US20060045831A1 - Aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate particles for use as pigments in paints and method of making same - Google Patents

Aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate particles for use as pigments in paints and method of making same Download PDF

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US20060045831A1
US20060045831A1 US11/215,312 US21531205A US2006045831A1 US 20060045831 A1 US20060045831 A1 US 20060045831A1 US 21531205 A US21531205 A US 21531205A US 2006045831 A1 US2006045831 A1 US 2006045831A1
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aluminum phosphate
polyphosphate
aluminum
pigment
paint
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Fernando Galembeck
Joao de Brito
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP
Bunge Amorphic Solutions LLC
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Priority to US11/364,798 priority Critical patent/US7763359B2/en
Publication of US20060045831A1 publication Critical patent/US20060045831A1/en
Assigned to UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS, BUNGE FERTILIZANTES S.A. reassignment UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GALEMBECK, FERNANDO, DE BRITO, JOAO
Priority to US12/705,293 priority patent/US9169120B2/en
Priority to US12/844,625 priority patent/US9187653B2/en
Assigned to BUNGE AMORPHIC SOLUTIONS LLC reassignment BUNGE AMORPHIC SOLUTIONS LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BUNGE FERTILIZANTES S.A.
Priority to US14/924,626 priority patent/US20160046782A1/en
Priority to US14/944,169 priority patent/US20160177110A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/32—Phosphorus-containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/40—Compounds of aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
    • C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
    • C01B25/26—Phosphates
    • C01B25/36—Aluminium phosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
    • C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
    • C01B25/26—Phosphates
    • C01B25/38—Condensed phosphates
    • C01B25/40—Polyphosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
    • C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
    • C01B25/26—Phosphates
    • C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/32—Phosphorus-containing compounds
    • C08K2003/321—Phosphates
    • C08K2003/327—Aluminium phosphate

Definitions

  • the invention relates to methods of making hollow particles of aluminum phosphate, aluminum orthophosphate and aluminum polyphosphate. This invention further relates to use of such particles as pigments in paints.
  • Titanium dioxide is the most common white pigment due to its strong ability to backscatter visible light, which is in turn dependent on its refractive index. Substitutes for titanium dioxide have been sought, but the refractive indexes of both the anatase and rutile forms of this oxide are much higher than those of any other white powder, due to structural reasons.
  • Titanium dioxide pigments are insoluble in coating vehicles in which they are dispersed.
  • the performance properties of such titanium dioxide pigments including its physical and chemical characteristics, are determined by the particle size of the pigment and the chemical composition of its surface.
  • Titanium dioxide is commerically available in two crystal structures: anatase and rutile.
  • Rutile titanium dioxide pigments are preferred as they scatter light more efficiently and are more stable and durable than anatase pigments. Titanium dioxide scatters light in two ways: refraction and detraction.
  • the decorative and functional attributes of titanium dioxide due to its refraction and defraction capabilities, make it a highly desirable pigment.
  • titanium dioxide is known to be an expensive pigment to manufacture. Accordingly, there is a need for a more affordable substitute for titanium dioxide as a pigment.
  • titanium dioxide As mentioned, a desired feature of titanium dioxide is its large capacity of spreading (or scattering) the visible light. This property is the result of its high refraction index, together with the absence of electronic transitions in the visible part of the spectrum. Many attempts have been carried out to replace the titanium dioxide, partially or totally in its applications as pigment. However, the refraction indices of its two forms, anatase and rutile, are difficult to obtain by other white solid substances (Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, 57th ed., 1983). Thus, the search for new white pigments led to the search of systems with other light spreading mechanism. Multiphase media, which present a large variation of the refraction index, may operate as light spreaders.
  • the subject of this invention is the product and process of making an amorphous aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate characterized by a bulk density of between 1.95 and 2.30 grams per cubic centimeter and a phosphorus to aluminum mole ratio of greater than 0.8.
  • the aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate may be in slurry form.
  • the aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate may be in powder form and, for example, have one to four voids per particle of amorphous aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate powder.
  • the powder form of the product may comprise an average individual particle radius size of between 10 and 40 nanometers.
  • the aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate may be used as an ingredient in a paint, and preferably, as a substitute (in part or in whole) for titanium dioxide.
  • the product may also be used as an ingredient in a varnish, printing ink, or plastic.
  • the aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate may be dried at temperatures below 130° C., and even at room temperature, to produce a powder that contains 10-20 water weight
  • the amorphous aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate pigment may be made by contacting phosphoric acid with aluminum sulfate and an alkaline solution, either simultaneously or otherwise, and optionally calcining the aluminum phosphate based product at an elevated temperature, wherein the process is substantially free of an organic acid.
  • the mixture has a pH in the range from about 4.0 to about 4.5.
  • the process of making a the amorphous aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate generally comprises the following steps: combining phosphoric acid, aluminum sulfate, and sodium hydroxide into a suspension; filtrating and washing said suspension into a cake; dispersion of the washed cake; drying of the cake; polymerization of the dry product; and micronization of the product.
  • FIG. 1 is a transmission electron photomicrograph of a sample of the inventive material using 25 eV inelastic scattered electrons.
  • FIG. 2 is a bright field transmission electron micrograph of the inventive material.
  • FIG. 3 is a bright field transmission electron micrograph demonstrating “necking.”
  • the invention described in this patent relates to non-crystalline solids, as opposed to the large majority of inorganic industrial chemicals, including those products currently sold as crystalline aluminum phosphates or polyphosphates.
  • the CAS number most often given for aluminum phosphate products is 7784-30-7, but this refers to a stoichiometric, crystalline solid.
  • Amorphous (i.e., non-crystalline) solids exhibit differences from their crystalline counterparts with a similar composition, and such differences may yield beneficial properties.
  • such differences may include: (i) the non-crystalline solids do not diffract x-rays at sharply defined angles but may produce a broad scattering halo instead; (ii) the non-crystalline solids do not have well defined stoichiometry, thus they can cover a broad range of chemical compositions; (iii) the variability of chemical composition includes the possibility of incorporation of ionic constituents other than aluminum and phosphate ions; (iv) as amorphous solids are thermodynamically meta-stable, they may demonstrate a tendency to undergo spontaneous morphological, chemical and structural changes; and (v) the chemical composition of crystalline particle surface and bulk is highly uniform while the chemical composition of surface and bulk of amorphous particles may show large or small differences, either abrupt or gradual.
  • non-crystalline particles may expand or swell and shrink (de-swell) by water sorption and desorption, forming a gel-like or plastic material that is easily deformed when subjected to shearing, compression or capillary forces.
  • one aspect of the invention described herein is a synthetic process that produces non-crystalline aluminum phosphates with unique properties.
  • nano-sized particles are formed that have a core-and-shell structure.
  • Such particles may be observed by analytical electron microscopy.
  • these particles contain many voids dispersed as closed pores in their interior.
  • the cores of the particles are more plastic than the respective shells of the particles. This phenomenon is evidenced by growth of the voids upon heating, while the perimeter of the shells remains essentially unaltered.
  • Another aspect of the invention consists of the development of a new product and manufacturing process to form hollow particles of aluminum phosphate and polyphosphate to be used as a pigment. More specifically, this aspect of the invention relates to a new pigment obtained through the reaction of the phosphoric acid, particularly industrial-grade phosphoric acid, with aluminum sulfate under controlled pH and temperature conditions.
  • the reactant may be filtered, dispersed, dried, calcinated, and micronized for usage as pigment in paints, including in house acrylic paints.
  • Such pigments may be used in other products and applications, such as paints, plastics, varnishes, printing inks, etc.
  • the hollow particles formed within aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate confer beneficial characteristics, both physically and chemically, that can be used in many different applications.
  • One aspect of the inventions described herein is to produce aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate with such hollow particles in order to take advantage of such beneficial characteristics.
  • the aluminum phosphate particles described herein demonstrate surprising and unique properties.
  • the aluminum phosphate particles present voids, even when the particles are dried at room temperature, or up to 130 degrees Celsius.
  • the particles are dried between 40 degrees Celsius and 130 degrees Celsius. More preferably, the particles are dried between 60 degrees Celsius and 130 degrees Celsius. Even more preferably, the particles are dried between 80 degrees Celsius and 120 degrees Celsius.
  • the aluminum phosphate particles have a core-and-shell structure. In other words, these particles have shells chemically different from their cores. This property is evidenced by several different observations.
  • the energy-filtered inelastic electron images of the particles in the plasmon region (10-40 eV), as measured by a transmission electron microscope show bright lines surrounding most particles. The contrast seen in plasmon micrographs depends on local chemical composition, and in this regard, a core-and-shell particle structure can be observed from an examination of the micrograph in FIG. 1 .
  • voids within particles are made possible if the plasticity of the particle core is higher than that of the shell. Additional indications of the formation of the hollow particles are observed by heating the particles by concentrating the electron beam on the particles. Large voids are then created within the particles, while their perimeter undergoes little change.
  • the bulk density of aluminum phosphate prepared by the process described herein is in the 1.95-2.27 g/cm 3 range when measured at a water content of approximately 15-17%, as compared to the 2.5-2.8 g/cm 3 values recorded for aluminum phosphate dense particles.
  • the bulk density is less than 2.50 g/cm 3 . More preferably, the bulk density is less than 2.30 g/cm 3 . More preferably, the bulk density is less than 2.10 g/cm 3 . More preferably yet, the bulk density is less than 1.99 g/cm 3 .
  • the aluminum phosphate particles may be dispersed in latex in the presence of crystalline particulate solids. If a film is cast using this dispersion, highly opaque films are produced. The highly opaque films are produced even in the case of thin single layers of particles.
  • Experimental evidence for film opacity is obtained by using amorphous aluminum phosphate as a replacement for titanium dioxide (i.e., TiO 2 ). Titanium dioxide is the current standard white pigment used by almost all manufacturers involved in latex paint formulations.
  • a standard styrene-acrylic latex paint was prepared using a usual load of titanium dioxide and it was compared to a paint wherein fifty percent of the titanium dioxide load was replaced by amorphous aluminum phosphate. This comparison was made in two different paint-testing laboratories. The optical measurements taken from films drawn using the two paints demonstrate that aluminum phosphate may replace titanium dioxide producing films while preserving the optical properties of the film.
  • the surprising results and high effectiveness of the novel aluminum phosphate discussed herein is related in part to its relatively small particle size.
  • Such smaller particle sizes allow the particles to distribute extensively in the film and to associate intimately with the resin and with inorganic paint fillers, thereby creating clusters that are sites for extensive void formation when the paint dries.
  • the present aluminum phosphate shows this tendency to form closed voids, or hollow particles, to an extent that has not been previously observed for aluminum phosphates, polyphosphates or any other particles.
  • the particles of aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate are substantially free of open pores while containing a number of closed pores.
  • the macropore volume is substantially less than 0.1 cc/gram.
  • the wet coating film is a viscous dispersion of polymer, aluminum phosphate, titanium dioxide and filler particles.
  • This dispersion When this dispersion is cast as a film and dried, it behaves differently from a standard paint (below the critical pigment volume concentration, CPVC).
  • CPVC critical pigment volume concentration
  • the low glass transition temperature (Tg) resin In a standard paint, the low glass transition temperature (Tg) resin is plastic at room temperature and coalesced, so that the resin film fills pores and voids.
  • Tg critical pigment volume concentration
  • a paint formulated with aluminum phosphate can exhibit a different behavior.
  • the closed pores form, as described herein, and contribute to the film hiding power.
  • the effectiveness of the aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate described herein can be compared to the particles of aluminum phosphate prepared by Hem et al. (see FIG. 3 ).
  • the dry particles described therein do not show small voids.
  • the particles undergo large morphological changes upon heating.
  • the extensive formation of “necks,” as observed in the work of Hem et al., is particularly interesting. Such necks are an indication that the particle surfaces are very deformable, as opposed to rigid particles that demonstrate the beneficial properties provided by the invention described herein.
  • the aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate in pigments can be prepared and used in at least one of the following forms: as a slurry pulp (dispersion of high content of solids, which flows under the action of gravity or low pressure pumps) with 50% or more of solids; as dried and micronized aluminum phosphate with 15% of humidity; and also in the polymeric form as calcinated and micronized aluminum polyphosphate.
  • the aluminum phosphate or aluminum polyphosphate, used as a white pigment can replace titanium dioxide in dispersions in aqueous medium, such as polymeric latex emulsion.
  • the phosphorus:aluminum molar ratio of the aluminum phosphate is preferably between 0.6 and 2.5.
  • the phosphorus:aluminum molar ratio of the aluminum phosphate is in the range of between 0.8 and 2.3. More preferably yet, the phosphorus:aluminum molar ratio of the aluminum phosphate is in the range of between 0.8 to 1.2.
  • an aspect of the invention is a novel process of manufacturing hollow particles of aluminum phosphate or aluminum polyphosphate that may be used in different applications, including white pigment in the formulations of paints based on aqueous polymeric latex.
  • the process is described in the following general steps. One of skill in the art will recognize that certain steps may be altered or omitted altogether.
  • the steps include: preparation of the main reagents used in the process, such as diluted solution of phosphoric acid, diluted solution of aluminum sulfate, and diluted solution of sodium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide; simultaneous and controlled addition of the reagents in a reactor equipped with a sloshing system to keep the homogeneity of the mixture during the process; control, during the addition of the reagents in the reactor, of the temperature and pH (acidity) of the mixture and, mainly, the reaction time; filtration of the suspension, with approximately 8.0% of solids and separation of the liquid and solid phases, in an appropriate equipment; washing out of the impurities present in the filter cake with slightly alkaline aqueous solution; dispersion of the washed cake, containing approximately 35% of the solids, in an adequate disperser; drying of the dispersed pulp in a turbo-dryer; micronization of the dried product to an average granulometry of 5.0 to 10 microns; and polymerization of the dried
  • one source of phosphorus for the manufacturing of aluminum phosphate and of the aluminum polyphosphate is the fertilizer grade phosphoric acid, from any origin, as it is clarified and discolored.
  • a commercial phosphoric acid containing approximately 54% of P 2 O 5 ay be chemically treated and/or diluted with treated water resulting in a concentration of 20% P 2 O 5 .
  • salts of phosphorus as orthophosphates or as polyphosphates can be used.
  • the aluminum sulfate may be obtained from the reaction between the alumina (hydrate aluminum oxide) with concentrated sulfuric acid (98% H 2 SO 4 ), and then clarified and stored at a 28% concentration of Al 2 O 3 .
  • the aluminum sulfate is diluted with water treated at 5.0% of Al 2 O 3 .
  • the source of aluminum can be any other salt of aluminum, as well as aluminum hydroxide or aluminum in metallic form.
  • the neutralization of the reaction is carried out with a sodium hydroxide solution, which may be commercially purchased in different concentrations. A concentration of 50% of NaOH may be purchased and diluted.
  • a concentration of 50% of NaOH may be purchased and diluted.
  • the sodium hydroxide may be used in the concentration of 20% of NaOH.
  • a sodium hydroxide solution with 5.0% of NaOH may be used.
  • ammonium hydroxide or sodium carbonate (soda ash) may be used.
  • a chemical reaction results in the formation of aluminum orthophosphate or of aluminum orthophosphates (Al 2 (HPO 4 ) 3 or Al(H 2 PO 4 ) 3 .
  • the reaction as described, is carried out through the mixture of the three reagents, i.e., phosphoric acid solution, aluminum sulfate solution, and sodium hydroxide solution.
  • the reagents are dosed in a reactor, typically containing a sloshing system, during a 30-minute period.
  • the pH of the mixture is controlled within a 4.0 to 4.5 range and a reaction temperature, between 35° C. and 40° C.
  • the reaction is completed after 15 minutes of the reagent mixture.
  • the pH of the mixture may be adjusted at 5.0, with the addition of more diluted sodium hydroxide.
  • the temperature is preferably below approximately 40° C.
  • the suspension formed should contain a molar relation between the phosphorus:aluminum elements in a 0.8 to 1.2 range.
  • the suspension containing around 6.0% to 10.0% of solids, with a maximum approximate temperature of 45° C., and density in a 1.15 to 1.25 g/cm 3 range is pumped to a conventional filter press.
  • the liquid phase (sometimes referred to as the “liquor”) is separated from the solid phase (sometimes referred to as the “cake”).
  • the wet cake containing approximately 35% to 45% of solids, and still possibly contaminated with the sodium sulfate solution, is kept in the filter for washing cycle.
  • the filtered concentrate which is basically a concentrated solution of sodium sulfate, is extracted from the filter and stored for future usage.
  • the washing of the wet cake is performed in the filter itself and in three process steps.
  • the first washing (“displacement washing”) the largest part of the filtered substance that is contaminating the cake is removed.
  • the washing step is performed using treated water over the cake at a flow rate of 6.0 m 3 of water/ton of dried cake.
  • a second washing step also with treated water and with a flow of 8.0 m 3 of water/ton of dried cake, may be carried out to further reduce, if not eliminate, the contaminants.
  • a third washing step using a slightly alkaline solution may be carried out. Such third washing step may be performed for the neutralization of the cake and to keep its pH in the 7.0 range.
  • the cake may be blown with compressed air during a certain period of time.
  • the wet product should present between 35% and 45% of solids.
  • the cake dispersion may be processed in such a way that the filter cake, wet and washed, and containing approximately 35% of solids, is extracted from the press filter by a conveyor belt and transferred to a reactor/disperser.
  • the dispersion of the cake is aided by the addition of a dilute solution of sodium tetrapyrophosphate.
  • the product is then dried, when the aluminum phosphate “mud,” with a percentage of solids within the 30% to 50% range, is pumped to the drying unit.
  • the water removal from the material can be carried out with drying equipment, such as a “turbo dryer” type through an injection of a hot air stream, at a temperature of 135° C. to 140° C., through the sample.
  • the final humidity of the product should preferentially be kept in the 10% to 20% of water range.
  • the next step of the process would include product calcination.
  • the orthophosphate of the dry aluminum as Al(H 2 PO 4 ) 3
  • the orthophosphate of the dry aluminum is condensed by a thermal treatment to form a porous aluminum polyphosphate, that is (Al(H 2 PO 4 ) 3 ) n , where “n” can be any integer greater than 1, preferably, n is greater than or equal to 4. More preferably, n is greater than or equal to 10. Even more preferably, n is greater than or equal to 20. Preferably, n is less than 100. Even more preferably, n is less than 50.
  • This process step is carried out by heating the phosphate aluminum, in a spray-drier type calcinator, in a temperature range of 500° C. to 600° C. After the polymerization, the product may be cooled quickly and sent to the micronization unit. At this point, product micronization step may be carried out. Finally, the resulting product that leaves the drier (or the calcinator) is transferred to the grinding and finishing unit, ground in a micronizer/sorter, and its granulometry kept in the 99.5% range below 400 mesh.
  • the aluminum phosphate or the aluminum polyphosphate, after the thermal treatment, can be applied as white pigment in the formulation of home paints, based on water, due to its self-opacification property in latex, PVA, and acrylic films, due to the formation of particles with hollow structures with high light spreading capacity, during the paint drying process.
  • paints can be formulated using the aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate made according to various embodiments of the invention as a pigment, alone or in combination with another pigment, such as titanium dioxide.
  • a paint comprises one or more pigments and one or more polymers as the binder (sometimes referred to as “binding polymer”), and optionally various additives.
  • binder sometimes referred to as “binding polymer”
  • water-borned paints and non-water-borne paints are water-borned paints and non-water-borne paints.
  • a water-borne paint composition is composed of four basic components: binder, aqueous carrier, pigment(s) and additive(s).
  • the binder is a nonvolatile resinous material that is dispersed in the aqueous carrier to form a latex.
  • Water-borne paint compositions can be formulated according to the methods and components disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,646,058, with or without modifications. The disclosure of such patent is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
  • the aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate made according to various embodiments of the invention can be used to formulate water-borne paints as a pigment, alone or in combination with titanium dioxide.
  • a common paint is latex paints which comprises a binding polymer, a hiding pigment, and optionally a thickener and other additives.
  • the aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate made according to various embodiments of the invention can be used to formulate latex paints as a pigment, alone or in combination with dioxide.
  • Other components for making a latex paint is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,881,782 and No. 4,782,109, which are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. By way of illustration, suitable components and methods for making latex paints are briefly explained below.
  • suitable binding polymers include emulsion copolymerized ethylenically unsaturated monomers including 0.8% to 6% of fatty acid acrylate or methacrylate such as lauryl methacrylate and/or stearyl methacrylate. Based on the weight of copolymerized ethylenic monomers, the polymeric binder comprises 0.8% to 6% fatty acid methacrylate or acrylate where preferred compositions contain 1% to 5% of copolymerized fatty acid acrylate or methacrylate having an aliphatic fatty acid chain comprising between 10 and 22 carbon atoms. Preferred copolymer compositions are based on copolymerized fatty acid methacrylate.
  • Lauryl methacrylate and/or stearyl methacrylate are preferred and lauryl methacrylate is the most preferred monomer.
  • Other useful fatty acid methacrylates include myristyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, palmitic methacrylate, oleic methacrylate, hexadecyl methacrylate, cetyl methacrylate and eicosyl methacrylate, and similar straight chain aliphatic methacrylate.
  • Fatty acid methacrylates or acrylates typically comprise commercial fatty oils coreacted with methacrylic acid or acrylic acid to provide primarily the dominant fatty acid moiety methacrylate with minor amounts of other fatty acid acrylates or methacrylates.
  • Polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomers contain carbon-to-carbon unsaturation and include vinyl monomers, acrylic monomers, allylic monomers, acrylamide monomers, and mono- and dicarboxylic unsaturated acids.
  • Vinyl esters include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrates, vinyl benzoates, vinyl isopropyl acetates and similar vinyl esters;
  • vinyl halides include vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, and vinylidene chloride;
  • vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons include styrene, methyl styrenes and similar lower alkyl styrenes, chlorostyrene, vinyl toluene, vinyl naphthalene, and divinyl benzene;
  • vinyl aliphatic hydrocarbon monomers include alpha olefins such as ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, and cyclohexene as well as conjugated dienes such as 1,3-butadiene,
  • Vinyl alkyl ethers include methyl vinyl ether, isopropyl vinyl ether, n-butyl vinyl ether, and isobutyl vinyl ether.
  • Acrylic monomers include monomers such as lower alkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid having an alkyl ester portion containing between 1 to 12 carbon atoms as well as aromatic derivatives of acrylic and methacrylic acid.
  • Useful acrylic monomers include, for example, acrylic and methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate and methacrylate, ethyl acrylate and methacrylate, butyl acrylate and methacrylate, propyl acrylate and methacrylate, 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate and methacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate and methacrylate, decyl acrylate and methacrylate, isodecylacrylate and methacrylate, benzyl acrylate and methacrylate, and various reaction products such as butyl phenyl, and cresyl glycidyl ethers reacted with acrylic and methacrylic acids, hydroxyl alkyl acrylates and methacrylates such as hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl acrylates and methacrylates, as well as amino acrylates and methacrylates.
  • Acrylic monomers can include very minor amounts of acrylic acids including acrylic and methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, alpha-chloroacrylic acid, alpha-cyanoacrylic acid, crotonic acid, beta-acryloxy propionic acid, and beta-styryl acrylic acid.
  • polymers useful as component (a), the “binding polymer”, of the latex paints are copolymerization products of a mixture of co-monomers which comprise monomers selected from styrene, methyl styrene, vinyl, or combinations thereof.
  • co-monomers comprise (more preferably consist essentially of) at least 40 mole percent of monomers selected from styrene, methyl styrene, or combinations thereof and at least 10 mole percent of one or more monomers selected from acrylates, methacrylates, and acrylonitrile.
  • the acrylates and methacrylates contain from 4 to 16 carbon atoms such as, for example, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and methyl methacrylates. It is also preferable that the monomers be used in a proportion such that the final polymer has a glass-transition temperature (Tg) greater than 21° C. and less than 95° C.
  • Tg glass-transition temperature
  • the polymers preferably have a weight-average molecular weight of at least 100,000.
  • the binding polymer comprises interpolymerized units derived from 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. More preferably, the binding polymer comprises polymerized units comprising from 50 to 70 mole percent of units derived from styrene, methyl styrene, or combinations thereof; from 10 to 30 mole percent of units derived from 2-ethylhexyl acrylate; and from 10 to 30 mole percent of units derived from methyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, or combinations thereof.
  • suitable binding polymers include a copolymer whose interpolymerized units are derived from about 49 mole percent styrene, 11 mole percent alpha-methylstyrene, 22 mole percent 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and 18 mole percent methyl methacrylates with a Tg of approximately 45° C.
  • Neocryl XA-6037 polymer emulsion from ICI Americas, Inc., Bridgewater, N.J.
  • a copolymer whose interpolymerized units are derived from about 51 mole percent styrene, 12 mole percent ⁇ -methylstyrene, 17 mole percent 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and 19 mole percent methyl methacrylates with a Tg of approximately 44° C.
  • Joncryl 537 polymer emulsion from S.C.
  • the binding polymer is Joncryl.TM. 537.
  • the aluminum phophate or polyphosphate made according to various embodiments of the invention can be used to formulate latex paints as a pigment, alone or in combination with another pigment.
  • Suitable additional hiding pigments include white opacifying hiding pigments and colored organic and inorganic pigments.
  • suitable white opacifying hiding pigments include rutile and anatase titanium dioxides, lithopone, zinc sulfide, lead titanate, antimony oxide, zirconium oxide, barium sulfide, white lead, zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
  • a preferred white organic hiding pigment is rutile titanium dioxide. More preferred is rutile titanium dioxide having an average particle size between about 0.2 to 0.4 microns.
  • colored organic pigments are phthalo blue and hansa yellow.
  • colored inorganic pigments are red iron oxide, brown oxide, ochres, and umbers.
  • Suitable thickeners include a non-cellulosic thickener (preferably, an associative thickener; more preferably, a urethane associative thickener).
  • Associative thickeners such as, for example, hydrophobically modified alkali swellable acrylic copolymers and hydrophobically modified urethane copolymers generally impart more Newtonian rheology to emulsion paints compared to conventional thickeners such as, for example, cellulosic thickeners.
  • suitable associative thickeners include polyacrylic acids (available, for example, from Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa., as Acrysol RM-825 and QR-708 Rheology Modifier) and activated attapulgite (available from Engelhard, Iselin, N.J. as Attagel 40).
  • Latex-paint films are formed by coalescence of the binding polymer to form a binding matrix at the ambient paint application temperature to form a hard, tack-free film.
  • Coalescing solvents aid the coalescence of the film-forming binder by lowering the film-forming temperature.
  • the latex paints preferably contain a coalescing solvent.
  • suitable coalescing solvents include 2-phenoxyethanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, dibutyl phthalate, diethylene glycol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, and combinations thereof.
  • the coalescing solvent is diethylene glycol butyl ether (butyl carbitol) (available from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.) or 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (available from Eastman Chemical Co., Kingsport, Tenn., as Texanol), or combinations thereof.
  • diethylene glycol butyl ether butyl carbitol
  • 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate available from Eastman Chemical Co., Kingsport, Tenn., as Texanol
  • Coalescing solvent is preferably utilized at a level between about 12 to 60 grams (preferably about 40 grams) of coalescing solvent per liter of latex paint or at about 20 to 30 weight percent based on the weight of the polymer solids in the paint.
  • the paints formulated in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can further comprise conventional materials used in paints such as, for example, plasticizer, anti-foam agent, pigment extender, pH adjuster, tinting color, and biocide.
  • plasticizer for example, plasticizer, anti-foam agent, pigment extender, pH adjuster, tinting color, and biocide.
  • Paints are commonly formulated with “functional extenders” to increase coverage, reduce cost, achieve durability, alter appearance, control rheology, and influence other desirable properties.
  • functional extenders include, for example, barium sulphate, calcium carbonate, clay, gypsum, silica, and talc.
  • Clays have a number of properties that make them desirable. Inexpensive calcined clays, for example, are useful in controlling low-shear viscosity and have a large internal surface area, which contributes to “dry hide”. But, this surface area is also available to trap stains.
  • calcined clays are used in the paints of the invention only in the small amounts required for rheology control, for example, typically as less than about half of the total extender pigment, or are not used at all.
  • the preferred extenders for use in the paints of the invention are calcium carbonates; most preferred are ultra-fine ground calcium carbonates such as, for example, Opacimite (available from ECC International, Sylacauga, Ala.), Supermite. (available from Imerys, Roswell, Ga.), or others having particle size of approximately 1.0 to 1.2 microns. Ultra-fine calcium carbonate help to space titanium dioxide optimally for hide (see, for example, K. A. Haagenson, “The effect of extender particle size on the hiding properties of an interior latex flat paint,” American Paint & Coatings Journal, Apr. 4, 1988, pp. 89-94).
  • the latex paints formulated in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can be prepared utilizing conventional techniques. For example, some of the paint ingredients are generally blended together under high shear to form a mixture commonly referred to as “the grind” by paint formulators. The consistency of this mixture is comparable to that of mud, which is desirable in order to efficiently disperse the ingredients with a high shear stirrer. During the preparation of the grind, high shear energy is used to break apart agglomerated pigment particles.
  • the ingredients not included in the grind are commonly referred to as “the letdown.”
  • the letdown is usually much less viscous than the grind, and is usually used to dilute the grind to obtain a final paint with the proper consistency.
  • the final mixing of the grind with the letdown is typically carried out with low shear mixing.
  • polymer latexes are not shear stable, and therefore are not used as a component of the grind. Incorporation of shear unstable latexes in the grind can result in coagulation of the latex, yielding a lumpy paint with no, or little, film-forming capability. Consequently, paints are generally prepared by adding the latex polymer in the letdown.
  • the some paints formulated in accordance with various embodiments of the invention contain latex polymers that are generally shear stable. Therefore, the latex paints can be prepared by incorporating some or all of the latex polymer into the grind. Preferably, at least some of the latex polymer is put in the grind.
  • the aluminum source employed in this application was a commercial aluminum sulfate solution containing 28% of Al 2 O 3 .
  • the solution was filtered and diluted with process water. Specifically, 884.30 kg of aluminum sulfate solution and 1,776.31 kg of process water was combined to create a solution of approximately 9.30% Al 2 O 3 .
  • This particular experiment used as a neutralizing reagent a diluted solution of commercial sodium hydroxide containing 20.0% of NaOH. Specifically, 974.0 kg of sodium hydroxide solution with 50% of NaOH and 1,461.0 kg of process water were mixed. The final mixture was cooled to 40° C.
  • the three reagents were mixed simultaneously, for approximately 30 minutes, in a reactor with 7,500 liters.
  • the mixture temperature was kept in the 40° C. to 45° C. range, the pH was controlled to stay in a range of 4.0 to 4.5.
  • the mixture was kept sloshing for approximately 15 minutes.
  • the pH at this point was controlled at approximately 5.0 with the addition of a sodium hydroxide solution containing 5.0% of NaOH.
  • the resulting suspension was approximately 7,000 kg with a density of 1.15 g/cm 3 , presented 6.5% of solids, which represent around 455.0 kg of precipitate.
  • the suspension was filtered in a press-filter resulting in 1,300 kg of wet cake and 5,700 kg of filtrate.
  • the filtrate consisted primarily of a sodium sulfate solution (Na 2 SO 4 ).
  • the cake consisted of approximately 35% solids.
  • the cake was washed, directly in the press filter, with 3,860 liters of process water, at room temperature, being kept at a washing ratio of approximately 8.5 cm 3 of the washing solution per ton of dry cake.
  • the filtrate generated in the washing of the cake was stored for optional future use or for effluent treatment.
  • the cake extracted from the filter, around 1,300 kg, was then transferred to a disperser (of approximately 1,000 liters) through a peristaltic pump.
  • the dispersed solution containing approximately 35% of solids, had a density of 1.33 g/cm 3 and viscosity of 17,400 cP.
  • the dispersed aluminum phosphate suspension with approximately 35% of solids, was then pumped to a turbo-drier.
  • the product was heated, through a hot air stream, at a temperature of 135° C.
  • Approximately 535.0 kg of aluminum orthophosphate with 15% of humidity was produced.
  • the final product was micronized and its granulometry was kept below the 400 mesh.
  • the final analysis of the dry product presented the following results: the phosphorus content in the product was approximately 15.0%; the aluminum content was approximately 8.7%; the pH was approximately 7.0; the water content was approximately 15%; specific density of 2.20 g/cm 3 , and average diameter of particles from 5 to 10 um.
  • Example No. 1 From the results of Example No. 1, around 200 kg of dried and micronized aluminum phosphate was used. The sample was used for the manufacturing of a home paint sample. Initially, 900 liters of opaque white acrylic paint was prepared. Such paint was applied and the performance was evaluated in comparison with one of a commercially available paint.
  • the basic composition of the paint based on an original formulation containing around 18% of titanium dioxide was as follows: aluminum phosphate was approximately 14.20%; titanium oxide was approximately 8.34%; kaolin was approximately 7.10%; algamatolite was approximately 10.36%; diatomite was approximately 0.84%; acrylic resin was approximately 12.25%, and PVC was approximately 47.45%.
  • Typical chemical composition data of the aluminum phosphate product is in Table 1. These results demonstrate that the invention described herein is a hydrous, non-crystalline and neutral aluminum phosphate made out of nanosized particles.
  • the average aggregate, and swollen, particle size (in the slurry) is in the 200-1500 nm range, as determined by dynamic light scattering. More preferably, the average aggregate, and swollen, particle size (in the slurry) is in the 400-700 nm range.
  • Individual particle sizes may have a radius as small as 5 to 80 nm, as determined by electron microscopy. More preferably, the individual particle sizes may have a radius as small as 10 to 40 nm.
  • a basic titanium dioxide water-based paint is made out of a suitable latex dispersion and pigment particles.
  • the latex particles are responsible for making a coalesced film filled with the pigmented particles, and are responsible for the film hiding power.
  • Many additives are also used, such as: inorganic fillers, which decrease the requirements of resin and pigment; coalescing agents, that improve resin film formation; dispersants and rheological modifiers, that prevent pigment and filler caking and thus improve the paint shelf-life together with the rheological paint properties.
  • a dry film of a paint formulated with the novel aluminum phosphate in some embodiments has several differences from the typical paint dry film.
  • the film with the aluminum phosphate is not just a resin film. It is rather formed by enmeshed resin and aluminum phosphate. It is thus a nanocomposite film that combines two interpenetrating phases with different properties to achieve synergistic benefits, concerning film mechanical properties and resistance to water and to other aggressive agents.
  • the novel product and process differs from existing aluminum phosphates or polyphosphates in several aspects.
  • various formulations of the invention can be prepared by changing the fabrication process and thus the final product composition. Because the invention is made under controlled pH levels, it is nearly neutral thus avoiding environmental and toxicological problems.
  • the invention may also be free from corrosion problems associated with some aluminum phosphates found in the market and used in the transformation of iron oxides into iron phosphate.
  • the non-stoichiometry together with the relative non-crystallinity (both in slurry and powder form) and the carefully controlled water content of the dry powder allow for easy swelling control that is beneficial for its performance.
  • the nanosized particles are easily dispersed and they are stable towards settling, which allow uniform paint dispersions.
  • the nanoparticles can be strongly compatible with latex particles, by the mechanisms of capillary adhesion (in the dispersion drying stage) followed by ion-cluster mediated electrostatic adhesion (in the dry film)—bicontinuous networks may be formed, in many cases.
  • novel product is also strongly compatible with many other particulate solids commonly used as paint fillers, such as the various silicates, carbonates and oxides found in formulated water-based dispersions, which may contribute to the cohesion and strength of the paint dry film.
  • the invention described herein uses a different raw material that offers alternate benefits, making the process more economical and offering surprising results.
  • Phosphoric acid is generally available at a price which is a fraction of the price of the phosphates or metaphosphates previously used.
  • the phosphoric is the raw material that typically has the highest price used in the manufacturing of aluminum phosphates pigment manufacturing, the use of an acid degree allows an important reduction in the manufacturing costs of aluminum phosphates. Such a process makes the broad adoption of these pigments feasible.
  • certain features of the invention described herein present new ways to use the aluminum phosphates, such as in dispersion or in wet powder. These new methods allow important technological gains.
  • the novel methods and products prevent problems of particle aggregation, which damage the performance of the pigment and reduce its coverage power.
  • the novel method and product eliminate problems of particles dispersion in latex particles used in the manufacturing of paints based on water, facilitating the usage processes of aluminum phosphate in home paints. Further, the novel processes and products do not require exhaustive drying steps of the phosphate, which increase the complexity and cost of manufacturing.
  • Another beneficial aspect of the novel process described herein is that it may be considered a “green chemistry” zero-effluent product, in that it is made under mild temperature and pressure conditions that do not create any environmental problems during the fabrication process. Due to its chemical nature, the residues created by the described novel process may be safely discarded in the environment as a fertilizer component. It is produced as slurry as well as a dry powder. In both cases it is easily dispersed in water, forming stable dispersions that have stable Theological properties.
  • embodiments of the invention provide a novel method of making amorphous aluminum phosphate. While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, the specific features of one embodiment should not be attributed to other embodiments of the invention. No single embodiment is representative of all aspects of the invention. In some embodiments, the compositions or methods may include numerous compounds or steps not mentioned herein. In other embodiments, the compositions or methods do not include, or are substantially free of, any compounds or steps not enumerated herein. Variations and modifications from the described embodiments exist. The method of making the resins is described as comprising a number of acts or steps. These steps or acts may be practiced in any sequence or order unless otherwise indicated. Finally, any number disclosed herein should be construed to mean approximate, regardless of whether the word “about” or “approximately” is used in describing the number. The appended claims intend to cover all those modifications and variations as falling within the scope of the invention.

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US12/844,625 US9187653B2 (en) 2004-08-30 2010-07-27 Aluminum phosphate, polyphosphate, and metaphosphate particles and their use as pigments in paints and method of making same
US14/924,626 US20160046782A1 (en) 2004-08-30 2015-10-27 Aluminum phosphate or polyphosphate particles for use as pigments in paints and method of making same
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US20100179265A1 (en) 2010-07-15
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EA014943B1 (ru) 2011-04-29
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KR20070060084A (ko) 2007-06-12
AR054304A1 (es) 2007-06-20
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US9169120B2 (en) 2015-10-27
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