Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods for preparing novel substituted benzimidazole compounds, their tautomers, stereoisomers, esters, metabolites, prodrugs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for use in the prophylaxis or treatment of cancer.
• Raf serine/threonine kinases are essential components of the Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling module that controls a complex transcriptional program in response to external cellular stimuli.
• Raf genes code for highly conserved serine-threonine-specific protein kinases which are known to bind to the ras oncogene. They are part of a signal transduction pathway believed to consist of receptor tyrosine kinases, p21 ras, Raf protein kinases, Mek1 (ERK activator or MAPKK) kinases and ERK (MAPK) kinases, which ultimately phosphorylate transcription factors.
• Raf kinases are activated by Ras and phosphorylate and activate two isoforms of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase (called Mek1 and Mek2), that are dual specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases. Both Mek isoforms activate Mitogen Activated Kinases 1 and 2 (MAPK, also called Extracellular Ligand Regulated Kinase 1 and 2 or Erk1 and Erk2).
• MEPK Mitogen Activated Kinases 1 and 2
• the MAPKs phosphorylate many substrates including transcription factors and in so doing set up their transcriptional program.
• Raf kinase participation in the Ras/MAPK pathway influences and regulates many cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, oncogenic transformation and apoptosis.
• Raf-1 phosphorylates and activates Mek1, resulting in the propagation of the signal to downstream effectors, such as MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) (Crews et al. (1993) Cell 74:215).
• MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
• Raf kinase has three distinct isoforms, Raf-1 (c-Raf), A-Raf, and B-Raf, distinguished by their ability to interact with Ras, to activate MAPK kinase pathway, tissue distribution and sub-cellular localization (Marias et. al., Biochem. J. 351: 289-305, 2000; Weber et. al., Oncogene 19:169-176, 2000; Pritchard et. al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:6430-6442, 1995).
• Raf kinases are activated by Ras and phosphorylate and activate two isoforms of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase (called Mek1 and Mek2), that are dual specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases. Both Mek isoforms activate Mitogen Activated Kinases 1 and 2 (MAPK, also called Extracellular Ligand Regulated Kinase 1 and 2 or Erk1 and Erk2).
• MEPK Mitogen Activated Kinases 1 and 2
• the MAPKs phosphorylate many substrates including cytosolic proteins and ETS family of transcription factors.
• Raf kinase participation in the Ras/MAPK pathway influences and regulates many cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, cell cycle progression and apoptosis.
• Inhibitors of Raf/MEK/ERK pathway at the level of Raf-kinases can potentially be effective as therapeutic agents against tumors with over-expressed or mutated receptor tyrosine kinases, activated intracellular tyrosine kinases, tumors with aberrantly expressed Grb2 (an adapter protein that allows stimulation of Ras by the Sos exchange factor) as well as tumors harboring activating mutations of Raf itself.
• Grb2 an adapter protein that allows stimulation of Ras by the Sos exchange factor
• an inhibitor of Raf-1 kinase that also inhibit B-Raf have shown promise as therapeutic agents in cancer therapy (Crump, Current Pharmaceutical Design 8:2243-2248, 2002; Sebastien et. al., Current Pharmaceutical Design 8: 2249-2253, 2002).
• Raf kinase inhibitors have been described as exhibiting efficacy in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation in vitro and/or in vivo assays (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,391,636, 6,358,932, 6,037,136, 5,717,100, 6,458,813, 6,204,467, and 6,268,391).
• Other patents and patent applications suggest the use of Raf kinase inhibitors for treating leukemia (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,268,391, and 6,204,467, and published U.S. Patent Application Nos.
• the present invention provides improved methods and related intermediates for preparing substituted benzimidazole compounds, their tautomers, stereoisomers, esters, metabolites, prodrugs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof having Formula (I): wherein,
• each R 1 is independently selected from hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfanyl, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfonyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 2 is C 1-6 alkyl or halo(C 1-6 alkyl);
• each R 3 is independently selected from halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• each R 4 is independently selected from hydroxy, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, halo, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, carboxyl, (C 1-6 alkoxy)carbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C 1-6 alkylaminocarbonyl, carbonitrile, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, halo(C 1-6 alkyl), C 1-6 alkoxy, and halo(C 1-6 alkoxy);
• a is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• b 0, 1, 2, or 3;
• c 1 or 2.
• each R 1 is independently selected from hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfanyl, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfonyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 2 is C 1-6 alkyl or halo(C 1-6 alkyl);
• each R 3 is independently selected from halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• each R 4 is independently selected from hydroxy, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, halo, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, carboxyl, (C 1-6 alkoxy)carbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C 1-6 alkylaminocarbonyl, carbonitrile, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, halo(C 1-6 alkyl), C 1-6 alkoxy, and halo(C 1-6 alkoxy);
• a is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• b 0, 1, 2, or 3;
• c 1 or 2;
• part (a) is carried out with organic or inorganic base in polar solvent.
• Suitable inorganic bases include NaOH, KOH, CaCO 3 , and K 2 CO 3 .
• Suitable polar solvents include dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylformamide.
• part (b) comprises reacting a compound of Formula (IV) when Z is COOR 5 with a reducing agent.
• R 5 is tert-butyl.
• the reducing agent is diisobutylaluminum hydride.
• the leaving group X a in the compound of Formula (Va) is halogen.
• X a is —SO 2 R 10 where R 10 is C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl, wherein C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl are optionally substituted with one to three halo, C 1-6 alkoxy, or C 1-6 alkyl groups.
• R 10 is methyl or trifluoromethyl.
• the compound of Formula (Va) is 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone (i.e. X a is Br and R 4 is CF 3 ).
• the amidino functionality of part (c) is formed by treating the compound of Formula (IV) wherein Z is cyano with an alkoxide and an ammonium reagent.
• the alkoxide is sodium methoxide.
• the ammonium reagent is ammonium acetate.
• the ammonium reagent is ammonium benzoate.
• the imidazole ring forming conditions of part (c) comprises exposing the reaction product formed from the reaction of the amidino functionality with a compound of Formula (Va) to an acid.
• the acid is an organic acid. Suitable organic acids include acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.
• the acid is an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
• the imidazole ring forming conditions of part (c) comprises heating the reaction product formed from the reaction of the amidino functionality with a compound of Formula (Va).
• the heating is carried out in an alcoholic solvent. Suitable alcoholic solvents include 1-propanol.
• the heating is carried out at a temperature of about 80° C. to 100° C. In other embodiments the heating is carried out at about 85° C.
• part (c) when in the compound of Formula (IV) Z is CHO is carried out with NH 4 OH in polar solvent.
• the polar solvent is a mixture of ethyl acetate and ethanol.
• part (d) comprises reacting a compound of Formula (VI) when Q is NO 2 with a reducing agent.
• the reducing agent is sodium dithionite.
• part (e) is carried out in acetonitrile.
• the desulfurizing agent in part (f) is selected from the group consisting of FeCl 3 , 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide, 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, and POCl 3 .
• each R 1 is independently selected from hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfanyl, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfonyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 2 is C 1-6 alkyl or halo(C 1-6 alkyl);
• each R 3 is independently selected from halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• each R 4 is independently selected from hydroxy, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, halo, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, carboxyl, (C 1-6 alkoxy)carbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C 1-6 alkylaminocarbonyl, carbonitrile, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, halo(C 1-6 alkyl), C 1-6 alkoxy, and halo(C 1-6 alkoxy);
• a is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• b 0, 1, 2, or 3;
• c 1 or 2;
• each R 1 is independently selected from hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfanyl, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfonyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 2 is C 1-6 alkyl or halo(C 1-6 alkyl);
• each R 3 is independently selected from halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• each R 4 is independently selected from hydroxy, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, halo, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, carboxyl, (C 1-6 alkoxy)carbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C 1-6 alkylaminocarbonyl, carbonitrile, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, halo(C 1-6 alkyl), C 1-6 alkoxy, and halo(C 1-6 alkoxy);
• a is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• b 0, 1, 2, or 3;
• c 1 or 2;
• R 2 is C 1-6 alkyl. In some aspects, R 2 is methyl.
• R 3 is C 1-6 alkoxy. In some aspects, R 3 is methoxy.
• b is 0. In some aspects, a is 1 and c is 1.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 may be optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, halo(C 1-6 alkyl), C 1-6 alkoxy, and halo(C 1-6 alkoxy).
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 may be optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, halo(C 1-6 alkyl), C 1-6 alkoxy, and halo(C 1-6 alkoxy).
• R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-6 alkoxy, halo(C 1-6 alkyl), hydroxy, halo(C 1-6 alkoxy), halo(C 1-6 alkyl)sulfonyl, heteroaryl, halo(C 1-6 alkyl)sulfanyl, heterocycloalkyl, and (C 1-6 alkyl)heterocycloalkyl.
• a is 1 and R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of 2-chloro, 2-ethyl, 2-trifluoromethyl, 3-trifluoromethyl, 4-trifluoromethyl, 3-tert-butyl, 4-tert-butyl, 3-ethyl, 4-ethyl, 4-chloro, 4-bromo, 4-trifluoromethoxy, 4-trifluoromethylsulfanyl, 4-trifluoromethylsulfonyl, and 4-(4-methylpiperazinyl).
• a is 2 and each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of 2-fluoro, 2-chloro, 2-hydroxy, 2-methoxy, 3-methoxy, 5-methoxy, 4-chloro, 4-fluoro, 3-trifluoromethyl, 4-trifluoromethyl, 5-trifluoromethyl, 5-pyridinyl, 5-pyridinyl-3-yl, 5-pyridinyl-4-yl, 3-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, 3-isopropyl, 5-isopropyl, and 5-tert-butyl.
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxy(C 1-6 alkyl), halo(C 1-6 alkyl), halo(C 1-6 alkyl)sulfanyl, (C 1-6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C 1-6 alkyl)heterocycloalkyl, carbonitrile, phenyl, halo(C 1-6 alkyl)phenyl, (C 1-6 alkyl)heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, and hydroxy(C 1-6 alkylaminocarbonyl).
• c is 1 and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethyl, carbonitrile, phenyl, trifluoromethylsulfanyl, methoxycarbonyl, 4-ethylpiperazinyl, 4-ethylpiperazinyl-1-carbonyl, or 2-hydroxyethylaminocarbonyl.
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 - 6 alkyl, hydroxy(C 1 - 6 alkyl), halo(C 1 - 6 alkyl), (C 1 - 6 alkyl)heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and halo(C 1 - 6 alkyl)phenyl.
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, trifluoromethyl, and phenyl. In some such aspects, R 4 is trifluoromethyl.
• c is 2 and each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, trifluoromethyl, ethoxycarbonyl, hydroxymethyl, and phenyl.
• Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of
• a method for preparing a compound of Formula (IXa) or its tautomer (IXb) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or metabolite thereof comprising:
• part (a) is carried out in acetonitrile.
• the desulfurizing agent in part (b) is selected from the group consisting of FeCl 3 , 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide, 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, and POCl 3 .
• the compound of Formula (XI) is prepared by:
• part (a) is carried out in a basic solution.
• the basic solution is a dimethylsulfoxide solution containing K 2 CO 3 .
• the 4-methylamino-3-nitrophenol in part (a) is prepared from 4-amino-3-nitrophenol.
• 4-amino-3-nitrophenol is contacted with formic acid and acetic anhydride to provide a formamide product, and said formamide product is contacted with a reducing agent to provide the 4-methylamino-3-nitrophenol.
• the reducing agent is sodium borohydride and boron trifluoride diethyl etherate.
• 4-amino-3-nitrophenol is contacted with trifluoroacetic anhydride to provide an amide product, said amide product is contacted with dimethylsulfate under basic conditions to provide the 4-methylamino-3-nitrophenol.
• the 4-chloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in part (a) is prepared from picolinic acid.
• picolinic acid is contacted with thionyl chloride and sodium hydroxide to provide 4-chloropyridine-2-carbonyl chloride.
• the 4-chloropyridine-2-carbonyl chloride is contacted with di-t-butyl dicarbonate and pyridine to provide the 4-chloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
• the 4-(4-methylamino-3-nitrophenoxy)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in part (b) is contacted with a reducing agent to provide the 4-(4-methylamino-3-nitrophenoxy)-pyridine-2-carbaldehyde.
• the reducing agent is diisobutylaluminum hydride.
• the 4-(4-methylamino-3-nitrophenoxy)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in part (b) is contacted with a reducing agent to provide (4-(4-(methylamino)-3-nitrophenoxy)pyridine-2-yl)methanol that is then contacted with an oxidizing agent to provide the 4-(4-methylamino-3-nitrophenoxy)-pyridine-2-carbaldehyde.
• the reducing agent is lithium aluminum hydride or lithium borohydride.
• the oxidizing agent is MnO 2 .
• the reaction of 4-(4-methylamino-3-nitrophenoxy)-pyridine-2-carbaldehyde with 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-oxopropanal is carried out in polar solvent containing NH 4 OH.
• the polar solvent is an ethyl acetate and ethanol mixture.
• the 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-oxopropanal is prepared by reacting 1,1-dibromo-3,3,3-trifluoroacetone with sodium acetate in water.
• the compound of Formula (XI) is prepared by:
• the amidino functionality of part (b) is formed by treating 4-(4-methylamino-3-nitrophenoxy)-pyridine-2-carbonitrile with an alkoxide and an ammonium reagent.
• the alkoxide is sodium methoxide.
• the ammonium reagent is ammonium acetate.
• the ammonium reagent is ammonium benzoate.
• the imidazole ring forming conditions of part (b) comprises exposing the amidino reaction product to an acid.
• the acid is an organic acid. Suitable organic acids include acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.
• the acid is an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
• the imidazole ring forming conditions of part (b) comprises heating the reaction product formed from the reaction of the amidino functionality with 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone.
• the heating is carried out in an alcoholic solvent. Suitable alcoholic solvents include I -propanol.
• the heating is carried out at a temperature of about 80° C. to 100° C. In other embodiments the heating is carried out at about 85° C.
• the reducing agent in part (d) is sodium dithionite Na 2 S 2 O 4 .
• the compound of Formula (XI) is prepared by:
• the reducing agent in part (b) is sodium dithionite Na 2 S 2 O 4 .
• each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfanyl, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfonyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 2 is C 1-6 alkyl or halo(C 1-6 alkyl);
• each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• a is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• b 0, 1, 2, or 3;
• the leaving group X a in the compound of Formula (Va) is halogen.
• X a is —SO 2 R 10 where R 10 is C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl, wherein C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl are optionally substituted with one to three halo, C 1-6 alkoxy, or C 1-6 alkyl groups.
• R 10 is methyl or trifluoromethyl.
• the compound of Formula (Va) is 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone (i.e. X a is Br and R 4 is CF 3 ).
• the compound of Formula (XVI) is 4-[1-methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino)-1H-benzoimidazol-5-yloxy]-pyridine-2-carbonitrile (i.e. R 1 is 4-CF 3 , R 2 is methyl, and b is 0).
• the amidino functionality of part (a) is formed from a cyano functionality by treating the compound of Formula (XVI) with an alkoxide and an ammonium reagent.
• the alkoxide is sodium methoxide.
• the ammonium reagent is ammonium acetate.
• the ammonium reagent is ammonium benzoate.
• the dehydration of part (b) comprises exposing a compound of Formula (XVII) to an acid.
• the acid is an organic acid. Suitable organic acids include acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.
• the acid is an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
• the dehydration of part (b) comprises heating a compound of Formula (XVII) to form a compound of Formula (Ia).
• the dehydration of part (b) is carried out in an alcoholic solvent. Suitable alcoholic solvents include 1-propanol.
• the dehydration is carried out at a temperature of about 80° C. to 100° C. In other embodiments the dehydration is carried out at about 85° C.
• part (a) is carried out with organic or inorganic base in polar solvent.
• the inorganic base is selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, CaCO 3 , and K 2 CO 3 .
• the polar solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylformamide.
• the compound of Formula (XVIII) is 4-methylamino-3-nitrophenol (i.e. R 2 is methyl, Q is NO 2 , b is 0, and L 1 is OH).
• the compound of Formula (XIX) is 4-chloro-2-cyano-pyridine (i.e. L 2 is chloro).
• the compound of Formula (XX) is 4-(4-methylamino-3-nitro-phenoxy)-pyridine-2-carbonitrile.
• the compound of Formula (XXI) is 4-trifluoromethylphenylisothiocyanate.
• part (d) comprises reacting a compound of Formula (XXII) with a reducing agent.
• the reducing agent is sodium dithionite.
• part (e) is carried out in acetonitrile.
• the desulfurizing agent in part (e) is selected from the group consisting of FeCl 3 , 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide, 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, and POCl 3 . In other embodiments, the desulfurizing agent is 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride.
• each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfanyl, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfonyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 2 is C 1-6 alkyl or halo(C 1-6 alkyl);
• each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, halo(C 1-6 alkyl), C 1-6 alkoxy, and halo(C 1-6 alkoxy);
• a is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• b 0, 1, 2, or 3;
• each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfanyl, (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfonyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl;
• R 2 is C 1-6 alkyl or halo(C 1-6 alkyl);
• each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, halo(C 1-6 alkyl), C 1-6 alkoxy, and halo(C 1-6 alkoxy);
• a is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• b 0, 1, 2, or 3;
• the compound is not 4-[2-(4-chloro-phenylamino)-1-methyl-1H-benzoimidazol-5-yloxy]-pyridine-2-carbonitrile.
• the compound of Formula (XVI) is 4-[1-methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino)-1H-benzoimidazol-5-yloxy]-pyridine-2-carbonitrile.
• a compound of Formula (XVI) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease mediated by Raf kinase.
• the disease is cancer.
• Raf inhibitor is used herein to refer to a compound that exhibits an IC 50 with respect to Raf Kinase activity of no more than about 100 ⁇ M and more typically not more than about 50 ⁇ M, as measured in the Raf/Mek Filtration Assay described described in U.S. provisional application 60/712,539.
• Alkyl refers to saturated hydrocarbyl groups that do not contain heteroatoms and includes straight chain alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and the like.
• Alkyl also includes branched chain isomers of straight chain alkyl groups, including but not limited to, the following which are provided by way of example: —CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 ), —CH(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , —C(CH 3 ) 3 , —C(CH 2 CH 3 ) 3 , —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 ), —CH 2 CH(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 , —CH 2 C(CH 2 CH 3 ) 3 , —CH(CH 3 )—CH(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 ), —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 ), —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3
• alkyl groups include primary alkyl groups, secondary alkyl groups, and tertiary alkyl groups.
• C 1-12 alkyl refers to alkyl groups having from one to twelve carbon atoms.
• C 1-6 alkyl refers to alkyl groups having from one to six carbon atoms.
• Alkenyl refers to straight or branched hydrocarbyl groups having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from 1 to 2 sites of vinyl (>C ⁇ C ⁇ ) unsaturation. Such groups are exemplified, for example, by vinyl, allyl, and but-3-en-1-yl. Included within this term are the cis and trans isomers or mixtures of these isomers.
• Alkoxy refers to RO— wherein R is an alkyl group.
• C 1-6 alkoxy refers to RO— wherein R is a C 1-6 alkyl group.
• Representative examples of C 1-6 alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and the like.
• (C 1-6 alkoxy)carbonyl refers to ester —C( ⁇ O)—OR wherein R is C 1-6 alkyl.
• Amidine refers to a compound containing such a group.
• Aminocarbonyl refers herein to the group —C(O)—NH 2 .
• C 1-6 alkylaminocarbonyl refers to the group —C(O)—NRR′ where R is C 1-6 alkyl and R′ is selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl.
• Carbonyl refers to the divalent group —C(O)—.
• Carboxyl refers to —C( ⁇ O)—OH.
• Cyano “carbonitrile”, or “nitrile”, or “cyano functionality” refers to —CN.
• Cycloalkyl refers to a mono- or polycyclic alkyl substituent. Typical cycloalkyl groups have from 3 to 8 carbon ring atoms. Representative cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.
• Halogen or “halo” refers to chloro, bromo, fluoro, and iodo groups.
• Halo(C 1-6 alkyl) refers to a C 1-6 alkyl radical substituted with one or more halogen atoms, preferably one to five halogen atoms. A more preferred halo(C 1-6 alkyl) group is trifluoromethyl.
• Halo(C 1-6 alkyl)phenyl refers to a phenyl group substituted with a halo(C 1-6 alkyl) group.
• Halo(C 1-6 alkoxy) refers to an alkoxy radical substituted with one or more halogen atoms, preferably one to five halogen atoms. A more preferred halo(C 1-6 alkoxy) group is trifluoromethoxy.
• Halo(C 1-6 alkyl)sulfonyl and halo(C 1-6 alkyl)sulfanyl refer to substitution of sulfonyl and sulfanyl groups with halo(C 1-6 alkyl) groups wherein sulfonyl and sulfanyl are as defined herein (e.g. —SO 2 -haloalkyl or —S-haloalkyl).
• Heteroaryl refers to an aromatic group having from 1 to 4 heteroatoms as ring atoms in an aromatic ring with the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon atoms.
• Suitable heteroatoms employed in compounds of the present invention are nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized.
• heteroaryl groups have 5 to 14 ring atoms and include, for example, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, diazapinyl, furanyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrroyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, and triazolyl.
• Heterocycloalkyl refers herein to cycloalkyl substituents that have from 1 to 5, and more typically from 1 to 2 heteroatoms in the ring structure. Suitable heteroatoms employed in compounds of the present invention are nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized. Representative heterocycloalkyl moieties include, for example, morpholino, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, and the like.
• (C 1-6 alkyl)heterocycloalkyl refers to a heterocycloalkyl group substituted with a C 1-6 alkyl group.
• Heterocycloalkylcarbonyl refers herein to the group —C(O)—R 10 where R 10 is heterocycloalkyl.
• (C 1-6 alkyl)heterocycloalkylcarbonyl refers to the group —C(O)—R 11 where R 11 is (C 1-6 alkyl)heterocycloalkyl.
• Haldroxy refers to —OH.
• Haldroxy(C 1-6 alkyl) refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group substituted with hydroxy.
• Haldroxy(C 1-6 alkylaminocarbonyl) refers to a C 1-6 alkylaminocarbonyl group substituted with hydroxy.
• Imidate or “imidate ester” refers to the group —C( ⁇ NH)O— or to a compound containing such a group. Imidate esters include, for example, the methyl ester imidate —C( ⁇ NH)OCH 3 .
• Niro refers to —NO 2 .
• “Sulfonyl” refers herein to the group —SO 2 —.
• “Sulfanyl” refers herein to the group —S—.
• “Alkylsulfonyl” refers to a substituted sulfonyl of the structure —SO 2 R 12 in which R 12 is alkyl.
• “Alkylsulfanyl” refers to a substituted sulfanyl of the structure —SR 12 in which R 12 is alkyl.
• Alkylsulfonyl and alkylsulfanyl groups employed in compounds of the present invention include (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfonyl and (C 1-6 alkyl)sulfanyl.
• typical groups include, for example, methylsulfonyl and methylsulfanyl (i.e., where R 12 is methyl), ethylsulfonyl and ethylsulfanyl (i.e., where R 12 is ethyl), propylsulfonyl and propylsulfanyl (i.e., where R 12 is propyl), and the like.
• “Hydroxy protecting group” refers to protecting groups for an OH group. The term as used herein also refers to protection of the OH group of an acid COOH. Suitable hydroxy protecting groups as well as suitable conditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groups are well known in the art. For example, numerous such protecting groups are described in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, Wiley, New York, 1999. Such hydroxy protecting groups include C 1 - 6 alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, p-methoxybenzyl ethers, silyl ethers, esters, carbonates, and the like.
• Metal refers to any derivative produced in a subject after administration of a parent compound.
• the derivatives may be produced from the parent compound by various biochemical transformations in the subject such as, for example, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, or conjugation and include, for example, oxides and demethylated derivatives. Metabolites corresponding to such derivatives may also be produced by in vitro methods or through synthetic methods.
• the metabolite of a compound of Formula (I) or (Ia) is an oxide.
• the oxide is an N-oxide that is formed synthetically by treating a compound of Formula (I) or (Ia) with an oxidizing agent.
• the oxidizing agent is N-methylmorpholine N-oxide or a hydroperoxide such as hydrogen peroxide.
• a compound of Formula (I) or (Ia) is conjugated to glucuronic acid to form a metabolite.
• a metabolite, tautomer, or stereiosomer thereof having the structure:
• Optionally substituted or “substituted” refers to the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms with a monovalent or divalent radical.
• substituted substituent when the substituted substituent includes a straight chain group, the substitution can occur either within the chain (e.g., 2-hydroxypropyl, 2-aminobutyl, and the like) or at the chain terminus (e.g., 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-cyanopropyl, and the like).
• Substituted substitutents can be straight chain, branched or cyclic arrangements of covalently bonded carbon or heteroatoms.
• impermissible substitution patterns e.g., methyl substituted with five fluoro groups or a halogen atom substituted with another halogen atom. Such impermissible substitution patterns are well known to the skilled artisan.
• the compounds of the invention including the compounds of Formula (I) and (Ia) or their stereoisomers, esters, prodrugs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be subject to tautomerization and may therefore exist in various tautomeric forms wherein a proton of one atom of a molecule shifts to another atom and the chemical bonds between the atoms of the molecules are consequently rearranged. See, e.g., March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structures, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, pages 69-74 (1992).
• tautomer refers to the compounds produced by the proton shift, and it should be understood that all tautomeric forms, insofar as they may exist, are included within the invention.
• tautomers of a compound of Formula (I) where, for illustrative purposes only, R 2 is methyl and c is 1 is shown below: These tautomers may also be depicted in the following manner:
• the compounds of the invention may comprise asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms.
• asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can result in the compounds of the invention existing in enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, such as in (R)— or (S)-forms.
• salts refers to the nontoxic acid or alkaline earth metal salts of the compound, tautomer, stereoiosmer, ester, metabolite, or prodrug of Formulas (I) or (Ia). These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of Formulas (I) or (Ia) or by separately reacting the base or acid functions with a suitable organic or inorganic acid or base, respectively.
• Representative salts include but are not limited to the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, cyclopentanepropionate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-napthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylproionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, sulfate,
• the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized with such agents as C 1-6 alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides, and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, phenyl alkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides, and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.
• C 1-6 alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides, and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates
• acids which may be employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include such inorganic acids as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid and such organic acids as oxalic acid, maleic acid, methanesulfonic acid, succinic acid and citric acid.
• Basic addition salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of Formula (I) or (Ia), or separately by reacting carboxylic acid moieties with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation or with ammonia, or an organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, cations based on the alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum salts and the like, as well as nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations, including, but not limited to ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine, and the like.
• Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like.
• Salts and formulations of the compounds of the invention are also disclosed in provisional applications titled “Formulations For Benzimidazole Pyridyl Ethers” (U.S. Ser. No. 60/832715; attorney docket number PP028237.0001) filed on 21 Jul. 2006 and “Salts of Benzimidazolyl Pyridyl Ethers and Formulations Thereof” (attorney docket number PP028258.0001) filed on 30 Aug. 2006 each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• ester refers to esters, which hydrolyze in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof.
• Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms.
• esters include formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates and ethylsuccinates.
• prodrugs refers to those prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the invention.
• prodrug refers to compounds that are rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the above formula, for example by hydrolysis in blood. A thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Edward B. Roche, ed., Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the compounds of the invention may be processed in vivo through metabolism in the body to produce pharmacologically active metabolites that retain activity as inhibitors of the enzyme Raf kinase.
• the active metabolites of a compound of the invention may be identified using routine techniques known in the art. See, e.g., Bertolini, G. et al., J. Med. Chem. 40:2011-2016 (1997); Shan, D. et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 86(7):765-767; Bagshawe K., Drug Dev. Res.
• cancer refers to cancer diseases that can be beneficially treated by the inhibition of a kinase, particularly Raf kinase, including, for example, solid cancers, such as carcinomas (e.g., of the lungs, pancreas, thyroid, ovarian, bladder, breast, prostate, or colon), melanomas, myeloid disorders (e.g., myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, and erythroleukemia), adenomas (e.g., villous colon adenoma) and sarcomas (e.g. osteosarcoma).
• carcinomas e.g., of the lungs, pancreas, thyroid, ovarian, bladder, breast, prostate, or colon
• melanomas e.g., myeloid disorders (e.g., myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, and erythroleukemia), adenomas (e.g., villous colon adenoma)
• the present invention relates to the processes for preparing the compounds of the invention and to the synthetic intermediates useful in such processes, as described in detail below.
• Scheme 1 illustrates construction of the central biaryl ether moiety of the compounds of the invention.
• Compound 1.1 is reacted with compound 1.2 wherein one of L 1 or L 2 is halo and the other of L 1 or L 2 is OH to form ether 1.3.
• the coupling may be carried out in an organic solvent such as acetonitrile or dimethylsulfoxide in the presence of a base and may also be conducted at elevated or refluxing temperatures.
• Suitable bases include K 2 CO 3 , CaCO 3 , KOH, NaOH, or KF ⁇ Al 2 O 3 (Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 63, No. 18, 1998 pgs. 6338-6343).
• the group Q in compound 1.1 may be NH 2 or an amino precursor such as NO 2 or a protected amino group that can later be converted to the amine by respectively reducing or deprotecting the amino precursors.
• the Z group in compound 1.2 may be an imidazolyl group substituted with one or two R 4 groups or a functional group that can be used to form such an imidazoyl group.
• Suitable functional groups include an aldehyde, or any aldehyde precursor such as an ester or carbonitrile that can later be converted to the aldehyde.
• the ester and carbonitrile groups may be reduced to the aldehyde with a reducing agent such as diisobutylaluminum hydride.
• Z may also be —CH 2 OR 5 , where R 5 is a hydroxy protecting group.
• R 5 is a hydroxy protecting group.
• the aldehyde may be unmasked at a later stage by deprotection of the R 5 group and oxidation of the resulting alcohol to the aldehyde.
• the conversion of the aldehyde to a substituted imidazoyl group is shown in Scheme 3.
• Other methods for forming the substituted imidazoyl group is shown in Scheme 6.
• Scheme 2 shows an example of a synthesis of certain biaryl ethers. It is understood that for illustrative purposes, Scheme 2 employs the following substitution patterns: Q is NO 2 , L 1 is OH, L 2 is Cl, and Z is a t-butyl ester.
• An example of the synthesis of aldehyde 2.7 wherein R 2 is methyl and b is 0 is shown in Example 1.
• Amine 2.1 may be converted to alkyl amine 2.2 via a number of known methods. In one aspect, amine 2.1 is treated with acetic anhydride and formic acid to form the corresponding formamide that may be reduced to alkyl amine 2.2.
• Suitable reducing agents include NaBH 4 in the presence of BF 3 (OCH 2 CH 3 ) 2 .
• alkyl amine 2.2 may be synthesized by reacting amine 2.1 with trifluoroacetic anhydride, alkylating the corresponding amide with an alkylating agent such as an alkyl halide, and removing the trifluoroacetamide protecting group by treatment with base such as NaOH.
• Chloride 2.5 may be prepared by treating picolinic acid 2.3 with excess thionyl chloride to form acid chloride 2.4 that is then exposed to di-t-butyl dicarbonate and pyridine to give chloride 2.5. Coupling of the alcohol of the alkyl amine 2.2 with chloride 2.5 under basic conditions gives ether 2.6 than can be converted directly to aldehyde 2.7 by reduction with diisobutylaluminum hydride or in two steps by reduction of ester 2.6 to the alcohol followed by oxidation to the aldehyde.
• Scheme 3 illustrates the formation of the imidazole ring.
• Aldehyde 2.7 can be reacted with compound 3.1 wherein X b is ⁇ O or ⁇ NHOH and R 4p and R 4q are independently H or R 4 , wherein R 4 is as previously defined, provided that at least one of R 4p and R 4q is R 4 .
• the reaction may be carried out in a polar solvent such as an ethyl acetate/ethanol mixture and in the presence of NH 4 OH to provide compound 3.2.
• the nitro group of compound 3.2 can be reduced to amine 3.3 by treatment with a reducing agent such as sodium dithionite (Na 2 S 2 O 4 ).
• Schemes 4 illustrates formation of the benzimidazole ring.
• Diamine 3.3 is reacted with thioisocyanate 4.1 to provide thiourea 4.2.
• Treatment of 4.2 with a desulfurizing agent gives a compound of Formula (I).
• the term “desulfurizing agent” refers to agents suitable for effecting ring closure such as FeCl 3 , 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (Mukaiyama reagent), 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, POCl 3 , or an alkyl halide such as methyl iodide. Modified Mukaiyama reagents may also be used (Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 70, No. 7, 2005 pgs. 2835-2838).
• Aldehyde 5.3 for example, may be prepared by reduction of the corresponding carbonitrile, the synthesis of which is shown in Example 71, with diisobutylaluminum hydride. Reaction of aldehyde 5.3 according to Scheme 3 above with ketone 3.1 affords compounds of Formula (I).
• Heating compound 6.2 leads to the elimation of water (dehydration) and the formation of intermediate 6.3.
• Other dehydration conditions include treatment of 6.2 with organic acids such as acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid, as well as with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
• organic acids such as acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid
• inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
• the compounds of the invention are useful in vitro or in vivo in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.
• the compounds may be used alone or in compositions together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients include, for example, processing agents and drug delivery modifiers and enhancers, such as, for example, calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc, monosaccharides, disaccharides, starch, gelatin, cellulose, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, dextrose, hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, low melting waxes, ion exchange resins, and the like, as well as combinations of any two or more thereof.
• Other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Pub. Co., New Jersey (1991), incorporated herein by reference.
• the compounds of the invention can be administered as the sole active pharmaceutical agent, they can also be used in combination with one or more other agents used in the treatment of cancer.
• the compounds of the present invention are also useful in combination with known therapeutic agents and anti-cancer agents, and combinations of the presently disclosed compounds with other anti-cancer or chemotherapeutic agents are within the scope of the invention. Examples of such agents can be found in Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology, V. T. Devita and S. Hellman (editors), 6 th edition (Feb. 15, 2001), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers. A person of ordinary skill in the art would be able to discern which combinations of agents would be useful based on the particular characteristics of the drugs and the cancer involved.
• anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, the following: estrogen receptor modulators, androgen receptor modulators, retinoid receptor modulators, cytotoxic/cytostatic agents, antiproliferative agents, prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and other angiogenesis inhibitors, inhibitors of cell proliferation and survival signaling, apoptosis inducing agents and agents that interfere with cell cycle checkpoints.
• the compounds of the invention are also useful when co-administered with radiation therapy.
• a 500 mL three-neck flask was fitted with a mechanical stirrer and charged with K 2 CO 3 (4.15 g, 30 mmol). The vessel was sealed, evacuated, and flame dried. The apparatus was allowed to cool to room temperature and purged with argon. To the reaction flask was added 4-amino-3-nitrophenol 1a (3.08 g, 20 mmol), tert-butyl 4-chloropyridine-2-carboxylate 1b (5.2 g, 24 mmol) and dry DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide 30 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred vigorously and heated to 100° C. for 14 h.
• MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether
• the combined biphasic mixture was filtered through Celite (>2 cm pad).
• the layers were partitioned and separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with MTBE (3 ⁇ 100 mL).
• the combined organic layers were washed with water (5 ⁇ 100 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), and evaporated.
• the reaction was diluted with water and the resulting layers were partitioned and separated.
• the aqueous phase was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 100 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 ⁇ 100 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), and evaporated.
• the crude residue was adsorbed onto silica gel and purified by flash chromatography (4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 hexanes/EtOAc) to give 4.5 g (13.0 mmol, 76%) of 1d as a yellow-orange solid.
• Red-Al sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride, 65% wt in toluene, 0.1 mL
• Effervescence was observed and after 20 min, the reaction was quenched with H 2 O, NaOH and extracted with EtOAc.
• a slurry of ⁇ 1-methyl-5-[2-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-pyridin-4-yloxy]-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl ⁇ -(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amine was prepared according to Example 1 (1.83 g, 3.4 mmol) and 28 % NH 4 OH (23 mL) in MeOH (10 mL) was sealed in a tube and heated to 140° C. for 3 h. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. Then, the crude reaction mixture was added to a separatory funnel and partitioned with EtOAc (50) and water (50 mL).
• Examples 17-59b were prepared following the procedures described for Examples 1-16.
• Various starting materials used in the synthesis of the compounds will be apparent to one of skill in the art (e.g. Tordeux, M.; Langlois, B.; Wakselman C. J. Chem Soc. Perkin Trans 1 1990, 2293).
• N-(4-hydroxy-2-nitrophenyl)-formamide can be prepared according to the following procedure:
• the solid was collected by filtration and washed with H 2 O (10 mL followed by 5 mL). The solid was dried on the filter for 30 min and then transferred to the reaction flask and H 2 O (50 mL) added. The mixture was stirred for 45 min. The solid was then collected by filtration and washed with H 2 O (2 ⁇ 10 mL). The crude product was dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C.
• Example 77 NaOMe (0.23 mL, 1 mmol, 25 wgt % in MeOH) was added to a mixture of Example 77 (409 mg, 1 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL). After 1 h at ambient temperature HPLC analysis indicated 46.2% (LCAP) of the starting material. The mixture was heated to 50° C. (Reaction-Block temperature). After heating for 1 h, HPLC analysis indicated 4.1% (LCAP) of the starting material remained. NH 4 OAc (231 mg, 3 mmol) was added followed by 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone (0.13 mL, 1.2 mmol). The mixture was heated at 50° C. for about 20h.
• Example 77 NaOMe (0.23 mL, 1 mmol, 25 wgt % in MeOH) was added to a mixture of Example 77 (409 mg, 1 mmol) in 1-PrOH (2 mL). The mixture was heated to 50° C. (Reaction-Block temperature). After heating for 1 h, HPLC analysis indicated complete conversion of the starting material. The mixture was heated to 70° C. and NH 4 OAc (231 mg, 3 mmol) was added. After 1 h at 70° C., the mixture was heated to 85° C. Simultaneously, 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone (0.13 mL, 1.2 mmol) was added in 4 ⁇ 0.033-mL portions every 30 min.
• the mixture was heated at 85° C. for ca. 20 h.
• the mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and water (2 mL) was added.
• the solid was collected by filtration and washed with 1:11-PrOH/water (2 ⁇ 3 mL).
• the solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C. for ca. 16 h to afford 0.11 g (21%) of the title compound.

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• 2011
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• 2012
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