides, e.g., structural
  • compositions of the invention that inhibit the expression and/or activity of glucanases (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase, e.g., antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and RNAi, are used to slow or prevent spoilage.
  • glucanases or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase
  • cellobiohydrolase e.g., cellobiohydrolase
  • the invention provides methods and compositions comprising application onto a plant or plant product (e.g., a cereal, a grain, a fruit, seed, root, leaf, etc.) antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and RNAi of the invention to slow or prevent spoilage.
  • a plant or plant product e.g., a cereal, a grain, a fruit, seed, root, leaf, etc.
  • compositions also can be expressed by the plant (e.g., a transgenic plant) or another organism (e.g., a bacterium or other microorganism transformed with a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase gene of the invention).
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase gene of the
  • compositions of the invention for the inhibition of glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase expression (e.g., antisense, iRNA (e.g., siRNA, miRNA), ribozymes, antibodies)
  • iRNA e.g., siRNA, miRNA
  • ribozymes e.g., antibodies
  • pharmaceutical compositions e.g., as anti-pathogen agents or in other therapies, e.g., as anti-microbials for, e.g., Salmonella.
  • the invention provides antisense oligonucleotides capable of binding glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase message or gene which can inhibit a target gene or message to, e.g., inhibit a glucan, a mannan, an arabinoxylan or a xylan, hydrolase activity (e.g., catalyzing hydrolysis of internal ⁇ -1,4-xylosidic linkages) by targeting mRNA.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosi
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase oligonucleotides using the novel reagents of the invention.
  • gene walking/RNA mapping protocols to screen for effective antisense oligonucleotides are well known in the art, see, e.g., Ho (2000) Methods Enzymol.
  • RNA mapping assay 314:168-183, describing an RNA mapping assay, which is based on standard molecular techniques to provide an easy and reliable method for potent antisense sequence selection. See also Smith (2000) Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 11:191-198.
  • Naturally occurring nucleic acids are used as antisense oligonucleotides.
  • the antisense oligonucleotides can be of any length; for example, in alternative aspects, the antisense oligonucleotides are between about 5 to 100, about 10 to 80, about 15 to 60, about 18 to 40. The optimal length can be determined by routine screening.
  • the antisense oligonucleotides can be present at any concentration. The optimal concentration can be determined by routine screening. A wide variety of synthetic, non-naturally occurring nucleotide and nucleic acid analogues are known which can address this potential problem.
  • peptide nucleic acids containing non-ionic backbones, such as N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine units can be used.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides having phosphorothioate linkages can also be used, as described in WO 97/03211; WO 96/39154; Mata (1997) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 144:189-197; Antisense Therapeutics, ed. Agrawal (Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., 1996).
  • Antisense oligonucleotides having synthetic DNA backbone analogues provided by the invention can also include phosphoro-dithioate, methylphosphonate, phosphoramidate, alkyl phosphotriester, sulfamate, 3′-thioacetal, methylene(methylimino), 3′-N-carbamate, and morpholino carbamate nucleic acids, as described above.
  • Combinatorial chemistry methodology can be used to create vast numbers of oligonucleotides that can be rapidly screened for specific oligonucleotides that have appropriate binding affinities and specificities toward any target, such as the sense and antisense glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase sequences of the invention (see, e.g., Gold (1995) J. of Biol. Chem. 270:13581-13584).
  • the invention provides ribozymes capable of binding glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase message or genes.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase message or genes.
  • ribozymes can inhibit glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity by, e.g., targeting mRNA.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity by, e.g., targeting mRNA.
  • Ribozymes act by binding to a target RNA through the target RNA binding portion of a ribozyme which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic portion of the RNA that cleaves the target RNA.
  • the ribozyme recognizes and binds a target RNA through complementary base-pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts enzymatically to cleave and inactivate the target RNA. Cleavage of a target RNA in such a manner will destroy its ability to direct synthesis of an encoded protein if the cleavage occurs in the coding sequence. After a ribozyme has bound and cleaved its RNA target, it can be released from that RNA to bind and cleave new targets repeatedly.
  • a ribozyme can be advantageous over other technologies, such as antisense technology (where a nucleic acid molecule simply binds to a nucleic acid target to block its transcription, translation or association with another molecule) as the effective concentration of ribozyme necessary to effect a therapeutic treatment can be lower than that of an antisense oligonucleotide.
  • antisense technology where a nucleic acid molecule simply binds to a nucleic acid target to block its transcription, translation or association with another molecule
  • This potential advantage reflects the ability of the ribozyme to act enzymatically.
  • a single ribozyme molecule is able to cleave many molecules of target RNA.
  • a ribozyme can be a highly specific inhibitor, with the specificity of inhibition depending not only on the base pairing mechanism of binding, but also on the mechanism by which the molecule inhibits the expression of the RNA to which it binds. That is, the inhibition is caused by cleavage of the RNA target and so specificity is defined as the ratio of the rate of cleavage of the targeted RNA over the rate of cleavage of non-targeted RNA. This cleavage mechanism is dependent upon factors additional to those involved in base pairing. Thus, the specificity of action of a ribozyme can be greater than that of antisense oligonucleotide binding the same RNA site.
  • the ribozyme of the invention e.g., an enzymatic ribozyme RNA molecule
  • hammerhead motifs are described by, e.g., Rossi (1992) Aids Research and Human Retroviruses 8:183; hairpin motifs by Hampel (1989) Biochemistry 28:4929, and Hampel (1990) Nuc. Acids Res.
  • a ribozyme of the invention e.g., an enzymatic RNA molecule of this invention, can have a specific substrate binding site complementary to one or more of the target gene RNA regions.
  • a ribozyme of the invention can have a nucleotide sequence within or surrounding that substrate binding site which imparts an RNA cleaving activity to the molecule.
  • RNA Interference RNA Interference
  • the invention provides an RNA inhibitory molecule, a so-called “RNAi” molecule, comprising a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase sequence of the invention.
  • the RNAi molecule comprises a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule.
  • the RNAi can inhibit expression of a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase gene.
  • a glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase gene.
  • the RNAi is about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or more duplex nucleotides in length.
  • RNAi can enter a cell and cause the degradation of a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) of similar or identical sequences, including endogenous mRNAs.
  • ssRNA single-stranded RNA
  • dsRNA double-stranded RNA
  • mRNA from the homologous gene is selectively degraded by a process called RNA interference (RNAi).
  • RNAi RNA interference
  • a possible basic mechanism behind RNAi is the breaking of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) matching a specific gene sequence into short pieces called short interfering RNA, which trigger the degradation of mRNA that matches its sequence.
  • the RNAi's of the invention are used in gene-silencing therapeutics, see, e.g., Shuey (2002) Drug Discov. Today 7:1040-1046.
  • the invention provides methods to selectively degrade RNA using the RNAi's of the invention. The process may be practiced in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo.
  • the RNAi molecules of the invention can be used to generate a loss-of-function mutation in a cell, an organ or an animal.
  • RNAi molecules for selectively degrade RNA are well known in the art, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,506,559; 6,511,824; 6,515,109; 6,489,127.
  • the invention provides methods of generating variants of the nucleic acids of the invention, e.g., those encoding a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase.
  • glucanases (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases having an altered or different activity or an altered or different stability from that of a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase encoded by the template nucleic acid.
  • glucanases or cellulases
  • endoglucanases e.g., mannanases, xylanases, amylases,
  • the genetic composition of a cell is altered by, e.g., modification of a homologous gene ex vivo, followed by its reinsertion into the cell.
  • variant refers to polynucleotides or polypeptides of the invention modified at one or more base pairs, codons, introns, exons, or amino acid residues (respectively) yet still retain the biological activity of a glucanase of the invention.
  • Variants can be produced by any number of means included methods such as, for example, error-prone PCR, shuffling, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, assembly PCR, sexual PCR mutagenesis, in vivo mutagenesis, cassette mutagenesis, recursive ensemble mutagenesis, exponential ensemble mutagenesis, site-specific mutagenesis, gene reassembly, Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis (GSSM), synthetic ligation reassembly (SLR), and any combination thereof.
  • means included methods such as, for example, error-prone PCR, shuffling, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, assembly PCR, sexual PCR mutagenesis, in vivo mutagenesis, cassette mutagenesis, recursive ensemble mutagenesis, exponential ensemble mutagenesis, site-specific mutagenesis, gene reassembly, Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis (GSSM), synthetic ligation reassembly (S
  • a nucleic acid of the invention can be altered by any means. For example, random or stochastic methods, or, non-stochastic, or “directed evolution,” methods, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,974. Methods for random mutation of genes are well known in the art, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,696. For example, mutagens can be used to randomly mutate a gene.
  • Mutagens include, e.g., ultraviolet light or gamma irradiation, or a chemical mutagen, e.g., mitomycin, nitrous acid, photoactivated psoralens, alone or in combination, to induce DNA breaks amenable to repair by recombination.
  • chemical mutagens include, for example, sodium bisulfite, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine, hydrazine or formic acid.
  • Other mutagens are analogues of nucleotide precursors, e.g., nitrosoguanidine, 5-bromouracil, 2-aminopurine, or acridine. These agents can be added to a PCR reaction in place of the nucleotide precursor thereby mutating the sequence. Intercalating agents such as proflavine, acriflavine, quinacrine and the like can also be used.
  • nucleic acids e.g., genes
  • Stochastic fragmentation
  • modifications, additions or deletions are introduced by error-prone PCR, shuffling, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, assembly PCR, sexual PCR mutagenesis, in vivo mutagenesis, cassette mutagenesis, recursive ensemble mutagenesis, exponential ensemble mutagenesis, site-specific mutagenesis, gene reassembly, Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis (GSSM), synthetic ligation reassembly (SLR), recombination, recursive sequence recombination, phosphothioate-modified DNA mutagenesis, uracil-containing template mutagenesis, gapped duplex mutagenesis, point mismatch repair mutagenesis, repair-deficient host strain mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis, radiogenic
  • Mutational methods of generating diversity include, for example, site-directed mutagenesis (Ling et al. (1997) “Approaches to DNA mutagenesis: an overview” Anal Biochem. 254(2): 157-178; Dale et al. (1996) “Oligonucleotide-directed random mutagenesis using the phosphorothioate method” Methods Mol. Biol. 57:369-374; Smith (1985) “In vitro mutagenesis” Ann. Rev. Genet. 19:423-462; Botstein & Shortie (1985) “Strategies and applications of in vitro mutagenesis” Science 229:1193-1201; Carter (1986) “Site-directed mutagenesis” Biochem. J.
  • Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis a simple method using two oligonucleotide primers and a single-stranded DNA template” Methods in Enzymol. 154:329-350); phosphorothioate-modified DNA mutagenesis (Taylor (1985) The use of phosphorothioate-modified DNA in restriction enzyme reactions to prepare nicked DNA′′ Nucl. Acids Res. 13: 8749-8764; Taylor (1985) The rapid generation of oligonucleotide-directed mutations at high frequency using phosphorothioate-modified DNA′′ Nucl. Acids Res.
  • Additional protocols that can be used to practice the methods of the invention, or to make compositions of the invention include point mismatch repair (see, e.g., Kramer (1984) Cell 38:879-887), mutagenesis using repair-deficient host strains (see, e.g., Carter (1985) Nucl. Acids Res. 13: 4431-4443; Carter (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154: 382-403), deletion mutagenesis (see, e.g., Eghtedarzadeh (1986) Nucl. Acids Res. 14: 5115), restriction-selection and restriction-selection and restriction-purification (see, e.g., Wells (1986) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
  • Protocols that can be used to practice the invention are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,793 to Stemmer (Feb. 25, 1997), “Methods for In Vitro Recombination;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,238 to Stemmer et al. (Sep. 22, 1998) “Methods for Generating Polynucleotides having Desired Characteristics by Iterative Selection and Recombination;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,721 to Stemmer et al. (Nov. 3, 1998), “DNA Mutagenesis by Random Fragmentation and Reassembly;” U.S. Pat. No.
  • Non-stochastic, or “directed evolution,” methods include, e.g., Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis (GSSM), synthetic ligation reassembly (SLR), or a combination thereof are used to modify the nucleic acids of the invention to generate glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases with new or altered properties (e.g., activity under highly acidic or alkaline conditions, high or low temperatures, and the like).
  • GSSM Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis
  • SLR synthetic ligation reassembly
  • a combination thereof are used to modify the nucleic acids of the invention to generate glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g.,
  • Polypeptides encoded by the modified nucleic acids can be screened for an activity before testing for glucan or other polysaccharide hydrolysis or other activity. Any testing modality or protocol can be used, e.g., using a capillary array platform. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,361,974; 6,280,926; 5,939,250. Saturation Mutagenesis, or, GSSM The invention also provides methods for making new enzymes, or modifying sequences of the invention, using Gene Site Saturation mutagenesis, or, GSSM, as described herein, and also in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,171,820 and 6,579,258.
  • codon primers containing a degenerate N,N,G/T sequence are used to introduce point mutations into a polynucleotide, e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase or an antibody of the invention, so as to generate a set of progeny polypeptides in which a full range of single amino acid substitutions is represented at each amino acid position, e.g., an amino acid residue in an enzyme active site (catalytic domains (CDs)) or ligand binding site targeted to be modified.
  • a polynucleotide e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.
  • oligonucleotides can comprise a contiguous first homologous sequence, a degenerate N,N,G/T sequence, and, optionally, a second homologous sequence.
  • the downstream progeny translational products from the use of such oligonucleotides include all possible amino acid changes at each amino acid site along the polypeptide, because the degeneracy of the N,N,G/T sequence includes codons for all 20 amino acids.
  • one such degenerate oligonucleotide (comprised of, e.g., one degenerate N,N,G/T cassette) is used for subjecting each original codon in a parental polynucleotide template to a full range of codon substitutions.
  • At least two degenerate cassettes are used—either in the same oligonucleotide or not, for subjecting at least two original codons in a parental polynucleotide template to a full range of codon substitutions.
  • more than one N,N,G/T sequence can be contained in one oligonucleotide to introduce amino acid mutations at more than one site.
  • This plurality of N,N,G/T sequences can be directly contiguous, or separated by one or more additional nucleotide sequence(s).
  • oligonucleotides serviceable for introducing additions and deletions can be used either alone or in combination with the codons containing an N,N,G/T sequence, to introduce any combination or permutation of amino acid additions, deletions, and/or substitutions.
  • simultaneous mutagenesis of two or more contiguous amino acid positions is done using an oligonucleotide that contains contiguous N,N,G/T triplets, i.e. a degenerate (N,N,G/T)n sequence.
  • degenerate cassettes having less degeneracy than the N,N,G/T sequence are used.
  • degenerate triplets allows for systematic and easy generation of a full range of possible natural amino acids (for a total of 20 amino acids) into each and every amino acid position in a polypeptide (in alternative aspects, the methods also include generation of less than all possible substitutions per amino acid residue, or codon, position). For example, for a 100 amino acid polypeptide, 2000 distinct species (i.e. 20 possible amino acids per position ⁇ 100 amino acid positions) can be generated.
  • an oligonucleotide or set of oligonucleotides containing a degenerate N,N,G/T triplet 32 individual sequences can code for all 20 possible natural amino acids.
  • Nondegenerate oligonucleotides can optionally be used in combination with degenerate primers disclosed; for example, nondegenerate oligonucleotides can be used to generate specific point mutations in a working polynucleotide. This provides one means to generate specific silent point mutations, point mutations leading to corresponding amino acid changes, and point mutations that cause the generation of stop codons and the corresponding expression of polypeptide fragments.
  • each saturation mutagenesis reaction vessel contains polynucleotides encoding at least 20 progeny polypeptide (e.g., glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases) molecules such that all 20 natural amino acids are represented at the one specific amino acid position corresponding to the codon position mutagenized in the parental polynucleotide (other aspects use less than all 20 natural combinations).
  • progeny polypeptide e.g., glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g.,
  • the 32-fold degenerate progeny polypeptides generated from each saturation mutagenesis reaction vessel can be subjected to clonal amplification (e.g. cloned into a suitable host, e.g., E. coli host, using, e.g., an expression vector) and subjected to expression screening.
  • clonal amplification e.g. cloned into a suitable host, e.g., E. coli host, using, e.g., an expression vector
  • an individual progeny polypeptide is identified by screening to display a favorable change in property (when compared to the parental polypeptide, such as increased glucan hydrolysis activity under alkaline or acidic conditions), it can be sequenced to identify the correspondingly favorable amino acid substitution contained therein.
  • favorable amino acid changes may be identified at more than one amino acid position.
  • One or more new progeny molecules can be generated that contain a combination of all or part of these favorable amino acid substitutions. For example, if 2 specific favorable amino acid changes are identified in each of 3 amino acid positions in a polypeptide, the permutations include 3 possibilities at each position (no change from the original amino acid, and each of two favorable changes) and 3 positions. Thus, there are 3 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 3 or 27 total possibilities, including 7 that were previously examined ⁇ 6 single point mutations (i.e. 2 at each of three positions) and no change at any position.
  • site-saturation mutagenesis can be used together with shuffling, chimerization, recombination and other mutagenizing processes, along with screening.
  • This invention provides for the use of any mutagenizing process(es), including saturation mutagenesis, in an iterative manner. In one exemplification, the iterative use of any mutagenizing process(es) is used in combination with screening.
  • the invention also provides for the use of proprietary codon primers (containing a degenerate N,N,N sequence) to introduce point mutations into a polynucleotide, so as to generate a set of progeny polypeptides in which a full range of single amino acid substitutions is represented at each amino acid position (Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis (GSSM)).
  • the oligos used are comprised contiguously of a first homologous sequence, a degenerate N,N,N sequence and in one aspect but not necessarily a second homologous sequence.
  • the downstream progeny translational products from the use of such oligos include all possible amino acid changes at each amino acid site along the polypeptide, because the degeneracy of the N,N,N sequence includes codons for all 20 amino acids.
  • one such degenerate oligo (comprised of one degenerate N,N,N cassette) is used for subjecting each original codon in a parental polynucleotide template to a full range of codon substitutions.
  • at least two degenerate N,N,N cassettes are used—either in the same oligo or not, for subjecting at least two original codons in a parental polynucleotide template to a full range of codon substitutions.
  • more than one N,N,N sequence can be contained in one oligo to introduce amino acid mutations at more than one site.
  • This plurality of N,N,N sequences can be directly contiguous, or separated by one or more additional nucleotide sequence(s).
  • oligos serviceable for introducing additions and deletions can be used either alone or in combination with the codons containing an N,N,N sequence, to introduce any combination or permutation of amino acid additions, deletions and/or substitutions.
  • the present invention provides for the use of degenerate cassettes having less degeneracy than the N,N,N sequence.
  • this invention provides a means to systematically and fairly easily generate the substitution of the full range of possible amino acids (for a total of 20 amino acids) into each and every amino acid position in a polypeptide.
  • the invention provides a way to systematically and fairly easily generate 2000 distinct species (i.e., 20 possible amino acids per position times 100 amino acid positions).
  • an oligo containing a degenerate N,N,G/T or an N,N, G/C triplet sequence 32 individual sequences that code for 20 possible amino acids.
  • a reaction vessel in which a parental polynucleotide sequence is subjected to saturation mutagenesis using one such oligo there are generated 32 distinct progeny polynucleotides encoding 20 distinct polypeptides.
  • the use of a non-degenerate oligo in site-directed mutagenesis leads to only one progeny polypeptide product per reaction vessel.
  • This invention also provides for the use of nondegenerate oligos, which can optionally be used in combination with degenerate primers disclosed. It is appreciated that in some situations, it is advantageous to use nondegenerate oligos to generate specific point mutations in a working polynucleotide. This provides a means to generate specific silent point mutations, point mutations leading to corresponding amino acid changes and point mutations that cause the generation of stop codons and the corresponding expression of polypeptide fragments.
  • each saturation mutagenesis reaction vessel contains polynucleotides encoding at least 20 progeny polypeptide molecules such that all 20 amino acids are represented at the one specific amino acid position corresponding to the codon position mutagenized in the parental polynucleotide.
  • the 32-fold degenerate progeny polypeptides generated from each saturation mutagenesis reaction vessel can be subjected to clonal amplification (e.g., cloned into a suitable E. coli host using an expression vector) and subjected to expression screening.
  • clonal amplification e.g., cloned into a suitable E. coli host using an expression vector
  • an individual progeny polypeptide is identified by screening to display a favorable change in property (when compared to the parental polypeptide), it can be sequenced to identify the correspondingly favorable amino acid substitution contained therein.
  • favorable amino acid changes may be identified at more than one amino acid position.
  • One or more new progeny molecules can be generated that contain a combination of all or part of these favorable amino acid substitutions. For example, if 2 specific favorable amino acid changes are identified in each of 3 amino acid positions in a polypeptide, the permutations include 3 possibilities at each position (no change from the original amino acid and each of two favorable changes) and 3 positions. Thus, there are 3 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 3 or 27 total possibilities, including 7 that were previously examined—6 single point mutations (i.e., 2 at each of three positions) and no change at any position.
  • this invention provides for the use of saturation mutagenesis in combination with additional mutagenization processes, such as process where two or more related polynucleotides are introduced into a suitable host cell such that a hybrid polynucleotide is generated by recombination and reductive reassortment.
  • mutagenesis can be use to replace each of any number of bases in a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the number of bases to be mutagenized is in one aspect every integer from 15 to 100,000.
  • the number of bases to be mutagenized is in one aspect every integer from 15 to 100,000.
  • a separate nucleotide is used for mutagenizing each position or group of positions along a polynucleotide sequence.
  • a group of 3 positions to be mutagenized may be a codon.
  • the mutations can be introduced using a mutagenic primer, containing a heterologous cassette, also referred to as a mutagenic cassette.
  • exemplary cassettes can have from 1 to 500 bases.
  • Each nucleotide position in such heterologous cassettes be N, A, C, G, T, A/C, A/G, A/T, C/G, C/T, G/T, C/G/T, A/G/T, A/C/T, A/C/G, or E, where E is any base that is not A, C, G, or T (E can be referred to as a designer oligo).
  • saturation mutagenesis comprises mutagenizing a complete set of mutagenic cassettes (wherein each cassette is in one aspect about 1-500 bases in length) in defined polynucleotide sequence to be mutagenized (wherein the sequence to be mutagenized is in one aspect from about 15 to 100,000 bases in length).
  • a group of mutations (ranging from 1 to 100 mutations) is introduced into each cassette to be mutagenized.
  • a grouping of mutations to be introduced into one cassette can be different or the same from a second grouping of mutations to be introduced into a second cassette during the application of one round of saturation mutagenesis.
  • Such groupings are exemplified by deletions, additions, groupings of particular codons and groupings of particular nucleotide cassettes.
  • sequences to be mutagenized include a whole gene, pathway, cDNA, an entire open reading frame (ORF) and entire promoter, enhancer, repressor/transactivator, origin of replication, intron, operator, or any polynucleotide functional group.
  • a “defined sequences” for this purpose may be any polynucleotide that a 15 base-polynucleotide sequence and polynucleotide sequences of lengths between 15 bases and 15,000 bases (this invention specifically names every integer in between). Considerations in choosing groupings of codons include types of amino acids encoded by a degenerate mutagenic cassette.
  • this invention specifically provides for degenerate codon substitutions (using degenerate oligos) that code for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 amino acids at each position and a library of polypeptides encoded thereby.
  • the invention provides a non-stochastic gene modification system termed “synthetic ligation reassembly,” or simply “SLR,” a “directed evolution process,” to generate polypeptides, e.g., glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases or antibodies of the invention, with new or altered properties.
  • SLR is a method of ligating oligonucleotide fragments together non-stochastically.
  • This method differs from stochastic oligonucleotide shuffling in that the nucleic acid building blocks are not shuffled, concatenated or chimerized randomly, but rather are assembled non-stochastically. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,773,900; 6,740,506; 6,713,282; 6,635,449; 6,605,449; 6,537,776.
  • SLR comprises the following steps: (a) providing a template polynucleotide, wherein the template polynucleotide comprises sequence encoding a homologous gene; (b) providing a plurality of building block polynucleotides, wherein the building block polynucleotides are designed to cross-over reassemble with the template polynucleotide at a predetermined sequence, and a building block polynucleotide comprises a sequence that is a variant of the homologous gene and a sequence homologous to the template polynucleotide flanking the variant sequence; (c) combining a building block polynucleotide with a template polynucleotide such that the building block polynucleotide cross-over reassembles with the template polynucleotide to generate polynucleotides comprising homologous gene sequence variations.
  • SLR does not depend on the presence of high levels of homology between polynucleotides to be rearranged.
  • this method can be used to non-stochastically generate libraries (or sets) of progeny molecules comprised of over 10 100 different chimeras.
  • SLR can be used to generate libraries comprised of over 10 1000 different progeny chimeras.
  • aspects of the present invention include non-stochastic methods of producing a set of finalized chimeric nucleic acid molecule shaving an overall assembly order that is chosen by design. This method includes the steps of generating by design a plurality of specific nucleic acid building blocks having serviceable mutually compatible ligatable ends, and assembling these nucleic acid building blocks, such that a designed overall assembly order is achieved.
  • the mutually compatible ligatable ends of the nucleic acid building blocks to be assembled are considered to be “serviceable” for this type of ordered assembly if they enable the building blocks to be coupled in predetermined orders.
  • the overall assembly order in which the nucleic acid building blocks can be coupled is specified by the design of the ligatable ends. If more than one assembly step is to be used, then the overall assembly order in which the nucleic acid building blocks can be coupled is also specified by the sequential order of the assembly step(s).
  • the annealed building pieces are treated with an enzyme, such as a ligase (e.g. T4 DNA ligase), to achieve covalent bonding of the building pieces.
  • a ligase e.g. T4 DNA ligase
  • the design of the oligonucleotide building blocks is obtained by analyzing a set of progenitor nucleic acid sequence templates that serve as a basis for producing a progeny set of finalized chimeric polynucleotides.
  • These parental oligonucleotide templates thus serve as a source of sequence information that aids in the design of the nucleic acid building blocks that are to be mutagenized, e.g., chimerized or shuffled.
  • the sequences of a plurality of parental nucleic acid templates are aligned in order to select one or more demarcation points.
  • the demarcation points can be located at an area of homology, and are comprised of one or more nucleotides.
  • demarcation points are in one aspect shared by at least two of the progenitor templates.
  • the demarcation points can thereby be used to delineate the boundaries of oligonucleotide building blocks to be generated in order to rearrange the parental polynucleotides.
  • the demarcation points identified and selected in the progenitor molecules serve as potential chimerization points in the assembly of the final chimeric progeny molecules.
  • a demarcation point can be an area of homology (comprised of at least one homologous nucleotide base) shared by at least two parental polynucleotide sequences.
  • a demarcation point can be an area of homology that is shared by at least half of the parental polynucleotide sequences, or, it can be an area of homology that is shared by at least two thirds of the parental polynucleotide sequences.
  • a serviceable demarcation points is an area of homology that is shared by at least three fourths of the parental polynucleotide sequences, or, it can be shared by at almost all of the parental polynucleotide sequences.
  • a demarcation point is an area of homology that is shared by all of the parental polynucleotide sequences.
  • a ligation reassembly process is performed exhaustively in order to generate an exhaustive library of progeny chimeric polynucleotides.
  • all possible ordered combinations of the nucleic acid building blocks are represented in the set of finalized chimeric nucleic acid molecules.
  • the assembly order i.e. the order of assembly of each building block in the 5′ to 3 sequence of each finalized chimeric nucleic acid
  • the assembly order is by design (or non-stochastic) as described above. Because of the non-stochastic nature of this invention, the possibility of unwanted side products is greatly reduced.
  • the ligation reassembly method is performed systematically.
  • the method is performed in order to generate a systematically compartmentalized library of progeny molecules, with compartments that can be screened systematically, e.g. one by one.
  • this invention provides that, through the selective and judicious use of specific nucleic acid building blocks, coupled with the selective and judicious use of sequentially stepped assembly reactions, a design can be achieved where specific sets of progeny products are made in each of several reaction vessels. This allows a systematic examination and screening procedure to be performed. Thus, these methods allow a potentially very large number of progeny molecules to be examined systematically in smaller groups.
  • the progeny molecules generated in one aspect comprise a library of finalized chimeric nucleic acid molecules having an overall assembly order that is chosen by design.
  • the saturation mutagenesis and optimized directed evolution methods also can be used to generate different progeny molecular species.
  • the invention provides freedom of choice and control regarding the selection of demarcation points, the size and number of the nucleic acid building blocks, and the size and design of the couplings. It is appreciated, furthermore, that the requirement for intermolecular homology is highly relaxed for the operability of this invention. In fact, demarcation points can even be chosen in areas of little or no intermolecular homology. For example, because of codon wobble, i.e. the degeneracy of codons, nucleotide substitutions can be introduced into nucleic acid building blocks without altering the amino acid originally encoded in the corresponding progenitor template. Alternatively, a codon can be altered such that the coding for an originally amino acid is altered.
  • This invention provides that such substitutions can be introduced into the nucleic acid building block in order to increase the incidence of intermolecular homologous demarcation points and thus to allow an increased number of couplings to be achieved among the building blocks, which in turn allows a greater number of progeny chimeric molecules to be generated.
  • the present invention provides a non-stochastic method termed synthetic gene reassembly, that is somewhat related to stochastic shuffling, save that the nucleic acid building blocks are not shuffled or concatenated or chimerized randomly, but rather are assembled non-stochastically.
  • the synthetic gene reassembly method does not depend on the presence of a high level of homology between polynucleotides to be shuffled.
  • the invention can be used to non-stochastically generate libraries (or sets) of progeny molecules comprised of over 10 100 different chimeras.
  • synthetic gene reassembly can even be used to generate libraries comprised of over 10 1000 different progeny chimeras.
  • the invention provides a non-stochastic method of producing a set of finalized chimeric nucleic acid molecules having an overall assembly order that is chosen by design, which method is comprised of the steps of generating by design a plurality of specific nucleic acid building blocks having serviceable mutually compatible ligatable ends and assembling these nucleic acid building blocks, such that a designed overall assembly order is achieved.
  • the mutually compatible ligatable ends of the nucleic acid building blocks to be assembled are considered to be “serviceable” for this type of ordered assembly if they enable the building blocks to be coupled in predetermined orders.
  • the overall assembly order in which the nucleic acid building blocks can be coupled is specified by the design of the ligatable ends and, if more than one assembly step is to be used, then the overall assembly order in which the nucleic acid building blocks can be coupled is also specified by the sequential order of the assembly step(s).
  • the annealed building pieces are treated with an enzyme, such as a ligase (e.g., T4 DNA ligase) to achieve covalent bonding of the building pieces.
  • a ligase e.g., T4 DNA ligase
  • the design of nucleic acid building blocks is obtained upon analysis of the sequences of a set of progenitor nucleic acid templates that serve as a basis for producing a progeny set of finalized chimeric nucleic acid molecules.
  • progenitor nucleic acid templates thus serve as a source of sequence information that aids in the design of the nucleic acid building blocks that are to be mutagenized, i.e. chimerized or shuffled.
  • the invention provides for the chimerization of a family of related genes and their encoded family of related products.
  • the encoded products are enzymes.
  • the glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases of the present invention can be mutagenized in accordance with the methods described herein.
  • the sequences of a plurality of progenitor nucleic acid templates are aligned in order to select one or more demarcation points, which demarcation points can be located at an area of homology.
  • the demarcation points can be used to delineate the boundaries of nucleic acid building blocks to be generated.
  • the demarcation points identified and selected in the progenitor molecules serve as potential chimerization points in the assembly of the progeny molecules.
  • a serviceable demarcation point can be an area of homology (comprised of at least one homologous nucleotide base) shared by at least two progenitor templates, but the demarcation point can be an area of homology that is shared by at least half of the progenitor templates, at least two thirds of the progenitor templates, at least three fourths of the progenitor templates and in one aspect at almost all of the progenitor templates. Even more in one aspect still a serviceable demarcation point is an area of homology that is shared by all of the progenitor templates.
  • the gene reassembly process is performed exhaustively in order to generate an exhaustive library.
  • all possible ordered combinations of the nucleic acid building blocks are represented in the set of finalized chimeric nucleic acid molecules.
  • the assembly order i.e. the order of assembly of each building block in the 5′ to 3 sequence of each finalized chimeric nucleic acid
  • the assembly order is by design (or non-stochastic). Because of the non-stochastic nature of the method, the possibility of unwanted side products is greatly reduced.
  • the method provides that the gene reassembly process is performed systematically, for example to generate a systematically compartmentalized library, with compartments that can be screened systematically, e.g., one by one.
  • the invention provides that, through the selective and judicious use of specific nucleic acid building blocks, coupled with the selective and judicious use of sequentially stepped assembly reactions, an experimental design can be achieved where specific sets of progeny products are made in each of several reaction vessels. This allows a systematic examination and screening procedure to be performed. Thus, it allows a potentially very large number of progeny molecules to be examined systematically in smaller groups.
  • the instant invention provides for the generation of a library (or set) comprised of a large number of progeny molecules.
  • the progeny molecules generated in one aspect comprise a library of finalized chimeric nucleic acid molecules having an overall assembly order that is chosen by design.
  • such a generated library is comprised of greater than 10 3 to greater than 10 1000 different progeny molecular species.
  • a set of finalized chimeric nucleic acid molecules, produced as described is comprised of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide.
  • this polynucleotide is a gene, which may be a man-made gene.
  • this polynucleotide is a gene pathway, which may be a man-made gene pathway.
  • the invention provides that one or more man-made genes generated by the invention may be incorporated into a man-made gene pathway, such as pathway operable in a eukaryotic organism (including a plant).
  • the synthetic nature of the step in which the building blocks are generated allows the design and introduction of nucleotides (e.g., one or more nucleotides, which may be, for example, codons or introns or regulatory sequences) that can later be optionally removed in an in vitro process (e.g., by mutagenesis) or in an in vivo process (e.g., by utilizing the gene splicing ability of a host organism). It is appreciated that in many instances the introduction of these nucleotides may also be desirable for many other reasons in addition to the potential benefit of creating a serviceable demarcation point.
  • nucleotides e.g., one or more nucleotides, which may be, for example, codons or introns or regulatory sequences
  • the invention provides that a nucleic acid building block can be used to introduce an intron.
  • the invention provides that functional introns may be introduced into a man-made gene of the invention.
  • the invention also provides that functional introns may be introduced into a man-made gene pathway of the invention.
  • the invention provides for the generation of a chimeric polynucleotide that is a man-made gene containing one (or more) artificially introduced intron(s).
  • the invention also provides for the generation of a chimeric polynucleotide that is a man-made gene pathway containing one (or more) artificially introduced intron(s).
  • the artificially introduced intron(s) are functional in one or more host cells for gene splicing much in the way that naturally-occurring introns serve functionally in gene splicing.
  • the invention provides a process of producing man-made intron-containing polynucleotides to be introduced into host organisms for recombination and/or splicing.
  • a man-made gene produced using the invention can also serve as a substrate for recombination with another nucleic acid.
  • a man-made gene pathway produced using the invention can also serve as a substrate for recombination with another nucleic acid.
  • the recombination is facilitated by, or occurs at, areas of homology between the man-made, intron-containing gene and a nucleic acid, which serves as a recombination partner.
  • the recombination partner may also be a nucleic acid generated by the invention, including a man-made gene or a man-made gene pathway. Recombination may be facilitated by or may occur at areas of homology that exist at the one (or more) artificially introduced intron(s) in the man-made gene.
  • the synthetic gene reassembly method of the invention utilizes a plurality of nucleic acid building blocks, each of which in one aspect has two ligatable ends.
  • the two ligatable ends on each nucleic acid building block may be two blunt ends (i.e. each having an overhang of zero nucleotides), or in one aspect one blunt end and one overhang, or more in one aspect still two overhangs.
  • a useful overhang for this purpose may be a 3′ overhang or a 5′ overhang.
  • a nucleic acid building block may have a 3′ overhang or alternatively a 5′ overhang or alternatively two 3′ overhangs or alternatively two 5′ overhangs.
  • the overall order in which the nucleic acid building blocks are assembled to form a finalized chimeric nucleic acid molecule is determined by purposeful experimental design and is not random.
  • a nucleic acid building block is generated by chemical synthesis of two single-stranded nucleic acids (also referred to as single-stranded oligos) and contacting them so as to allow them to anneal to form a double-stranded nucleic acid building block.
  • a double-stranded nucleic acid building block can be of variable size.
  • the sizes of these building blocks can be small or large. Exemplary sizes for building block range from 1 base pair (not including any overhangs) to 100,000 base pairs (not including any overhangs). Other exemplary size ranges are also provided, which have lower limits of from 1 bp to 10,000 bp (including every integer value in between) and upper limits of from 2 bp to 100,000 bp (including every integer value in between).
  • a double-stranded nucleic acid building block is generated by first generating two single stranded nucleic acids and allowing them to anneal to form a double-stranded nucleic acid building block.
  • the two strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid building block may be complementary at every nucleotide apart from any that form an overhang; thus containing no mismatches, apart from any overhang(s).
  • the two strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid building block are complementary at fewer than every nucleotide apart from any that form an overhang.
  • a double-stranded nucleic acid building block can be used to introduce codon degeneracy.
  • the codon degeneracy is introduced using the site-saturation mutagenesis described herein, using one or more N,N,G/T cassettes or alternatively using one or more N,N,N cassettes.
  • the in vivo recombination method of the invention can be performed blindly on a pool of unknown hybrids or alleles of a specific polynucleotide or sequence. However, it is not necessary to know the actual DNA or RNA sequence of the specific polynucleotide.
  • the approach of using recombination within a mixed population of genes can be useful for the generation of any useful proteins, for example, interleukin I, antibodies, tPA and growth hormone.
  • This approach may be used to generate proteins having altered specificity or activity.
  • the approach may also be useful for the generation of hybrid nucleic acid sequences, for example, promoter regions, introns, exons, enhancer sequences, 31 untranslated regions or 51 untranslated regions of genes.
  • This approach may be used to generate genes having increased rates of expression.
  • This approach may also be useful in the study of repetitive DNA sequences.
  • this approach may be useful to mutate ribozymes or aptamers.
  • the invention described herein is directed to the use of repeated cycles of reductive reassortment, recombination and selection which allow for the directed molecular evolution of highly complex linear sequences, such as DNA, RNA or proteins thorough recombination.
  • the invention provides a non-stochastic gene modification system termed “optimized directed evolution system” to generate polypeptides, e.g., glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases or antibodies of the invention, with new or altered properties.
  • Optimized directed evolution is directed to the use of repeated cycles of reductive reassortment, recombination and selection that allow for the directed molecular evolution of nucleic acids through recombination.
  • Optimized directed evolution allows generation of a large population of evolved chimeric sequences, wherein the generated population is significantly enriched for sequences that have a predetermined number of crossover events.
  • a crossover event is a point in a chimeric sequence where a shift in sequence occurs from one parental variant to another parental variant. Such a point is normally at the juncture of where oligonucleotides from two parents are ligated together to form a single sequence. This method allows calculation of the correct concentrations of oligonucleotide sequences so that the final chimeric population of sequences is enriched for the chosen number of crossover events. This provides more control over choosing chimeric variants having a predetermined number of crossover events.
  • this method provides a convenient means for exploring a tremendous amount of the possible protein variant space in comparison to other systems.
  • Previously if one generated, for example, 10 13 chimeric molecules during a reaction, it would be extremely difficult to test such a high number of chimeric variants for a particular activity.
  • a significant portion of the progeny population would have a very high number of crossover events which resulted in proteins that were less likely to have increased levels of a particular activity.
  • the population of chimerics molecules can be enriched for those variants that have a particular number of crossover events.
  • each of the molecules chosen for further analysis most likely has, for example, only three crossover events.
  • the boundaries on the functional variety between the chimeric molecules is reduced. This provides a more manageable number of variables when calculating which oligonucleotide from the original parental polynucleotides might be responsible for affecting a particular trait.
  • One method for creating a chimeric progeny polynucleotide sequence is to create oligonucleotides corresponding to fragments or portions of each parental sequence.
  • Each oligonucleotide in one aspect includes a unique region of overlap so that mixing the oligonucleotides together results in a new variant that has each oligonucleotide fragment assembled in the correct order.
  • protocols for practicing these methods of the invention can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,773,900; 6,740,506; 6,713,282; 6,635,449; 6,605,449; 6,537,776; 6,361,974.
  • the number of oligonucleotides generated for each parental variant bears a relationship to the total number of resulting crossovers in the chimeric molecule that is ultimately created.
  • three parental nucleotide sequence variants might be provided to undergo a ligation reaction in order to find a chimeric variant having, for example, greater activity at high temperature.
  • a set of 50 oligonucleotide sequences can be generated corresponding to each portions of each parental variant. Accordingly, during the ligation reassembly process there could be up to 50 crossover events within each of the chimeric sequences. The probability that each of the generated chimeric polynucleotides will contain oligonucleotides from each parental variant in alternating order is very low.
  • each oligonucleotide fragment is present in the ligation reaction in the same molar quantity it is likely that in some positions oligonucleotides from the same parental polynucleotide will ligate next to one another and thus not result in a crossover event. If the concentration of each oligonucleotide from each parent is kept constant during any ligation step in this example, there is a 1 ⁇ 3 chance (assuming 3 parents) that an oligonucleotide from the same parental variant will ligate within the chimeric sequence and produce no crossover.
  • a probability density function can be determined to predict the population of crossover events that are likely to occur during each step in a ligation reaction given a set number of parental variants, a number of oligonucleotides corresponding to each variant, and the concentrations of each variant during each step in the ligation reaction.
  • PDF probability density function
  • a target number of crossover events can be predetermined, and the system then programmed to calculate the starting quantities of each parental oligonucleotide during each step in the ligation reaction to result in a probability density function that centers on the predetermined number of crossover events.
  • These methods are directed to the use of repeated cycles of reductive reassortment, recombination and selection that allow for the directed molecular evolution of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide through recombination.
  • This system allows generation of a large population of evolved chimeric sequences, wherein the generated population is significantly enriched for sequences that have a predetermined number of crossover events.
  • a crossover event is a point in a chimeric sequence where a shift in sequence occurs from one parental variant to another parental variant. Such a point is normally at the juncture of where oligonucleotides from two parents are ligated together to form a single sequence.
  • the method allows calculation of the correct concentrations of oligonucleotide sequences so that the final chimeric population of sequences is enriched for the chosen number of crossover events. This provides more control over choosing chimeric variants having a predetermined number of crossover events.
  • the population of chimerics molecules can be enriched for those variants that have a particular number of crossover events.
  • each of the molecules chosen for further analysis most likely has, for example, only three crossover events.
  • the resulting progeny population can be skewed to have a predetermined number of crossover events, the boundaries on the functional variety between the chimeric molecules is reduced. This provides a more manageable number of variables when calculating which oligonucleotide from the original parental polynucleotides might be responsible for affecting a particular trait.
  • the method creates a chimeric progeny polynucleotide sequence by creating oligonucleotides corresponding to fragments or portions of each parental sequence.
  • Each oligonucleotide in one aspect includes a unique region of overlap so that mixing the oligonucleotides together results in a new variant that has each oligonucleotide fragment assembled in the correct order. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,537,776; 6,605,449.
  • aspects of the invention include a system and software that receive a desired crossover probability density function (PDF), the number of parent genes to be reassembled, and the number of fragments in the reassembly as inputs.
  • PDF crossover probability density function
  • the output of this program is a “fragment PDF” that can be used to determine a recipe for producing reassembled genes, and the estimated crossover PDF of those genes.
  • the processing described herein is in one aspect performed in MATLABTM (The Mathworks, Natick, Mass.) a programming language and development environment for technical computing.
  • these processes can be iteratively repeated.
  • a nucleic acid responsible for an altered or new glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase phenotype is identified, re-isolated, again modified, re-tested for activity.
  • This process can be iteratively repeated until a desired phenotype is engineered.
  • an entire biochemical anabolic or catabolic pathway can be engineered into a cell, including, e.g., glucanase, mannanase, or xylanase activity.
  • a particular oligonucleotide has no affect at all on the desired trait (e.g., a new glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase phenotype), it can be removed as a variable by synthesizing larger parental oligonucleotides that include the sequence to be removed.
  • a new glucanase or cellulase
  • In vivo shuffling of molecules is use in methods of the invention that provide variants of polypeptides of the invention, e.g., antibodies, glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases and the like.
  • In vivo shuffling can be performed utilizing the natural property of cells to recombine multimers.
  • the invention includes a method for producing a hybrid polynucleotide from at least a first polynucleotide and a second polynucleotide.
  • the invention can be used to produce a hybrid polynucleotide by introducing at least a first polynucleotide and a second polynucleotide which share at least one region of partial sequence homology (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127,
  • hybrid polynucleotide is any nucleotide sequence which results from the method of the present invention and contains sequence from at least two original polynucleotide sequences.
  • hybrid polynucleotides can result from intermolecular recombination events which promote sequence integration between DNA molecules.
  • hybrid polynucleotides can result from intramolecular reductive reassortment processes which utilize repeated sequences to alter a nucleotide sequence within a DNA molecule.
  • In vivo reassortment is focused on “inter-molecular” processes collectively referred to as “recombination” which in bacteria, is generally viewed as a “RecA-dependent” phenomenon.
  • the invention can rely on recombination processes of a host cell to recombine and re-assort sequences, or the cells' ability to mediate reductive processes to decrease the complexity of quasi-repeated sequences in the cell by deletion. This process of “reductive reassortment” occurs by an “intra-molecular”, RecA-independent process.
  • novel polynucleotides can be generated by the process of reductive reassortment.
  • the method involves the generation of constructs containing consecutive sequences (original encoding sequences), their insertion into an appropriate vector and their subsequent introduction into an appropriate host cell.
  • the reassortment of the individual molecular identities occurs by combinatorial processes between the consecutive sequences in the construct possessing regions of homology, or between quasi-repeated units.
  • the reassortment process recombines and/or reduces the complexity and extent of the repeated sequences and results in the production of novel molecular species.
  • Various treatments may be applied to enhance the rate of reassortment.
  • the reassortment process may involve homologous recombination or the natural property of quasi-repeated sequences to direct their own evolution.
  • Quadsi-repeats are repeats that are not restricted to their original unit structure. Quasi-repeated units can be presented as an array of sequences in a construct; consecutive units of similar sequences. Once ligated, the junctions between the consecutive sequences become essentially invisible and the quasi-repetitive nature of the resulting construct is now continuous at the molecular level. The deletion process the cell performs to reduce the complexity of the resulting construct operates between the quasi-repeated sequences.
  • the quasi-repeated units provide a practically limitless repertoire of templates upon which slippage events can occur. The constructs containing the quasi-repeats thus effectively provide sufficient molecular elasticity that deletion (and potentially insertion) events can occur virtually anywhere within the quasi-repetitive units.
  • the cell cannot distinguish individual units. Consequently, the reductive process can occur throughout the sequences.
  • the units are presented head to head, rather than head to tail, the inversion delineates the endpoints of the adjacent unit so that deletion formation will favor the loss of discrete units.
  • the sequences are in the same orientation. Random orientation of quasi-repeated sequences will result in the loss of reassortment efficiency, while consistent orientation of the sequences will offer the highest efficiency.
  • having fewer of the contiguous sequences in the same orientation decreases the efficiency, it may still provide sufficient elasticity for the effective recovery of novel molecules. Constructs can be made with the quasi-repeated sequences in the same orientation to allow higher efficiency.
  • Sequences can be assembled in a head to tail orientation using any of a variety of methods, including the following:
  • the recovery of the re-assorted sequences relies on the identification of cloning vectors with a reduced repetitive index (RI).
  • the re-assorted encoding sequences can then be recovered by amplification.
  • the products are re-cloned and expressed.
  • the recovery of cloning vectors with reduced RI can be affected by:
  • Encoding sequences for example, genes
  • Encoding sequences may demonstrate a high degree of homology and encode quite diverse protein products. These types of sequences are particularly useful in the present invention as quasi-repeats. However, while the examples illustrated below demonstrate the reassortment of nearly identical original encoding sequences (quasi-repeats), this process is not limited to such nearly identical repeats.
  • the following example demonstrates a method of the invention.
  • Encoding nucleic acid sequences (quasi-repeats) derived from three (3) unique species are described. Each sequence encodes a protein with a distinct set of properties. Each of the sequences differs by a single or a few base pairs at a unique position in the sequence.
  • the quasi-repeated sequences are separately or collectively amplified and ligated into random assemblies such that all possible permutations and combinations are available in the population of ligated molecules.
  • the number of quasi-repeat units can be controlled by the assembly conditions.
  • the average number of quasi-repeated units in a construct is defined as the repetitive index (RI).
  • the constructs may, or may not be size fractionated on an agarose gel according to published protocols, inserted into a cloning vector and transfected into an appropriate host cell.
  • the cells are then propagated and “reductive reassortment” is effected.
  • the rate of the reductive reassortment process may be stimulated by the introduction of DNA damage if desired.
  • the reduction in RI is mediated by deletion formation between repeated sequences by an “intra-molecular” mechanism, or mediated by recombination-like events through “inter-molecular” mechanisms is immaterial. The end result is a reassortment of the molecules into all possible combinations.
  • the method comprises the additional step of screening the library members of the shuffled pool to identify individual shuffled library members having the ability to bind or otherwise interact, or catalyze a particular reaction (e.g., such as catalytic domain of an enzyme) with a predetermined macromolecule, such as for example a proteinaceous receptor, an oligosaccharide, virion, or other predetermined compound or structure.
  • a particular reaction e.g., such as catalytic domain of an enzyme
  • a predetermined macromolecule such as for example a proteinaceous receptor, an oligosaccharide, virion, or other predetermined compound or structure.
  • polypeptides that are identified from such libraries can be used for therapeutic, diagnostic, research and related purposes (e.g., catalysts, solutes for increasing osmolarity of an aqueous solution and the like) and/or can be subjected to one or more additional cycles of shuffling and/or selection.
  • polynucleotides generated by the method of the invention can be subjected to agents or processes which promote the introduction of mutations into the original polynucleotides.
  • the introduction of such mutations would increase the diversity of resulting hybrid polynucleotides and polypeptides encoded therefrom.
  • the agents or processes which promote mutagenesis can include, but are not limited to: (+)-CC-1065, or a synthetic analog such as (+)-CC-1065-(N3-Adenine (See Sun and Hurley, (1992); an N-acetylated or deacetylated 4′-fluoro-4-aminobiphenyl adduct capable of inhibiting DNA synthesis (See, for example, van de Poll et al. (1992)); or a N-acetylated or deacetylated 4-aminobiphenyl adduct capable of inhibiting DNA synthesis (See also, van de Poll et al. (1992), pp.
  • trivalent chromium a trivalent chromium salt, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) DNA adduct capable of inhibiting DNA replication, such as 7-bromomethyl-benz[a]anthracene (“BMA”), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (“Tris-BP”), 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (“DBCP”), 2-bromoacrolein (2BA), benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9-10-epoxide (“BPDE”), a platinum(II) halogen salt, N-hydroxy-2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoline (“N-hydroxy-IQ”) and N-hydroxy-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-f]-pyridine (“N-hydroxy-PhIP”).
  • BMA 7-bromomethyl-benz[a]anthracene
  • Tris-BP
  • Exemplary means for slowing or halting PCR amplification consist of UV light (+)-CC-1065 and (+)-CC-1065-(N3-Adenine).
  • Particularly encompassed means are DNA adducts or polynucleotides comprising the DNA adducts from the polynucleotides or polynucleotides pool, which can be released or removed by a process including heating the solution comprising the polynucleotides prior to further processing.
  • the invention is directed to a method of producing recombinant proteins having biological activity by treating a sample comprising double-stranded template polynucleotides encoding a wild-type protein under conditions according to the invention which provide for the production of hybrid or re-assorted polynucleotides.
  • the invention also provides additional methods for making sequence variants of the nucleic acid (e.g., glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase) sequences of the invention, including the exemplary sequences of the invention.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase
  • the invention also provides additional methods for isolating glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases using the nucleic acids and polypeptides of the invention.
  • glucanases or cellulases
  • cellulases e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase coding sequence (e.g., a gene, cDNA or message) of the invention, which can be altered by any means, including, e.g., random or stochastic methods, or, non-stochastic, or “directed evolution,” methods, as described above.
  • coding sequence e.g., a gene, cDNA or
  • the isolated variants may be naturally occurring. Variant can also be created in vitro. Variants may be created using genetic engineering techniques such as site directed mutagenesis, random chemical mutagenesis, Exonuclease III deletion procedures, and standard cloning techniques. Alternatively, such variants, fragments, analogs, or derivatives may be created using chemical synthesis or modification procedures. Other methods of making variants are also familiar to those skilled in the art. These include procedures in which nucleic acid sequences obtained from natural isolates are modified to generate nucleic acids which encode polypeptides having characteristics which enhance their value in industrial, agricultural, research and medical applications. In such procedures, a large number of variant sequences having one or more nucleotide differences with respect to the sequence obtained from the natural isolate are generated and characterized. These nucleotide differences can result in amino acid changes with respect to the polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acids from the natural isolates.
  • variants may be created using error prone PCR.
  • error prone PCR PCR is performed under conditions where the copying fidelity of the DNA polymerase is low, such that a high rate of point mutations is obtained along the entire length of the PCR product.
  • Error prone PCR is described, e.g., in Leung, D. W., et al., Technique, 1:11-15, 1989) and Caldwell, R. C. & Joyce G. F., PCR Methods Applic., 2:28-33, 1992.
  • nucleic acids to be mutagenized are mixed with PCR primers, reaction buffer, MgCl 2 , MnCl 2 , Taq polymerase and an appropriate concentration of dNTPs for achieving a high rate of point mutation along the entire length of the PCR product.
  • the reaction may be performed using 20 fmoles of nucleic acid to be mutagenized, 30 pmole of each PCR primer, a reaction buffer comprising 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris HCl (pH 8.3) and 0.01% gelatin, 7 mM MgCl 2 , 0.5 mM MnCl 2 , 5 units of Taq polymerase, 0.2 mM dGTP, 0.2 mM dATP, 1 mM dCTP, and 1 mM dTTP.
  • PCR may be performed for 30 cycles of 94° C. for 1 min, 45° C. for 1 min, and 72° C. for 1 min.
  • the mutagenized nucleic acids are cloned into an appropriate vector and the activities of the polypeptides encoded by the mutagenized nucleic acids are evaluated.
  • Variants may also be created using oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis to generate site-specific mutations in any cloned DNA of interest.
  • Oligonucleotide mutagenesis is described, e.g., in Reidhaar-Olson (1988) Science 241:53-57. Briefly, in such procedures a plurality of double stranded oligonucleotides bearing one or more mutations to be introduced into the cloned DNA are synthesized and inserted into the cloned DNA to be mutagenized. Clones containing the mutagenized DNA are recovered and the activities of the polypeptides they encode are assessed.
  • Assembly PCR involves the assembly of a PCR product from a mixture of small DNA fragments. A large number of different PCR reactions occur in parallel in the same vial, with the products of one reaction priming the products of another reaction. Assembly PCR is described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,408.
  • Still another method of generating variants is sexual PCR mutagenesis.
  • sexual PCR mutagenesis forced homologous recombination occurs between DNA molecules of different but highly related DNA sequence in vitro, as a result of random fragmentation of the DNA molecule based on sequence homology, followed by fixation of the crossover by primer extension in a PCR reaction.
  • Sexual PCR mutagenesis is described, e.g., in Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747-10751. Briefly, in such procedures a plurality of nucleic acids to be recombined are digested with DNase to generate fragments having an average size of 50-200 nucleotides.
  • Fragments of the desired average size are purified and resuspended in a PCR mixture.
  • PCR is conducted under conditions which facilitate recombination between the nucleic acid fragments.
  • PCR may be performed by resuspending the purified fragments at a concentration of 10-30 ng/ ⁇ l in a solution of 0.2 mM of each dNTP, 2.2 mM MgCl 2 , 50 mM KCL, 10 mM Tris HCl, pH 9.0, and 0.1% Triton X-100.
  • 2.5 units of Taq polymerase per 100:1 of reaction mixture is added and PCR is performed using the following regime: 94° C. for 60 seconds, 94° C. for 30 seconds, 50-55° C.
  • oligonucleotides may be included in the PCR reactions.
  • the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I may be used in a first set of PCR reactions and Taq polymerase may be used in a subsequent set of PCR reactions. Recombinant sequences are isolated and the activities of the polypeptides they encode are assessed.
  • Variants may also be created by in vivo mutagenesis.
  • random mutations in a sequence of interest are generated by propagating the sequence of interest in a bacterial strain, such as an E. coli strain, which carries mutations in one or more of the DNA repair pathways.
  • a bacterial strain such as an E. coli strain
  • Such “mutator” strains have a higher random mutation rate than that of a wild-type parent. Propagating the DNA in one of these strains will eventually generate random mutations within the DNA.
  • Mutator strains suitable for use for in vivo mutagenesis are described in PCT Publication No. WO 91/16427, published Oct. 31, 1991, entitled “Methods for Phenotype Creation from Multiple Gene Populations”.
  • cassette mutagenesis a small region of a double stranded DNA molecule is replaced with a synthetic oligonucleotide “cassette” that differs from the native sequence.
  • the oligonucleotide often contains completely and/or partially randomized native sequence.
  • Recursive ensemble mutagenesis may also be used to generate variants.
  • Recursive ensemble mutagenesis is an algorithm for protein engineering (protein mutagenesis) developed to produce diverse populations of phenotypically related mutants whose members differ in amino acid sequence. This method uses a feedback mechanism to control successive rounds of combinatorial cassette mutagenesis. Recursive ensemble mutagenesis is described in Arkin, A. P. and Youvan, D. C., PNAS, USA, 89:7811-7815, 1992.
  • variants are created using exponential ensemble mutagenesis.
  • Exponential ensemble mutagenesis is a process for generating combinatorial libraries with a high percentage of unique and functional mutants, wherein small groups of residues are randomized in parallel to identify, at each altered position, amino acids which lead to functional proteins.
  • Exponential ensemble mutagenesis is described in Delegrave, S, and Youvan, D. C., Biotechnology Research, 11:1548-1552, 1993. Random and site-directed mutagenesis are described in Arnold, F. H., Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 4:450-455, 1993.
  • the variants are created using shuffling procedures wherein portions of a plurality of nucleic acids which encode distinct polypeptides are fused together to create chimeric nucleic acid sequences which encode chimeric polypeptides as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,408, filed Jul. 9, 1996, entitled, “Method of DNA Reassembly by Interrupting Synthesis” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,250, filed May 22, 1996, entitled, “Production of Enzymes Having Desired Activities by Mutagenesis.
  • variants of the polypeptides of the invention may be variants in which one or more of the amino acid residues of the polypeptides of the sequences of the invention are substituted with a conserved or non-conserved amino acid residue (in one aspect a conserved amino acid residue) and such substituted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code.
  • the invention provides alternative embodiments of the polypeptides of the invention (and the nucleic acids that encode them) comprising at least one conservative amino acid substitution, as discussed herein (e.g., conservative amino acid substitutions are those that substitute a given amino acid in a polypeptide by another amino acid of like characteristics).
  • the invention provides polypeptides (and the nucleic acids that encode them) wherein any, some or all amino acids residues are substituted by another amino acid of like characteristics, e.g., a conservative amino acid substitution.
  • Conservative substitutions are those that substitute a given amino acid in a polypeptide by another amino acid of like characteristics.
  • Conservative substitutions of the invention can comprise any one of the following replacements: an aliphatic amino acid such as Alanine, Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine with another aliphatic amino acid; replacement of a Serine with a Threonine or vice versa; replacement of an acidic residue such as Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid with another acidic residue; replacement of a residue bearing an amide group, such as Asparagine and Glutamine, with another residue bearing an amide group; exchange of a basic residue such as Lysine and Arginine with another basic residue; and replacement of an aromatic residue such as Phenylalanine, Tyrosine with another aromatic residue.
  • these conservative substitutions can also be synthetic equivalents of these amino acids.
  • variants are those in which one or more of the amino acid residues of a polypeptide of the invention comprises a substituent group.
  • variants comprise polypeptides associated with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol).
  • additional variants are those in which additional amino acids are fused to the polypeptide, such as a leader sequence, a secretory sequence, a proprotein sequence or a sequence which facilitates purification, enrichment, or stabilization of the polypeptide.
  • the fragments, derivatives and analogs retain the same biological function or activity as the polypeptides of the invention.
  • the fragment, derivative, or analog includes a proprotein, such that the fragment, derivative, or analog can be activated by cleavage of the proprotein portion to produce an active polypeptide.
  • the invention provides methods for modifying glucanase-, mannanase-, or xylanase-encoding nucleic acids to modify codon usage.
  • the invention provides methods for modifying codons in a nucleic acid encoding a glucanase to increase or decrease its expression in a host cell.
  • the invention also provides nucleic acids encoding a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase modified to increase its expression in a host cell, glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase so modified, and methods of making the modified glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase,
  • the method comprises identifying a “non-preferred” or a “less preferred” codon in glucanase-(or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase encoding nucleic acid and replacing one or more of these non-preferred or less preferred codons with a “preferred codon” encoding the same amino acid as the replaced codon and at least one non-preferred or less preferred codon in the nucleic acid has been replaced by a preferred codon encoding the same amino acid.
  • a preferred codon is a codon over-represented in coding sequences in genes in the host cell and a non-preferred or less preferred codon is a codon under-represented in coding sequences in genes in the host
  • Host cells for expressing the nucleic acids, expression cassettes and vectors of the invention include bacteria, yeast, fungi, plant cells, insect cells and mammalian cells. Thus, the invention provides methods for optimizing codon usage in all of these cells, codon-altered nucleic acids and polypeptides made by the codon-altered nucleic acids.
  • Exemplary host cells include gram negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli ; gram positive bacteria, such as Streptomyces, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus cremoris, Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus .
  • Exemplary host cells also include eukaryotic organisms, e.g., various yeast, such as Saccharomyces sp., including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Pichia pastoris , and Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorpha, Aspergillus niger , and mammalian cells and cell lines and insect cells and cell lines.
  • the invention also includes nucleic acids and polypeptides optimized for expression in these organisms and species, e.g., the nucleic acids of the invention are codon-optimized for expression in a host cell, e.g., a Pichia sp., e.g., P. pastoris , a Saccharomyces sp., or a Bacillus sp., a Streptomyces sp., and the like.
  • a host cell e.g., a Pichia sp.,
  • the codons of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of the invention e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase, or a similar enzyme isolated from a bacterial cell, are modified such that the nucleic acid (encoding the enzyme) is optimally expressed in a bacterial cell different from the bacteria from which the enzyme (e.g., glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase
  • the invention provides transgenic non-human animals comprising a nucleic acid, a polypeptide (e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase), an expression cassette or vector or a transfected or transformed cell of the invention.
  • a polypeptide e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase
  • the transgenic non-human animals can be, e.g., goats, rabbits, sheep, pigs, cows, rats and mice, comprising the nucleic acids of the invention. These animals can be used, e.g., as in vivo models to study glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, or, as models to screen for agents that change the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase
  • the coding sequences for the polypeptides to be expressed in the transgenic non-human animals can be designed to be constitutive, or, under the control of tissue-specific, developmental-specific or inducible transcriptional regulatory factors.
  • Transgenic non-human animals can be designed and generated using any method known in the art; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,4208 describes making and using transgenic non-human mammals which express in their brains a nucleic acid construct comprising a DNA sequence.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,742 describes injecting cloned recombinant or synthetic DNA sequences into fertilized mouse eggs, implanting the injected eggs in pseudo-pregnant females, and growing to term transgenic mice whose cells express proteins related to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,187,992 describes making and using a transgenic mouse whose genome comprises a disruption of the gene encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP).
  • APP amyloid precursor protein
  • the transgenic or modified animals of the invention comprise a “knockout animal,” e.g., a “knockout mouse,” engineered not to express an endogenous gene, which is replaced with a gene expressing a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention, or, a fusion protein comprising a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., end
  • the invention provides transgenic plants and seeds comprising a nucleic acid, a polypeptide (e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase), an expression cassette or vector or a transfected or transformed cell of the invention.
  • a polypeptide e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase
  • the invention also provides plant products, e.g., oils, seeds, leaves, extracts and the like, comprising a nucleic acid and/or a polypeptide (e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase) of the invention.
  • the transgenic plant can be dicotyledonous (a dicot) or monocotyledonous (a monocot).
  • the invention provides transgenic plants with a modified taste, solids content and/or texture, wherein that modification is generated by expressing at least one enzyme of the invention either constitutively or selectively in the transgenic plant (or seed, or fruit, etc.), as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Application No. 20060195940.
  • the invention also provides methods of making and using these transgenic plants and seeds.
  • the transgenic plant or plant cell expressing a polypeptide of the present invention may be constructed in accordance with any method known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,872.
  • Nucleic acids and expression constructs of the invention can be introduced into a plant cell by any means.
  • introducing in the context of a polynucleotide, for example, a nucleotide construct of interest, is intended to mean presenting to the plant the polynucleotide in such a manner that the polynucleotide gains access to the interior of a cell of the plant.
  • these polynucleotides can be assembled as part of a single nucleotide construct, or as separate nucleotide constructs, and can be located on the same or different transformation vectors.
  • these polynucleotides can be introduced into the host cell of interest in a single transformation event, in separate transformation events, or, for example, in plants, as part of a breeding protocol.
  • the methods of the invention do not depend on a particular method for introducing one or more polynucleotides into a plant, only that the polynucleotide(s) gains access to the interior of at least one cell of the plant.
  • Methods for introducing polynucleotides into plants are known in the art including, but not limited to, transient transformation methods, stable transformation methods, and virus-mediated methods.
  • Transient transformation in the context of a polynucleotide is intended to mean that a polynucleotide is introduced into the plant and does not integrate into the genome of the plant.
  • stably introducing or “stably introduced” in the context of a polynucleotide introduced into a plant is intended the introduced polynucleotide is stably incorporated into the plant genome, and thus the plant is stably transformed with the polynucleotide.
  • “Stable transformation” or “stably transformed” is intended to mean that a polynucleotide, for example, a nucleotide construct described herein, introduced into a plant integrates into the genome of the plant and is capable of being inherited by the progeny thereof, more particularly, by the progeny of multiple successive generations.
  • Introduction into the genome of a desired plant can be such that the enzyme is regulated by endogenous transcriptional or translational control elements. Transformation techniques for both monocotyledons and dicotyledons are well known in the art.
  • nucleic acids of the invention can be used to confer desired traits on essentially any plant.
  • Nucleic acids of the invention can be used to manipulate metabolic pathways of a plant in order to optimize or alter host's expression of glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity in a plant.
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity in a plant.
  • a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention can be used in production of a transgenic plant to produce a compound not naturally produced by that plant. This can lower production costs or create a novel product.
  • the enzyme of the invention may be expressed in such a way that the enzyme will not come in contact with it's substrate until desired.
  • an enzyme of the invention may be targeted and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum of a plant cell. Retention of the enzyme, in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell, will prevent the enzyme from coming in contact with its substrate. The enzyme and substrate may then be brought into contact through any means able to disrupt the subcellular architecture, such as, grinding, milling, heating, and the like. See, WO 98/11235, WO 2003/18766, and WO 2005/096704, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Selectable marker genes can be added to the gene construct in order to identify plant cells or tissues that have successfully integrated the transgene. This may be necessary because achieving incorporation and expression of genes in plant cells is a rare event, occurring in just a few percent of the targeted tissues or cells.
  • Selectable marker genes encode proteins that provide resistance to agents that are normally toxic to plants, such as antibiotics or herbicides. Only plant cells that have integrated the selectable marker gene will survive when grown on a medium containing the appropriate antibiotic or herbicide. Selection markers used routinely in transformation, and that can be used to practice this invention, include the nptII gene, which confers resistance to kanamycin and related antibiotics (Messing & Vierra. Gene 19: 259-268 (1982); Bevan et.
  • transgenic plant material can be identified through a positive selection system, such as, the system utilizing the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase gene, which provides the ability to metabolize mannose (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,767,378 and 5,994,629).
  • making transgenic plants or seeds comprises incorporating sequences of the invention and, optionally, marker genes into a target expression construct (e.g., a plasmid), along with positioning of the promoter and the terminator sequences.
  • a target expression construct e.g., a plasmid
  • This can involve transferring the modified gene into the plant through a suitable method.
  • One or more of the sequences of the invention may be combined with sequences that confer resistance to insect, disease, drought, increase yield, improve nutritional quality of the grain, improve ethanol yield and the like.
  • a construct may be introduced directly into the genomic DNA of the plant cell using techniques such as electroporation and microinjection of plant cell protoplasts, or the constructs can be introduced directly to plant tissue using ballistic methods, such as DNA particle bombardment.
  • DNA particle bombardment For example, see, e.g., Christou (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 35:197-203; Pawlowski (1996) Mol. Biotechnol. 6:17-30; Klein (1987) Nature 327:70-73; Takumi (1997) Genes Genet. Syst. 72:63-69, discussing use of particle bombardment to introduce transgenes into wheat; and Adam (1997) supra, for use of particle bombardment to introduce YACs into plant cells.
  • protoplasts can be immobilized and injected with a nucleic acids, e.g., an expression construct.
  • a nucleic acids e.g., an expression construct.
  • plant regeneration from protoplasts is not easy with cereals, plant regeneration is possible in legumes using somatic embryogenesis from protoplast derived callus.
  • Organized tissues can be transformed with naked DNA using gene gun technique, where DNA is coated on tungsten microprojectiles, shot 1/100th the size of cells, which carry the DNA deep into cells and organelles. Transformed tissue is then induced to regenerate, usually by somatic embryogenesis. This technique has been successful in several cereal species including maize and rice.
  • Nucleic acids can also be introduced in to plant cells using recombinant viruses.
  • Plant cells can be transformed using viral vectors, such as, e.g., tobacco mosaic virus derived vectors (Rouwendal (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 33:989-999), see Porta (1996) “Use of viral replicons for the expression of genes in plants,” Mol. Biotechnol. 5:209-221.
  • nucleic acids e.g., an expression construct
  • suitable T-DNA flanking regions can be combined with suitable T-DNA flanking regions and introduced into a conventional Agrobacterium tumefaciens host vector.
  • the virulence functions of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens host will direct the insertion of the construct and adjacent marker into the plant cell DNA when the cell is infected by the bacteria.
  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation techniques, including disarming and use of binary vectors, are well described in the scientific literature. See, e.g., Horsch (1984) Science 233:496-498; Fraley (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • the DNA in an A. tumefaciens cell is contained in the bacterial chromosome as well as in another structure known as a Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid.
  • the Ti plasmid contains a stretch of DNA termed T-DNA ( ⁇ 20 kb long) that is transferred to the plant cell in the infection process and a series of vir (virulence) genes that direct the infection process.
  • T-DNA ⁇ 20 kb long
  • vir virulence
  • tumefaciens become activated and direct a series of events necessary for the transfer of the T-DNA from the Ti plasmid to the plant's chromosome.
  • the T-DNA then enters the plant cell through the wound.
  • One speculation is that the T-DNA waits until the plant DNA is being replicated or transcribed, then inserts itself into the exposed plant DNA.
  • A. tumefaciens as a transgene vector, the tumor-inducing section of T-DNA have to be removed, while retaining the T-DNA border regions and the vir genes. The transgene is then inserted between the T-DNA border regions, where it is transferred to the plant cell and becomes integrated into the plant's chromosomes.
  • the invention provides for the transformation of monocotyledonous plants using the nucleic acids of the invention, including important cereals, see Hiei (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 35:205-218. See also, e.g., Horsch, Science (1984) 233:496; Fraley (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:4803; Thykjaer (1997) supra; Park (1996) Plant Mol. Biol. 32:1135-1148, discussing T-DNA integration into genomic DNA. See also D'Halluin, U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,135, describing a process for the stable integration of a DNA comprising a gene that is functional in a cell of a cereal, or other monocotyledonous plant.
  • the third step can involve selection and regeneration of whole plants capable of transmitting the incorporated target gene to the next generation.
  • Such regeneration techniques rely on manipulation of certain phytohormones in a tissue culture growth medium, typically relying on a biocide and/or herbicide marker that has been introduced together with the desired nucleotide sequences. Plant regeneration from cultured protoplasts is described in Evans et al., Protoplasts Isolation and Culture, Handbook of Plant Cell Culture , pp. 124-176, MacMillilan Publishing Company, New York, 1983; and Binding, Regeneration of Plants, Plant Protoplasts , pp. 21-73, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1985.
  • Regeneration can also be obtained from plant callus, explants, organs, or parts thereof. Such regeneration techniques are described generally in Klee (1987) Ann. Rev. of Plant Phys. 38:467-486. To obtain whole plants from transgenic tissues such as immature embryos, they can be grown under controlled environmental conditions in a series of media containing nutrients and hormones, a process known as tissue culture. Once whole plants are generated and produce seed, evaluation of the progeny begins.
  • the expression cassette After the expression cassette is stably incorporated in transgenic plants, it can be introduced into other plants by sexual crossing. Any of a number of standard breeding techniques can be used, depending upon the species to be crossed. See, for example, Welsh J. R., Fundamentals of Plant Genetics and Breeding, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1981); Crop Breeding, Wood D. R. (Ed.) American Society of Agronomy Madison, Wis. (1983); Mayo 0., The Theory of Plant Breeding, Second Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1987); Singh, D. P., Breeding for Resistance to Diseases and Insect Pests, Springer-Verlag, NY (1986); and Wricke and Weber, Quantitative Genetics and Selection Plant Breeding, Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin (1986).
  • the seed of the invention can be derived from a cross between two transgenic plants of the invention, or a cross between a plant of the invention and another plant.
  • the desired effects can be enhanced when both parental plants express the polypeptides (e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase) of the invention.
  • the desired effects can be passed to future plant generations by standard propagation means.
  • Any plant may be used for introduction of the nucleotide of interest, including, but not limited to, corn or maize ( Zea mays ), Brassica sp. (e.g., B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea ), particularly those Brassica species useful as sources of seed oil, such as canola, alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ), rice ( Oryza sativa ), rye ( Secale cereale ), sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare ), millet (e.g., pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ), proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum ), foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ), finger millet ( Eleusine coracana )), sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ), safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius ), wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), soybean ( Glycine max ), tobacco (
  • Vegetables may include tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum ), lettuce (e.g., Lactuca sativa ), green beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ), lima beans ( Phaseolus limensis ), peas ( Lathyrus spp.), and members of the genus Cucumis such as cucumber ( C. sativus ), cantaloupe ( C. cantalupensis ), and musk melon ( C. melo ).
  • tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum
  • lettuce e.g., Lactuca sativa
  • green beans Phaseolus vulgaris
  • lima beans Phaseolus limensis
  • peas Lathyrus spp.
  • members of the genus Cucumis such as cucumber ( C. sativus ), cantaloupe ( C. cantalupensis ), and musk melon ( C. melo ).
  • Ornamentals may include azalea ( Rhododendron spp.), hydrangea ( Macrophylla hydrangea ), hibiscus ( Hibiscus rosasanensis ), roses ( Rosa spp.), tulips ( Tulipa spp.), daffodils ( Narcissus spp.), petunias ( Petunia hybrida ), carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus ), poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima ), canna ( Cannaceae spp.) and chrysanthemum.
  • azalea Rhododendron spp.
  • hydrangea Macrophylla hydrangea
  • hibiscus Hibiscus rosasanensis
  • roses Rosa spp.
  • tulips Tulipa spp.
  • daffodils Narcissus spp.
  • petunias Petun
  • Conifers that may be employed, including, for example, pines such as loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ), slash pine ( Pinus elliotii ), ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ), lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ), and Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata ), Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ); Western hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ); Sitka spruce ( Picea glauca ); redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ); true firs such as silver fir ( Abies amabilis ) and balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ); and cedars such as Western red cedar ( Thuja plicata ) and Alaska yellow-cedar ( Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ).
  • Leguminous plants may include, but are not limited to, beans and peas.
  • Beans may include guar, locust bean, fenugreek, soybean, garden beans, cowpea, mungbean, lima bean, fava bean, lentils, chickpea, etc.
  • Legumes may include, but are not limited to, Arachis , e.g., peanuts, Vicia , e.g., crown vetch, hairy vetch, adzuki bean, mung bean, and chickpea, Lupinus, e.g., lupine, trifolium, Phaseolus , e.g., common bean and lima bean, Pisum , e.g., field bean, Melilotus , e.g., clover, Medicago , e.g., alfalfa, Lotus , e.g., trefoil, lens, e.g., lentil, and false indigo.
  • Forage and turf grasses may include alfalfa, switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ), Miscanthus , orchard grass, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, creeping bent grass, and redtop.
  • Plants of particular interest may include crop plants and plants used to produce energy or fuel, for example, maize, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica , soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, oat, rye, millet, barley, rice, conifers, grasses, e.g., switch grass and Miscanthus , legume crops, e.g., pea, bean and soybean, starchy tuber/roots, e.g., potato, sweet potato, cassava, taro, canna and sugar beet and the like.
  • energy or fuel for example, maize, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica , soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, oat, rye, millet, barley, rice, conifers, grasses, e.g., switch grass and Miscanthus , legume crops, e.g., pea, bean and soybean, starchy tuber/root
  • the nucleic acids of the invention are expressed in plants which contain fiber cells, including, e.g., cotton, silk cotton tree (Kapok, Ceiba pentandra), desert willow, creosote bush, winterfat, balsa, ramie, kenaf, hemp, roselle, jute, sisal abaca and flax.
  • the transgenic plants of the invention can be members of the genus Gossypium , including members of any Gossypium species, such as G. arboreum; G. herbaceum, G. barbadense , and G. hirsutum.
  • the invention also provides transgenic plants to be used for producing large amounts of the polypeptides (e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase or antibody) of the invention.
  • a glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase or antibody
  • the polypeptides e.g., a glucanas
  • transgenic plants of the invention can screen for plants of the invention by detecting the increase or decrease of transgene mRNA or protein in transgenic plants.
  • Means for detecting and quantitation of mRNAs or proteins are well known in the art.
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant polypeptides and peptides having a sequence identity (e.g., at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more, or complete (100%) sequence identity) to an exemplary sequence of the invention, e.g., proteins having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:
  • Exemplary polypeptide or peptide sequences of the invention include SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, AND SEQ ID NO:23, subsequences thereof and variants thereof, wherein in one aspect exemplary polypeptide sequences of the invention comprise, or alternatively—consist of, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven (11), twelve (12), 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70 or more or all of the following amino acid residue
  • the polypeptide has a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, e.g., can hydrolyze a glycosidic bond in a polysaccharide, e.g., a glucan.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • the polypeptide has a glucanase activity comprising catalyzing hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages or ⁇ -1,3-glucosidic linkages.
  • the endoglucanase activity comprises an endo-1,4-beta-endoglucanase activity.
  • the endoglucanase activity comprises hydrolyzing a glucan, a mannan, an arabinoxylan or a xylan, to produce a smaller molecular weight glucan or glucan-oligomer.
  • the glucan comprises a beta-glucan, such as a water soluble beta-glucan.
  • Enzymes encoded by the polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to hydrolases such as glucanases, e.g., endoglucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases.
  • an enzyme of the invention can also have a mannanase activity, e.g., it can degrade (or hydrolyze) mannans.
  • Mannan containing polysaccharides are a major component of the hemicellulose fraction in both hardwoods and softwoods as well as in the endosperm in many leguminous seeds and in some mature seeds of non-leguminous plants.
  • a mannanase of the invention hydrolyses beta-1,4 linkages in mannans, glucomannans, galactomannans and galactoglucomannans (mannans are polysaccharides having a backbone composed of beta-1,4 linked mannose, glucomannans are polysaccharides having a backbone of more or less regularly alternating beta.-1,4 linked mannose and glucose).
  • amino acid or amino acid sequence refers to an oligopeptide, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence, or to a fragment, portion, or subunit of any of these and to naturally occurring or synthetic molecules.
  • amino acid or amino acid sequence include an oligopeptide, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence, or to a fragment, portion, or subunit of any of these, and to naturally occurring or synthetic molecules.
  • polypeptide refers to amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds, i.e., peptide isosteres and may contain modified amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids.
  • polypeptides may be modified by either natural processes, such as post-translational processing, or by chemical modification techniques which are well known in the art. Modifications can occur anywhere in the polypeptide, including the peptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxyl termini. It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be present in the same or varying degrees at several sites in a given polypeptide. Also a given polypeptide may have many types of modifications.
  • Modifications include acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of a phosphatidylinositol, cross-linking cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cysteine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristolyation, oxidation, pegylation, glucan hydrolase processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation and transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to protein such as arginylation.
  • peptides and polypeptides of the invention also include all “mimetic” and “peptidomimetic” forms, as described in further detail, below.
  • Fragments are a portion of a naturally occurring protein which can exist in at least two different conformations. Fragments can have the same or substantially the same amino acid sequence as the naturally occurring protein. “Substantially the same” means that an amino acid sequence is largely, but not entirely, the same, but retains at least one functional activity of the sequence to which it is related, e.g., only has conservative amino acids substitutions, as described herein. Fragments which have different three dimensional structures as the naturally occurring protein are also included. An example of this is a “pro-form” molecule, such as a low activity proprotein, that can be modified by cleavage to produce a mature enzyme with significantly higher activity.
  • the term “isolated” means that the material is removed from its original environment (e.g., the natural environment if it is naturally occurring).
  • a naturally-occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide present in a living animal is not isolated, but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide, separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated.
  • Such polynucleotides could be part of a vector and/or such polynucleotides or polypeptides could be part of a composition and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of its natural environment.
  • the term “purified” does not require absolute purity; rather, it is intended as a relative definition.
  • nucleic acids obtained from a library have been conventionally purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The sequences obtained from these clones could not be obtained directly either from the library or from total human DNA.
  • the purified nucleic acids of the invention have been purified from the remainder of the genomic DNA in the organism by at least 10 4 -10 6 fold.
  • the term “purified” also includes nucleic acids which have been purified from the remainder of the genomic DNA or from other sequences in a library or other environment by at least one order of magnitude, typically two or three orders and more typically four or five orders of magnitude.
  • “Recombinant” polypeptides or proteins refer to polypeptides or proteins produced by recombinant DNA techniques; i.e., produced from cells transformed by an exogenous DNA construct encoding the desired polypeptide or protein.
  • “Synthetic” polypeptides or protein are those prepared by chemical synthesis. Solid-phase chemical peptide synthesis methods can also be used to synthesize the polypeptide or fragments of the invention. Such method have been known in the art since the early 1960's (Merrifield, R. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85:2149-2154, 1963) (See also Stewart, J. M. and Young, J.
  • a plate of rods or pins is inverted and inserted into a second plate of corresponding wells or reservoirs, which contain solutions for attaching or anchoring an appropriate amino acid to the pin's or rod's tips.
  • amino acids are built into desired peptides.
  • a number of available FMOC peptide synthesis systems are available. For example, assembly of a polypeptide or fragment can be carried out on a solid support using an Applied Biosystems, Inc. Model 431A automated peptide synthesizer. Such equipment provides ready access to the peptides of the invention, either by direct synthesis or by synthesis of a series of fragments that can be coupled using other known techniques.
  • the invention provides glucanases having a common novelty in that they were first derived from similar “glycosidase hydrolase” families.
  • Glycosidase hydrolases were first classified into families in 1991, see, e.g., Henrissat (1991) Biochem, J. 280:309-316. Since then, the classifications have been continually updated, see, e.g., Henrissat (1993) Biochem. J. 293:781-788; Henrissat (1996) Biochem. J. 316:695-696; Henrissat (2000) Plant Physiology 124:1515-1519.
  • Glucanases of the invention can be categorized as families, see, e.g., Strohmeier (2004) Protein Sci. 13:3200-3213.
  • the polypeptides of the invention include glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases in an active or inactive form.
  • glucanases or cellulases
  • endoglucanases e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases in an active or inactive form.
  • the polypeptides of the invention include proproteins before “maturation” or processing of prepro sequences, e.g., by a proprotein-
  • the polypeptides of the invention include glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases inactive for other reasons, e.g., before “activation” by a post-translational processing event, e.g., an endo- or exo-peptidase or proteinase action, a phosphorylation event, an amidation, a glycosylation or a sulfation, a dimerization event, and the like.
  • glucanases e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobio
  • the polypeptides of the invention include all active forms, including active subsequences, e.g., catalytic domains or active sites, of the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidases.
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant polypeptides and peptides having a sequence identity to an exemplary sequence of the invention, e.g., proteins having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, AND SEQ ID NO:23, and the specific modifications to SEQ ID NO:2 as described herein, where in various aspects the percent sequence identity can be over the full length of the polypeptide, or, the identity can be over a region of at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700 or more residues.
  • Polypeptides of the invention can also be shorter than the full length of exemplary polypeptides.
  • the invention provides polypeptides (peptides, fragments) ranging in size between about 5 residues and the full length of a polypeptide, e.g., an enzyme, such as a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase; exemplary sizes being of about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, or more residues, e.g., contiguous residues,
  • Peptides of the invention can be useful as, e.g., labeling probes, antigens, epitopes, toleragens, motifs, glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase active sites (e.g., “catalytic domains”), signal sequences and/or prepro domains.
  • labeling probes e.g., labeling probes, antigens, epitopes, toleragens, motifs, glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycos
  • Polypeptides and peptides of the invention can be isolated from natural sources, be synthetic, or be recombinantly generated polypeptides. Peptides and proteins can be recombinantly expressed in vitro or in vivo.
  • the peptides and polypeptides of the invention can be made and isolated using any method known in the art. Polypeptide and peptides of the invention can also be synthesized, whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art. See e.g., Caruthers (1980) Nucleic Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 215-223; Horn (1980) Nucleic Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 225-232; Banga, A.
  • peptide synthesis can be performed using various solid-phase techniques (see e.g., Roberge (1995) Science 269:202; Merrifield (1997) Methods Enzymol. 289:3-13) and automated synthesis may be achieved, e.g., using the ABI 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer) in accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer.
  • the peptides and polypeptides of the invention can also be glycosylated.
  • the glycosylation can be added post-translationally either chemically or by cellular biosynthetic mechanisms, wherein the later incorporates the use of known glycosylation motifs, which can be native to the sequence or can be added as a peptide or added in the nucleic acid coding sequence.
  • the glycosylation can be O-linked or N-linked
  • the peptides and polypeptides of the invention include all “mimetic” and “peptidomimetic” forms.
  • the terms “mimetic” and “peptidomimetic” refer to a synthetic chemical compound which has substantially the same structural and/or functional characteristics of the polypeptides of the invention.
  • the mimetic can be either entirely composed of synthetic, non-natural analogues of amino acids, or, is a chimeric molecule of partly natural peptide amino acids and partly non-natural analogs of amino acids.
  • the mimetic can also incorporate any amount of natural amino acid conservative substitutions as long as such substitutions also do not substantially alter the mimetic's structure and/or activity.
  • a mimetic composition is within the scope of the invention if it has a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity.
  • Polypeptide mimetic compositions of the invention can contain any combination of non-natural structural components.
  • mimetic compositions of the invention include one or all of the following three structural groups: a) residue linkage groups other than the natural amide bond (“peptide bond”) linkages; b) non-natural residues in place of naturally occurring amino acid residues; or c) residues which induce secondary structural mimicry, i.e., to induce or stabilize a secondary structure, e.g., a beta turn, gamma turn, beta sheet, alpha helix conformation, and the like.
  • a polypeptide of the invention can be characterized as a mimetic when all or some of its residues are joined by chemical means other than natural peptide bonds.
  • peptide bonds can be joined by peptide bonds, other chemical bonds or coupling means, such as, e.g., glutaraldehyde, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, bifunctional maleimides, N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC).
  • DCC N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • DIC N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide
  • Linking groups that can be an alternative to the traditional amide bond (“peptide bond”) linkages include, e.g., ketomethylene (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)—CH 2 — for —C( ⁇ O)—NH—), aminomethylene (CH 2 —NH), ethylene, olefin (CH ⁇ CH), ether (CH 2 —O), thioether (CH 2 —S), tetrazole (CN 4 —), thiazole, retroamide, thioamide, or ester (see, e.g., Spatola (1983) in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, Vol. 7, pp 267-357, “Peptide Backbone Modifications,” Marcell Dekker, NY).
  • a polypeptide of the invention can also be characterized as a mimetic by containing all or some non-natural residues in place of naturally occurring amino acid residues.
  • Non-natural residues are well described in the scientific and patent literature; a few exemplary non-natural compositions useful as mimetics of natural amino acid residues and guidelines are described below.
  • Mimetics of aromatic amino acids can be generated by replacing by, e.g., D- or L-naphylalanine; D- or L-phenylglycine; D- or L-2 thieneylalanine; D- or L-1, -2,3-, or 4-pyreneylalanine; D- or L-3 thieneylalanine; D- or L-(2-pyridinyl)-alanine; D- or L-(3-pyridinyl)-alanine; D- or L-(2-pyrazinyl)-alanine; D- or L-(4-isopropyl)-phenylglycine; D-(trifluoromethyl)-phenylglycine; D-(trifluoromethyl)-phenylalanine; D-p-fluoro-phenylalanine; D- or L-p-biphenylphenylalanine; D- or L-p-methoxy-biphenylphenylalanine
  • Aromatic rings of a non-natural amino acid include, e.g., thiazolyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, naphthyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, and pyridyl aromatic rings.
  • Mimetics of acidic amino acids can be generated by substitution by, e.g., non-carboxylate amino acids while maintaining a negative charge; (phosphono)alanine; sulfated threonine.
  • Carboxyl side groups e.g., aspartyl or glutamyl
  • Carboxyl side groups can also be selectively modified by reaction with carbodiimides (R′—N—C—N—R′) such as, e.g., 1-cyclohexyl-3(2-morpholinyl-(4-ethyl) carbodiimide or 1-ethyl-3(4-azonia-4,4-dimetholpentyl) carbodiimide
  • Aspartyl or glutamyl can also be converted to asparaginyl and glutaminyl residues by reaction with ammonium ions.
  • Mimetics of basic amino acids can be generated by substitution with, e.g., (in addition to lysine and arginine) the amino acids ornithine, citrulline, or (guanidino)-acetic acid, or (guanidino)alkyl-acetic acid, where alkyl is defined above.
  • Nitrile derivative e.g., containing the CN-moiety in place of COOH
  • Asparaginyl and glutaminyl residues can be deaminated to the corresponding aspartyl or glutamyl residues.
  • Arginine residue mimetics can be generated by reacting arginyl with, e.g., one or more conventional reagents, including, e.g., phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, 1,2-cyclo-hexanedione, or ninhydrin, in one aspect under alkaline conditions.
  • Tyrosine residue mimetics can be generated by reacting tyrosyl with, e.g., aromatic diazonium compounds or tetranitromethane. N-acetylimidizol and tetranitromethane can be used to form O-acetyl tyrosyl species and 3-nitro derivatives, respectively.
  • Cysteine residue mimetics can be generated by reacting cysteinyl residues with, e.g., alpha-haloacetates such as 2-chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide and corresponding amines; to give carboxymethyl or carboxyamidomethyl derivatives.
  • alpha-haloacetates such as 2-chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide and corresponding amines
  • Cysteine residue mimetics can also be generated by reacting cysteinyl residues with, e.g., bromo-trifluoroacetone, alpha-bromo-beta-(5-imidozoyl) propionic acid; chloroacetyl phosphate, N-alkylmaleimides, 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide; methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide; p-chloromercuribenzoate; 2-chloromercuri-4 nitrophenol; or, chloro-7-nitrobenzo-oxa-1,3-diazole.
  • cysteinyl residues e.g., bromo-trifluoroacetone, alpha-bromo-beta-(5-imidozoyl) propionic acid
  • chloroacetyl phosphate N-alkylmaleimides
  • 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide
  • Lysine mimetics can be generated (and amino terminal residues can be altered) by reacting lysinyl with, e.g., succinic or other carboxylic acid anhydrides. Lysine and other alpha-amino-containing residue mimetics can also be generated by reaction with imidoesters, such as methyl picolinimidate, pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal, chloroborohydride, trinitro-benzenesulfonic acid, O-methylisourea, 2,4, pentanedione, and transamidase-catalyzed reactions with glyoxylate. Mimetics of methionine can be generated by reaction with, e.g., methionine sulfoxide.
  • Mimetics of proline include, e.g., pipecolic acid, thiazolidine carboxylic acid, 3- or 4-hydroxy proline, dehydroproline, 3- or 4-methylproline, or 3,3,-dimethylproline.
  • Histidine residue mimetics can be generated by reacting histidyl with, e.g., diethylprocarbonate or para-bromophenacyl bromide.
  • mimetics include, e.g., those generated by hydroxylation of proline and lysine; phosphorylation of the hydroxyl groups of seryl or threonyl residues; methylation of the alpha-amino groups of lysine, arginine and histidine; acetylation of the N-terminal amine; methylation of main chain amide residues or substitution with N-methyl amino acids; or amidation of C-terminal carboxyl groups.
  • a residue, e.g., an amino acid, of a polypeptide of the invention can also be replaced by an amino acid (or peptidomimetic residue) of the opposite chirality.
  • any amino acid naturally occurring in the L-configuration (which can also be referred to as the R or S, depending upon the structure of the chemical entity) can be replaced with the amino acid of the same chemical structural type or a peptidomimetic, but of the opposite chirality, referred to as the D-amino acid, but also can be referred to as the R- or S-form.
  • the invention also provides methods for modifying the polypeptides of the invention by either natural processes, such as post-translational processing (e.g., phosphorylation, acylation, etc), or by chemical modification techniques, and the resulting modified polypeptides. Modifications can occur anywhere in the polypeptide, including the peptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxyl termini. It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be present in the same or varying degrees at several sites in a given polypeptide. Also a given polypeptide may have many types of modifications.
  • Modifications include acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of a phosphatidylinositol, cross-linking cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cysteine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristolyation, oxidation, pegylation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, and transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to protein such as arginylation.
  • Solid-phase chemical peptide synthesis methods can also be used to synthesize the polypeptide or fragments of the invention.
  • Such method have been known in the art since the early 1960's (Merrifield, R. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85:2149-2154, 1963) (See also Stewart, J. M. and Young, J. D., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd Ed., Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill., pp. 11-12)) and have recently been employed in commercially available laboratory peptide design and synthesis kits (Cambridge Research Biochemicals). Such commercially available laboratory kits have generally utilized the teachings of H. M. Geysen et al, Proc. Natl. Acad.
  • assembly of a polypeptide or fragment can be carried out on a solid support using an Applied Biosystems, Inc. Model 431ATM automated peptide synthesizer.
  • Applied Biosystems, Inc. Model 431ATM automated peptide synthesizer Such equipment provides ready access to the peptides of the invention, either by direct synthesis or by synthesis of a series of fragments that can be coupled using other known techniques.
  • the invention includes glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases of the invention with and without signal.
  • glucanases (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases of the invention with and without signal.
  • the polypeptide comprising a signal sequence of the invention can be a glucanase of the invention or another glucanase or another enzyme or other polypeptide.
  • the invention includes immobilized glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases, anti-glucanase, -mannanase, or -xylanase antibodies and fragments thereof.
  • immobilized glucanases e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases, anti-glucanase, -mannanase, or -xylanase antibodies and fragments thereof.
  • the invention provides methods for inhibiting glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, e.g., using dominant negative mutants or anti-glucanase, -mannanase, or -xylanase antibodies of the invention.
  • the invention includes heterocomplexes, e.g., fusion proteins, heterodimers, etc., comprising the glucanases of the invention.
  • Polypeptides of the invention can have a glucanase, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases activity under various conditions, e.g., extremes in pH and/or temperature, oxidizing agents, and the like.
  • glucanase or cellulases
  • endoglucanases e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases activity under various conditions, e.g., extremes in pH and/or temperature, oxidizing
  • the invention provides methods leading to alternative glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase preparations with different catalytic efficiencies and stabilities, e.g., towards temperature, oxidizing agents and changing wash conditions.
  • alternative glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase preparations with different catalytic efficiencies and stabilities, e.g., towards
  • glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase variants can be produced using techniques of site-directed mutagenesis and/or random mutagenesis.
  • directed evolution can be used to produce a great variety of glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase variants with alternative specificities and stability.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase variants with alternative specificities and stability.
  • the proteins of the invention are also useful as research reagents to identify glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase modulators, e.g., activators or inhibitors of glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., mannanase
  • test samples are added to glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase assays to determine their ability to inhibit substrate cleavage.
  • Inhibitors identified in this way can be used in industry and research to reduce or prevent undesired proteolysis.
  • Glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase inhibitors can be combined to increase the spectrum of activity.
  • cellulase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase inhibitors can be combined to increase the spectrum of activity.
  • the enzymes of the invention are also useful as research reagents to digest proteins or in protein sequencing.
  • a glucanase or cellulase
  • e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase may be used to break polypeptides into smaller fragments for sequencing using, e.g. an automated sequencer.
  • the invention also provides methods of discovering a new glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase using the nucleic acids, polypeptides and antibodies of the invention.
  • a new glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase
  • phagemid libraries are screened for expression-based discovery of a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase.
  • lambda phage libraries are screened for expression-based discovery of a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase.
  • Screening of the phage or phagemid libraries can allow the detection of toxic clones; improved access to substrate; reduced need for engineering a host, by-passing the potential for any bias resulting from mass excision of the library; and, faster growth at low clone densities.
  • Screening of phage or phagemid libraries can be in liquid phase or in solid phase.
  • the invention provides screening in liquid phase. This gives a greater flexibility in assay conditions; additional substrate flexibility; higher sensitivity for weak clones; and ease of automation over solid phase screening.
  • the invention provides screening methods using the proteins and nucleic acids of the invention and robotic automation to enable the execution of many thousands of biocatalytic reactions and screening assays in a short period of time, e.g., per day, as well as ensuring a high level of accuracy and reproducibility (see discussion of arrays, below). As a result, a library of derivative compounds can be produced in a matter of weeks. For further teachings on modification of molecules, including small molecules, see PCT/US94/09174.
  • polypeptides comprising the sequence of one of the invention, or fragments comprising at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof.
  • polypeptides may be obtained by inserting a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide into a vector such that the coding sequence is operably linked to a sequence capable of driving the expression of the encoded polypeptide in a suitable host cell.
  • the expression vector may comprise a promoter, a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription terminator.
  • the vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression.
  • polypeptides or fragments thereof which have at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or more than about 95% sequence identity (homology) to one of the polypeptides of the invention, or a fragment comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 or more consecutive amino acids thereof.
  • Sequence identity may be determined using any of the programs described above which aligns the polypeptides or fragments being compared and determines the extent of amino acid identity or similarity between them. It will be appreciated that amino acid equivalence, or sequence identity, or “homology,” includes conservative amino acid substitutions such as those described above.
  • polypeptides or fragments having homology to one of the polypeptides of the invention, or a fragment comprising at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof may be obtained by isolating the nucleic acids encoding them using the techniques described above.
  • the homologous polypeptides or fragments may be obtained through biochemical enrichment or purification procedures.
  • the sequence of potentially homologous polypeptides or fragments may be determined by glucan hydrolase digestion, gel electrophoresis and/or microsequencing.
  • the sequence of the prospective homologous polypeptide or fragment can be compared to one of the polypeptides of the invention, or a fragment comprising at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof using any of the programs described above.
  • Another aspect of the invention is an assay for identifying fragments or variants of the invention, which retain the enzymatic function of the polypeptides of the invention.
  • the fragments or variants of said polypeptides may be used to catalyze biochemical reactions, which indicate that the fragment or variant retains the enzymatic activity of a polypeptide of the invention.
  • the assay for determining if fragments of variants retain the enzymatic activity of the polypeptides of the invention includes the steps of: contacting the polypeptide fragment or variant with a substrate molecule under conditions which allow the polypeptide fragment or variant to function and detecting either a decrease in the level of substrate or an increase in the level of the specific reaction product of the reaction between the polypeptide and substrate.
  • polypeptides of the invention or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof may be used in a variety of applications.
  • the polypeptides or fragments thereof may be used to catalyze biochemical reactions.
  • a process for utilizing the polypeptides of the invention or polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides for hydrolyzing glycosidic linkages In such procedures, a substance containing a glycosidic linkage (e.g., a starch) is contacted with one of the polypeptides of the invention, or sequences substantially identical thereto under conditions which facilitate the hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkage.
  • a substance containing a glycosidic linkage e.g., a starch
  • the present invention exploits the unique catalytic properties of enzymes.
  • biocatalysts i.e., purified or crude enzymes, non-living or living cells
  • the present invention uses selected biocatalysts and reaction conditions that are specific for functional groups that are present in many starting compounds, such as small molecules.
  • Each biocatalyst is specific for one functional group, or several related functional groups and can react with many starting compounds containing this functional group.
  • the biocatalytic reactions produce a population of derivatives from a single starting compound. These derivatives can be subjected to another round of biocatalytic reactions to produce a second population of derivative compounds. Thousands of variations of the original small molecule or compound can be produced with each iteration of biocatalytic derivatization.
  • Enzymes react at specific sites of a starting compound without affecting the rest of the molecule, a process which is very difficult to achieve using traditional chemical methods.
  • This high degree of biocatalytic specificity provides the means to identify a single active compound within the library.
  • the library is characterized by the series of biocatalytic reactions used to produce it, a so called “biosynthetic history”. Screening the library for biological activities and tracing the biosynthetic history identifies the specific reaction sequence producing the active compound. The reaction sequence is repeated and the structure of the synthesized compound determined.
  • This mode of identification unlike other synthesis and screening approaches, does not require immobilization technologies and compounds can be synthesized and tested free in solution using virtually any type of screening assay. It is important to note, that the high degree of specificity of enzyme reactions on functional groups allows for the “tracking” of specific enzymatic reactions that make up the biocatalytically produced library.
  • the invention provides a method for modifying small molecules, comprising contacting a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide described herein or enzymatically active fragments thereof with a small molecule to produce a modified small molecule.
  • a library of modified small molecules is tested to determine if a modified small molecule is present within the library which exhibits a desired activity.
  • a specific biocatalytic reaction which produces the modified small molecule of desired activity is identified by systematically eliminating each of the biocatalytic reactions used to produce a portion of the library and then testing the small molecules produced in the portion of the library for the presence or absence of the modified small molecule with the desired activity.
  • the specific biocatalytic reactions which produce the modified small molecule of desired activity is optionally repeated.
  • biocatalytic reactions are conducted with a group of biocatalysts that react with distinct structural moieties found within the structure of a small molecule, each biocatalyst is specific for one structural moiety or a group of related structural moieties; and each biocatalyst reacts with many different small molecules which contain the distinct structural moiety.
  • the invention provides glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase signal sequences (e.g., signal peptides (SPs)), prepro domains and catalytic domains (CDs) (e.g., active sites).
  • a “signal sequence” can be a secretion signal or other domain that facilitates secretion of a polypeptide of the invention from the host cell.
  • the SPs, prepro domains and/or CDs of the invention can be isolated or recombinant peptides or can be part of a fusion protein, e.g., as a heterologous domain in a chimeric protein.
  • the invention provides nucleic acids encoding these catalytic domains (CDs), prepro domains and signal (leader) sequences (SPs, e.g., a peptide having a sequence comprising/consisting of amino terminal residues of a polypeptide of the invention).
  • the invention provides a signal (leader) sequence comprising a peptide comprising/consisting of a sequence as set forth in residues 1 to 15, 1 to 16, 1 to 17, 1 to 18, 1 to 19, 1 to 20, 1 to 21, 1 to 22, 1 to 23, 1 to 24, 1 to 25, 1 to 26, 1 to 27, 1 to 28, 1 to 28, 1 to 30, 1 to 31, 1 to 32, 1 to 33, 1 to 34, 1 to 35, 1 to 36, 1 to 37, 1 to 38, 1 to 39, 1 to 40, 1 to 41, 1 to 42, 1 to 43, 1 to 44 of a polypeptide of the invention.
  • the invention also provides chimeric polypeptides (and the nucleic acids encoding them) comprising at least two enzymes of the invention or subsequences thereof, e.g., active sites, or catalytic domains (CDs).
  • a chimeric protein of the invention e.g., a fusion protein, or, other heterodimer, e.g., two domains joined by other means, e.g., a linker, or, electrostatically
  • a chimeric protein of the invention can have mannanase and xylanase activity, mannanase and glycanase activity, etc.
  • the chimeric protein of the invention comprises a fusion of domains, e.g., a single domain can exhibit glucanase/xylanase/mannanase or any combination of activities (e.g., as a recombinant chimeric protein).
  • the invention includes polypeptides with or without a signal sequence and/or a prepro sequence.
  • the invention includes polypeptides with heterologous signal sequences and/or prepro sequences.
  • the prepro sequence (including a sequence of the invention used as a heterologous prepro domain) can be located on the amino terminal or the carboxy terminal end of the protein.
  • the invention also includes isolated or recombinant signal sequences, prepro sequences and catalytic domains (e.g., “active sites”) comprising sequences of the invention.
  • the glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase signal sequences (SPs) and/or prepro sequences of the invention can be isolated peptides, or, sequences joined to another glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase or a non-glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannana
  • SPs beta-glu
  • the invention provides polypeptides comprising glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase signal sequences of the invention.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase signal sequences of the invention.
  • the invention provides a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention with heterologous SPs and/or prepro sequences, e.g., sequences with a yeast signal sequence.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention with heterologous SPs and/or prepro sequences, e.g.
  • a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention can comprise a heterologous SP and/or prepro in a vector, e.g., a pPIC series vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • a pPIC series vector Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.
  • SPs and/or prepro sequences of the invention are identified following identification of novel glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase polypeptides.
  • novel glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase polypeptides.
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta
  • This signal sequence directs a protein to its appropriate location in the cell and is removed during transport or when the protein reaches its final destination.
  • Most lysosomal, membrane, or secreted proteins have an amino-terminal signal sequence that marks them for translocation into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. More than 100 signal sequences for proteins in this group have been determined. The signal sequences can vary in length from 13 to 36 amino acid residues. Various methods of recognition of signal sequences are known to those of skill in the art.
  • novel glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase signal peptides
  • SignalP uses a combined neural network which recognizes both signal peptides and their cleavage sites.
  • a glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention may not have SPs and/or prepro sequences, or “domains.”
  • the invention provides a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention lacking all or part of an SP and/or a prepro domain.
  • the invention provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding a signal sequence (SP) and/or prepro from one glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence of a different glucanase or, optionally, a signal sequence (SPs) and/or prepro domain from a non-glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-
  • the invention also provides isolated or recombinant polypeptides comprising signal sequences (SPs), prepro domain and/or catalytic domains (CDs) of the invention and heterologous sequences.
  • the heterologous sequences are sequences not naturally associated (e.g., to a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase) with an SP, prepro domain and/or CD.
  • SPs signal sequences
  • CDs catalytic domains
  • the invention provides an isolated or recombinant polypeptide comprising (or consisting of) a polypeptide comprising a signal sequence (SP), prepro domain and/or catalytic domain (CD) of the invention with the proviso that it is not associated with any sequence to which it is naturally associated (e.g., a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase sequence).
  • SP signal sequence
  • CD catalytic domain
  • the invention provides isolated or recombinant nucleic acids encoding these polypeptides.
  • the isolated or recombinant nucleic acid of the invention comprises coding sequence for a signal sequence (SP), prepro domain and/or catalytic domain (CD) of the invention and a heterologous sequence (i.e., a sequence not naturally associated with the a signal sequence (SP), prepro domain and/or catalytic domain (CD) of the invention).
  • the heterologous sequence can be on the 3′ terminal end, 5′ terminal end, and/or on both ends of the SP, prepro domain and/or CD coding sequence.
  • the invention provides hybrid glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases and fusion proteins, including peptide libraries, comprising sequences of the invention.
  • hybrid glucanases e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases and fusion proteins, including peptide libraries, comprising sequences of the invention.
  • the peptide libraries of the invention can be used to isolate peptide modulators (e.g., activators or inhibitors) of targets, such as glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase substrates, receptors, enzymes.
  • the peptide libraries of the invention can be used to identify formal binding partners of targets, such as ligands, e.g., cytokines, hormones and the like.
  • the invention provides chimeric proteins comprising a signal sequence (SP), prepro domain and/or catalytic domain (CD) of the invention or a combination thereof and a heterologous sequence (see above).
  • the fusion proteins of the invention are conformationally stabilized (relative to linear peptides) to allow a higher binding affinity for targets.
  • the invention provides fusions of a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention and other peptides, including known and random peptides.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention and other peptides, including known and random peptides.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • a glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase is not significantly perturbed and the peptide is metabolically or structurally conformationally stabilized. This allows the creation of a peptide library that is easily monitored both for its presence within cells and its quantity.
  • Amino acid sequence variants of the invention can be characterized by a predetermined nature of the variation, a feature that sets them apart from a naturally occurring form, e.g., an allelic or interspecies variation of a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase sequence.
  • the variants of the invention exhibit the same qualitative biological activity as the naturally occurring analogue.
  • the variants can be selected for having modified characteristics.
  • the mutation per se need not be predetermined.
  • random mutagenesis may be conducted at the target codon or region and the expressed glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase variants screened for the optimal combination of desired activity.
  • substitution mutations at predetermined sites in DNA having a known sequence are well known, as discussed herein for example, M13 primer mutagenesis and PCR mutagenesis. Screening of the mutants can be done using, e.g., assays of glucan hydrolysis.
  • amino acid substitutions can be single residues; insertions can be on the order of from about 1 to 20 amino acids, although considerably larger insertions can be done.
  • Deletions can range from about 1 to about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 residues or more.
  • substitutions, deletions, insertions or any combination thereof may be used. Generally, these changes are done on a few amino acids to minimize the alteration of the molecule. However, larger changes may be tolerated in certain circumstances.
  • the invention provides a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase where the structure of the polypeptide backbone, the secondary or the tertiary structure, e.g., an alpha-helical or beta-sheet structure, has been modified.
  • the charge or hydrophobicity has been modified.
  • the bulk of a side chain has been modified.
  • substitutions that are less conservative. For example, substitutions can be made which more significantly affect: the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the alteration, for example a alpha-helical or a beta-sheet structure; a charge or a hydrophobic site of the molecule, which can be at an active site; or a side chain.
  • the invention provides substitutions in polypeptide of the invention where (a) a hydrophilic residues, e.g. seryl or threonyl, is substituted for (or by) a hydrophobic residue, e.g.
  • leucyl isoleucyl, phenylalanyl, valyl or alanyl
  • a cysteine or proline is substituted for (or by) any other residue
  • a residue having an electropositive side chain e.g. lysyl, arginyl, or histidyl
  • an electronegative residue e.g. glutamyl or aspartyl
  • a residue having a bulky side chain e.g. phenylalanine
  • the variants can exhibit the same qualitative biological activity (i.e.
  • endoglucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity) although variants can be selected to modify the characteristics of the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase as needed.
  • glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention comprise epitopes or purification tags, signal sequences or other fusion sequences, etc.
  • the glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention can be fused to a random peptide to form a fusion polypeptide.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • the random peptide and the glucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase are linked together, in such a manner as to minimize the disruption to the stability of the glucanase structure, e.g., it retains glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity.
  • the fusion polypeptide e.g., endoglu
  • the peptides and nucleic acids encoding them are randomized, either fully randomized or they are biased in their randomization, e.g. in nucleotide/residue frequency generally or per position. “Randomized” means that each nucleic acid and peptide consists of essentially random nucleotides and amino acids, respectively.
  • the nucleic acids which give rise to the peptides can be chemically synthesized, and thus may incorporate any nucleotide at any position. Thus, when the nucleic acids are expressed to form peptides, any amino acid residue may be incorporated at any position.
  • the synthetic process can be designed to generate randomized nucleic acids, to allow the formation of all or most of the possible combinations over the length of the nucleic acid, thus forming a library of randomized nucleic acids.
  • the library can provide a sufficiently structurally diverse population of randomized expression products to affect a probabilistically sufficient range of cellular responses to provide one or more cells exhibiting a desired response.
  • the invention provides an interaction library large enough so that at least one of its members will have a structure that gives it affinity for some molecule, protein, or other factor.
  • Endoglucanases are multidomain enzymes that consist optionally of a signal peptide, a carbohydrate binding module, a glucanase catalytic domain, a linker and/or another catalytic domain.
  • the invention provides a means for generating chimeric polypeptides which may encode biologically active hybrid polypeptides (e.g., hybrid glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases).
  • biologically active hybrid polypeptides e.g., hybrid glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases.
  • the original polynucleotides encode biologically active polypeptides
  • the method of the invention produces new hybrid polypeptides by utilizing cellular processes which integrate the sequence of the original polynucleotides such that the resulting hybrid polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide demonstrating activities derived from the original biologically active polypeptides.
  • the original polynucleotides may encode a particular enzyme from different microorganisms.
  • An enzyme encoded by a first polynucleotide from one organism or variant may, for example, function effectively under a particular environmental condition, e.g. high salinity.
  • An enzyme encoded by a second polynucleotide from a different organism or variant may function effectively under a different environmental condition, such as extremely high temperatures.
  • a hybrid polynucleotide containing sequences from the first and second original polynucleotides may encode an enzyme which exhibits characteristics of both enzymes encoded by the original polynucleotides.
  • the enzyme encoded by the hybrid polynucleotide may function effectively under environmental conditions shared by each of the enzymes encoded by the first and second polynucleotides, e.g., high salinity and extreme temperatures.
  • a hybrid polypeptide resulting from the method of the invention may exhibit specialized enzyme activity not displayed in the original enzymes.
  • the resulting hybrid polypeptide encoded by a hybrid polynucleotide can be screened for specialized hydrolase activities obtained from each of the original enzymes, i.e. the type of bond on which the hydrolase acts and the temperature at which the hydrolase functions.
  • the hydrolase may be screened to ascertain those chemical functionalities which distinguish the hybrid hydrolase from the original hydrolases, such as: (a) amide (peptide bonds), i.e., endoglucanases; (b) ester bonds, i.e., esterases and lipases; (c) acetals, i.e., glycosidases and, for example, the temperature, pH or salt concentration at which the hybrid polypeptide functions.
  • amide (peptide bonds) i.e., endoglucanases
  • ester bonds i.e., esterases and lipases
  • acetals i.e., glycosidases and, for example, the temperature, pH or salt concentration at which the hybrid polypeptide functions.
  • Sources of the original polynucleotides may be isolated from individual organisms (“isolates”), collections of organisms that have been grown in defined media (“enrichment cultures”), or, uncultivated organisms (“environmental samples”).
  • isolated cultures collections of organisms that have been grown in defined media
  • environment cultures or, uncultivated organisms (“environmental samples”).
  • the use of a culture-independent approach to derive polynucleotides encoding novel bioactivities from environmental samples is most preferable since it allows one to access untapped resources of biodiversity.
  • Environmental libraries are generated from environmental samples and represent the collective genomes of naturally occurring organisms archived in cloning vectors that can be propagated in suitable prokaryotic hosts. Because the cloned DNA is initially extracted directly from environmental samples, the libraries are not limited to the small fraction of prokaryotes that can be grown in pure culture. Additionally, a normalization of the environmental DNA present in these samples could allow more equal representation of the DNA from all of the species present in the original sample. This can dramatically increase the efficiency of finding interesting genes from minor constituents of the sample which may be under-represented by several orders of magnitude compared to the dominant species.
  • gene libraries generated from one or more uncultivated microorganisms are screened for an activity of interest.
  • Potential pathways encoding bioactive molecules of interest are first captured in prokaryotic cells in the form of gene expression libraries.
  • Polynucleotides encoding activities of interest are isolated from such libraries and introduced into a host cell. The host cell is grown under conditions which promote recombination and/or reductive reassortment creating potentially active biomolecules with novel or enhanced activities.
  • subcloning may be performed to further isolate sequences of interest.
  • a portion of DNA is amplified, digested, generally by restriction enzymes, to cut out the desired sequence, the desired sequence is ligated into a recipient vector and is amplified.
  • the portion is examined for the activity of interest, in order to ensure that DNA that encodes the structural protein has not been excluded.
  • the insert may be purified at any step of the subcloning, for example, by gel electrophoresis prior to ligation into a vector or where cells containing the recipient vector and cells not containing the recipient vector are placed on selective media containing, for example, an antibiotic, which will kill the cells not containing the recipient vector.
  • the enzymes of the invention are subclones. Such subclones may differ from the parent clone by, for example, length, a mutation, a tag or a label.
  • the signal sequences of the invention are identified following identification of novel glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase polypeptides.
  • novel glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase polypeptides.
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosi
  • This signal sequence directs a protein to its appropriate location in the cell and is removed during transport or when the protein reaches its final destination.
  • Most lysosomal, membrane, or secreted proteins have an amino-terminal signal sequence that marks them for translocation into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. More than 100 signal sequences for proteins in this group have been determined. The sequences vary in length from 13 to 36 amino acid residues.
  • Various methods of recognition of signal sequences are known to those of skill in the art.
  • the peptides are identified by a method referred to as SignalP.
  • SignalP uses a combined neural network which recognizes both signal peptides and their cleavage sites.
  • glucanases (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases of the invention may or may not contain signal sequences.
  • the microorganisms from which the polynucleotide may be prepared include prokaryotic microorganisms, such as Eubacteria and Archaebacteria and lower eukaryotic microorganisms such as fungi, some algae and protozoa.
  • Polynucleotides may be discovered, isolated or prepared from samples, such as environmental samples, in which case the nucleic acid may be recovered without culturing of an organism or recovered from one or more cultured organisms.
  • such microorganisms may be extremophiles, such as hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, halophiles, barophiles and acidophiles.
  • Polynucleotides encoding enzymes isolated from extremophilic microorganisms can be used. Such enzymes may function at temperatures above 100° C. in terrestrial hot springs and deep sea thermal vents, at temperatures below 0° C. in arctic waters, in the saturated salt environment of the Dead Sea, at pH values around 0 in coal deposits and geothermal sulfur-rich springs, or at pH values greater than 11 in sewage sludge.
  • enzymes may function at temperatures above 100° C. in terrestrial hot springs and deep sea thermal vents, at temperatures below 0° C. in arctic waters, in the saturated salt environment of the Dead Sea, at pH values around 0 in coal deposits and geothermal sulfur-rich springs, or at pH values greater than 11 in sewage sludge.
  • esterases and lipases cloned and expressed from extremophilic organisms show high activity throughout a wide range of temperatures and pHs.
  • Polynucleotides selected and isolated as hereinabove described are introduced into a suitable host cell.
  • a suitable host cell is any cell which is capable of promoting recombination and/or reductive reassortment.
  • the selected polynucleotides are in one aspect already in a vector which includes appropriate control sequences.
  • the host cell can be a higher eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell, or a lower eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast cell, or in one aspect, the host cell can be a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterial cell.
  • Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-Dextran mediated transfection, or electroporation (Davis et al., 1986).
  • bacterial cells such as E. coli, Streptomyces, Salmonella typhimurium
  • fungal cells such as yeast
  • insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9
  • animal cells such as CHO, COS or Bowes melanoma
  • adenoviruses and plant cells.
  • mammalian expression systems include the COS-7 lines of monkey kidney fibroblasts, described in “SV40-transformed simian cells support the replication of early SV40 mutants” (Gluzman, 1981) and other cell lines capable of expressing a compatible vector, for example, the C127, 3T3, CHO, HeLa and BHK cell lines.
  • Mammalian expression vectors will comprise an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer and also any necessary ribosome binding sites, polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, transcriptional termination sequences and 5′ flanking nontranscribed sequences. DNA sequences derived from the SV40 splice and polyadenylation sites may be used to provide the required nontranscribed genetic elements.
  • the method of the present invention can be used to generate novel polynucleotides encoding biochemical pathways from one or more operons or gene clusters or portions thereof.
  • bacteria and many eukaryotes have a coordinated mechanism for regulating genes whose products are involved in related processes.
  • the genes are clustered, in structures referred to as “gene clusters,” on a single chromosome and are transcribed together under the control of a single regulatory sequence, including a single promoter which initiates transcription of the entire cluster.
  • a gene cluster is a group of adjacent genes that are either identical or related, usually as to their function.
  • An example of a biochemical pathway encoded by gene clusters are polyketides.
  • Gene cluster DNA can be isolated from different organisms and ligated into vectors, particularly vectors containing expression regulatory sequences which can control and regulate the production of a detectable protein or protein-related array activity from the ligated gene clusters.
  • vectors which have an exceptionally large capacity for exogenous DNA introduction are particularly appropriate for use with such gene clusters and are described by way of example herein to include the f-factor (or fertility factor) of E. coli .
  • This f-factor of E. coli is a plasmid which affects high-frequency transfer of itself during conjugation and is ideal to achieve and stably propagate large DNA fragments, such as gene clusters from mixed microbial samples.
  • cloning vectors referred to as “fosmids” or bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors. These are derived from E. coli f-factor which is able to stably integrate large segments of genomic DNA. When integrated with DNA from a mixed uncultured environmental sample, this makes it possible to achieve large genomic fragments in the form of a stable “environmental DNA library.”
  • Another type of vector for use in the present invention is a cosmid vector. Cosmid vectors were originally designed to clone and propagate large segments of genomic DNA. Cloning into cosmid vectors is described in detail in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2 nd Ed ., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989).
  • two or more vectors containing different polyketide synthase gene clusters can be introduced into a suitable host cell. Regions of partial sequence homology shared by the gene clusters will promote processes which result in sequence reorganization resulting in a hybrid gene cluster. The novel hybrid gene cluster can then be screened for enhanced activities not found in the original gene clusters.
  • the invention relates to a method for producing a biologically active hybrid polypeptide and screening such a polypeptide for enhanced activity by:
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • glycosidase e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity
  • assays such as hydrolysis of casein in zymograms, the release of fluorescence from gelatin, or the release of p-nitroanalide from various small peptide substrates
  • potential modulators e.g., activators or inhibitors, of a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase,
  • formats include, for example, mass spectrometers, chromatographs, e.g., high-throughput HPLC and other forms of liquid chromatography, and smaller formats, such as 1536-well plates, 384-well plates and so on.
  • High throughput screening apparatus can be adapted and used to practice the methods of the invention, see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application No. 20020001809.
  • Nucleic acids or polypeptides of the invention can be immobilized to or applied to an array.
  • Arrays can be used to screen for or monitor libraries of compositions (e.g., small molecules, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.) for their ability to bind to or modulate the activity of a nucleic acid or a polypeptide of the invention.
  • Capillary arrays such as the GIGAMATRIXTM, Diversa Corporation, San Diego, Calif.; and arrays described in, e.g., U.S. Patent Application No. 20020080350 A1; WO 0231203 A; WO 0244336 A, provide an alternative apparatus for holding and screening samples.
  • the capillary array includes a plurality of capillaries formed into an array of adjacent capillaries, wherein each capillary comprises at least one wall defining a lumen for retaining a sample.
  • the lumen may be cylindrical, square, hexagonal or any other geometric shape so long as the walls form a lumen for retention of a liquid or sample.
  • the capillaries of the capillary array can be held together in close proximity to form a planar structure.
  • the capillaries can be bound together, by being fused (e.g., where the capillaries are made of glass), glued, bonded, or clamped side-by-side.
  • the capillary array can include interstitial material disposed between adjacent capillaries in the array, thereby forming a solid planar device containing a plurality of through-holes.
  • a capillary array can be formed of any number of individual capillaries, for example, a range from 100 to 4,000,000 capillaries. Further, a capillary array having about 100,000 or more individual capillaries can be formed into the standard size and shape of a MICROTITER® plate for fitment into standard laboratory equipment. The lumens are filled manually or automatically using either capillary action or microinjection using a thin needle. Samples of interest may subsequently be removed from individual capillaries for further analysis or characterization. For example, a thin, needle-like probe is positioned in fluid communication with a selected capillary to either add or withdraw material from the lumen.
  • the assay components are mixed yielding a solution of interest, prior to insertion into the capillary array.
  • the lumen is filled by capillary action when at least a portion of the array is immersed into a solution of interest.
  • Chemical or biological reactions and/or activity in each capillary are monitored for detectable events.
  • a detectable event is often referred to as a “hit”, which can usually be distinguished from “non-hit” producing capillaries by optical detection.
  • capillary arrays allow for massively parallel detection of “hits”.
  • a polypeptide or nucleic acid e.g., a ligand
  • a first component which is introduced into at least a portion of a capillary of a capillary array.
  • An air bubble can then be introduced into the capillary behind the first component.
  • a second component can then be introduced into the capillary, wherein the second component is separated from the first component by the air bubble.
  • the first and second components can then be mixed by applying hydrostatic pressure to both sides of the capillary array to collapse the bubble.
  • the capillary array is then monitored for a detectable event resulting from reaction or non-reaction of the two components.
  • a sample of interest can be introduced as a first liquid labeled with a detectable particle into a capillary of a capillary array, wherein the lumen of the capillary is coated with a binding material for binding the detectable particle to the lumen.
  • the first liquid may then be removed from the capillary tube, wherein the bound detectable particle is maintained within the capillary, and a second liquid may be introduced into the capillary tube.
  • the capillary is then monitored for a detectable event resulting from reaction or non-reaction of the particle with the second liquid.
  • Nucleic acids or polypeptides of the invention can be immobilized to or applied to an array.
  • Arrays can be used to screen for or monitor libraries of compositions (e.g., small molecules, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.) for their ability to bind to or modulate the activity of a nucleic acid or a polypeptide of the invention.
  • a monitored parameter is transcript expression of a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase gene.
  • a glucanase or cellulase
  • One or more, or, all the transcripts of a cell can be measured by hybridization of a sample comprising transcripts of the cell, or, nucleic acids representative of or complementary to transcripts of a cell, by hybridization to immobilized nucleic acids on an array, or “biochip.”
  • arrays comprising genomic nucleic acid can also be used to determine the genotype of a newly engineered strain made by the methods of the invention.
  • Polypeptide arrays can also be used to simultaneously quantify a plurality of proteins.
  • arrays are generically a plurality of “spots” or “target elements,” each target element comprising a defined amount of one or more biological molecules, e.g., oligonucleotides, immobilized onto a defined area of a substrate surface for specific binding to a sample molecule, e.g., mRNA transcripts.
  • array or “microarray” or “biochip” or “chip” as used herein is a plurality of target elements, each target element comprising a defined amount of one or more polypeptides (including antibodies) or nucleic acids immobilized onto a defined area of a substrate surface.
  • any known array including “microarray” or “biochip” or “chip”
  • method of making and using arrays can be incorporated in whole or in part, or variations thereof, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • the invention provides isolated, synthetic or recombinant antibodies that specifically bind to a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention.
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention or related polypeptides.
  • antibodies can be used to isolate other polypeptides within the scope the invention or other related glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases.
  • glucanases or cellulases
  • endoglucanases e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases.
  • the antibodies can be designed to bind to an active site of a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase.
  • a glucanase or cellulase
  • endoglucanase e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase.
  • the invention provides methods of inhibiting glucanases, (or cellulases), e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthanases and/or glycosidases, e.g., cellobiohydrolases, mannanases and/or beta-glucosidases using the antibodies of the invention (see discussion above regarding applications for anti-glucanase, (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase compositions of the invention).
  • glucanases e.g., endoglucanases, mannanases, xylanases, amylases, xanthan
  • antibody includes a peptide or polypeptide derived from, modeled after or substantially encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or immunoglobulin genes, or fragments thereof, capable of specifically binding an antigen or epitope, see, e.g. Fundamental Immunology, Third Edition, W. E. Paul, ed., Raven Press, N.Y. (1993); Wilson (1994) J. Immunol. Methods 175:267-273; Yarmush (1992) J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 25:85-97.
  • antibody includes antigen-binding portions, i.e., “antigen binding sites,” (e.g., fragments, subsequences, complementarity determining regions (CDRs)) that retain capacity to bind antigen, including (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR).
  • Antigen binding sites e.g., fragments, subs
  • the invention provides fragments of the enzymes of the invention, including immunogenic fragments of a polypeptide of the invention.
  • the invention provides compositions comprising a polypeptide or peptide of the invention and adjuvants or carriers and the like.
  • the antibodies can be used in immunoprecipitation, staining, immunoaffinity columns, and the like.
  • nucleic acid sequences encoding for specific antigens can be generated by immunization followed by isolation of polypeptide or nucleic acid, amplification or cloning and immobilization of polypeptide onto an array of the invention.
  • the methods of the invention can be used to modify the structure of an antibody produced by a cell to be modified, e.g., an antibody's affinity can be increased or decreased.
  • the ability to make or modify antibodies can be a phenotype engineered into a cell by the methods of the invention.
  • Antibodies also can be generated in vitro, e.g., using recombinant antibody binding site expressing phage display libraries, in addition to the traditional in vivo methods using animals. See, e.g., Hoogenboom (1997) Trends Biotechnol. 15:62-70; Katz (1997) Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 26:27-45.
  • polypeptides of the invention or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof may also be used to generate antibodies which bind specifically to the polypeptides or fragments.
  • the resulting antibodies may be used in immunoaffinity chromatography procedures to isolate or purify the polypeptide or to determine whether the polypeptide is present in a biological sample.
  • a protein preparation such as an extract, or a biological sample is contacted with an antibody capable of specifically binding to one of the polypeptides of the invention, or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof.
  • the antibody is attached to a solid support, such as a bead or other column matrix.
  • the protein preparation is placed in contact with the antibody under conditions in which the antibody specifically binds to one of the polypeptides of the invention, or fragment thereof. After a wash to remove non-specifically bound proteins, the specifically bound polypeptides are eluted.
  • binding may be determined using any of a variety of procedures familiar to those skilled in the art. For example, binding may be determined by labeling the antibody with a detectable label such as a fluorescent agent, an enzymatic label, or a radioisotope. Alternatively, binding of the antibody to the sample may be detected using a secondary antibody having such a detectable label thereon. Particular assays include ELISA assays, sandwich assays, radioimmunoassays and Western Blots.
  • Polyclonal antibodies generated against the polypeptides of the invention, or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof can be obtained by direct injection of the polypeptides into an animal or by administering the polypeptides to an animal, for example, a nonhuman. The antibody so obtained will then bind the polypeptide itself. In this manner, even a sequence encoding only a fragment of the polypeptide can be used to generate antibodies which may bind to the whole native polypeptide. Such antibodies can then be used to isolate the polypeptide from cells expressing that polypeptide.
  • any technique which provides antibodies produced by continuous cell line cultures can be used. Examples include the hybridoma technique (Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495-497, 1975), the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., Immunology Today 4:72, 1983) and the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole, et al., 1985, in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96).
  • Antibodies generated against the polypeptides of the invention, or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof may be used in screening for similar polypeptides from other organisms and samples.
  • polypeptides from the organism are contacted with the antibody and those polypeptides which specifically bind the antibody are detected. Any of the procedures described above may be used to detect antibody binding.
  • One such screening assay is described in “Methods for Measuring Cellulase Activities”, Methods in Enzymology, Vol 160, pp. 87-116.
  • kits comprising the compositions, e.g., nucleic acids, expression cassettes, vectors, cells, transgenic seeds or plants or plant parts, polypeptides (e.g., endoglucanases (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase) and/or antibodies of the invention.
  • the kits also can contain instructional material teaching the methodologies and industrial, agricultural, research and medical uses of the invention, as described herein.
  • the methods of the invention provide whole cell evolution, or whole cell engineering, of a cell to develop a new cell strain having a new phenotype, e.g., a new or modified glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase activity, by modifying the genetic composition of the cell.
  • the genetic composition can be modified by addition to the cell of a nucleic acid of the invention, e.g., a coding sequence for an enzyme of the invention. See, e.g., WO0229032; WO0196551.
  • At least one metabolic parameter of a modified cell is monitored in the cell in a “real time” or “on-line” time frame.
  • a plurality of cells such as a cell culture, is monitored in “real time” or “on-line.”
  • a plurality of metabolic parameters is monitored in “real time” or “on-line.”
  • Metabolic parameters can be monitored using a glucanase (or cellulase), e.g., endoglucanase, mannanase, xylanase, amylase, xanthanase and/or glycosidase, e.g., cellobiohydrolase, mannanase and/or beta-glucosidase of the invention.
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