US20020033738A1 - PLL circuit - Google Patents

PLL circuit Download PDF

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Publication number
US20020033738A1
US20020033738A1 US09/925,273 US92527301A US2002033738A1 US 20020033738 A1 US20020033738 A1 US 20020033738A1 US 92527301 A US92527301 A US 92527301A US 2002033738 A1 US2002033738 A1 US 2002033738A1
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circuit
frequency
dividing
output
signal
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Takanori Saeki
Toshiyuki Tanaka
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NEC Corp
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NEC Corp
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Publication of US20020033738A1 publication Critical patent/US20020033738A1/en
Priority to US10/349,990 priority Critical patent/US6614319B2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
    • H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
    • H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
    • H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
    • H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/081—Details of the phase-locked loop provided with an additional controlled phase shifter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
    • H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
    • H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/085—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal
    • H03L7/089—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal the phase or frequency detector generating up-down pulses
    • H03L7/0891—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal the phase or frequency detector generating up-down pulses the up-down pulses controlling source and sink current generators, e.g. a charge pump
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
    • H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
    • H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/16—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/18—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop using a frequency divider or counter in the loop
    • H03L7/197—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop using a frequency divider or counter in the loop a time difference being used for locking the loop, the counter counting between numbers which are variable in time or the frequency divider dividing by a factor variable in time, e.g. for obtaining fractional frequency division
    • H03L7/1974—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop using a frequency divider or counter in the loop a time difference being used for locking the loop, the counter counting between numbers which are variable in time or the frequency divider dividing by a factor variable in time, e.g. for obtaining fractional frequency division for fractional frequency division
    • H03L7/1976—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop using a frequency divider or counter in the loop a time difference being used for locking the loop, the counter counting between numbers which are variable in time or the frequency divider dividing by a factor variable in time, e.g. for obtaining fractional frequency division for fractional frequency division using a phase accumulator for controlling the counter or frequency divider
    • H03L7/1978—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop using a frequency divider or counter in the loop a time difference being used for locking the loop, the counter counting between numbers which are variable in time or the frequency divider dividing by a factor variable in time, e.g. for obtaining fractional frequency division for fractional frequency division using a phase accumulator for controlling the counter or frequency divider using a cycle or pulse removing circuit

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a phase-locked loop circuit and, more particularly, to a phase-locked loop circuit of fractional frequency-dividing type.
  • the conventional practice is to employ an arrangement which averages, in terms of time, a frequency dividing ratio of a programmable frequency dividing circuit with the frequency dividing ratio being variable in an ordinary phase-locked loop (PLL) to implement a frequency dividing ratio of an accuracy finer than a decimal-point by using the average value.
  • PLL phase-locked loop
  • a configuration in which the dividing ratio of a frequency dividing circuit is changed and averaged in terms of time to implement fractional frequency division in equivalent terms is also referred to as a fractional frequency-dividing system.
  • the frequency dividing ratio can be set at steps of 1/L.
  • the frequency-dividing ratio is given as follows.
  • FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating the structure and principle of such a fractional frequency-dividing PLL circuit.
  • a phase comparator, a charge pump, a loop filter and a voltage-controlled oscillator of the PLL circuit have been deleted from the diagram of FIG. 15; only a frequency dividing circuit and a control circuit thereof are shown.
  • the PLL circuit is constituted by an accumulator 600 comprising an adder 602 and a register 603 , and a variable frequency dividing circuit 601 for dividing frequency at a dividing ratio M or M+1 (where M is a predetermined integer).
  • the adder 602 performs addition at increments of k in response to a clock whose frequency is equal to a reference frequency.
  • the frequency dividing ratio of the frequency divider becomes M+1 when the adder 602 overflows and is M when the adder 602 does not overflow.
  • Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-8741 discloses an arrangement of the kind shown in FIG. 16 as a frequency synthesizer (PLL circuit) for controlling output-signal frequency at frequency intervals that are smaller than a reference-signal frequency, thereby reducing spurious components in the vicinity of the center frequency of the output signal.
  • the arrangement shown in FIG. 16 includes a phase comparator 701 , a low-pass filter 702 , a voltage-controlled oscillator 703 , a variable frequency divider 704 , a frequency dividing adder 711 , accumulators 706 to 709 , and a frequency-division control circuit 705 .
  • the variable frequency divider 704 divides and outputs the frequency of the output signal from voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 703 .
  • the phase comparator 701 compares a phase of the output of the variable frequency divider 704 and a phase of a reference frequency and outputs a phase difference.
  • the output of the phase comparator 701 is input to the voltage-controlled oscillator 703 via the low-pass filter 702 and control is performed in such a manner that the signal obtained by frequency-dividing the output signal of the voltage-controlled oscillator 703 will be synchronized to the reference signal.
  • the output of the voltage-controlled oscillator 703 is delivered as the output signal and is input to the variable frequency divider 704 .
  • the frequency-division control circuit 705 comprises accumulators 706 , 707 , 708 , and 709 , a fractional part calculating circuit 710 and the frequency dividing ratio adder 711 .
  • Each of these circuits operates with the output of the variable frequency divider 704 serving as the clock.
  • the accumulator 706 which comprises an adder and a register, adds the value of the register to a fractional data, which has been provided externally, synchronizing with the clock, and updates the register.
  • the accumulator 707 which comprises an adder and a register, adds the output value of the accumulator 706 to the value of its register in sync with the clock, thereby adding 1 to the least significant bit, and updates the values value of its register.
  • the accumulators 707 and 708 are identically constructed. The adder of each accumulator outputs the carry signal of its most significant bit and inputs the carry signal to the decimal calculating circuit 710 .
  • the fractional part calculating circuit 710 operates in synchronization with the clock.
  • the fractional part calculating circuit 710 When the accumulator 706 generates a carry signal, the fractional part calculating circuit 710 generates +1 after three clock pulses.
  • the fractional part calculating circuit 710 When a carry signal enters from the accumulator 707 , the fractional part calculating circuit 710 generates +1 after two clock pulses and +1 after three clock pulses.
  • the fractional part calculating circuit 710 When a carry signal enters from the accumulator 708 , the fractional part calculating circuit 710 generates in turn +1 after one clock pulse; ⁇ 2 after two clocks pulses a +1 after three clock pulses.
  • the fractional part calculating circuit 710 When a carry signal enters from the accumulator 709 , the fractional part calculating circuit 710 generates in turn +1 after 0 clock pulses, ⁇ 3 after one clock pulse, +3 after two clock pulses and ⁇ 1 after three clock pulse
  • the total sum of the values generated by the carry signals produced by each of the accumulators at each clock is output to the fractional part calculating circuit 710 .
  • the frequency dividing adder 711 adds the decimal output of the fractional part calculating circuit 710 and the value of the integer, and the result becomes the output of the frequency-division control circuit 705 , which sets the dividing ratio of the variable frequency divider 704 .
  • a change in the dividing ratio is produced clock by clock, the frequency components of the change in dividing ratio are raised and the low frequency components are lowered.
  • M represents an integer data
  • K a fraction data
  • n the number of bits constituting the accumulator 706
  • the accumulator 706 will generate K carries over 2 n clocks and the dividing ratio will be made M+1K times.
  • the averaged dividing ratio therefore, will be M+K/2 n
  • fr represents the frequency of the reference signal
  • the output frequency will be fr ⁇ (M+K/2 n ).
  • FIG. 17 An arrangement of the kind shown in FIG. 17 (which uses the so-called “Delta-Sigma” technique) also is known as a PLL circuit of the fractional frequency-dividing type.
  • a dividing-ratio control circuit 908 for controlling the dividing ratio of a frequency dividing circuit 907 varies and controls a change delta-N in dividing ratio based upon the results of calculations by accumulators operated by a frequency-divided clock. The period of this variation is obtained by a predetermined modulo calculation.
  • charge pumps 831 , 832 for charging and discharging a capacitance by up and down signals output from a phase comparator 803 each have a compensating charge pump.
  • Each of the charge pumps has an array of unit charge pumps CP comprising a P-channel MOS transistor turned on by the up signal and an N-channel MOS transistor turned on by the down signal. The sum of the current outputs of the plurality of unit charge pumps CP is extracted as the output.
  • a reference current is varied by a digital-to-analog converter 836 and then applied to the compensating charge pumps, and the compensating current outputs of these charge pumps are turned on and off by the output of a decoder 834 , whereby current is varied.
  • fractional frequency division is achieved by changing and then averaging the dividing ratio of a variable frequency divider, and a spurious signal is produced in the output of a voltage-controlled oscillator due to the change in the dividing ratio of the frequency divider.
  • the above-mentioned arrangements are for suppressing and compensating for such spurious signals. In other words, none of these arrangements has a construction that is free of spurious signals.
  • a PLL circuit comprising: a phase comparator circuit which receives a reference clock from one input terminal thereof to output a phase difference; a charge pump which generates a voltage conforming to the phase difference output from said phase comparator circuit; a loop filter which performs smoothing the voltage conforming to the phase difference; a voltage-controlled oscillator which receives an output voltage of said loop filter as a control voltage to output a clock having an oscillation frequency determined by the control voltage; a frequency dividing circuit which performs integral frequency-division of an output clock output from said voltage-controlled oscillator; a phase adjusting circuit which receives two frequency-divided clocks of mutually different phases obtained by integral frequency division at said frequency dividing circuit to produce an output signal having a delay time defined by a time that is the result of dividing a timing difference between the two frequency-divided clocks in accordance with a prescribed interior division ratio, said interior division ratio being made variable; and
  • the dividing ratio for frequency dividing the clock output of the voltage-controlled oscillator is N+MF/MD, which is defined by an integral dividing ratio N and a fractional dividing ratio MF/MD.
  • the frequency dividing circuit has its integral dividing ratio set to N or N+1, and the control means has an adder circuit for performing addition cumulatively in units of MF based upon the frequency-divided clock obtained by integral frequency division.
  • the PLL circuit further includes a control circuit which, if the result of cumulative addition is equal to or greater than MD, adopts a remainder obtained by dividing this result by MD as a new cumulative result, and which if, a value of addition of MF to the present cumulative result, is equal to or greater than MD, sets to N+1 the dividing ratio of the frequency dividing circuit for defining the integral frequency dividing interval; and a decoder circuit for outputting, to the phase adjusting circuit, a weighting signal for deciding, on the basis of the cumulative result, the interior division ratio for dividing the timing difference in the phase adjusting circuit.
  • a clock having a frequency of fvco/(N+MF/MD), which is obtained by dividing a frequency fvco of the output of the voltage-controlled oscillator by the dividing ratio N+MF/MD at all times, is input to the phase comparator circuit.
  • the phase adjusting circuit includes an interpolator comprises: a logic circuit, which receives two clocks of mutually different phases from two input terminals as first and second input signals, for outputting the result of a prescribed logic operation of the first and second input signals; a first switch element, which is connected between a first power supply and an internal node and to a control terminal whereof an output signal from said logic circuit is input, for being turned on when both the first and second input signals are at a first value to thereby form a path that charges the internal node; a plurality of series circuits, each of which comprises a second switch element turned on when the first input signal is at a second value and a third switch element turned on and off based upon the weighting signal, a plurality of series circuits being connected in parallel between the internal node and a second power supply; and a plurality of series circuits, each of which comprises a fourth switch element turned on when the second input signal is at the second value and a fifth switch element turned
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the basic structure of an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram useful in describing the operation of a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the structure of the first embodiment
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the connection relationship among signals of the first embodiment
  • FIG. 5 is a timing diagram useful in describing the operation of the first embodiment
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram useful in describing the operation of the first embodiment
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of the circuitry of an interpolator
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram showing another example of the circuitry of an interpolator
  • FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating the structure of the second embodiment
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the connection relationship among signals of a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a timing diagram useful in describing the operation of the second embodiment
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of timing for setting the weighting signal of an interpolator in the second embodiment
  • FIG. 14 a is a frequency spectrum of the output of a voltage-controlled oscillator in an uncompensated fractional dividing-type PLL circuit
  • FIG. b a frequency spectrum of the output of a voltage-controlled oscillator in a PLL circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 14 c a frequency spectrum of the output of a voltage-controlled oscillator in a conventional current-compensated PLL circuit
  • FIG. 14 d a frequency spectrum of the output of a voltage-controlled oscillator in a Delta-Sigma-type PLL circuit
  • FIG. 15 is a block diagram useful in describing the principle of a frequency dividing circuit in a conventional fractional frequency-dividing PLL circuit
  • FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the structure of a conventional fractional frequency-dividing PLL circuit
  • FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating the structure of a conventional Delta-Sigma PLL circuit
  • FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the structure of a conventional current-compensated PLL circuit.
  • FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating the details of the structure of a charge pump circuit in the conventional current-compensated PLL circuit shown in FIG. 17.
  • a PLL circuit comprises: a frequency dividing circuit ( 15 ) for frequency dividing an integral part of an output signal from a voltage-controlled oscillator ( 14 ); a phase adjusting circuit ( 16 ), which receives two frequency-divided clocks of mutually different phases obtained by integral frequency division of the frequency dividing circuit( 15 ) and generates an output signal which includes, as a delay time, a time that is the result of internally dividing a timing difference between the two frequency-divided clocks in accordance with a prescribed interior division ratio; a phase comparator circuit ( 11 ) for receiving a frequency-divided clock output from the phase adjusting circuit ( 16 ) and a reference signal to detect a phase difference between the signals received; a charge pump ( 12 ) for generating a voltage conforming to the phase difference output from the phase comparator circuit ( 11 ); and a loop filter ( 13 ) for supplying an output voltage, which is obtained by smoothing the voltage
  • the PLL circuit further comprises an adder (an accumulator comprising an adder and a register) ( 17 ), in which MF represents an integer that defines a numerator of a fractional frequency division and MD represents an integer that defines a denominator of the fractional frequency division, for performing addition cumulatively in units of MF based upon the integral frequency-divided clocks obtained from the frequency dividing circuit ( 15 ). If the result of cumulative addition by the adder circuit ( 17 ) is equal to or greater than MD, the adder circuit ( 17 ) gives notification to this effect by outputting a carry (overflow) signal to a control circuit ( 18 ). A remainder obtained by dividing the cumulative result by MD is adopted as a new cumulative result MF′.
  • the frequency dividing circuit ( 15 ) which has received the above-mentioned notification, changes the integral-dividing ratio from N to N+1.
  • a signal obtained by frequency-dividing, at all times, the output (frequency fvco) of the voltage-controlled oscillator ( 14 ) by the dividing ratio N+MF/MD is input to the phase comparator circuit ( 11 ) [where a frequency fs comprises fvco/(N+MF/MD) and the frequency spectrum theoretically is a single spectrum), whereby the phase of this signal is compared with that of the reference clock.
  • the control circuit ( 18 ) has a counter (not shown) and includes control means which, on the basis of the count value of the counter, exercises control so as to transmit, to the input of the phase adjusting circuit ( 100 in FIG. 3 and 200 in FIG. 9) whenever the integral frequency dividing interval N or N+1 elapses, rising edges or falling edges of two clock signals (IN 2 and IN 3 in FIG. 4) of different phases output from the frequency dividing circuit, or of two clock signals (A and B in FIG. 10) of different phases generated from one clock signal (IN 1 in FIG. 10) obtained by frequency division by the frequency dividing circuit.
  • An arrangement may be adopted in which power consumption is controlled on the basis of a power control signal (POWW in FIG. 3) from a control circuit ( 116 in FIG. 3) by activating an ECL/CMOS circuit ( 108 1 ) only for a predetermined period of time starting from a timing stipulated by the integral frequency dividing interval, and deactivate this circuit at all other times.
  • the ECL/CMOS circuit is for converting an ECL-level signal, which is output from a prescaler ( 107 in FIG. 3) constituted by an ECL, to the CMOS level, wherein the prescaler has a dividing ratio smaller than the integral dividing ratio N.
  • an arrangement may be adopted in which a signal output from a prescaler ( 207 in FIG. 9) is input to an ECL/CMOS circuit ( 208 in FIG. 9) and the PLL circuit is provided with a D-type flip-flop ( 214 in FIG. 9) having a data input terminal to which a signal from the ECL/CMOS circuit ( 208 in FIG. 9) is fed, and a D-type flip-flop ( 215 in FIG.
  • a phase adjusting circuit comprises an interpolator for producing an output signal the delay time of which is stipulated by a time obtained by dividing the timing difference between two input signals thereof at a prescribed internal ratio.
  • the interpolator comprises: a logic circuit (NAND 01 in FIG.
  • a first switch element MP 1
  • VCC first power supply
  • N 31 internal node
  • IOV 3 non-inverting or inverting buffer circuit having the internal node connected to an input terminal thereof for changing an output logic value if a relationship of magnitudes between a voltage level at the internal node (terminal voltage of the capacitance C) and a threshold value has been inverted
  • a plurality of series circuits each of which comprises a second switch element (MN 11 ) turned on when the first input signal is at
  • the above-described interpolator constituting the phase adjusting circuit may be so arranged that a plurality of serially connected switch elements and capacitors are connected in parallel between the internal node (N 31 in FIG. 7) and the second power supply (GND), and the plurality of switch elements are turned on or off by a control signal supplied to the control terminals of the plurality of switch elements to thereby decide the capacitance applied to the internal node (N 31 ). If this arrangement is adopted, the frequency range over which the interpolator operates is expanded.
  • each of the second, third, fourth and fifth switch elements comprises at least a prescribed number (K) of elements, L-number (where L is 0 to K) of the third switch elements (MN 21 in FIG. 7) are turned on by the weighting signals (SB 1 - 16 ) supplied to the group of third switch elements, (K-L)-number of the fifth switch elements (MN 22 in FIG.
  • the weighting signals (S 1 - 16 ) supplied to the group of fifth switch elements are turned on by the weighting signals (S 1 - 16 ) supplied to the group of fifth switch elements, a signal is output that corresponds to a timing obtained by internally dividing the timing difference between the first and second input signals based upon K using 1/K of this timing difference as a unit (MD in the case of the fractional dividing ratio MF/MD), and the internal ratio of the timing difference is varied by varying the value of L.
  • the weighting signals (S 1 - 16 ) and the weighting signals (SB 1 - 16 ) are such that corresponding bits are mutually complementary.
  • the dividing ratio of the frequency-divided clock applied to the phase comparator circuit is fixed at N+MF/MD, and spurious signals are not produced. That is, the present invention is not designed to obtain the dividing ratio by averaging, as in the conventional fractional frequency dividing technique. Since each frequency-divided clock cycle is the frequency-dividing period of N+MF/MD, in theory no spurious noise is produced.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the structure of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a PLL circuit includes a phase comparator circuit 11 receiving an input clock (a reference clock) from one input terminal thereof for outputting a phase difference; a charge pump 12 for generating a voltage conforming to the phase difference by charging or discharging a capacitor in dependence upon the phase difference (UP/DOWN signal) output by the phase comparator circuit 11 ; a loop filter 13 comprising a low-pass filter (LPF) for smoothing an output voltage conforming to the phase difference; a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 14 which receives the output voltage of the loop filter 13 as a control voltage to output a clock signal having an oscillation frequency stipulated by the control voltage; a frequency dividing circuit 15 for frequency dividing an output clock of the voltage-controlled oscillator 14 by an integer value of N or N+1; and a phase adjusting circuit 16 , which receives two frequency-divided clocks of mutually different phase obtained
  • LPF low-pass filter
  • the phase adjusting circuit 16 is so arranged that the interior division ratio (dividing value) of the timing difference between two clocks is set variably based upon a weighting control signal.
  • the output clock of the phase adjusting circuit 16 is fed to a second input terminal of the phase comparator circuit 11 , which detects the phase difference between this clock signal and the input clock.
  • An adder circuit 17 comprises an accumulator, which is constituted by an adder and register for incrementing from the initial state (e.g., 0), on the basis of the integral frequency-divided clock, a code (MF) 19 that decides the numerator of the fractional dividing ratio MF/MD. The result of accumulation is incremented successively in the manner MF, 2MF, 3MF,
  • the adder circuit 17 so notifies a control circuit 18 as by a carry signal.
  • the control circuit 18 changes the integral-dividing ratio of the frequency dividing circuit 15 in the next integral frequency-dividing interval from N to N+1.
  • the frequency dividing circuit 15 frequency-divides the output clock from the voltage-controlled oscillator 14 by N+1.
  • the phase adjusting circuit 16 outputs a signal having a timing obtained by dividing, by a dividing value equal to (remainder obtained by dividing cumulative result by MD)/MD, the timing difference between rising or falling edges of the clocks at the start of the N frequency dividing interval that immediately follows the (N+1) frequency dividing interval.
  • the adder circuit 17 has a decoder (not shown) for decoding the result of addition and supplying the decoded signal to the phase adjusting circuit 16 .
  • the control circuit 18 exercises control to transmit or not transmit the frequency-divided clocks from the frequency dividing circuit 15 to the phase adjusting circuit 16 . More specifically, an arrangement may be adopted in which the control circuit 18 has a counter for counting a signal obtained by frequency-dividing the output signal of the voltage-controlled oscillator at a predetermined integral dividing ratio using a prescaler or the like, with the control circuit 18 performing control in such a manner that when the integral frequency dividing interval has elapsed from the time indicated by the value of the count, the transition edges of the signals having the two mutually different phases output by the frequency dividing circuit 15 are transmitted to the input side of the phase adjusting circuit 16 .
  • the resolution of the dividing value (interior division ratio ) of the timing difference between the two frequency-divided clocks of different phases output from the frequency dividing circuit 15 is at a step of MD, and the internal division ratio of the timing difference is variably set based upon the control signal that enters from the adder circuit 17 .
  • the structure of the phase adjusting circuit 16 will be described later in greater detail.
  • the timing-difference dividing value of the phase adjusting circuit 16 is varied every frequency-divided clock (at the frequency dividing period 1800 or 1801), i.e., in the following manner every integral frequency-divided clock obtained by frequency division using the frequency dividing circuit 15 :
  • the value of the numerator is summed with modulo 16 . That is, if the result of addition exceeds 16 , the remainder of 16 is adopted as the new numerator.
  • control circuit 18 changes the next integral frequency dividing ratio in the frequency dividing circuit 15 from 1801 to 1800, and the phase adjusting circuit 16 , to which is input the immediately following frequency-divided clock obtained by frequency dividing the output clock (period tCK) of voltage-controlled oscillator 14 by 1801, produces an output signal having a timing that is 4/16 of the timing difference tCK of the input clocks.
  • the period of the frequency-divided clock obtained by frequency division using the frequency dividing circuit 15 and phase adjusting circuit 16 and input to the phase comparator circuit 11 becomes 1800+5/16 in all cycles (frequency dividing periods).
  • the period of the clock (period tCK) obtained by frequency-dividing the output of the voltage-controlled oscillator 14 and fed to the phase comparator circuit 11 becomes (1800+5/16)tCK.
  • the frequency dividing period in the loop does not change.
  • a spurious signal is not generated in the output of the voltage-controlled oscillator 14 .
  • Such a spurious signal has been brought about heretofore by changing over the dividing ratio of the frequency dividing circuit.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram useful in describing the operation principle of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the operation principle for a case where the resolution at which the timing difference of the phase adjusting circuit 16 is divided is seven steps, the integral frequency dividing ratio is 3 and the fractional frequency dividing ratio is 3/7.
  • the code 19 is assumed to be 3 , which is the numerator of the fractional frequency dividing ratio 3/7.
  • phase adjusting circuit 16 changes the dividing value of the timing difference in the following manner:
  • the phase adjusting circuit 16 outputs a signal at a timing of 3/7 of the clock cycle tCK from the edge of a third clock pulse, outputs a signal at a timing of 6/7 of the clock cycle tCK from the edge of a sixth clock pulse, outputs a signal at a timing of 2/7 of the clock cycle tCK from the edge of a tenth clock pulse and outputs a signal at a timing of 5/7 of the clock cycle tCK from the edge of a 13 th clock pulse.
  • a main frequency dividing counter (a counter included in the control circuit of FIG. 1 for performing integral frequency division) exercises control through which the integral frequency dividing ratio N of the frequency dividing circuit 15 can be changed in such a manner as 3, 3, 3+1, 3, . . . . More specifically, in a case where the result of adding 3 to the current value of addition using the adder circuit 17 is equal to greater than 7, the main frequency dividing counter of the control circuit 18 increments by 1 the integral frequency dividing ratio of the frequency dividing circuit 15 in the next cycle (integral frequency dividing interval).
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the detailed structure of an example of a PLL circuit according to this embodiment of the present invention.
  • the PLL circuit according to this embodiment of the invention comprises an amplifier 101 for amplifying the output (14.4 MHz) of an externally mounted crystal oscillator (TCXO; temperature compensated crystal oscillator); a reference-frequency dividing circuit 102 for frequency-dividing the output of the amplifier 101 ; a phase comparator 103 for comparing a phase of the reference signal (frequency f is about 400 kHZ) frequency-divided by the reference-frequency dividing circuit 102 with that of a frequency-divided clock(frequency f is about 400 kHZ); a charge pump 104 for charging a capacitor (not shown) when the phase comparator 103 is outputting an UP signal in accordance with the result of the phase comparison and for discharging the charge, which has accumulated in the capacitance, when the phase comparator 103 is outputting a DOWN signal in accordance with the
  • 1/8 frequency-divided outputs of the 32/33 prescaler 107 (second and third stages of D-type flip-flops) are input to a timing control circuit 115 via an ECL/CMOS converter 108 , Two signals converted to the CMOS level are fed to respective ones of two input terminals of the interpolator 100 .
  • a 32/33 frequency-divided output (24 MHz or 43 MHz) of the 32/33 prescaler 107 is fed to a timing/power control signal generator 116 and to an A counter 109 via an ECL/CMOS converter 1082 .
  • the A counter 109 outputs an overflow (carry) signal in a case where a 32 frequency-divided output of the 32/33 prescaler 107 has been counted A′ times based upon a set count value A′ from a control circuit 113 .
  • a B counter 110 places a signal MC at the high level to place the 32/33 prescaler 107 in the divide-by-33 mode.
  • the B counter 110 performs counting B′ times (the 32/33 prescaler 107 cycles B′ times in the divide-by-33 mode).
  • the signal fvco/N which is obtained by integral frequency-dividing the output signal (frequency fvco) of the voltage-controlled oscillator 106 by the 32/33 prescaler 107 , A counter 109 and B counter 110 , is supplied to an adder 111 and to a register 112 , which stores the result of addition by the adder 111 .
  • the output MC of the changes the dividing ratio of the 32/33 prescaler 107 , which operates as a 33 prescaler 107 when the signal MC is at the high level.
  • the integer MF which defines the numerator of the fractional dividing ratio MF/MD, and the output (the current value from the adder 111 ) of the register 112 are input to the adder 111 .
  • the adder 111 performs addition at increments of the numerator MF every cycle (the integral frequency dividing interval) obtained by frequency-dividing, by N or N+1, the oscillation frequency fvco (800 MHz or 1.5 GHz) of the voltage-controlled oscillator 106 .
  • the set count values A, B of the counters 109 , 110 , respectively, and the numerator MF of the fractional dividing ratio is input to the control circuit 113 .
  • the control circuit 113 sets the count upper-limit values A′ and B′ in the A counter 109 and B counter 110 , respectively.
  • the control circuit 113 supplies the decoder 114 with the weighting signal of the interpolator 100 , outputs a timing control signal WIE to the timing/power control signal generator 116 as an active state at a predetermined timing at the integral dividing ratio intervals, and further outputs a gate control signal SIGR to the timing control circuit 115 .
  • the timing/power control signal generator 116 Upon receiving the control signal WIE in the active state, the timing/power control signal generator 116 outputs a gate signal SIGW to the timing control circuit 115 so that two frequency-divided clocks from the ECL/CMOS circuit are supplied to the interpolator 100 .
  • the interpolator 100 is supplied with a signal every cycle obtained by frequency-dividing the output clock of the voltage-controlled oscillator 106 by the integral dividing ratio N or N+1.
  • MD represent a step(resolution) of the timing difference between two input clocks in the interpolator 100 .
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the arrangement and signal line connection relationship of the interpolator 100 , timing control circuit 115 , timing/power control signal generator 116 and 32/33 prescaler 107 in the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIGS. 5 a and 5 b illustrate examples of the timing waveforms of a clock IN1 (input to the prescaler) in FIG. 4, IN 2 , IN 3 , which are outputs of the ECL/CMOS circuit 108 1 , control signals WIE, SIGW, POWW, SIGR, and inputs Te 1 (q2), Te 2 (q3) of the interpolator 100 .
  • FIG. 5 a and 5 b show the timings of the inputs to and outputs from the timing control circuit 115 .
  • the timing control circuit 115 opens a gate during a time that the gate signal SIGW is active (for an interval of 16 clocks in FIG. 5). During this period of time, falling edges of the signals IN 2 , IN 3 that are input to the timing control circuit 115 from the prescaler 107 via the ECL/CMOS circuit 108 1 are supplied to the interpolator 100 as Te 1 , Te 2 , respectively.
  • the POWW signal is deactivated (placed at the High level) to deactivate the ECL/CMOS circuit 108 1 .
  • the control circuit 113 deactivates (sets to the High level) the control signal SIGR supplied to the timing control circuit 115 .
  • the timing control circuit 115 sets the signals Te 1 , Te 2 , which have been at the Low level, to the High level after the transition from High to Low.
  • the 32/33 prescaler 107 is composed of D-type flip-flops connected in five stages (the first to fourth flip-flops are indicated by D in FIG. 4).
  • the output of a first OR gate ORI is connected to the data input terminal of the initial stage of the D-type flip-flops; a non-inverting output terminal Q of the D-type flip-flop of the fourth stage is input to one input terminal of a second OR gate OR 2 ; an inverting terminal output Q of the D-type flip-flop of the fourth stage is input to one input terminal of the OR gate ORI; the output terminal of the second OR gate OR 2 is input to the data input terminal of the D-type flip-flop of the fifth stage; the output (IN 1 ) of the VCO is input commonly to the clock input terminals of the first to fifth flip-flops; and the output terminal of the flip-flop of the fifth stage is input to the second input terminal of the first OR gate ORI.
  • the output terminal of the flip-flop of the fifth stage is input to the second input terminal of the first OR gate OR 1 .
  • the output terminal of the flip-flop of the fourth stage is connected to the clock input terminal of a sixth D-type flip-flop to the data input terminal of which the inverting output terminal QB is fed back;
  • the non-inverting output terminal Q of the sixth D-type flip-flop is connected to the clock input terminal of a seventh D-type flip-flop to the data input terminal of which the inverting output terminal QB is fed back;
  • the output q 1 from the output terminal of the seventh flip-flop is input to an ECL/CMOS circuit 1082 and to a third OR gate OR 3 together with the output of the sixth flip-flop and the signal MC; and the output of the third OR gate OR 3 is input to the second OR gate OR 2 .
  • the interpolator 100 has a NAND gate NAND 1 , to which two clocks of mutually different phases are input as first and second input signals, for outputting the result of a prescribed logic operation between the first and second input signals; a first P-channel MOS transistor MPI, which is connected between a power supply VDD and an internal node and to a gate terminal whereof an output signal from the NANDI is input, for being turned on when both the first and second input signals are at a high level to thereby form a path for charging a capacitor at the internal node; and an inverter IV 3 , which is an inverting buffer, having the internal node connected to an input terminal thereof for changing an output logic value if a magnitude relationship between the terminal voltage of the capacitor of the internal node and a threshold value has been inverted.
  • NAND 1 to which two clocks of mutually different phases are input as first and second input signals, for outputting the result of a prescribed logic operation between the first and second input signals
  • a first P-channel MOS transistor MPI which
  • N-channel MOS transistor MN 1 Provided between the internal node and ground are serially connected an N-channel MOS transistor MN 1 and a circuitry which is comprised of N-channel MOS transistors MN 21 , MN 22 , connected in parallel.
  • a signal obtained by inverting the first input signal by the inverter INV 1 so that when the first input signal is at Low level, the transistor MN 1 turns ON.
  • the control signals from the decoder 114 To gate terminals of N-channel MOS transistors MN 11 , MN 12 , are connected the control signals from the decoder 114 so that these transistors are turned on or off.
  • N-channel MOS transistor MN 2 Provided between the internal node and ground are serially connected an N-channel MOS transistor MN 2 and a circuitry which is comprised of N-channel MOS transistors MN 21 , MN 22 , connected in parallel.
  • a signal obtained by inverting the second input signal by the inverter INV 2 so that when the second input signal is at Low level, the transistor MN 2 turns ON.
  • the control signals from the decoder 114 To gate terminals of N-channel MOS transistors MN 21 , MN 22 , are connected the control signals from the decoder 114 so that these transistors are turned on or off.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram for describing the operating principle in a case where the dividing ratio has been made 4.25 (integral dividing ratio 4+fractional dividing ratio 1/4) for the sake of simplicity.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of the structure of the interpolator 100 according to the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 3.
  • the interpolator comprises a P-channel MOS transistor MP 1 having its source connected to a power supply Vcc and its drain to an internal node N 3 1 and to the gate of which is input the output signal of a NAND gate NAND 01 to which the first and second input signals IN 1 , IN 2 are supplied; an inverter INV 3 for switching the logic value of the output signal when a magnitude relationship between the voltage level at the internal node and a threshold-value voltage changes; inverters INV 1 , INV 2 the input terminals of which are connected to the input signals IN 1 , IN 2 , respectively; 16 N-channel MOS transistors MN 11 1 to MN 11 16 the drains of which are connected in common with the internal node N 31 and the gates of which are connected to the output of the inverter INV 1 ; 16 N-channel MOS transistors MN 12 1 to
  • a capacitor C is connected between the internal node 31 and ground (GND).
  • N n (n ⁇ 16) holds (N is set by the control signal C)
  • n-number of N-channel MOS transistors to the gates of which the inverted signal of the input signal IN 1 is applied turn on for the time T (where T is the timing difference between falling edges of the input signals IN 1 and IN 2 ) after the input signal IN 1 falls to Low level, as a result of which an electric charge equivalent to n ⁇ I ⁇ T is discharged.
  • T the timing difference between falling edges of the input signals IN 1 and IN 2
  • the time T′ is given by the following:
  • Such an interpolator is referred to as a “16-step interpolator”.
  • M-step where M is any positive integer
  • M-number of each of the N-channel MOS transistors MN 11 , MN 12 , MN 21 , MN 22 are disposed in parallel.
  • a 16-step interpolator can be constructed by always turning off N-channel MOS transistors MN 21 17 to MN 21 20 and MN 22 17 to MN 22 20 among 20 parallel N-channel MOS transistors MN 21 1 to MN 21 20 and MN 22 1 to MN 22 2 .
  • the capacitor C shown in FIG. 7, may be substituted by an arrangement in which a plurality of series circuits, each of which comprises a switch element constituted by an N-channel MOS transistor and a capacitor, are connected in parallel between the internal node N 31 and ground, and the switch elements are turned on and off based upon a control signal supplied to the control terminals of the switch elements, whereby a capacitance C connected to the internal node N 31 is set in a programmable manner.
  • the interpolator shown in FIG. 7 is such that the internal node N 31 is charged to the power-supply potential when the input signals IN 1 , IN 2 are both at High level.
  • the input signals IN 1 , IN 2 make a negative-going transition from High to Low level
  • the internal node N 31 is discharged and the output signal rises from the low to the high level.
  • an arrangement may be adopted in which the output signal rises from the low to the high level in response to a positive-going transition of the input signals from the low to the high level.
  • the inverter INV 3 which is an inverting buffer, should be made a non-inverting buffer.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an example of the circuitry of the interpolator 100 for outputting a rising signal upon dividing the timing difference between edges making a positive-going transition from the low to the high level of input signals.
  • the interpolator comprises the P-channel MOS transistor MP 1 having its source connected to the power supply Vcc and its drain to the internal node N 31 and to the gate of which is input the output signal of an OR gate OR 1 to which the first and second input signals IN 1 , IN 2 are applied; an inverter INV 3 for switching the logic value of the output signal when the size relationship between the potential at the internal node and a threshold-value voltage changes; 16 N-channel MOS transistors MN 11 1 to MN 11 16 the drains of which are connected in common with the internal node N 31 and the gates of which are connected in common with the input signal IN 1 ; 16 N-channel MOS transistors MN 12 1 to MN 12 1 the drains of which are connected in common with the internal node N 31 and the gates of which
  • the capacitor C shown in FIG. 8 may be substituted by an arrangement in which a plurality of series circuits, each of which comprises a switch element constituted by an N-channel MOS transistor and a capacitor, are connected in parallel between the internal node N 31 and ground, and the switch elements are turned on and off based upon a control signal supplied to the control terminals of the switch elements, whereby a capacitance C applied to the internal node N 31 is set by a program.
  • the positions of the N-channel MOS transistors MN 11 , MN 12 and of the N-channel MOS transistors MN 12 , MN 22 may be reversed.
  • the weighting signal SB 1 - 16 may be a signal obtained by inverting the signal S 1 - 16 using an inverter. More specifically, the interpolators shown in FIGS.
  • drains of the transistors MN 22 1 to MN 22 16 of which gates are connected to the selection signals S 1 - 16 are connected respectively to the node N 31
  • drains of the transistors MN 12 1 to MN 12 16 of which gates are connected to the output terminal of the inverter INV 2 are connected respectively to sources of the transistors MN 22 1 to MN 22 16 while sources of the transistors MN 12 1 to MN 12 16 are connected respectively to corresponding current sources I 0
  • drains of the transistors MN 21 1 to MN 21 16 of which gates are connected respectively to the selection signals SB 1 - 16 are connected to the node N 31
  • drains of the transistors MN 11 11 to MN 11 16 of which gates are connected to the output of the inverter INV 1 are connected respectively to sources of the transistors MN 21 1 to MN 21 16
  • sources of the transistors MN 11 1 to MN 11 16 are connected respectively to corresponding current sources I
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a structure of a second embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the connections to the interpolator portion of FIG. 9, and
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating the timing waveforms on principal signals.
  • the second embodiment of the invention has an interpolator 200 comprising 16-step first and second interpolators 216 , 217 and a third interpolator 218 the inputs to which are the outputs of the first and second interpolators.
  • This embodiment includes a 16/17 prescaler 207 for frequency-dividing the output of a voltage-controlled oscillator 206 .
  • a signal obtained by converting a 16/17-divided output of the prescaler 207 to the CMOS level using an ECL/CMOS converter circuit 208 is input to an A counter 209 and to the clock input terminals of D-type flip-flops 214 , 215 .
  • the 16/17 prescaler 207 , A counter 209 , a B counter 210 , an adder 211 and a register 212 operate in the same manner as the 32/33 prescaler 107 , A counter 109 , B counter 110 , adder 111 and register 112 of FIG. 3, these need not be described again.
  • the signal WIE from a control circuit 213 is connected to the data input terminal of the D-type flip-flop 214 and the data output terminal of the D-type flip-flop 214 is connected to one clock input terminal of each of the first and second interpolators 216 , 217 and to the data input terminal of the D-type flip-flop 215 .
  • the data output terminal of the D-type flip-flop 215 is connected to the other clock-input terminal of each of the first and second interpolators 216 , 217 .
  • Signals R 1 - 20 , RB 1 - 20 are fed to the first interpolator 216 as weighting signals that decide the interior division ratio of the timing difference.
  • the internal ratio is fixed at 0 / 16 .
  • Signals S 1 - 20 , SB 1 - 20 (SB 1 - 20 are the complementary signals of S 1 - 20 ) are fed to the second interpolator 217 as weighting signals that decide the internal ratio of the timing difference.
  • the internal ratio (X/16) is set variably.
  • Signals T 1 - 20 , TB 1 - 20 (TB 1 - 20 are the complementary signal of T 1 - 20 ) are fed to the third interpolator 218 as control signals.
  • the internal ratio is fixed at 1/16 or 2/20.
  • the interpolators 216 , 217 , 218 have a structure similar to that of FIGS. 7, 8, etc.
  • 20 N-channel MOS transistors are provided in parallel with N-channel MOS transistors MN 21 1 to MN 21 2 , MN 11 1 to MN 11 20 , MN 12 1 to MN 12 20 and MN 22 1 to MN 22 20 in FIG. 7 and, by turning four of these off, an interpolator having a 16 -step resolution can be achieved.
  • a timing difference (tCK) of the two input clocks is divided at X/16 by the second interpolator 217 and the timing difference (tCK) of the two input clocks is divided at 0/16 by the first interpolator 216
  • the control circuit 213 activates the signal WIE at a ⁇ 32 clock and deactivates the signal at about 1000.
  • the first and second interpolators output a signal OUT having a delay time obtained by dividing the timing difference between the inputs A and B (the timing difference being a period generated by D-type flip-flops 214 , 215 and frequency-divided by the 16/17 prescaler 207 ).
  • FIGS. 12 and 13 are diagrams useful in describing the setting timing of the weighting signal from the decoders 114 , 214 applied to the interpolators 100 , 200 [namely the signal which sets a dividing value (interior division ratio ) of the timing difference in the interpolator] in the first and second embodiments of the present invention.
  • the changing over of the weighting signal to the interpolators 100 , 20 is performed when the interpolator is not operating.
  • the increment (+1) of the dividing ratio in the frequency dividing circuit becomes the cycle (integral frequency dividing period) before one-cycle changeover of the interpolator.
  • the control signal MC and weighting signal of the prescalers 107 , 207 therefore, are sets to the previous integral frequency dividing interval.
  • the integral division number (referred to as the “main division number”) changes from N to N+1 (from 1800 to 1801 in the example of FIG. 1), the numerator is made 1, which is the remainder when 17 is divided by 16, and the weighting signal is 1/16.
  • the weighting signal 13/16 supplied from the control circuit 113 to the decoder 114 and being latched is set in the interpolator 100 .
  • the interpolator 100 outputs a rising signal whose timing is stipulated by the time at which a timing difference between the two input signals is divided at an internal ratio of 13/16. Then, frequency division by N+1 starts from the 0 th clock of the next main division period.
  • the ECL/CMOS circuit 1081 is activated starting from the rising edge of the signal SIGR of about 1000th clock, and the weighting signal 1/16 is set in the interpolator 100 before the timing at which a clock is supplied to the interpolator 100 via the timing control circuit 115 (before the WIE signal attains the high level).
  • the weighting signal of the interpolator 200 is set in the previous main division period.
  • the weighting signal 13/16 supplied from the control circuit 213 to the decoder 114 and being latched is set in the interpolator 217 .
  • the interpolator 200 outputs a rising signal whose timing is stipulated by the time at which the timing difference between the two input signals is divided at the internal ratio of 13/16. Then, frequency division by N+1 starts from 0th clock of the next main division period.
  • the weighting signal 1/16 is set in the interpolator over the time during which the WIE signal is at the low level, namely from the vicinity of about 1000th clock to ⁇ 48th clock.
  • FIG. 14 a is a frequency spectrum of the output of a voltage-controlled oscillator in an uncompensated fractional dividing-type PLL circuit
  • FIG. 14 b is a frequency spectrum of the output of a voltage-controlled oscillator in a PLL circuit according to the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 3
  • FIG. 14 c is a frequency spectrum of the output of a voltage-controlled oscillator in the conventional current-compensated PLL circuit shown in FIGS. 18 and 19
  • FIG. 14 d is a frequency spectrum of the output of a voltage-controlled oscillator in the Delta-Sigma-type PLL circuit shown in FIG. 17.
  • Frequency in megahertz
  • decibels are plotted along horizontal and vertical axes, respectively, of these spectra. It is assumed that the PLL circuit is in the locked state and that the frequency of the voltage-controlled oscillator is 720.025 MHz.
  • spurious components 720.025 MHz ⁇ m ⁇ 25 kHz
  • the Delta-Sigma method and current-compensated method which compensate for spurious components, afford an improvement in terms of the spurious components. In the current-compensated method, however, as shown in FIG.
  • no spurious components appear, as shown in FIG. 14 b.

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KR20020013738A (ko) 2002-02-21
JP2002057578A (ja) 2002-02-22
CN1190898C (zh) 2005-02-23
US6614319B2 (en) 2003-09-02
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EP1184988A2 (de) 2002-03-06
KR100389666B1 (ko) 2003-06-27

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