TWI430793B - 利用免疫調節化合物供治療及管控癌症及其它疾病之方法及組合物 - Google Patents
利用免疫調節化合物供治療及管控癌症及其它疾病之方法及組合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI430793B TWI430793B TW095140336A TW95140336A TWI430793B TW I430793 B TWI430793 B TW I430793B TW 095140336 A TW095140336 A TW 095140336A TW 95140336 A TW95140336 A TW 95140336A TW I430793 B TWI430793 B TW I430793B
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Description
本申請案宣告2002年11月6日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第60/424,600號,和2003年5月15日申請之美國專利申請案第10/438,213號的優點,其宣稱優先於2002年5月17日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第60/380,842號和2002年11月6日申請之60/424,600號,全部以引用的方式併入本文中。
本發明係關於藉著單獨或與其他治療劑併用,投予一或多個免疫調節化合物,來治療、預防及/或管控持定癌症,以及其他包括,但不限於,有關於或其特徵在於不想要的血管生成作用之疾病的方法。特定而言,本發明包括使用藥物及其他療法的獨特組合或"雞尾酒",例如輻射療法,來治療這些特定的癌症,包括傳統療法難以醫治的那些。本發明亦關於醫藥組合物以及投藥攝生法。
癌症之特徵主要在於衍生自特定正常組織之異常細胞數目上的增加,由這些異常細胞侵入鄰近的組織,或由淋巴或血液-攜帶將惡性細胞散播至局部的淋巴結,並至遠處(轉移)。臨床資料和分子生物學研究指出癌症是多步驟的過程,從最小的腫瘤發生前變化開始,其可經歷某些情況而進行至腫瘤形成。腫瘤病變可以無性繁殖之方式展開,並發展增加侵入、生長、轉移和異質性的能力,尤其是在其中該腫瘤細胞逃脫宿主之免疫監視的情況下。Roitt,I.,Brostoff,J和Kale,D.,Immunology,17.1-17.12(第3版,Mosby,St.Louis,Mo.,1993)。
在醫學文獻中詳細地描述了各式各樣的癌症。實例包括肺臟、結腸、直腸、前列腺、乳房、腦和小腸的癌症。癌症發生隨著一般族群年齡、新癌症之發展,以及易感染族群(例如感染AIDS的人們或過度暴露在陽光下)的成長而持續攀升。因此對於可用來治療罹患癌症之患者的新穎方法和組合物存有極大的需求。
許多類型的癌症與新血管形成,稱為血管生成作用的過程有關。已經闡釋涉及腫瘤-誘導之血管生成作用的數個機制。這些機制大多數指向由腫瘤細胞分泌具有血管生成特性的細胞素。這些細胞素的實例包括酸性和鹼性的纖維母細胞生長因子(a,b-FGF)、促血管生長素(angiogenin)、血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)和TNF-α。或者,腫瘤細胞可經由蛋白酶的產生,而釋放血管生成肽,接著使其中儲存一些細胞素(例如b-FGF)的細胞外基質瓦解。亦可間接經由炎症細胞(特別是巨噬細胞)的募集及其後續的血管生成細胞素(例如TNF-α、bFGF)之釋放,而誘導血管生成作用。
各種其他疾病和病症,亦有關於或其特徵在於不想要的血管生成作用。例如,增強或不受調節的血管生成作用,已經涉及許多疾病和醫學病況,包括但不限於眼睛的新生血管性疾病、脈絡膜新生血管性疾病、視網膜新生血管性疾病、發紅(角的新生血管化作用)、病毒性疾病、遺傳疾病、炎症性疾病、過敏疾病和自體免疫疾病。這類疾病和病況的實例,包括但不限於:糖尿病性視網膜病變;早產的視網膜病變;角膜移植排斥;新生血管性青光眼;晶狀體後纖維組織增生和增殖性玻璃體視網膜病變。
因此,可控制血管生成作用或抑制某些細胞素,包括TNF-α產生的化合物,可用來治療和預防各種疾病和病況。
目前的癌症療法可能涉及手術、化學療法、荷爾蒙療法及/或輻射療法,在患者中撲滅腫瘤細胞(參見,例如Stockdale,1998,Medicine,第3冊,Rubenstein和Federman編輯,第12章,第IV段)。最近,癌症療法亦可能涉及生物學療法或免疫療法。所有的這些方法均在患者中引起重大的障礙。例如,手術可能因患者的健康而不適合,或不被患者接受。此外,手術也可能無法完全移除腫瘤組織。輻射療法僅在腫瘤組織對輻射顯示出比正常組織更高的敏感性時才有效。輻射療法也經常誘發嚴重的副作用。荷爾蒙療法很少作為單一製劑給予。雖然荷爾蒙療法可能是有效的,但它通常在移除大部分腫瘤細胞的其他治療之後使用,以便預防或延遲癌症的復發。生物學療法和免疫療法有許多限制,並可能產生副作用,如發疹或腫脹、類似流感的症狀,包括發燒、寒顫和疲勞、消化道的問題或過敏反應。
關於化學療法,有各種可用來治療癌症的化學治療劑。大多數的癌症化學治療劑是藉著抑制DNA合成,直接或間接藉著抑制脫氧核糖核苷酸三磷酸前驅物的生物合成而產生作用,預防DNA複製和伴隨而來的細胞分裂。Gilman等人,Goodman and Gilman's:The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics,第10版(McGraw Hill,New York)。
不管各種化學治療劑的利用性,化學療法有許多缺點。Stockdale,Medicine,第3冊,Rubenstein和Federman編輯,第12章,第10段,1988。幾乎所有的化學治療劑都是有毒的,且化學療法引起重大的,且通常是危險的副作用,包括嚴重的反胃、骨髓抑制和免疫抑制。此外,即使投予化學治療劑的組合,許多腫瘤細胞仍有抗藥性或對該化學治療劑發展出抗藥性。事實上,對在治療草案中使用之特殊化學治療劑有抗藥性的那些細胞,通常證明對其他藥物亦是有抗藥性的,即使那些製劑是藉著與在特殊治療中使用的那些藥物不同的機制來作用。將該現象稱為多效性藥物或多重藥物抗藥性。因為藥物的抗藥性,證實許多癌症對標準化學療法之治療草案而言是難以醫治的。
其他有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病或病況,亦是不易醫治的。然而,已經建議使用一些化合物,如魚精蛋白、肝素和類固醇來治療某些特殊的疾病。Taylor等人,Nature 297:307(1982);Folkman等人,Science 221:719(1983);以及美國專利第5,001,116號和4,994,443號。亦已經對這類疾病和病況的治療,提出沙利度胺(Thalidomide)及其某些衍生物。D'Amato的美國專利第5,593,990號、5,629,327號、5,712,291號、6,071,948號和6,114,355號。
對於治療、預防和管控癌症及其他疾病和病況之安全且有效的方法,仍有顯著的需求,特別是標準治療,如手術、輻射療法、化學療法和荷爾蒙療法難以醫治的疾病,同時降低或避免與傳統療法有關的毒性及/或副作用。
已經進行許多研究,企圖提供可安全並有效地用來治療與TNF-α之異常產製有關之疾病的化合物。參見,例如Marriott,J.B.等人,Expert Opin.Biol.Ther.1(4):1-8(2001);G.W.Muller等人,Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39(17):3238-3240(1996);以及G.W.Muller等人,Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 8:2669-2674(1998)。一些研究已經集中於一群因其有效抑制由LPS刺激PBMC之TNF-α產製的能力而被選出的化合物。L.G.Corral等人,Ann.Rheum.Dis.58:(附錄I)1107-1113(1999)。這些化合物,稱為IMiDsT M
(Celgene Corporation)或免疫調節藥物,顯示不僅有效地抑制TNF-α,亦明顯地抑制LPS誘導之單核細胞IL1β和ILl2產生。雖然只是一部份,LPS誘導之IL6亦受到免疫調節化合物的抑制。這些化合物是LPS誘導IL10的有效刺激劑。在同一書中。IMiDsT M
的特殊實例包括,但不限於在G.W.Muller等人之美國專利第6,281,230號和6,316,471中描述的經取代之2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)鄰苯二甲醯亞胺和經取代之2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)-1-氧基異吲哚。
本發明包括治療及預防某些類型癌症的方法,包括原發性和轉移的癌症,以及傳統化學療法難以醫治或有抗藥性的癌症。該方法包括對需要這類治療或預防的患者,投予在治療上或在預防上有效含量的免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受的鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。本發明亦包括管控某些癌症的方法(例如預防或延長其復發,或增長緩和的時間),其包括對需要這類管控的患者,投予在預防上有效含量的本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受的鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。
在本發明的特定方法中,將免疫調節化合物與在傳統上用來治療、預防或管控癌症的療法合併投予。這類傳統療法的實例包括,但不限於手術、化學療法、輻射療法、荷爾蒙療法、生物學療法和免疫療法。
本發明亦包括治療、管控或預防有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的癌症以外之疾病和病症的方法,其包括對需要這類治療、管控或預防的患者,投予在治療上或在預防上有效含量的免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受的鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。
在本發明的其他方法中,將免疫調節化合物與在傳統上用來治療、預防或管控有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病或病症的療法合併投予。這類傳統療法的實例包括,但不限於手術、化學療法、輻射療法、荷爾蒙療法、生物學療法和免疫療法。
本發明包括醫藥組合物、單一單位劑量形式、投藥攝生法和套組,其包括免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受的鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥,以及第二個或額外的活性製劑。第二個活性製劑包括藥物的獨特組合或"雞尾酒"。
本發明的第一個具體實施例包括治療、管控或預防癌症的方法,其包括對需要這類治療或預防的患者,投予在治療上或在預防上有效含量的本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受的鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。
在該具體實施例所包括的特定方法中,將免疫調節化合物與治療、管控或預防癌症的其他藥物("第二個活性製劑")或方法合併投予。第二個活性製劑包括小分子和大分子(例如蛋白質和抗體),在本文中提供它們的實例,以及幹細胞。可與免疫調節化合物之投藥併用的方法或療法,包括但不限於目前用來治療、預防或管控癌症之手術、輸血、免疫療法、生物學療法、輻射療法及其他不以藥物為基礎的療法。
本發明的其他具體實施例包括治療、管控或預防有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的癌症以外之疾病和病症的方法。這些方法包括投予在治療上或在預防上有效含量的免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受的鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。
有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病和病症的實例,包括但不限於炎症性疾病、自體免疫疾病、病毒性疾病、遺傳疾病、過敏疾病、細菌性疾病、眼睛的新生血管性疾病、脈絡膜新生血管性疾病、視網膜新生血管性疾病和發紅(角的新生血管化作用)。有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病和病症的特定實例,包括但不限於內毒素血症、中毒性休克徵候群、骨關節炎、逆轉錄病毒複製、消瘦、腦膜炎、矽土-引起的纖維化、石綿-引起的纖維化、獸醫的病症、與惡性有關的高血鈣症、猝發、循環休克、牙周炎、齒齦炎、大紅血球性貧血、難醫治的貧血和5q-徵候群。
在該具體實施例所包括的特定方法中,將免疫調節化合物與治療、管控或預防該疾病或病況的第二個活性製劑或方法合併投予。第二個活性製劑包括小分子和大分子(例如蛋白質和抗體),在本文中提供它們的實例,以及幹細胞。可與免疫調節化合物之投藥併用的方法或療法,包括但不限於目前用來治療、預防或管控有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病和病況之手術、輸血、免疫療法、生物學療法、輻射療法及其他不以藥物為基礎的療法。
本發明亦包括可在本文中揭示之方法中使用的醫藥組合物(例如單一單位劑量形式)。特定的醫藥組合物包括本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受的鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥,以及第二個活性製劑。
在本發明中使用的化合物,包括消旋的、在立體異構上增強的,或在立體異構上純的免疫調節化合物,以及其在藥學上可接受的鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。在本發明中使用的較佳化合物,是具有分子量低於大約1,000克/莫耳的小有機分子,且不是蛋白質、肽、寡核苷酸、寡醣或其他大分子。
除非另行指定,當在本文中使用"免疫調節化合物"和"IMiDsT M
"(Celgene Corporation)一詞時,包括小有機分子,其明顯地抑制TNF-α、LPS誘導之單核細胞IL1β和IL12,並部分地抑制IL6產生。在下文討論特定的免疫調節化合物。
TNF-α是由巨噬細胞和單核細胞在急性炎症期間產生的炎症性細胞素。TNF-α負責在細胞中各種範圍的發送信號事件。TNF-α可在癌症中扮演病理學的角色。不受理論的限制,由本發明之免疫調節化合物發揮的生物學影響之一,是降低TNF-α的合成。本發明之免疫調節劑促進TNF-αmRNA的降解。
此外,不受理論的限制,在本發明中使用的免疫調節抑制劑亦可能是有效的T細胞之共同-刺激物,並以劑量依賴性的方式,戲劇化地增加細胞增殖。本發明之免疫調節劑亦可能對CD8+T細胞亞組具有比對CD4+T細胞亞組更大的共同-刺激效果。此外,該化合物最好具有消炎的特性,並有效地共同-刺激T細胞。
免疫調節化合物的特殊實例包括,但不限於在經取代之苯乙烯的氰基和羧基衍生物,如在美國專利第5,929,117號中揭示的那些;1-氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基-3-氟六氫吡啶-3-基)異吲哚啉和1,3-二氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基-3-氟六氫吡啶-3-基)異吲哚啉,如在美國專利第5,874,448號和5,955,476號中描述的那些;在美國專利第5,798,368號中描述的四經取代之2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)-1-氧基異吲哚啉;1-氧基和1,3-二氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)異吲哚啉(例如沙利度胺和EM-12的4-甲基衍生物),包括但不限於在美國專利第5,635,517號和6,403,613號中揭示的那些;在美國專利第6,380,239號中描述的在吲哚啉環4-或5-位置中經取代之1-氧基和1,3-二氧基異吲哚啉(例如4-(4-胺基-1,3-二氧基異吲哚啉-2-基)-4-胺甲醯基丁酸);在美國專利第6,458,810號中描述的在2-位置處以2,6-二氧基-3-羥基六氫吡啶-5-基取代之異吲哚啉-1-酮和異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(例如2-(2,6-二氧基-3-羥基-5-氟六氫吡啶-5-基)-4-胺基異吲哚啉-1-酮);在美國專利第5,698,579號和5,877,200號中揭示的一類非-多肽環狀醯胺;沙利度胺的類似物和衍生物,包括沙利度胺的水解產物、代謝產物、衍生物和前驅物,如在D'Amato之美國專利第5,593,990號、5,629,327號和6,071,948號中揭示的那些;胺基沙利度胺,以及胺基沙利度胺的類似物、水解產物、代謝產物、衍生物和前驅物,以及經取代之2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)鄰苯二甲醯亞胺和經取代之2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)-1-氧基異吲哚,如在美國專利第6,281,230號和6,316,471號中描述的那些;以及異吲哚-醯亞胺化合物,如在2001年10月5日申請之美國專利申請案第09/972,487號、2001年12月21日申請之美國專利申請案第10/032,286號和國際申請案第PCT/US01/50401(國際公開案第WO 02/059106號)中描述的那些。將在本文中確認的每個專利和專利申請案,全部以引用的方式併入本文中。免疫調節劑不包括沙利度胺。
其他特定的本發明之免疫調節化合物,包括但不限於在美國專利第5,635,517號中描述的在苯并環中以胺基取代之1-氧基和1,3-二氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)異吲哚,啉以引用的方式併入本文中。這些化合物具有結構I:
其中X和Y之一為C=O,另一個X和Y為C=O或CH2
,且R2
為氫或低碳數烷基,特別是甲基。特定的免疫調節劑包括,但不限於:1-氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)-4-胺基異吲哚啉;1-氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)-5-胺基異吲哚啉;1-氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)-6-胺基異吲哚啉;1-氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)-7-胺基異吲哚啉;1,3-二氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)-4-胺基異吲哚啉;和1,3-二氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)-5-胺基異吲哚啉。
其他特定的本發明之免疫調節化合物屬於經取代之2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)鄰苯二甲醯亞胺和經取代之2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)-1-氧基異吲哚的種類,如在美國專利第6,281,230號;6,316,471號;6,335,349號和6,476,052號,以及國際專利申請案第PCT/US97/13375號(國際公開案第WO 98/03502號)中描述的那些,分別以引用的方式併入本文中。代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中:X和Y之一為C=O,而另一個X和Y為C=O或CH2
;(i)R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
彼此分別為鹵素、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基,或具有1至4個碳原子之烷氧基或(ii)R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
之一為-NHR5
,而剩下的R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
為氫;R5
為氫或具有1至8個碳原子之烷基;R6
為氫、具有1至8個碳原子之烷基、苄基或鹵素;其限制條件為,若X和Y為C=O且(i)R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
分別為氟,或(ii)R1
、R2
、R3
或R4
之一為胺基,則R6
不是氫。
該類的代表性化合物具有下式:
其中R1
為氫或甲基。在分開的具體實施例中,本發明包括這些化合物之在對映異構上純的形式(例如在光學上純的(R)或(S)對映體)的應用。
本發明另一個特定的免疫調節化合物,屬於一類在美國專利申請案第10/032,286號和09/972,487號,以及國際申請案第PCT/US01/50401(國際公開案第WO 02/059106號)中揭示的異吲哚-醯亞胺,分別以引用的方式併入本文中。代表性的化合物具有式II:
及其在藥學上可接受的鹽、水合物、媒合物、籠形物、對映體、非對映異構體、消旋物及立體異構體的混合物,其中:X和Y之一為C=O,而另一個為CH2
或C=O;R1
為H、(C1
-C8
)烷基、(C3
-C7
)環烷基、(C2
-C8
)烯基、(C2
-C8
)炔基、苄基、芳基、(C0
-C4
)烷基-(C1
-C6
)雜環烷基、(C0
-C4
)烷基-(C2
-C5
)雜芳基、C(O)R3
、C(S)R3
、C(O)OR4
、(C1
-C8
)烷基-N(R6
)2
、(C1
-C8
)烷基-OR5
、(C1
-C8
)烷基-C(O)OR5
、C(O)NHR3
、C(S)NHR3
、C(O)NR3
R3 '
、C(S)NR3
R3 '
或(C1
-C8
)烷基-O(CO)R5
;R2
為H、F、苄基、(C1
-C8
)烷基、(C2
-C8
)烯基或(C2
-C8
)炔基;R3
和R3 '
分別為(C1
-C8
)烷基、(C3
-C7
)環烷基、(C2
-C8
)烯基、(C2
-C8
)炔基、苄基、芳基、(C0
-C4
)烷基-(C1
-C6
)雜環烷基、(C0
-C4
)烷基-(C2
-C5
)雜芳基、(C0
-C8
)烷基-N(R6
)2
、(C1
-C8
)烷基-OR5
、(C1
-C8
)烷基-C(O)OR5
、(C1
-C8
)烷基-O(CO)R5
或C(O)OR5
;R4
為(C1
-C8
)烷基、(C2
-C8
)烯基、(C2
-C8
)炔基、(C1
-C4
)烷基-OR5
、苄基、芳基、(C0
-C4
)烷基-(C1
-C6
)雜環烷基或(C0
-C4
)烷基-(C2
-C5
)雜芳基;R5
為(C1
-C8
)烷基、(C2
-C8
)烯基、(C2
-C8
)炔基、苄基、芳基或(C2
-C5
)雜芳基;每個出現的R6
分別為H、(C1
-C8
)烷基、(C2
-C8
)烯基、(C2
-C8
)炔基、苄基、芳基、(C2
-C5
)雜芳基或(C0
-C8
)烷基-C(O)O-R5
,或R6
基團可連接形成雜環烷基基團;n為0或1;且*
代表手性-碳中心。
在式II的特定化合物中,當n為0時,R1
為(C3
-C7
)環烷基、(C2
-C8
)烯基、(C2
-C8
)炔基、苄基、芳基、(C0
-C4
)烷基-(C1
-C6
)雜環烷基、(C0
-C4
)烷基-(C2
-C5
)雜芳基、C(O)R3
、C(O)OR4
、(C1
-C8
)烷基-N(R6
)2
、(C1
-C8
)烷基-OR5
、(C1
-C8
)烷基-C(O)OR5
、C(S)NHR3
或(C1
-C8
)烷基-O(CO)R5
;R2
為H或(C1
-C8
)烷基;及R3
為(C1
-C8
)烷基、(C3
-C7
)環烷基、(C2
-C8
)烯基、(C2
-C8
)炔基、苄基、芳基、(C0
-C4
)烷基-(C1
-C6
)雜環烷基、(C0
-C4
)烷基-(C2
-C5
)雜芳基、(C5
-C8
)烷基-N(R6
)2
;(C0
-C8
)烷基-NH-C(O)O-R5
,(C1
-C8
)烷基-OR5
、(C1
-C8
)烷基-C(O)OR5
、(C1
-C8
)烷基-O(CO)R5
或C(O)OR5
;而另一個可變物具有相同的定義。
在另一個式II的特定化合物中,R2
為H或(C1
-C4
)烷基。
在另一個式II的特定化合物中,R1
為(C1
-C8
)烷基或苄基。
在另一個式II的特定化合物中,R1
為H、(C1
-C8
)烷基、苄基、CH2
OCH3
、CH2
CH2
OCH3
或
在式II化合物的另一個具體實施例中,R1
為
其中Q為O或S,且每個出現的R7
分別為H、(C1
-C8
)烷基、苄基、CH2
OCH3
或CH2
CH2
OCH3
。
在另一個式II的特定化合物中,R1
為C(O)R3
。
在另一個式II的特定化合物中,R3
為(C0
-C4
)烷基-(C2
-C5
)雜芳基、(C1
-C8
)烷基、芳基或(C0
-C4
)烷基-OR5
。
在另一個式II的特定化合物中,雜芳基為吡啶基、呋喃基或噻吩基。
在另一個式II的特定化合物中,R1
為C(O)OR4
。
在另一個式II的特定化合物中,可利用(C1
-C4
)烷基、芳基或苄基置換C(O)NHC(O)的H。
另一個特定的本發明之免疫調節化合物,屬於一類在美國專利申請案第09/781,179號,國際公開案第WO 98/54170號和美國專利第6,395,754號中揭示的異吲哚-醯亞胺,分別以引用的方式併入本文中。代表性的化合物具有式III:
及其在藥學上可接受的鹽、水合物、媒合物、籠形物、對映體、非對映異構體、消旋物及立體異構體的混合物,其中:X和Y之一為C=O,而另一個為CH2
或C=O;R為H或CH2
OCOR';(i)R1
、R2
、R3
或R4
彼此分別為鹵素、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基,或具有1至4個碳原子之烷氧基,或(ii)R1
、R2
、R3
或R4
之一為硝基或-NHR5
,而剩下的R1
、R2
、R3
或R4
為氫;R5
為氫或具有1至8個碳原子之烷基;R6
為氫、具有1至8個碳原子之烷基、苯并、氯或氟;R'為R7
-CHR1 0
-N(R8
R9
);R7
為間-伸苯基或對-伸苯基或-(Cn
H2 n
)-,其中n具有0至4之值;R8
和R9
獨立取得時分別為氫或具有1至8個碳原子之烷基,或R8
和R9
一起為四亞甲基、五亞甲基、六亞甲基或-CH2
CH2
[X]X1
CH2
CH2
-,其中[X]X1
為-O-、-S-或-NH-;R1 0
為氫、具有1至8個碳原子之烷基或苯基;且*
代表手性-碳中心。
其他代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中:X和Y之一為C=O,而另一個X和Y為C=O或CH2
;(i)R1
、R2
、R3
或R4
彼此分別為鹵素、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基,或具有1至4個碳原子之烷氧基,或(ii)R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
之一為-NHR5
,而剩下的R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
為氫;R5
為氫或具有1至8個碳原子之烷基;R6
為氫、具有1至8個碳原子之烷基、苯并、氯或氟;R7
為間-伸苯基或對-伸苯基或-(Cn
H2
n)-,其中n具有0至4之值;R8
和R9
獨立取得時分別為氫或具有1至8個碳原子之烷基,或R8
和R9
一起為四亞甲基、五亞甲基、六亞甲基或-CH2
CH2
[X]X1
CH2
CH2
-,其中[X]X1
為-O-、-S-或-NH-;R1 0
為氫、具有1至8個碳原子之烷基或苯基。
其他代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中:X和Y如同上文之定義;R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
彼此分別為鹵素、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基,或具有1至4個碳原子之烷氧基,或(ii)R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
之一為硝基或經保護之胺基,而剩下的R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
為氫;且R6
為氫、具有1至8個碳原子之烷基、苯并、氯或氟。
其他代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中:X和Y之一為C=O,而另一個X和Y為C=O或CH2
;(i)R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
彼此分別為鹵素、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基,或具有1至4個碳原子之烷氧基,或(ii)R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
之一為-NHR5
,而剩下的R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
為氫;R5
為氫或具有1至8個碳原子之烷基,或CO-R7
-CH(R1 0
)NR8
R9
,其中每個R7
、R8
、R9
和R1 0
分別如同本文之定義;且R6
為具有1至8個碳原子之烷基、苯并、氯或氟。
化合物的特定實例具有下式:
其中:X和Y之一為C=O,而另一個X和Y為C=O或CH2
;R6
為氫、具有1至8個碳原子之烷基、苄基、氯或氟;R7
為間-伸苯基或對-伸苯基或-(Cn
H2 n
)-,其中n具有0至4之值;R8
和R9
獨立取得時分別為氫或具有1至8個碳原子之烷基,或R8
和R9
一起為四亞甲基、五亞甲基、六亞甲基或-CH2
CH2
X1
CH2
CH2
-,其中X1
為-O-、-S-或-NH-;且R1 0
為氫、具有1至8個碳原子之烷基或苯基。
本發明最佳的免疫調節化合物為4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮和3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮。該化合物可經由標準合成方法而獲得(參見,例如美國專利第5,635,517號,以引用的方式並入本文中)。該化合物係獲自Celgene Corporation,Warren,NJ。4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(艾克堤邁(ACTIMID)T M
)具有下列的化學結構:
化合物3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(瑞必邁(REVIMID)T M
)具有下列的化學結構:
其他特定的本發明之免疫調節劑,包括但不限於1-氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基-3-氟六氫吡啶-3-基)異吲哚啉和1,3-二氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基-3-氟六氫吡啶-3-基)異吲哚啉,如在美國專利第5,874,448號和5,955,476號中描述的那些,分別以吲用的方式併入本文中。代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中Y為氧或H2
且R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
彼此分別為氫、鹵素、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基、具有1至4個碳原子之烷氧基或胺基。
其他特定的本發明之免疫調節化合物,包括但不限於在美國專利第5,789,368號中描述的四經取代之2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)-1-氧基異吲哚啉,以引用的方式併入本文中。代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中R1
、R2
、R3
和R4
彼此分別為鹵素、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基,或具有1至4個碳原子之烷氧基。
另一個特定的本發明之免疫調節化合物,包括但不限於在美國專利第6,403,613號中描述的1-氧基和1,3-二氧基-2-(2,6-二氧基六氫吡啶-3-基)異吲哚啉,以引用的方式併入本文中。代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中Y為氧或H2
,R1
和R2
的第一個為鹵素、烷基、烷氧基、烷胺基、二烷胺基、氰基或胺甲醯基,R1
和R2
的第二個與第一個無關,為氫、鹵素、烷基、烷氧基、烷胺基、二烷胺基、氰基或胺甲醯基,且R3
為氫、烷基或苄基。
該化合物的特定實例具有下式:
其中R1
和R2
的第一個為鹵素、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基、具有1至4個碳原子之烷氧基、二烷胺基,其中每個烷基均具有1至4個碳原子、氰基或胺甲醯基,R1
和R2
的第二個與第一個無關,為氫、鹵素、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基、具有1至4個碳原子之烷氧基、烷胺基,其中烷基具有1至4個碳原子、二烷胺基,其中每個烷基均具有1至4個碳原子、氰基或胺甲醯基,且R3
為氫、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基或苄基。其他代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中R1
和R2
的第一個為鹵素、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基、具有1至4個碳原子之烷氧基、二烷胺基,其中每個烷基均具有1至4個碳原子、氰基或胺甲醯基,R1
和R2
的第二個與第一個無關,為氫、鹵素、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基、具有1至4個碳原子之烷氧基、烷胺基,其中烷基具有1至4個碳原子、二烷胺基,其中每個烷基均具有1至4個碳原子、氰基或胺甲醯基,且R3
為氫、具有1至4個碳原子之烷基或苄基。
另一個特定的本發明之免疫調節化合物,包括但不限於在美國專利第6,380,239號中描述的在吲哚啉環之4-或5-位置處經取代的1-氧基和1,3-二氧基異吲哚啉,以引用的方式併入本文中。代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中以C*
標明的碳原子構成一手性中心(此時n不是0,且R1
不是與R2
相同的);X1
和X2
之一為胺基、硝基、具有1至6個碳的烷基或NH-Z,且另一個X1
或X2
為氫;R1
和R2
分別為羥基或NH-Z;R3
為氫、具有1至6個碳的烷基、鹵素或鹵烷基;Z為氫、芳基、具有1至6個碳的烷基、甲醯基或具有1至6個碳的醯基;且n具有0、1或2之值;其限制條件為若X1
為胺基,且n為1或2,此時R1
和R2
不是兩者皆為氫;及其鹽類。其他代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中以C*
標明的碳原子構成一手性中心,此時n不是0,且R1
不是R2
;X1
和X2
之一為胺基、硝基、具有1至6個碳的烷基或NH-Z,且另一個X1
或X2
為氫;R1
和R2
分別為羥基或NH-Z;R3
為具有1至6個碳的烷基、鹵素或氫;Z為氫、芳基或具有1至6個碳的烷基或醯基;且n具有0、1或2之值;及其鹽類。該化合物的特定實例具有下式:
其中X1
和X2
之一為硝基或NH-Z,且另一個X1
或X2
為氫;R1
和R2
分別為羥基或NH-Z;R3
為具有1至6個碳的烷基、鹵素或氫;Z為氫、苯基、具有1至6個碳的醯基,或具有1至6個碳的烷基;且n具有0、1或2之值;其限制條件為若X1
和X2
之一為硝基,且n為1或2,此時R1
和R2
是羥基以外的;且若-COR1
和-(CH2
)n
COR2
是不同的,則以C*
標明的碳原子構成一手性中心。其他代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中X1
和X2
之一為具有1至6個碳的烷基;R1
和R2
分別為羥基或NH-Z;R3
為具有1至6個碳的烷基、鹵素或氫;Z為氫、苯基、具有1至6個碳的醯基,或具有1至6個碳的烷基;且n具有0、1或2之值;且若-COR1
和-(CH2
)n
COR2
是不同的,則以C*
標明的碳原子構成一手性中心。
另一個特定的本發明之免疫調節化合物,包括但不限於在美國專利第6,458,810號中描述的在2-位置處以2,6-二氧基-3-羥基六氫吡啶-5-基取代的異吲哚啉-1-酮和異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮,以引用的方式併入本文中。代表性的化合物具有下式:
其中:以*
標明的碳原子構成一手性中心;X為-C(O)-或-CH2
-;R1
為具有1至8個碳原子的烷基或-NHR3
;R2
為氫、具有1至8個碳原子的烷基或鹵素;且R3
為氫,具有1至8個碳原子的烷基,未經取代或以具有1至8個碳原子之烷氧基、鹵素、胺基或具有1至4個碳原子之烷胺基取代,具有3至18個碳原子之環烷基,苯基,未經取代或以具有1至8個碳原子之烷基、具有1至8個碳原子之烷氧基、鹵素、胺基或具有1至4個碳原子之烷胺基取代,苄基,未經取代或以具有1至8個碳原子之烷基、具有1至8個碳原子之烷氧基、鹵素、胺基、具有1至4個碳原子之烷胺基或-COR4
取代,其中R4
為氫,具有1至8個碳原子的烷基,未經取代或以具有1至8個碳原子之烷氧基、鹵素、胺基或具有1至4個碳原子之烷胺基取代,具有3至18個碳原子之環烷基,苯基,未經取代或以具有1至8個碳原子之烷基、具有1至8個碳原子之烷氧基、鹵素、胺基或具有1至4個碳原子之烷胺基取代,或苄基,未經取代或以具有1至8個碳原子之烷基、具有1至8個碳原子之烷氧基、鹵素、胺基或具有1至4個碳原子之烷胺基取代。
可買到本發明之化合物或可根據在本文中揭示之專利或專利公開案中描述的方法來製備。此外,可使用已知的解析試劑或手性管柱,以及其他標準合成有機化學技術,以不對稱的方式合成或解析旋光純的化合物。
除非另行指定,當在本文中使用"在藥學上可接受之鹽"一詞時,包括提及該詞之化合物的無毒性酸和鹼加成鹽類。可接受之無毒性酸加成鹽類,包括衍生自此項技藝中已知的有機和無機酸或鹼的那些,其包括例如氫氯酸、氫溴酸、磷酸、硫酸、甲烷磺酸、乙酸、酒石酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、檸檬酸、蘋果酸、順丁烯二酸、山梨酸、烏頭酸、水楊酸、鄰苯二甲酸、栓塞酸(embolic acid)、庚酸及其類似物。
具有酸性性質之化合物,能夠與各種在藥學上可接受的鹼類形成鹽類。可用來製備這類酸性化合物在藥學上可接受之鹼加成鹽的鹼類,是形成無毒性鹼加成鹽的那些,即含有在藥學上可接受之陽離子的鹽類,如鹼金屬或鹼土金屬鹽類,但不限於此,特別是鈣、鎂、鈉或鉀鹽。適當的有機鹼類,包括但不限於N,N-二苄基乙二胺、氯普魯卡因、膽汁素、二乙醇胺、乙二胺、葡甲胺(N-甲基葡糖胺)、離胺酸和普魯卡因。
除非另行指定,當在本文中使用"前藥"一詞時,意指可在生物學條件下(在活體外或在活體內)水解、氧化或另行反應,提供化合物的化合物之衍生物。前藥的實例包括,但不限於本發明之免疫調節化合物的衍生物,其包括生物可水解的部分,如生物可水解的醯胺類、生物可水解的酯類、生物可水解的胺基甲酸酯類、生物可水解的碳酸酯類、生物可水解的醯脲類,以及生物可水解的磷酸酯類似物。前藥的其他實例包括本發明之免疫調節化合物的衍生物,其包括-NO、-NO2
、-ONO或-ONO2
部分。通常可使用已熟知的方法來製備前藥,如在1 Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery,172-178,949-982(Manfred E.Wolff編輯,第5版,1995)和Design of Prodrugs(H.Bundgaard編輯,Elselvier,New York 1985)中描述的那些。
除非另行指定,在本文中使用"生物可水解的醯胺"、"生物可水解的酯"、"生物可水解的胺基甲酸酯"、"生物可水解的碳酸酯"、"生物可水解的醯脲"、"生物可水解的磷酸酯"一詞時,分別意指化合物的醯胺、酯、胺基甲酸酯、碳酸酯、醯脲或磷酸酯,其:1)不干擾該化合物之生物活性,但可賦與該化合物在活體內的有利性質,如攝取、作用期間或作用的發動;或2)為在生物學上無活性的,但在活體內轉變為具有生物活性的化合物。生物可水解之酯的實例包括,但不限於低碳數烷基酯、低碳數醯氧烷基酯(如乙醯氧基甲基、乙醯氧乙基、胺基羰氧基甲基、新戊醯氧基甲基和新戊醯氧基乙基酯)、內酯基(lactonyl)酯(如酞基和硫酞基酯)、低碳數烷氧基醯氧基烷基酯(如甲氧羰氧基甲基、乙氧羰氧基乙基和異丙氧基羰氧基乙基酯)、烷氧烷基酯、膽鹼酯,以及醯胺基烷基酯(如乙醯胺基甲基酯)。生物可水解之醯胺的實例,包括但不限於低碳數烷基醯胺、α-胺基酸醯胺、烷氧醯基醯胺和烷胺基烷羰基醯胺。生物可水解之胺基甲酸酯的實例,包括但不限於低碳數烷基胺、經取代之乙二胺、胺基酸、羥烷基胺、雜環和雜芳香族之胺,以及聚醚胺。
本發明的各種免疫調節化合物含有一或多個手性中心,並可以對映體之消旋混合物或非對映體的混合物存在。本發明包括這類化合物在立體異構上純的形式的應用,以及那些形式之混合物的應用。例如,可在本發明之方法和組合物中,使用包括相等或不相等含量的本發明之免疫調節化合物之對映體的混合物。可使用標準技術,如手性管柱或手性解析試劑,以不對稱的方式合成或解析這些異構體。參見,例如Jacques,J.等人,Enantiomers,Racemates and Resolutions(Wiley-Interscience,New York,1981);Wilen,S.H.等人,Tetrahedron 33:2725(l977);Eliel,E.L.,Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds(McGraw-Hill,NY,1962);以及Wilen,S.H.,Tables of Sesolving Agents and Optical Resolutions第268頁(E.L.Eliel,編輯,Univ.of Notre Dame Press,Notre Dame,IN,1972)。
除非另行指定,當在本文中使用"在立體異構上純的"一詞時,意指一組合物包括化合物的一個立體異構體,且實質上不含該化合物的其他立體異構體。例如,具有一個手性中心之化合物在立體異構上純的組合物,實質上將不含該化合物相反的對映體。具有兩個手性中心之化合物在立體異構上純的組合物,實質上將不含該化合物其他的非對映體。代表性在立體異構上純的化合物,包括超過大約80重量%之該化合物的一種立體異構體,和低於大約20重量%之該化合物的其他立體異構體,更佳的是超過大約90重量%之該化合物的一種立體異構體,和低於大約10重量%之該化合物的其他立體異構體,再更佳的是超過大約95重量%之該化合物的一種立體異構體,和低於大約5重量%之該化合物的其他立體異構體,且最佳的是超過大約97重量%之該化合物的一種立體異構體,和低於大約3重量%之該化合物的其他立體異構體。除非另行指定,當在本文中使用"在立體異構上增強的"一詞時,意指一組合物包括超過大約60重量%之化合物的一個立體異構體,最好是超過大約70重量%,更佳的是超過大約80重量%之該化合物的一種立體異構體。除非另行指定,當在本文中使用"在對映體上純的"一詞時,意指具有一個手性中心之化合物在立體異構上純的組合物。同樣地,"在對映體上增強的"一詞意指具有一個手性中心之化合物在立體異構上增強的組合物。
應注意若在所敘述之結構和給予該結構的名稱之間有差異,則較著重於與所敘述之結構相符。此外,若未指出結構或一部分結構的立體化學,例如粗體或虛線,則將該結構或一部分結構解釋為包括其所有的立體異構體。
在本發明之方法和組合物中,可將免疫調節化合物與其他具有藥學活性之化合物("第二個活性製劑")混合。咸相信某些組合在治療特定類型的癌症和某些有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病和病況時,發揮協同作用。免疫調節化合物亦可發揮減輕與某些第二個活性製劑有關之有害影響的作用,而有些第二個活性製劑可用來減輕與免疫調節化合物有關的有害影響。
在本發明之方法和組合物中,可與免疫調節化合物一起,使用一或多個第二個活性成分或製劑。第二個活性製劑可以是大分子(例如蛋白質)或小分子(例如合成的無機、有機金屬或有機分子)。
大分子活性製劑的實例,包括但不限於造血生長因子、細胞素,以及單株和多株抗體。代表性的大分子活性製劑是生物分子,如天然存在的或人造的蛋白質。在本發明中特別有用的蛋白質包括在活體外或在活體內,刺激造血前驅細胞和具有免疫活性之生成細胞的存活及/或增殖的蛋白質。其他則在活體外或在活體內,在細胞中刺激關鍵紅血球系統親代的分裂和分化。特定的蛋白質包括,但不限於:介白素,如IL-2(包括重組的IL-II("rIL2")和金絲雀痘IL-2)、IL-10、IL-12和IL-18;干擾素,如干擾素α-2a、干擾素α-2b、干擾素α-n1、干擾素α-n3、干擾素β-Ia和干擾素γ-Ib;GM-CF和GM-CSF;以及EPO。
可在本發明之方法和組合物中使用的特定蛋白質,包括但不限於:惠而血添(filgrastim),在美國以商標名優保津(Neupogen)販售(Amgen,Thousand Oaks,CA);沙格司亭(sargramostim),在美國以商標名沙格司亭(Leukine)販售(Immunex,Seattle,WA);以及重組的EPO,在美國以商標名艾普根(Epogen)販售(Amgen,Thousand Oaks,CA)。
可按照在美國專利第5,391,485號;5,393,870號和5,229,496號中的描述,製備GM-CSF的重組和突變形式,全部以引用的方式併入本文中。可按照在美國專利第4,810,643號;4,999,291號;5,528,823號和5,580,755號中的描述,製備G-CSF的重組和突變形式,全部以引用的方式併入本文中。
本發明包括天然、天然存在和重組蛋白質的應用。本發明更包括天然存在之蛋白質的突變種和衍生物(例如經過修改的形式),其在活體內顯示出以其為基礎之蛋白質的至少一些藥理學活性。突變種的實例,包括但不限於具有一或多個與在該蛋白質之天然存在形式中相對應之殘基不同的胺基酸殘基的蛋白質。"突變種"一詞亦包括缺少正常出現在其天然存在之形式(例如未經糖基化之形式)中的碳水化合物部分的蛋白質。衍生物的實例包括,但不限於聚乙二醇化的衍生物和融合蛋白質,如藉著使IgG1或IgG3與感興趣之蛋白質或該蛋白質之活性部分融合,所形成的蛋白質。參見,例如Penichet,M.L.和Morrison,S.L.,J.Immunol.Methods 248:91-101(2001)。
可與本發明之化合物併用的抗體,包括單株和多株抗體。抗體的實例包括,但不限於搓杜滋美(trastuzumab)(賀癌平(Herceptin))、利妥昔單抗(rituximab)(美羅華(Rituxan))、貝維希單抗(bevacizumab)(阿維司汀(Avastin)T M
)、普特路單抗(pertuzumab)(奧密塔克(Omnitarg)T M
)、妥司莫單抗(tositumomab)(貝克薩(Bexxar))、艾墜克隆單抗(edrecolomab)(潘諾雷克(Panorex))和G250。本發明之化合物亦可與抗-TNF-α抗體混合或併用。
可以抗-癌症疫苗之形式投予大分子活性製劑。例如,可在本發明之方法、醫藥組合物和套組中,使用分泌或引起細胞素,如IL-2、G-CSF和GM-CSF分泌的疫苗。參見,例如Emens,L.A.等人,Curr.Opinion Mol.Ther.3(1):77-84(2001)。
在本發明的一個具體實施例中,大分子活性製劑降低、排除或預防與投予免疫調節化合物有關的有害影響。依據特定的免疫調節化合物,以及待治療之疾病或病症,有害的影響包括,但不限於想睡和嗜眠、暈眩和直立性低血壓、嗜中性白血球減少症、起因於嗜中性白血球減少症的感染、增加HIV-病毒負載、心搏徐緩、史蒂芬-強森(Stevens-Johnson)徵候群和毒性表皮壞死溶脫和發作(例如癲癇大發作驚厥)。獨特的有害影響是嗜中性白血球減少症。
亦可使用屬於小分子的第二個活性製劑,減輕與投予免疫調節化合物有關的有害影響。然而,像一些大分子一樣,咸相信當其與免疫調節化合物一起(例如之前、之後或同時)投予時,能夠提供協同效果。小分子第二個活性製劑的實例,包括但不限於抗-癌症製劑、抗生素、免疫抑制劑和類固醇。
抗-癌症製劑之實例包括,但不限於:阿西維辛(acivicin);阿克拉黴素(aclarubicin);鹽酸阿考達唑(acodazole hydrochloride);阿克羅寧(acronine);阿多來新(adozelesin);阿地介白素(aldesleukin);六甲蜜胺(altretamine);安波毒素(ambomycin);醋酸阿美蒽醌(ametantrone acetate);安吖啶(amsacrine);阿那曲唑(anastrozole);氨茴黴素(anthramycin);天冬醯胺酶;阿斯匹靈;阿扎胞苷(azacitidine);阿扎替派(azetepa);阿佐黴素(azotomycin);巴馬司他(batimastat);苯佐替派(benzodepa);比卡魯米(bicalutamide);鹽酸比生群(bisantrene hydrochloride);二甲磺酸雙奈法德(bisnafide dimesylate);比折來新(bizelesin);硫酸博菜黴素;布喹那鈉(brequinar sodium);溴匹立明(bropirimine);白消安(busulfan);放線菌素C(cactinomycin);卡魯睪酮(calusterone);卡醋胺(caracemide);卡貝替姆(carbetimer);卡鉑(carboplatin);卡莫司汀(carmustine);鹽酸洋紅黴素I(carubicin hydrochloride);卡折來新(carzelesin);盛德芬果(cedefingol);希樂葆(celecoxib);苯丁酸氮芥;希洛里黴素(cirolemycin);順氯氨鉑(cisplatin);克拉君賓(cladribine);甲磺酸克利諾投(crisnatol mesylate);環磷醯胺;阿糖胞苷(cytarabine);甲嗪咪唑胺(dacarbazine);放線菌素D;鹽酸道諾紅菌素;地西他濱(decitabine);右奧馬鉑(dexormaplatin);地扎胍寧(dezaguanine);甲磺酸地扎胍寧;地吖醌(diaziquone);多舍他昔(docetaxel);阿黴素(doxorubicin);鹽酸阿黴素;屈洛昔芬(droloxifene);檸檬酸屈洛昔芬;丙酸屈他雄酮(dromostanolone propionate);度吖黴素(duazomycin);依達曲沙(edatrexate);鹽酸依氟鳥氨酸(eflornithine hydrochloride);依沙蘆星(elsamitrucin);恩洛鉑(enloplatin);恩普氨酯(enpromate);依匹哌啶(epipropidine);鹽酸表柔比星(epirubicin hydrochloride);艾布洛唑(erbulozole);鹽酸依索比星(esorubicin hydrochloride);雌莫司汀(estramustine);磷酸雌莫司汀鈉;依他硝唑(etanidazole);依托泊苷(etoposide);磷酸依托泊苷;依托普來(etoprine);鹽酸法倔唑(fadrozole hydrochloride);法扎拉濱(fazarabine);芬維A胺(fenretinide);氟尿苷(floxuridine);磷酸氟達拉濱(fludarabine phosphate);氟尿嘧啶(fluorouracil);氟西他濱(flurocitabine);磷喹酮(fosquidone);磷曲星鈉(fostriecin sodium);吉西他濱(gemcitabine);鹽酸吉西他濱;羥基脲;鹽酸伊達比星(idarubicin hydrochloride);異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide);伊莫福新(ilmofosine);異丙鉑(iproplatin);依立替康(irinotecan);鹽酸依立替康;醋酸蘭瑞肽(lanreotide acetate);來托唑(letrozole);醋酸亮丙里德(leuprolide acetate);鹽酸雷若唑(liarozole hydrochloride);洛美曲索鈉(lometrexol sodium);洛莫司汀(lomustine);鹽酸洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone hydrochloride);馬索羅酚(masoprocol);美登素(maytansine);鹽酸氮芥(mechlorethamine hydrochloride);醋酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate);醋酸美侖孕酮(melengestrol acetate);苯丙胺酸氮芥(melphalan);美諾立爾(menogaril);硫基嘌呤;胺甲碟呤;胺甲碟呤鈉;美托普來(metoprine);美妥替哌(meturedepa);米丁度胺(mitindomide);米托卡辛(mitocarcin);米托可明(mitocromin);米托格林(mitogillin);米托馬辛(mitomalcin);絲裂黴素;米托司培(mitosper);米托坦(mitotane);鹽酸米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone hydrochloride);黴酚酸(mycophenolic acid);諾考達唑(nocodazole);諾拉黴素(nogalamycin);奧馬鉑(ormaplatin);亞磺醯吡啶(oxisuran);紫杉醇(paclitaxel);培門冬酶(pegaspargase);佩裡黴素(peliomycin);奈莫司汀(pentamnustine);硫酸培洛黴素(peplomycin sulfate);過磷醯胺(perfosfamide);哌泊溴烷(pipobroman);哌泊舒凡(piposulfan);吡囉蒽醌(piroxantrone hydrochioride);普卡黴素(plicamycin);普洛美坦(plomestane);卟吩姆鈉(porfimer sodium);泊非黴素(porfiromycin);潑尼氮芥(prednimustine);鹽酸丙卡巴肼(procarbazine hydrochloride);嘌羅黴素(puromycin);鹽酸嘌羅黴素;吡唑呋喃菌素(pyrazofurin);利波腺苷(riboprine);沙菲果(safingol);鹽酸沙菲果;司莫司汀(semustine);辛曲秦(simtrazene);司帕氟酸鈉(sparfosate sodium);司帕黴素(sparsomycin);鍺螺胺(spirogermanium hydrochloride);螺莫司汀(spiromustine);螺鉑(spiroplatin);絳色黴素(streptonigrin);鏈佐星(streptozocin);磺氯苯脲(sulofenur);特利索黴素(talisomycin);特可格蘭鈉(tecogalan sodium);剋癌易(taxotere);替加氟(tegafur);鹽酸替洛蒽醌(teloxantrone hydrochloride);替莫卟吩(temoporfin);替尼泊苷(teniposide);替羅昔隆(teroxirone);睪內酯(testolactone);硫咪嘌呤(thiamiprine);硫代鳥嘌呤(thioguanine);噻替哌(thiotepa);噻唑呋林(tiazofurin);替拉扎明(tirapazamine);檸檬酸托瑞米芬(toremifene citrate);醋酸二甲睪酮(trestolone acetate);磷酸曲西立濱(triciribine phosphate);三甲曲沙(trimetrexate);葡萄糖醛酸三甲曲沙;曲普瑞林(triptorelin);鹽酸妥布氯唑(tubulozole hydrochloride);尿嘧啶氮芥(uracil mustard);烏瑞替哌(uredepa);伐普肽(vapreotide);維替泊芬(verteporfin);硫酸長春花鹼;硫酸長春新鹼;長春地辛(vindesine);硫酸長春地辛;硫酸長春匹定(vinepidine sulfate);硫酸長春甘酯(vinglycinate sulfate);硫酸長春羅新(vinleurosine sulfate);酒石酸長春瑞賓(vinorelbine tartrate);硫酸長春羅定(vinrosidine sulfate);硫酸長春立定(vinzolidine sulfate);伏氯唑(vorozole);折尼鉑(zeniplatin);淨司他丁(zinostatin);以及鹽酸佐柔比星(zorubicin hydrochloride)。
其他抗-癌症藥物包括,但不限於:20-表-1,25二羥基維生素D3;5-乙炔基尿嘧啶;阿比瑞特酮(abiraterone);阿克拉黴素;阿昔氟芬(acylfulvene);阿德西酚(adecypenol);阿多來新;阿地介白素;ALL-TK拮抗劑;六甲蜜胺;氨莫司汀(ambamustine);阿米多司(amidox);氨磷汀(amifostine);氨基乙醯丙酸(aminolevulinic acid);氨柔比星(amrubicin);安吖啶;阿那格雷(anagrelide);阿那曲唑;穿心蓮內酯(andrographolide);血管生成作用抑制劑;拮抗劑D;拮抗劑G;安他雷里(antarelix);抗-背側形態發生蛋白質-1;抗雄激素物質,前列腺癌;抗雌激素物質;抗腫瘤物質(antineoplaston);反義寡核苷酸;甘胺酸阿非迪黴素(aphidicolin glycinate);細胞凋零基因抑揚調節劑;細胞凋零調節劑;無嘌呤核酸;ara-CDP-DL-PTBA;精胺酸脫胺酶;阿蘇拉來(asulacrine);阿黴素碳(atamestane);阿莫司汀(atrimustine);艾司那斯塔汀(axinastatin)1;艾司那斯塔汀2;艾司那斯塔汀3;阿扎司瓊(azasetron);阿扎毒素(azatoxin);阿扎酪氨酸(azatyrosine);巴卡亭(baccatin)III衍生物;巴侖醇(balanol);巴馬司他;BCR/ABL拮抗劑;苯并氯林(benzochlorins);苯甲醯星形孢菌素(benzoylstaurosporine);β內醯胺衍生物;β-艾倫塞(alethine);貝他克拉黴素(betaclamycin)B;樺木腦酸(betulinic acid);bFGF抑制劑;卡比魯米;比生群;雙吖丙啶基精胺;雙奈法酸;比司崔丁(bistratene)A;比折來新;布瑞氟特(breflate);溴匹立明;布度鈦(budotitane);s-丁基高半胱胺酸亞楓亞胺(buthionine sulfoximine);鈣泊三醇(calcipotriol);蛋白激酵素C抑制劑(calphostin C);喜樹鹼衍生物;卡培他濱(capecitabine);羧醯胺-胺基-三唑;羧醯胺基三唑;CaRest M3;CARN 700;軟骨衍生之抑制劑;卡折來新;酪蛋白激酶抑制劑(ICOS);栗籽豆鹼(castanospermine);殺菌肽(cecropin)B;西曲瑞克(cetrorelix);氯林(chlorlns);氯喹啉磺醯胺;西沙普特(cicaprost);順-卟啉;克拉君賓;氯米芬(clomifene)類似物;克黴唑(clotrimazole);可林司黴素(collismycin)A;可林司黴素B;肯補塔斯塔汀(combretastatin)A4;肯補塔斯塔汀類似物;可那給寧(conagenin);克雷貝西丁(crambescidin)816;克利諾投;念珠藻環肽(cryptophycin)8;念珠藻環肽A衍生物;庫拉辛(curacin)A;環戊蒽醌(cyclopentanthraquinones);環普拉坦(cycloplatam);塞普黴素(cypemycin);奧克福酸(ocfosfate)阿糖胞苷;細胞溶解因子;細胞斯塔汀(cytostatin);羅植平(dacliximab);地西他濱;脫氫膜海鞘素(dehydrodidemnin)B;地洛瑞林(deslorelin);地塞米松;右異環磷醯胺(dexifosfamide);右雷佐生(dexrazoxane);右維雷帕(dexverapamil);地吖醌(diaziquone);膜海鞘素B;迪多克司(didox);二乙基去甲-精胺(diethylnorspermine);二氫-5-氮雜胞嘧啶核苷;二氫紫杉烷,9-;二黴素(dioxamycin);聯苯基螺莫司汀;多舍他昔;多可沙諾(docosanol);多拉司瓊(dolasetron);去氧氟尿苷(doxifluridine);阿黴素;屈洛昔芬(droloxifene);屈大麻酚(dronabinol);度卡黴素(duocarmycin)sA;依布硒(ebselen);依考莫司汀(ecomustine);依地福新(edelfosine);艾墜克隆單抗;依氟鳥氨酸;欖香烯(elemene);依米呋(emitefur);表柔比星;依普斯特(epristeride);雌莫司汀類似物;雌激素激動劑;雌激素拮抗劑;依他硝唑;磷酸依托泊苷;依曼適達(exemestane);法倔唑;法扎拉濱;芬維A胺;惠而血添;非那雄胺(finasteride);黃吡洛多(flavopiridol);福樂拉丁(flezelastine);氟司特洛(fluasterone);氟達拉濱;鹽酸氟道諾紅菌素;福芬美克(forfenimex);福麥斯坦(formestane);磷曲星;福莫司汀(fotemustine);德卟啉(texaphyrin)釓;硝酸鎵;加洛他濱(galocitabine);加尼瑞克(ganirelix);明膠酶抑制劑;吉西他濱;穀胱甘肽抑制劑;亥普舒芬(hepsulfam);荷爾古林(heregulin);伸己基雙乙醯胺;金絲桃素(hypericin);依班卓酸(ibandronic acid);伊達比星;艾多昔芬(idoxifene);伊卓曼頓(idramantone);伊莫福新;伊洛馬司他(ilomastat);伊馬替尼(imatinib)(例如給你活(Gleevec)),咪喹莫(imiquimod);免疫刺激劑肽;類胰島素生長因子-1受體抑制劑;干擾素激動劑;干擾素;介白素;碘苄胍(iobenguane);碘阿黴素(iododoxorubicin);蕃薯寧(ipomeanol),4-;艾若佩克(iroplact);伊索拉定(irsogladine);異班格唑(isobengazole);異高哈里康卓(isohomohalicondrin)B;伊他司瓊恩(itasetron);嘉普拉金諾(jasplakinolide);卡哈拉賴(kahalalide)F;拉美樂林(lamellarin)-N三乙酸鹽;蘭瑞肽;萊娜黴素(leinamycin);來格司亭(lenograstim);硫酸蘑菇多糖(lentinan sulfate);萊普托斯塔汀(leptolstatin);來托唑;白血病抑制因子;白血球α干擾素;亮丙里德+雌激素+黃體酮;亮丙瑞林(leuprorelin);左旋咪唑(levamisole);雷若唑;線性聚胺類似物;親脂性二醣肽;親脂性鉑化合物;里索林醯胺(lissoclinamide)7;洛鉑(lobaplatin);蚯蚓磷脂(lombricine);洛美曲索;氯尼達明(lonidamine);洛索蒽醌;洛索瑞拜(loxoribine);勒托替康(lurtotecan);德卟啉鎦;溶解非林(lysofylline);溶解肽(lytic peptides);美坦辛(maitansine);美諾斯塔汀(mannostatin)A;馬立馬司他(marimastat);馬索羅酚;馬司平(maspin);基質裂解蛋白(matrilysin)抑制劑;基質金屬蛋白酶抑制劑;美諾立爾;麥爾巴隆(merbarone);麥特瑞林(meterelin);甲硫胺酸酶;甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide);MIF抑制劑;米非司酮(mifepristone);米替福新(miltefosine);米里莫斯丁(mirimostim);米托胍腙(mitoguazone);二溴衛矛醇(mitolactol);絲裂黴素類似物;米托萘胺(mitonafide);米托毒素(mitotoxin)纖維母細胞生長因子-肥皂草素(saporin);米托蒽醌;莫法羅汀(mofarotene);莫拉司亭(molgramostim);艾比杜克司(Erbitux),人類絨毛膜促性腺激素(chorionic gonadotrophin);單磷酸脂質A+分枝桿菌細胞壁骨架;莫哌達醇(mopidamol);芥子抗癌製劑;碳黴過氧化物(mycaperoxide)B;分枝桿菌細胞壁萃取物;麥雷普酮(myriaporone);N-乙醯基迪萘林(dinaline);N-經取代之苯甲醯胺;那法瑞林(nafarelin);那格瑞斯提(nagrestip);納洛酮(naloxone)+噴他佐辛(pentazocine);納帕芬(napavin);納特平(naphterpin);納托格絲汀(nartograstim);奈達鉑(nedaplatin);奈莫柔比星(nemorubicin);內利卓尼酸(neridronic acid);尼魯米特(nilutamide);尼薩黴素(nisamycin);氧化氮抑揚調節劑;硝基氧(nitroxide)抗氧化劑;尼楚萊(nitrullyn);奧比里森(oblimersen)(根納三思(Genasense));O6
-苄基鳥嘌呤;奧曲肽(octreotide);奧可散酮(okicenone);寡核苷酸;歐那司酮(onapristone);昂丹司瓊(ondansetron);歐瑞辛(oracin);口服細胞素誘導物;奧馬鉑;奧沙孕烯酮(osaterone);奧沙利鉑(oxaliplatin);奧薩諾黴素(oxaunomycin);紫杉醇;紫杉醇類似物;紫杉醇衍生物;帕勞胺(palauamine);棕櫚醯基根黴辛(palmitoylrhizoxin);帕米酸(pamidronic acid);人參炔三醇(panaxytriol);帕諾米芬(panomifene);副菌鐵素(parabactin);帕折普汀(pazelliptine);培門冬酶;佩爾德新(peldesine);木聚硫鈉(pentosan polysulfate sodium);噴司他丁(pentostatin);潘佐唑(pentrozole);十七氟溴辛烷(perflubron);過磷醯胺;紫蘇醇(perillyl alcohol);吩嗪黴素(phenazinomycin);苯基乙酸酯;磷酸酶抑制劑;溶鏈菌製劑(picibanil);鹽酸匹魯卡品(pilocarpine hydrochloride);吡柔比星(pirarubicin);吡曲克辛(piritrexim);普雷西汀(placetin)A;普雷西汀B;血纖維蛋白溶酶原激活劑抑制劑;鉑複合物;鉑化合物;鉑-三胺複合物;卟吩姆鈉;泊非黴素;脫氫可的松;丙基雙-吖啶酮;前列腺素J2;蛋白質降解體(proteasome)抑制劑;以蛋白質A為基礎的免疫抑揚調節劑;蛋白質激酶C抑制劑;單細胞藻類(microalgal);蛋白質酪胺酸磷酸酶抑制劑;嘌呤核苷磷酸酶抑制劑;紅紫素(purpurins);吡唑并吖啶;吡啶氧基化之血紅素聚氧乙烯共軛物;raf拮抗劑;雷替曲塞(raltitrexed);雷莫司瓊恩(ramosetron);ras法呢基蛋白質轉移酶抑制劑;ras抑制劑;ras-GAP抑制劑;瑞特里普泰(retelliptine),去甲基化的;羥乙磷酸(etidronate)錸Re 186;利索新(rhizoxin);核酵素(ribozymes);RII視黃醯胺(retinamide);路荷圖素(rohitukine);羅莫肽(romurtide);羅喹美克(roquinimex);路比吉酮(rubiginone)B1;路波克塞(ruboxyl);沙菲果;勝特平(saintopin);SarCNU;薩可分妥(sarcophytol)A;沙格司亭;Sdi 1模仿物;司莫司汀;衰老衍生之抑制劑1;有意義寡核苷酸;信號轉導抑制劑;西佐喃(sizofiran);索布佐生(sobuzoxane);硼[10B]卡鈉(sodium borocaptate);苯基乙酸鈉;索菲爾醇(solverol);促生長因子結合蛋白質;索納明(sonermin);司帕氟酸(sparfosic acid);司匹卡黴素(spicamycin)D;螺莫司汀;脾潘丁(splenopentin);海綿素(spongistatin)1;角鯊胺(squalamine);司帝普醯胺(stipiamide);基質溶解素(stromelysin)抑制劑;舒芬諾新(sulfinosine);超活性之血管活性腸肽拮抗劑;蘇拉迪塔(suradista);蘇拉明(suramin);苦馬豆素(swainsonine);他莫司汀(tallimustine);甲碘他莫昔芬(tamoxifen methiodide);牛磺莫司汀(tauromustine);他扎羅汀(tazarotene);特可格蘭鈉;替加氟;特路雷派林(tellurapyrylium);端粒酶抑制劑;替莫卟吩;替尼泊苷;四氯十氧化物(tetrachlorodecaoxide);四佐明(tetrazomine);阿樸菲型異喹啉生物鹼(thaliblastine);硫克雷林(thiocoraline);血小板生成素(thrombopoietin);血小板生成素模仿物;日達仙(tm)胸腺1(thymalfasin);胸線生成素(thymopoietin)受體激動劑;胸腺三納(thymotrinan);甲狀腺刺激荷爾蒙;合成茜草紫(tin ethyl etiopurpurin);替拉扎明;二氯二環戊二烯鈦(titanocene bichloride);拓普先亭(topsentin);托瑞米芬;轉譯抑制劑;維生素A酸(tretinoin);三乙醯基尿嘧啶核苷;曲西立濱;三甲曲沙;曲普瑞林;托烷司瓊(tropisetron);土若司特雷(turosteride);酪胺酸激酶抑制劑;酪福司汀(tyrphostins);UBC抑制劑;烏苯美司(ubenimex);泌尿生殖竇-衍生之生長抑制因子;尿激酶受體拮抗劑;伐普肽;瓦里歐林(variolin)B;維拉瑞索(velaresol);維拉胺(veramine);維爾丁(verdins);維替泊芬;長春瑞賓;維薩汀(vinxaltine);維塔辛(vitaxin);伏氯唑;勒諾特酮(zanoterone);折尼鉑;亞苄維C(zilascorb)和淨司他丁斯酯(zinostatin stimalamer)。
特定的第二個活性製劑包括,但不限於奧比里森(根納三思(Genasense)、英利昔單抗(remicade)、多舍他昔、希樂葆、苯丙胺酸氮芥、地塞米松(德卡龍(Decadron))、類固醇、吉西他濱、順氯氨鉑、替莫唑胺(temozolomide)、依托泊苷、環磷醯胺、替莫唑胺(temodar)、卡鉑、丙卡巴肼、格里德爾(gliadel)、他莫昔芬、拓撲太肯(topoteCan)、胺甲碟呤、亞里沙(Arisa)、紫杉醇、剋癌易、氟-尿嘧啶、甲醯四氫葉酸鈣(leucovorin)、依立替康、截瘤達(xeloda)、CPT-11、干擾素α、聚乙二醇化的干擾素α(例如PEG INTRON-A)、卡培他濱、順氯氨鉑、噻替哌、氟達拉濱、卡鉑、微脂粒的道諾紅菌素、阿糖胞苷、多舍他昔、紫杉醇、長春花鹼、IL-2、GM-CSF、甲嗪咪唑胺、長春瑞賓、唑來磷酸(zoledronic acid)、棕櫚佐酸鹽(palmitronate)、甲紅黴素(biaxin)、白消安、脫氫可的松、雙膦酸酯、三氧化二砷、長春新鹼、阿黴素(多希爾(Doxil))、紫杉醇、更昔洛韋(ganciclovir)、亞德里亞黴素、雌莫司汀磷酸鈉(安塞特(Emcyt))、舒林酸(sulindac)和依托泊苷。
本發明之方法包括治療、預防及/或管控各種類型癌症,以及有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用之疾病和病症的方法。除非另行指定,當在本文中使用時,"治療"一詞意指在特定疾病或病況的症狀發生之後,投予本發明之化合物或其他額外的活性製劑。除非另行指定,當在本文中使用時,"預防"一詞意指在症狀發生之前投藥,特別是對有癌症,及其他有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用之疾病和病症風險的患者。"預防"一詞包括抑制特定疾病或病症的症狀。具有癌症及有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病和病症之家族歷史的患者,是預防攝生法的較佳候選者。除非另行指定,當在本文中使用時,"管控"一詞包括在曾經受其所苦之患者中,預防特定疾病或病症的復發,及/或延長曾經受其所苦之患者維持免除疾病的時間。
當在本文中使用時,"癌症"一詞包括,但不限於固體腫瘤和血液產生的腫瘤。"癌症"一詞意指皮膚組織、器官、血液和血管的疾病,包括但不限於膀胱、骨骼或血液、腦、乳房、子宮頸、胸腔、結腸、子宮內膜、食道、眼睛、頭、腎臟、肝臟、淋巴結、肺臟、嘴、頸部、卵巢、胰臟、前列腺、直腸、胃、睪丸、咽喉和子宮的癌症。特定的癌症包括,但不限於晚期的惡性、澱粉樣變性、神經胚細胞瘤、腦膜瘤、血管化皮細胞瘤、多重腦轉移、多形性神經膠質母細胞瘤、神經膠質母細胞瘤、腦幹神經膠質瘤、預後不佳的惡性腦腫瘤、惡性神經膠質瘤、復發的惡性神經膠質瘤、退行發育的星形細胞瘤、退行發育的寡樹突膠質瘤、神經內分泌腫瘤、直腸腺癌、杜克氏(Dukes)C&D結直腸癌、不可切除的結直腸癌、轉移的肝細胞癌、卡波西氏(Kaposi's)肉瘤、核型急性骨髓母細胞性白血病、霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、非-霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、皮膚T-細胞淋巴瘤、皮膚B-細胞淋巴瘤、瀰漫性大B-細胞淋巴瘤、低等級的濾泡性淋巴瘤、惡性黑色素瘤、惡性間皮瘤、惡性胸腔積液間皮瘤徵候群、腹膜癌、乳頭狀漿液性癌、婦科的肉瘤、軟組織肉瘤、硬皮病、皮膚脈管炎、蘭氏細胞組織細胞增多症、平滑肌肉瘤、進行性骨化性纖維發育不良、荷爾蒙難治性前列腺癌、經過切除的高風險軟組織肉瘤、不可切除的肝細胞癌、渥登斯壯氏(Waldenstrom's)大球蛋白血症、隱匿型骨髓瘤、無痛性骨髓瘤、輸卵管癌、雄激素獨立性前列腺癌、雄激素依賴性第IV期非-轉移性前列腺癌、荷爾蒙-不敏感性前列腺癌、化學療法-不敏感性前列腺癌、乳頭狀甲狀腺癌、濾泡性甲狀腺癌、髓質甲狀腺癌和平滑肌瘤。在特定的具體實施例中,該癌症是轉移性的。在其他的具體實施例中,該癌症對化學療法或輻射是難醫治的,或有抵抗力的;特別對沙利度胺是難醫治的。
當在本文中提及癌症以外的疾病和病況時,"有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病或病症"、"有關於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病或病症"和"其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病或病症"一詞,意指由不想要、不希望或不受控制之血管生成作用引起、調解或參與的疾病、病症和病況,包括但不限於炎症性疾病、自體免疫疾病、遺傳疾病、過敏疾病、細菌疾病、眼睛的新生血管疾病、脈絡膜新生血管疾病和視網膜新生血管疾病。
這類與不想要之血管生成作用有關之疾病或病症的實例,包括但不限於糖尿病視網膜病變、早產的視網膜病變、角膜移植排斥、新生血管性青光眼、晶狀體後纖維組織增生、增殖性玻璃體視網膜病變、沙眼、近視、眼科的凹痕、表皮角結膜炎、異位性角膜炎、上緣角膜炎、翼狀乾性角膜炎、修格蘭氏徵候群(sjogrens)、酒渣鼻性痤瘡、小水疱病、梅毒、脂質變性、細菌性潰瘍、真菌性潰瘍、單純疱疹病毒感染、帶狀疱疹感染、原蟲感染、卡波西氏肉瘤、穆侖氏(Mooren)潰瘍、泰瑞氏(Terrien's)邊緣性變性、邊緣性角質層分離、風濕性關節炎、全身性狼瘡、多關節炎、創傷、維格納氏(Wegeners)類肉瘤病、鞏膜炎、史蒂芬-強森(Steven's Johnson)症、periphigoid輻射狀角膜切開術、鐮狀細胞性貧血、類肉瘤病、彈力纖維性假黃瘤、佩格特氏(Pagets)症、靜脈閉塞、動脈閉塞、頸動脈阻塞性疾病、慢性葡萄膜炎、慢性玻璃體炎、萊姆(Lyme's)病、里爾茲(Eales)病、貝卻特氏(Bechet's)病、視網膜炎、脈絡膜炎、假定的眼科組織胞漿菌病、貝司特氏(Bests)病、史塔格特氏(stargarts)病、睫狀體平坦部癌症、慢性視網膜脫離、高黏稠度徵候群、弓漿蟲症、發紅、類肉瘤病、硬化、soriatis、牛皮癬、原發性硬化性膽管炎、直腸炎、原發性膽汁性肝硬化、特發性肺纖維化、酒精性肝炎、內毒素血症、中毒性休克徵候群、骨關節炎、逆轉錄病毒複製、消瘦、腦膜炎、矽土-引起的纖維化、石綿-引起的纖維化、與惡性有關的高血鈣症、猝發、循環休克、牙周炎、齒齦炎、大紅血球性貧血、難醫治的貧血、5q-徵候群,以及由貓免疫不全病毒、馬傳染性貧血病毒、羊關節炎病毒、綿羊髓鞘脫落病毒(visna virus)、梅迪病毒(maedi virus)或慢病毒引起的獸醫病症。
在本發明特定的具體實施例中,與不想要之血管生成作用有關的疾病或病症,不包括鬱血性心衰竭、心肌病、肺水腫、內毒素-調解之敗血性休克、急性病毒性心肌炎、心臟同種異體移植排斥、心肌梗塞、HIV、肝炎、急性呼吸窘迫徵候群、骨-吸收疾病、慢性阻塞性肺病、慢性肺臟炎症性疾病、皮炎、胰囊性纖維變性、敗血性休克、敗血症、內毒素性休克、血液動力學性休克、敗血症徵候群、缺血後再灌注之傷害、纖維變性之疾病、惡病質、移植排斥、類風濕性脊椎炎、骨質疏鬆症、潰瘍性結腸炎、炎症性腸病、多發性硬化症、全身性紅斑性狼瘡、在痲瘋時的痲瘋樣結節性紅斑、輻射傷害、氣喘、高壓氧肺泡傷害、瘧疾、分枝桿菌感染和起因於HIV的機會性感染。
本發明包括治療先前已經利用標準療法治療癌症,或有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病或病症,但無反應之患者,以及尚未經過治療之那些患者的方法。本發明亦包括治療患者的方法,不管患者的年齡,雖然某些疾病或病症較常出現在某些年齡群中。本發明進一步更包括治療已經接受手術,企圖治療問題疾病或病症之患者,以及未曾接受的那些患者的方法。因為罹患癌症和其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病和病症的患者,具有不同的臨床表現和多變的臨床結果,故可視他/她的預後改變所給予的治療。熟練的臨床醫師將不需過度的實驗,便能夠輕易地判定可有效用來治療罹患癌症及其他疾病或病症之個別患者的特定的第二個製劑、手術類型,以及以非藥物為基礎之標準療法。
本發明所包括之方法,包括對罹患或可能罹患癌症或由不想要之血管生成作用調解的疾病或病症之患者(例如人類),投予一或多種本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。
在本發明的一個具體實施例中,以單一劑量或分開的劑量,以從大約0.10到大約150毫克/天的量,每天投予本發明之免疫調節化合物。在特定的具體實施例中,可以每天從大約0.1到大約1毫克的量,或另外以每隔一天從大約0.1到大約5毫克的量,投予4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(艾克堤邁T M
)。在特定的具體實施例中,可以每天從大約5到大約25毫克的量,或另外以每隔一天從大約10到大約50毫克的量,投予3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(瑞必邁T M
)。
在特定的具體實施例中,可對罹患復發性多發性骨髓瘤的患者,以每天大約1、2或5毫克的量,投予4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(艾克堤邁T M
)。在特定的具體實施例中,一開始可以5毫克/天的量,投予3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(瑞必邁T M
),並可每週升高劑量至10、20、25、30和50毫克/天。在特定的具體實施例中,可以高達大約30毫克/天的量,對罹患固體腫瘤的患者投予瑞必邁T M
。在特定的具體實施例中,可以高達大約40毫克/天的量,對罹患神經膠質瘤的患者投予瑞必邁T M
。
在特定的具體實施例中,可以每天從大約0.1毫克到大約1毫克的量,或每隔一天以從大約0.1到大約5毫克的量,對罹患有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用之疾病或病症的患者投予4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(艾克堤邁T M
),該疾病或病症包括,但不限於內毒素血症、中毒性休克徵候群、骨關節炎、逆轉錄病毒複製、消瘦、腦膜炎、矽土-引起的纖維化、石綿-引起的纖維化、獸醫的病症、與惡性有關的高血鈣症、猝發、循環休克、牙周炎、齒齦炎、大紅血球性貧血、難醫治的貧血和5q-徵候群。
在另一個特定的具體實施例中,可以每天從大約5到大約25毫克的量,或每隔一天以從大約10到大約50毫克的量,對罹患有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用之疾病或病症的患者投予3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(瑞必邁T M
),該疾病或病症包括,但不限於內毒素血症、中毒性休克徵候群、骨關節炎、逆轉錄病毒複製、消瘦、腦膜炎、矽土-引起的纖維化、石綿-引起的纖維化、獸醫的病症、與惡性有關的高血鈣症、猝發、循環休克、牙周炎、齒齦炎、大紅血球性貧血、難醫治的貧血和5q-徵候群。
本發明之特定方法包括與一或多種第二個活性製劑,及/或與輻射療法、輸血或手術一起,投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。在本文中揭示了免疫調節化合物的實例(參見,例如5.1節)。亦在本文中揭示了第二個活性製劑的實例(參見,例如5.2節)。
可藉著相同或不同的投藥路徑,同時或連續對患者投予免疫調節化合物和第二個活性製劑。適合特殊活性製劑使用之特定投藥路徑,將視活性製劑本身(例如它是否可口服投予而不會在進入血流之前分解),以及待治療之疾病而定。本發明之免疫調節化合物的較佳投藥路徑是口服。本發明之第二個活性製劑或成分的較佳投藥路徑是熟諳此藝者已知的。參見,例如Physician's Desk Reference,l755-1760(第56版,2002)。
在本發明的一個具體實施例中,以靜脈內或皮下,每天一或兩次,以從大約1到大約1000毫克,從大約5到大約500毫克,從大約10到大約350毫克,或從大約50到大約200毫克之劑量投予第二個活性製劑。第二個活性製劑的特定含量,將視所使用之特定製劑、待治療或管控的疾病類型、疾病的嚴重性或階段,以及本發明之免疫調節化合物和同時投與患者之任何額外活性製劑的量而定。在特定的具體實施例中,第二個活性製劑為奧比里森(根納三思)、GM-CSF、G-CSF、EPO、剋癌易、依立替康、甲嗪咪唑胺、反轉視黃酸(transretinoic acid)、拓撲太肯、己酮可可鹼(pentoxifylline)、環丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)、地塞米松、長春新鹼、阿黴素、COX-2抑制劑、IL2、IL8、IL18、IFN、Ara-C、長春瑞賓或其組合。
在特定的具體實施例中,以4或6週之循環,在大約5天的期間內,以從大約1到大約750毫克/平方米/天的量,較佳的是從大約25到大約500毫克/平方米/天的量,更佳的是從大約50到大約250毫克/平方米/天的量,而最佳的是從大約50到大約200毫克/平方米/天的量,皮下投予GM-CSF、G-CSF或EPO。在某些具體實施例中,可在2小時內以從大約60到大約500微克/平方米的量靜脈內,或從大約5到大約12微克/平方米/天的量皮下投予GM-CSF。在特定的具體實施例中,一開始可以大約1微克/公斤/天的量皮下投予G-CSF,並可視總粒性細胞計數的升高來調整。可以大約300(在較小的患者中)或480微克的量皮下投予G-CSF的維持劑量。在某些具體實施例中,可每週三次以10,000單位的量皮下投予EPO。
在另一個具體實施例中,將大約25毫克/天含量的瑞必邁TM和大約從200到1,000毫克/平方米/天含量的甲嗪咪唑胺投予罹患轉移性惡性黑色素瘤的患者。在特定的具體實施例中,可將大約5到大約25毫克/天含量的瑞必邁T M
投予罹患轉移性惡性黑色素瘤的患者,他的疾病已經在使用甲嗪咪唑胺、IL-2或IFN進行治療。在特定的具體實施例中,以大約15毫克/天一天兩次或大約30毫克/天一天四次的量,與地塞米松併用,將瑞必邁T M
投予罹患復發或難醫治之多發性骨髓瘤的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與苯丙胺酸氮芥和地塞米松一起投予罹患澱粉樣變性的患者。在特定的具體實施例中,可將本發明之免疫調節化合物與類固醇投予罹患澱粉樣變性的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與吉西他濱和順氯氨鉑投予罹患局部晚期的或轉移之移行細胞膀胱癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與如下的第二個活性成分一起投予:與替莫唑胺一起投予罹患復發或進行性腦腫瘤或再發之神經胚細胞瘤的兒科患者;與希樂葆、依托泊苷和環磷醯胺一起投予罹患復發或進行性CNS癌症的患者;與替莫唑胺一起投予罹患再發或進行性腦膜瘤、惡性腦膜瘤、血管外皮細胞肉瘤、多重腦轉移、復發之腦腫瘤或最近診斷出之多形性神經膠質母細胞瘤的患者;與依立替康一起投予罹患復發之神經膠質母細胞瘤的患者;與卡鉑一起投予罹患腦幹神經膠質瘤的兒科患者;與丙卡巴肼一起投予罹患進行性惡性神經膠質瘤的兒科患者;與環磷醯胺一起投予罹患預後不佳之惡性腦腫瘤、最近診斷出之或再發之多形性神經膠質母細胞瘤的患者;與格里德爾一起治療高級再發的惡性神經膠質瘤;與替莫唑胺和他莫昔芬一起治療退行發育的星形細胞瘤;或與拓撲太肯一起治療神經膠質瘤、神經膠質母細胞瘤、退行發育的星形細胞瘤或退行發育的寡樹突膠質瘤。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與胺甲碟呤和環磷醯胺投予罹患轉移性乳癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與替莫唑胺投予罹患神經內分泌腫瘤的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與吉西他濱投予罹患再發或轉移之頭或頸部癌症的患者。在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與吉西他濱投予罹患胰臟癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與亞里沙、紫杉醇及/或剋癌易的組合投予罹患結腸癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與卡培他濱投予罹患難醫治之結直腸癌的患者或第一線治療失敗或在結腸或直腸腺癌中有不佳表現的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與氟尿嘧啶、甲醯四氫葉酸鈣和依立替康的組合投予罹患杜克氏C&D結直腸癌的患者或先前已經針對轉移性結直腸癌進行治療的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與卡培他濱、截瘤達及/或CPT-11的組合投予罹患難醫治之結直腸癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與卡培他濱和依立替康投予罹患難醫治之結直腸癌的患者,或罹患不可切除或轉移之結直腸癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物單獨或與干擾素α或卡培他濱一起投予罹患不可切除或轉移之肝細胞癌的患者;或與順氯氨鉑和噻替哌一起投予罹患原發性或轉移之肝癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與聚乙二醇化之干擾素α一起投予罹患卡波西氏肉瘤的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與氟達拉濱、卡鉑及/或拓撲太肯一起投予罹患難醫治或復發或高風險急性骨髓性白血病的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與微脂粒道諾紅菌素、拓撲太肯及/或阿糖胞苷一起投予罹患不好的核型急性骨髓性白血病的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與吉西他濱和依立替康一起投予罹患非-小細胞性肺癌的患者。在一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與卡鉑和依立替康一起投予罹患非-小細胞性肺癌的患者。在一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與多舍他昔投予罹患非-小細胞性肺癌的患者,其先前已經利用碳/VP 16和輻射療法治療過了。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與卡鉑及/或剋癌易一起,或與卡鉑、紫杉醇及/或胸部輻射療法一起投予罹患非-小細胞性肺癌的患者。在特定的具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與剋癌易一起投予罹患IIIB或IV期非-小細胞性肺癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與奧比里森(根納三思)一起投予罹患小細胞性肺癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物單獨或與第二個活性成分,如長春花鹼或氟達拉濱一起投予罹患各種類型之淋巴瘤的患者,包括但不限於霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、非-霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、皮膚T-細胞淋巴瘤、皮膚B-細胞淋巴瘤、瀰漫性大B-細胞淋巴瘤,或復發或難醫治之低級濾泡性淋巴瘤。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與剋癌易、IL-2、IFN、GM-CSF及/或甲嗪咪唑胺一起投予罹患各種類型或階段之黑色素瘤的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物單獨或與長春瑞賓一起投予罹患惡性間皮瘤,或有胸膜植入之IIIB期非-小細胞性肺癌或惡性胸腔積液間皮瘤徵候群的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與地塞米松、唑來磷酸、棕櫚佐酸鹽、GM-CSF、甲紅黴素、長春花鹼、苯丙胺酸氮芥、白消安、環磷醯胺、IFN、帕米酸酯、脫氫可的松、二磷酸鹽、希樂葆、三氧化二砷、PEGINTRON-A、長春新鹼,或其組合一起,投予罹患各種類型或階段之多發性骨髓瘤的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與阿黴素(多希爾)、長春新鹼及/或地塞米松(德卡龍)一起投予罹患復發或難醫治之多發性骨髓瘤的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與紫杉醇、卡鉑、阿黴素、吉西他濱、順氯氨鉑、截瘤達、紫杉醇、地塞米松或其組合一起投予罹患各種類型或階段之卵巢癌,如腹腔癌、乳頭狀漿膜癌、難醫治的卵巢癌或再發之卵巢癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與截瘤達、5 FU/LV、吉西他濱、依立替康加吉西他濱、環磷醯胺、長春新鹼、地塞米松、GM-CSF、希樂葆、剋癌易、更昔洛韋、紫杉醇、亞德里亞黴素、多舍他昔、雌莫司汀、安塞特或其組合一起投予罹患各種類型或階段之前列腺癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與卡培他濱、IFN、他莫昔芬、IL-2、G M-CSF、希樂葆(celebrex)或其組合一起投予罹患各種類型或階段之腎細胞癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與IFN、COX-2抑制劑,如希樂葆及/或舒林酸一起投予罹患各種類型或階段之婦科、子宮或軟組織肉瘤癌的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與希樂葆、依托泊苷、環磷醯胺、多舍他昔、卡培他濱、IFN、他莫昔芬、IL-2、GM-CSF或其組合一起投予罹患各種類型或階段之固體腫瘤的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與希樂葆、依托泊苷、環磷醯胺、多舍他昔、卡培他濱、IFN、他莫昔芬、IL-2、GM-CSF或其組合一起投予罹患硬皮病或皮膚脈管炎的患者。
本發明亦包括增加抗-癌症藥物或製劑之劑量的方法,可將其安全且有效地投予患者,該方法包括對患者(例如人類)投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受的衍生物、鹽、媒合物、籠形物、水合物或前藥。可得益於該方法的患者,是可能因與用來治療皮膚、皮下組織、淋巴結、腦、肺臟、肝臟、骨骼、小腸、結腸、心臟、胰臟、腎上腺、腎臟、前列腺、乳房、結直腸之特定癌症,或其組合的抗-癌症藥物有關之有害影響受苦的那些。投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,改善或降低具有這類嚴重性的有害影響,其將另行限制抗-癌症藥物的量。
在一個具體實施例中,可在發生與對患者投予抗-癌症藥物有關的有害影響之前、期間或之後,口服並以從大約0.1到大約150毫克,較佳的是從大約1到大約50毫克,更佳的是從大約2到大約25毫克的量,每天投予本發明之免疫調節化合物。在特定的具體實施例中,可將本發明之免疫調節化合物與特定之製劑,如肝素、阿斯匹靈、香豆素或G-CSF一起投予,避免與抗-癌症藥物有關的有害影響,如嗜中性白血球減少症或血小板減少症,但不限於此。
在一個具體實施例中,可將本發明之免疫調節化合物與額外的活性成分,包括但不限於抗-癌症藥物、消炎藥、抗組織胺、抗生素和類固醇一起投予罹患有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病或病症的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,本發明包括治療、預防及/或管控癌症的方法,包括投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥,連同(例如之前、期間或之後)目前用來治療、預防或管控癌症之傳統療法,包括但不限於手術、免疫療法、生物學療法、輻射療法或其他以非-藥物為基礎的療法。本發明之免疫調節化合物和傳統療法的混合使用,可提供獨特的治療攝生法,其在某些患者中是意外有效的。不受理論的限制,咸相信本發明之免疫調節化合物,當與傳統療法同時給予時,可提供附加或協同的效果。
在另一個具體實施例中,本發明包括治療、預防及/或管控有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病或病症的方法,包括投予免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥,連同(例如之前、期間或之後)目前用來治療、預防或管控有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用的疾病或病症之傳統療法,包括但不限於手術、免疫療法、生物學療法、輻射療法或其他以非-藥物為基礎的療法。使用免疫調節化合物和傳統療法的組合,可提供獨特的治療攝生法,其在某些患者中是意外有效的。不受理論的限制,咸相信免疫調節化合物,當與傳統療法同時給予時,可提供附加或協同的效果。
如同在本文中他處討論的,本發明包括降低、治療及/或預防與傳統治療有關的有害或不想要之影響的方法,該傳統治療包括但不限於手術、化學療法、輻射療法、荷爾蒙療法、生物學療法和免疫療法。可在發生與傳統療法有關的有害影響之前、期間或之後,將一或多種本發明的免疫調節化合物和其他活性成分投予患者。
在一個具體實施例中,可在使用傳統療法之前、期間或之後,以從大約0.1到大約150毫克,而較佳的是從大約1到大約25毫克,更佳的是從大約2到大約10毫克的量,口服並每天單獨投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,或與在本文中揭示的第二個活性製劑(參見,例如5.2節)一起投予。
在該方法的特定具體實施例中,將本發明之免疫調節化合物與多舍他昔投予罹患非-小細胞性肺癌的患者,其先前已經利用碳/VP 16和輻射療法治療過了。
可使用本發明之化合物降低移植對宿主疾病(GVHD)的風險。因此,本發明包括治療、預防及/或管控癌症的方法,其包括連同移植療法一起投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。
如同熟諳此藝者知曉的那些,癌症的治療通常是以該疾病之階段和機制為基礎。例如,在癌症的某些階段中,不可避免地發展出白血病的轉化,可能需要周圍血液幹細胞、造血幹細胞製備物或骨髓的移植。本發明之免疫調節化合物與移植療法的混合使用,提供了獨特和意外的協同作用。特定而言,本發明之免疫調節化合物顯示出,當與移植療法同時給予罹患癌症的患者時,可提供附加或協同效果的免疫調節活性。
本發明之免疫調節化合物,可與移植療法一起工作,降低與移植之侵入性程序有關的併發症以及GVHD的風險。本發明包括治療、預防及/或管控癌症的方法,包括在移植臍帶血、胎盤血、周圍血液幹細胞、造血幹細胞製備物或骨髓之前、期間或之後,對患者(例如人類)投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。在R.Hariri等人2003年4月11日申請之美國專利申請案第10/411,655號中揭示了適合用在本發明方法中之幹細胞的實例,全部以引用的方式併入本文中。
在另一個具體實施例中,本發明包括治療、預防及/或管控有關於或其特徵在於不想要之血管生成作用之疾病和病症的方法,其包括在移植臍帶血、胎盤血、周圍血液幹細胞、造血幹細胞製備物或骨髓之前、期間或之後,對患者(例如人類)投予免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。
在該方法的一個具體實施例中,在移植自體的周圍血液親代細胞之前、期間或之後,將本發明之免疫調節化合物投予罹患多發性骨髓瘤的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,在移植幹細胞之後,將免疫調節化合物投予罹患復發之多發性骨髓瘤的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,在移植自體幹細胞之後,將免疫調節化合物與脫氫可的松投予罹患多發性骨髓瘤的患者,作為維持療法。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與地塞米松投予罹患多發性骨髓瘤的患者,作為低風險移植後的搶救療法。
在另一個具體實施例中,在移植自體骨髓之後,將免疫調節化合物與地塞米松投予罹患多發性骨髓瘤的患者,作為維持療法。
在另一個具體實施例中,在投予高劑量苯丙胺酸氮芥並移植自體幹細胞之後,將免疫調節化合物投予罹患化學療法敏感性之多發性骨髓瘤的患者。
在另一個具體實施例中,在移植自體CD34-選擇之周圍幹細胞之後,將免疫調節化合物與PEG INTRO-A投予罹患多發性骨髓瘤的患者,作為維持療法。
在另一個具體實施例中,將免疫調節化合物與移植後的強化化療一起投予罹患新近診斷出之多發性骨髓瘤的患者,以便評估抗-血管生成作用。
在另一個具體實施例中,在DCEP強化之後,接著以高劑量苯丙胺酸氮芥治療,並移植周圍血液幹細胞,將免疫調節化合物與地塞米松投予65歲或更老的罹患多發性骨髓瘤的患者,作為維持療法。
在某些具體實施例中,週期性地將本發明之預防或治療劑投予患者。週期療法涉及定期投予活性製劑,接著休息一段時間,再重複該連續投藥。週期療法可降低對一或多種療法發展出抵抗力,避免或降低療法之一的副作用,並/或改善治療的效力。
因此,在本發明一個特定的具體實施例中,以4至6週之週期,每天以單一或分開的劑量投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,再休息大約1或2週。本發明更進一步容許增加投藥週期的頻率、次數和長度。因此,本發明其他特定的具體實施例包括以比通常在單獨投予其時之週期更多的週期,投予本發明之免疫調節化合物。在本發明另一個特定的具體實施例中,包括以較多次數的週期,投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,其通常在未投予第二個活性成分的患者中引起劑量-限制之毒性。
在一個具體實施例中,以從大約0.1到大約150毫克/天的劑量,每天投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,持續3或4週,接著休息1或2週。最好以0.1至5毫克/天之起始劑量(每週)升高1至10毫克/天,只要能容忍該療法,可達到50毫克/天之最大劑量,每天持續投予艾克堤邁T M
。在特定的具體實施例中,以大約5、10或25毫克/天的量,最好以大約10毫克/天的量投予瑞必邁T M
,持續3至4週,接著在4或6週的週期中休息1或2週。
在本發明的一個具體實施例中,口服投予本發明之免疫調節化合物和第二個活性成分,其中在4至6週的週期內,在第二個活性成分之前30至60分鐘,進行本發明之免疫調節化合物的投藥。在本發明的另一個具體實施例中,可經由靜脈內輸液,每個週期在大約90分鐘內,投予本發明之免疫調節化合物與第二個活性成分的組合。在特定的具體實施例中,一個週期包括每天投予從大約10到大約25毫克/天的瑞必邁T M
,和從大約50到大約200毫克/平方米/天的第二個活性成分,持續3至4週,然後休息1或2週。在另一個特定的具體實施例中,每個週期包括每天投予從大約5到大約10毫克/天的艾克堤邁T M
,和從大約50到大約200毫克/平方米/天的第二個活性成分,持續3至4週,然後休息1或2週。通常,在對患者投予綜合治療之期間的週期次數,將是從大約1到大約24個週期,較具代表性的是從大約2到大約16個週期,而更具代表性的是從大約4到大約3個週期。
在製備個別、單一的單位劑量形式時,可使用醫藥組合物。本發明之醫藥組合物和劑量形式,包括本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。本發明之醫藥組合物和劑量形式可進一步包括一或多個賦形劑。
本發明之醫藥組合物和劑量形式,亦可包括一或多個額外的活性成分。因此,本發明之醫藥組合物和劑量形式包括在本文中揭示之活性成分(例如免疫調節化合物和第二個活性製劑)。在本文中揭示了任意的第二個或額外之活性成分的實例(參見,例如5.2節)。
本發明之單一單位劑量形式適合口服、經黏膜(例如經鼻、舌下、經陰道、經頰或經直腸)、非經腸(例如皮下、靜脈內、團塊注射、肌肉內或動脈內)、局部(例如眼藥水或其他的眼科製備物)、經皮膚或經皮投藥給患者。劑量形式之實例,包括但不限於:錠劑;膜衣錠(caplets);膠囊,如軟而有彈性的明膠膠囊;豆狀膠囊;糖錠;菱形藥片;分散體;栓劑;散劑;氣溶膠(例如鼻噴霧或吸入器);凝膠;過合口服或經黏膜投予患者的液體劑量形式,包括懸浮液(例如含水或不含水的液體懸浮液、水包油乳劑或油包水的液體乳劑)、溶液和酏劑;適合非經腸投予患者的液體劑量形式;適合局部投藥的眼藥水或其他眼科製備物;以及可重建的無菌固體(例如結晶或非晶形的固體),以便提供患者適合非經腸投藥的液體劑量形式。
本發明之劑量形式的組合、形狀和類型,通常將視其用途而改變。例如,在疾病之急性治療中使用的劑量形式,可含有比在相同疾病之慢性治療中所使用的劑量形式更大量的一或多個其所包括之活性成分。同樣的,非經腸的劑量形式,可含有比在治療相同疾病所使用之口服劑量形式更少量的一或多個其所包括之活性成分。熟諳此藝者將迅速知曉其中由本發明所包含之特定劑量形式彼此變化的這些及其他方法。參見,例如Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第18版,Mack Publishing,Easton PA(1990)。
代表性的醫藥組合物和劑量形式,包括一或多種賦形劑。適合的賦形劑為熟諳製藥技藝者已熟知的,並在本文中提供適當賦形劑的非限制性實例。特定的賦形劑是否適合併入醫藥組合物或劑量形式中,將依據此項技藝中已熟知的各種因素,包括但不限於將該劑量形式投予患者的方式。例如,口服劑量形式,如錠劑,可含有不適用於非經腸之劑量形式的賦形劑。特殊賦形劑的合適性,亦可視在劑量形式中的特定活性成分而定。例如,可藉著一些賦形劑,如乳糖,或當與水接觸時,加速某些活性成分的分解。包括一級或二級胺的活性成分,特別容易感受這類經過加速的分解。因此,本發明所包括之醫藥組合物和劑量形式,其含有極少的,若有的話,乳糖以外的單-或雙-醣。當在本文中使用時,"不含乳糖"一詞意指乳糖出現的量,若有的話,實質上不足以增加活性成分的降解速率。
本發明之不含乳糖的組合物可包括此項技藝中已熟知,並在例如U.S.Pharmacopeia(USP)25-NF20(2002)中列舉的賦形劑。通常,不含乳糖的組合物包括在藥學上可相容且在藥學上可接受之含量的活性成分、黏合劑/填料和潤滑劑。較佳的不含乳糖的劑量形式包括活性成分、微晶纖維素、預先-膠化的澱粉和硬脂酸鎂。
本發明更進一步包括無水的醫藥組合物和劑量形式,其包括活性成分,因為水可能有助於一些化合物的降解。例如,在藥學技藝上已經廣泛接受水(例如5%)的加入,可作為模擬長期儲存以便判定特徵的方法,如調配物在一段時間內的儲存壽命或穩定性。參見,例如Jens T.Carstensen,Drug Stability:Principles & Practice,第2版,Marcel Dekker,NY,NY,1995,第379-80頁。事實上,水和熱加速了一些化合物的降解。因此,水對調配物的影響可能有相當大的重要性,因為經常在調配物的製造、操作、包裝、儲存、運送和使用期間,遇到濕氣及/或濕度。
可使用無水或低含水量的成分,以及低濕度或低濕氣的條件,來製備本發明之無水的醫藥組合物和劑量形式。若預期在製造、包裝及/或儲存期間會實際接觸到濕氣及/或濕度,則包括乳糖及至少一種包括一級或二級胺之活性成分的醫藥組合物和劑量形式,最好是無水的。
應該製備和儲存無水的醫藥組合物,使其得以維持無水的性質。因此,最好是使用已知可防止與可能在適當正規套組中所含有的水接觸之材料,來包裝無水的組合物。適當包裝的實例包括,但不限於密封的薄片、塑料、單位劑量容器(例如小瓶)、起泡包裝和長條包裝。
本發明更進一步包括醫藥組合物和劑量形式,其包括一或多個降低活性成分之分解速率的化合物。這類化合物,在本文中稱為"穩定劑",包括但不限於抗氧化劑,如抗壞血酸、pH值緩衝劑或鹽緩衝劑。
像賦形劑的量和類型一樣,在劑量形式中之活性成分的量和特定類型,可依據如投予患者之路徑,但不限於此的因素而有所不同。然而,本發明之代表性劑量形式包括含量從大約0.10到大約150毫克的本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構物、籠形物或前藥。代表性的劑量形式包括含量為大約0.1、1、2、5、7.5、10、12.5、15、17.5、20、25、50、100、150或200毫克的本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構物、籠形物或前藥。在特定的具體實施例中,較佳的劑量形式包括含量為大約1、2、5、10、25或50毫克的4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(艾克提邁T M
)。在特定的具體實施例中,較佳的劑量形式包括含量為大約5、10、25或50毫克的3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(瑞必邁T M
)。代表性的劑量形式以1到大約1000毫克,從大約5到大約500毫克,從大約10到大約350毫克,或從大約50到大約200毫克的量,包含第二個活性成分。當然,抗-癌藥物的特定含量,將依據所使用的特定製劑、待治療或管控的癌症類型,以及本發明之免疫調節化合物和同時投予患者之任何任意額外活性製劑的量。
適合口服投藥的本發明之醫藥組合物,可以分開的劑量形式存在,如錠劑(例如可嚼的錠劑)、膜衣錠、膠囊和液體(例如調味糖漿),但不限於此。這類劑量形式含有預定量的活性成分,並可藉著熟諳此藝者已熟知的製藥方法來製備。通常參見Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第18版,Mack Publishing,Easton PA(1990)。
根據傳統的藥理學調配技術,藉著將活性成分與至少一種賦形劑密切混合,製備本發明之代表性的口服劑量形式。賦形劑可採用各種形式,視希望用以投藥之製備物的形式而定。例如,適合用在口服液體或氣溶膠劑量形式中的賦形劑,包括但不限於水、乙二醇類、油類、醇類、調味劑、防腐劑和著色劑。適合用在固體口服劑量形式(例如散劑、錠劑、膠囊和膜衣錠)中之賦形劑的實例,包括但不限於澱粉類、糖類、微晶纖維素、稀釋劑、粒化劑、潤滑劑、黏合劑和崩解劑。
因為它們容易投藥,故錠劑和膠囊代表最有利的口服劑量單位形式,在這些案例中可使用固體賦形劑。若需要,可藉著標準含水或不含水的技術來塗覆錠劑。可藉著任何製藥方法來製備這類劑量形式。一般而言,可藉著均一且密切地混合活性成分與液體載劑、細分好的固體載劑或兩者,然後若需要再將產物塑造成想要的樣子,來製備醫藥組合物和劑量形式。
例如,可藉著壓緊或模塑來製備錠劑。可藉著在適當的機器中,壓緊自由-流動形式,如散劑或顆粒狀的活性成分,其可視需要與賦形劑混合,來製備壓緊的錠劑。可藉著在適當的機器上塑造以惰性液體稀釋劑弄濕之散劑狀化合物的混合物,來製造模塑的錠劑。
可用在本發明之口服劑量形式中的賦形劑之實例,包括但不限於黏合劑、填料、崩解劑和潤滑劑。適合用在醫藥組合物和劑量形式中的黏合劑,包括但不限於玉米澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉或其他澱粉類、明膠、天然及合成的樹膠,如阿拉伯樹膠、藻酸鈉、藻酸、其他的藻酸酯、散劑狀的黃蓍膠、瓜耳樹膠、纖維素及其衍生物(例如乙基纖維素、乙酸纖維素、羧甲基纖維素、纖維素鈣、羧甲基纖維素鈉)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、甲基纖維素、預先-膠化的澱粉、羥丙基甲基纖維素(例如2208、2906、2910號)、微晶纖維素及其混合物。
適當形式的微晶纖維素包括,但不限於以AVICEL-PH-101、AVICEL-PH-103、AVICEL RC-581、AVICEL-PH-105之名販售的物質(獲自FMC Corporation,American Viscose Division,Avicel Sales,Marcus Hook,PA)及其混合物。特定的黏合劑是以AVICEL RC-581之名販售的微晶纖維素與羧甲基纖維素鈉的混合物。適當的無水或低濕度賦形劑或添加物包括AVICEL-PH-103T M
和澱粉1500 LM。
適合用在在本文中揭示之醫藥組合物和劑量形式中的填料之實例,包括但不限於滑石、碳酸鈣(例如顆粒或散劑)、微晶纖維素、散劑狀的纖維素、葡聚糖酸酯(dextrates)、高嶺土、甘露糖醇、矽酸、山梨糖醇、澱粉、預先-膠化的澱粉及其混合物。在本發明之醫藥組合物中的黏合劑或填料,通常以從約50到大約99重量%的該醫藥組合物或劑量形式存在。
在本發明之組合物中使用崩解劑,使錠劑在暴露於含水環境時分解。含有太多崩解劑的錠劑,可能在儲存時分解,而含有太少崩解劑的那些,可能不會以想要的速率或在想要的條件下分解。因此,應該使用不太多也不太少以致於有害的足量崩解劑,改變活性成分的釋放,形成本發明的固體口服劑量形式。所使用之崩解劑的量,將依據調配物的類型而改變,並為熟諳此藝者可輕易辨別的。代表性的醫藥組合物包括從大約0.5到大約15重量%的崩解劑,最好是從大約1到大約5重量%的崩解劑。
可用在本發明之醫藥組合物和劑量形式中的崩解劑,包括但不限於瓊脂-瓊脂、藻酸、碳酸鈣、微晶纖維素、交聯羧甲基纖維素鈉、克洛帕維酮、陽離子交換樹脂、甘醇酸澱粉鈉、馬鈴薯或木薯澱粉、其他的澱粉類、預先-膠化的澱粉、其他的澱粉類、黏土、其他的藻酸胺、其他的纖維素、樹膠及其混合物。
可用在本發明之醫藥組合物和劑量形式中的潤滑劑,包括但不限於硬脂酸鈣、硬脂酸鎂、礦物油、輕礦物油、甘油、山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、聚乙二醇、其他的乙二醇類、硬脂酸、十二烷基硫酸鈉、滑石、氫化的植物油(例如花生油、棉子油、向日葵油、芝麻油、橄欖油、玉米油和大豆油)、硬脂酸鋅、油酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、瓊脂及其混合物。額外的潤滑劑包括,例如Syloid矽膠(AEROSIL200,由W.R.Grace Co.of Baltimore,MD製造)、合成矽土的凝固氣溶膠(由Degussa Co.of Plano,TX上市)、CAB-O-SIL(一種由Cabot Co.of Boston,MA販售之熱解的二氧化矽產物)及其混合物。若要使用,通常以低於大約1重量%之醫藥組合物或劑量形式的量併入,使用該潤滑劑。
本發明較佳的固體口服劑量形式,包括本發明之免疫調節化合物、無水的乳糖、微晶纖維素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、硬脂酸、膠體的無水矽土和明膠。
可藉著熟諳此藝者已熟知的控制釋放工具或藉著遞送裝置,投予本發明之活性製劑。實例包括,但不限於在美國專利第3,845,770號、3,916,899號、3,536,809號、3,598,123號;以及4,008,719號、5,674,533號、5,059,595號、5,591,767號、5,120,548號、5,073,543號、5,639,476號、5,354,556號和5,733,566號中揭示的那些,分別以引用的方式併入本文中。可使用這類劑量形式,提供所使用之一或多個活性成分的緩慢或經控制-釋放,例如氫丙基甲基纖維素、其他的聚合物基質、凝膠、可通透的膜、滲透系統、多層塗料、微顆粒、微脂粒、中心體或其組合,提供按各種比例的想要釋放輪廓。熟諳此藝者已知適當的經控制-釋放之調配物,包括在本文中描述的那些,並可輕易地選擇適合本發明之活性成分使用的。因此,本發明包括適合口服投藥的單一單位劑量形式,如錠劑、膠囊、膠囊錠(gelcaps)和膜衣錠,但不限於此,將其改造成經控制-釋放的。
所有經控制-釋放的藥學產物均具有改善藥物治療勝過其未經控制之相同物所能達到的共同目標。理想上,使用在醫學治療中最佳設計之經控制-釋放的製備物,其特徵在於將欲使用之藥物本體減至最少,以便以最少的時間治癒或控制病況。經控制-釋放之調配物的優點,包括藥物的延長活性、降低給藥頻率,並增加患者的順從。此外,可使用經控制-釋放的調配物,對作用發生的時間或其他特徵產生影響,如藥物的血液含量,並因此可影響副(例如有害)作用的發生。
將大多數的經控制-釋放調配物設計成一開始釋放便迅速產生想要之治療效果的藥物(活性成分)量,並逐漸且持續地釋放其他量的藥物,在延長的時間內維持該程度的治療或預防效果。為了在體內維持藥物的不變含量,必須以將代替欲從體內代謝和排泄之藥物量的速率,從劑量形式中釋放出藥物。可藉著各種條件刺激活性成分的控制-釋放,包括但不限於pH值、溫度、酵素、水或其他生理學條件或化合物。
可藉著各種路徑投予非經腸劑量形式,包括但不限於皮下、靜脈內(包括團塊注射)、肌肉內和動脈內。因為它們的投藥通常要繞過患者對抗污染物的天然防禦,所以非經腸劑量形式最好是無菌的或能夠在投予患者之前滅菌。非經腸劑量形式的實例包括,但不限於準備好供注射用的溶液、準備好欲溶解或懸浮於在藥學上可接受之注射媒劑中的乾燥產物、準備好供注射用的懸浮液和乳劑。
可用來提供本發明之非經腸劑量形式的適當媒劑為熟諳此藝者已知的。實例包括但不限於:注射用水USP;含水媒劑,如氯化鈉注射液、林格氏注射液、右旋糖注射液、右旋糖和氯化鈉注射液以及乳酸林格氏注射液,但不限於此;水-混溶媒劑,如乙醇、聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇,但不限於此;以及不-含水媒劑,如玉米油、棉子油、花生油、芝麻油、油酸乙酯、肉荳蔻酸異丙酯和苯甲酸苄酯,但不限於此。
亦可將增加在本文中揭示之一或多個活性成分之溶解度的化合物併入本發明之非經腸劑量形式中。例如,可使用環糊精及其衍生物來增加本發明之免疫調節化合物及其衍生物的溶解度。參見,例如美國專利第5,134,127號,以引用的方式併入本文中。
本發明之局部和黏膜劑量形式包括,但不限於噴霧劑、氣溶膠、溶液、乳劑、懸浮液、眼藥水或其他眼科製備物,或其他熟諳此藝者已知的形式。參見,例如Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第16和18版,Mack Publishing,Easton PA(1980 & 1990);以及Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,第4版,Lea & Febiger,Philadephia(1985)。可以漱口水或以口腔凝膠的形式,調配適合治療在口腔內之黏膜組織的劑量形式。
可用來提供本發明所包括之局部和黏膜劑量形式的適當賦形劑(例如載劑和稀釋劑)及其他材料,為熟諳藥學技藝者已熟知的,並視將施用特定藥學組合物或劑量形式的特殊組織而定。鑑於該事實,代表性的賦形劑包括但不限於水、丙酮、乙醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、丁烷-1,3-二醇、肉荳蔻酸異丙醇、棕櫚酸異丙酯、礦物油及其混合物,形成溶液、乳劑或凝膠,其為無-毒性且在藥學上可接受的。若需要,亦可將濕化劑或濕潤劑加至醫藥組合物和劑量形式中。這類額外成分的實例為此項技藝中已熟知的。參見,例如Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第16和18版,Mack Publishing,Easton PA(1980&1990)。
亦可調整醫藥組合物或劑量形式的pH值,改善一或多個活性成分的遞送。同樣地,亦可調整溶劑載劑的極性、其離子強度或張力,以便改善遞送。亦可在醫藥組合物或劑量形式中加入諳如硬脂酸鹽之類的化合物,有利地改變一或多個活性成分的親水性或厭水性,而得以改善遞送。關於這一點,硬脂酸鹽可作為調配物的脂質媒劑,作為乳化劑或界面活性劑,並作為促進遞送或促進穿透的製劑。可使用活性成分的不同鹽類、水合物或媒合物,進一步調整所得組合物的特性。
通常,最好不要在相同的時間或藉著相同的投藥途徑,將本發明之活性成分投予患者。因此,本發明包括套組,當由醫師使用時,可簡化對患者投予適當量之活性成分的過程。
本發明代表性的套組,包括本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物、水合物、立體異構物、前藥或籠形物的劑量形式。本發明所包括之套組,可進一步包括額外的活性成分,如奧比里森(根納三思)、苯丙胺酸氮芥、G-CSF、GM-CSF、EPO、拓撲太肯、甲嗪哚唑胺、依立替康、剋癌易、IFN、COX-2抑制劑、己酮可可鹼、環丙沙星、地塞米松、IL2、IL8、IL18、Ara-C、長春瑞賓、維生素A酸(isotretinoin)、13順-視黃酸,或其在藥理學上有活性的突變種或衍生物或其組合。額外之活性成分的實例,包括但不限於在本文中揭示的那些(參見,例如5.2節)。
本發明之套組可進一步包括用來投予活性成分的裝置。這類裝置的實例,包括但不限於注射筒、點滴袋、貼片和吸入器。
本發明之套組亦可進一步包括移植用的細胞或血液,以及可用來投予一或多個活性成分之在藥學上可接受的媒劑。例如,若以固體形式提供活性成分,其必須為了非經腸投藥而重建,則該套組可包括適當媒劑的密封容器,可將活性成分溶解於其中,形成適合非經腸投藥的無顆粒之無菌溶液。在藥學上可接受之媒劑的實例,包括但不限於:注射用水USP;含水媒劑,如氯化鈉注射液、林格氏注射液、右旋糖注射液、右旋糖和氯化鈉注射液以及乳酸林格氏注射液,但不限於此;水-混溶媒劑,如乙醇、聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇,但不限於此;以及不-含水媒劑,如玉米油、棉子油、花生油、芝麻油、油酸乙酯、肉荳蔻酸異丙酯和苯甲酸苄酯,但不限於此。
藉著下列的非-限制性實例解釋本發明的某些具體實施例。
已經進行一連串非-臨床的藥理學和毒物學研究,支持本發明之免疫調節化合物在人類個體中的臨床評估。除非另行提出,根據國際公認關於研究設計的指導方針,並遵從Good Laboratory Practice(GLP)的需求,進行這些研究。
在活體外調查藉由4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(艾克堤邁T M
)、3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮和沙利度胺(瑞必邁T M
),在人類PBMC和人類全血的LPS-刺激之後,對TNF-α產製的抑制作用(Muller等人,Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.9:1625-1630,1999)。4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮,在PBMC和人類全血的LPS-刺激之後,抑制TNF-α產製的IC5 0
,分別為大約24 nM(6.55毫微克/毫升)和大約25 nM(6.83毫微克/毫升)。在活體外的研究暗示4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮的藥理學活性輪廓類似沙利度胺,但比它更有效至少200倍。在活體外的研究亦證實濃度2.73至27.3毫微克/毫升(0.01至0.1 μM)的4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮,達到MM.1S和Hs Sultan細胞增殖的50%抑制。
3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮,在PBMC和人類全血的LPS-刺激之後,抑制TNF-α產製的IC5 0
,分別為大約100 nM(25.9毫微克/毫升)和大約480 nM(103.6毫微克/毫升)。相反的,沙利度胺在PBMC的LPS-刺激之後,對於抑制TNF-α之產製具有大約194 μM的IC5 0
(50.2微克/毫升)。在活體外的研究暗示3-(4-胺基-1-氧基1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的藥理學活性輪廓類似沙利度胺,但比它更有效50至2000倍。已經顯示該化合物在藉著T-細胞受體(TCR)激活作用的最初誘導之後,在刺激T-細胞增殖方面,比沙利度胺更有效大約50-100倍。3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮在PMBC(IL-2)或T-細胞(INF-γ)的TCR激活作用之後,在增加IL-2和IFN-γ產製方面,亦比沙利度胺更有效大約50至100倍。此外,3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮亦對藉著PMBC的LPS-刺激之前癌症細胞素TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的產製,顯示出劑量-依賴性之抑制作用,同時其增加消炎之細胞素IL-10的產製。
在活體外的研究中,比較3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(瑞必邁T M
)和沙利度胺影響MM細胞株增殖的能力。測量由不同MM細胞株(MM.1S、Hs Sultan、U266和RPMI-8226)攝取的[3
H]-胸腺核苷,作為細胞增殖的指標。在化合物的存在下培養細胞48小時;在培養期間的最後8小時,納入[3
H]-胸腺核苷。將3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮加至MM.1S和Hs Sultan細胞中,分別在0.4 μm和1 μm之濃度下,產生細胞增殖之50%抑制的結果。相反的,以高達100 μm之濃度加入沙利度胺,分別在MM.1S和Hu Sultan細胞中僅產生細胞增殖之15%和20%抑制的結果。在圖1中概述這些結果。
在被麻醉的狗中,調查3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(瑞必邁T M
)對心血管和呼吸功能的影響。使用兩組小獵犬(2隻/性別/組)。一組僅接受3個劑量的媒劑,而另一組接受三個上升劑量的3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(2、10和20毫克/公斤)。在所有的案例中,均經由頸靜脈輸液,以至少30分鐘的間隔分開,連續投予3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮或媒劑的劑量。
當與媒劑對照組相比較時,在所有劑量中由3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮引起的心血管和呼吸變化均是最少的。在媒劑和治療組之間有統計學上顯著差異的,只有在投予低劑量的3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮之後,在動脈血壓上的少量增加(從94毫米汞柱至101毫米汞柱)。該影響持續大約15分鐘,且在較高劑量中並沒有看到。在股血流上的偏差、呼吸參數和Qtc間隔,對對照組和治療組兩者是共同的,不認為與治療有關。
在特定的具體實施例中,將本發明之免疫調節化合物週期性地投予罹患癌症的患者。週期療法涉及投予第一個製劑一段時間,接著休息一段時間,再重複該連續投藥。週期療法可降低對一或多種療法發展出抵抗力,避免或降低療法之一的副作用,及/或改善治療的效力。
在特定的具體實施例中,以大約4至6週的週期,每天大約1或兩次投予預防或治療劑。一個週期可包括投予治療或預防劑3至4週,並至少休息1或2週。週期投藥的次數,是從大約1至大約24個週期,較具代表性的是從大約2到大約16個週期,而更具代表性的是從大約4到大約8個週期。
例如,在4週的週期中,在第1天開始25毫克/天之3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的投藥。在第22天時,停止化合物的投藥休息1週。在第29天時,再開始25毫克/天之3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的投藥。
對罹患復發/難醫治之多發性骨髓瘤的患者,投予4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(艾克堤邁T M
)。遵從Good Clinical Practice進行研究。患者至少18歲,已經診斷罹患多發性骨髓瘤(在血清及/或尿中有病變蛋白),且在至少兩個治療週期之後,認為對治療是難醫治的,或在兩個治療週期之後復發。
根據Southwest Oncology Group(SWOG)判斷標準,認為對其先前之攝生法有進行性疾病的患者,對治療是難醫治的。將疾病緩和之後的復發,定義為M組份從基準線階級增加>25%;再度出現先前已消失的M病變蛋白;或在放射線照片上認為溶解性骨病變的尺寸和數目明確地增加。患者可能先前已經使用沙利度胺治療過,使他們能夠容忍該治療。所有的患者均需要0至2的Zubrod行動能力。
以1、2、5或10毫克/天之劑量,將4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮投予患者,最多4週;在每個劑量階級處,一開始有3個患者加入。在每天早上約略相同的時間給藥;在禁食的狀態下投予所有的劑量(在給藥前2個小時和給藥後2個小時沒有進食)。以上升的形式投予4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮劑量,使得第一群中的患者接受最低劑量的4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮(1毫克/天),且只有在對目前之劑量確立安全性和耐受性之後,才升高至下一個較高的劑量階級。若三個患者之一在任何劑量下體驗到劑量限制毒性(DLT),便在該劑量處加入3個額外的患者。若三個額外的患者都沒有體驗到DLT,便升高至下一個劑量階級;以類似之方式繼續升高,直到建立MTD或達到最大每日劑量(10毫克/天)為止。然而,若三個額外加入的患者之一體驗到DLT,便已經達到MTD。若三個額外加入的患者中有二或多個體驗到DLT,則判斷MTD已經超過,並使這三個額外的患者加入前一個劑量階級,證實MTD。一旦已經確認MTD,便將四個額外的患者加至這個劑量階級,使總共有10個患者以MTD治療。
在第1和28天時,根據下列的採樣程序,採血進行藥物動力學參數分析:投藥前、投藥後0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、4、6、8、10、12、18和24小時。每週拜訪收集額外的血液試樣,判定4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮之階級。亦根據下列的投藥後時間間隔,利用尿液集合進行總尿液收集:0至4、4至8、8至12和12至24小時。藉著監視有害事件、生命徵候、ECGs、臨床實驗室評估(血液化學、血液學、定出淋巴細胞表現型和尿液分析)進行安全性評估,並在研究期間的特定時間點進行理學檢查。
在對多發性骨髓瘤患者投予單一或多個-劑量的4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮之後,獲得中期藥物學動力分析的結果,並在下文的表1和2中提出。這些數據顯示在復發之多發性骨髓瘤的患者中,在所有劑量階級中,均穩定地吸收4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮。最大血漿濃度出現在在第1天給藥後2.5到2.8小時之間,以及在第4週給藥後3到4小時之間的中間Tm a x
。在所有的劑量中,在達到Cm a x
之後,血漿濃度以單向之方式降低。排除期的開始分別發生在第1天和第4週的給藥後3到10小時之間。
這些數據亦顯示在給藥4週之後,4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮累積達小程度(對於Cm a x
和AUC( 0 - γ )
,平均累積速率分別為大約1.02至1.52,和大約0.94至1.62)。在AUC( 0 - γ )
和Cm a x
值中的劑量比例增加,幾乎是隨著劑量增加。更高5-倍劑量的4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮,在第1天和第4週時,分別在Cm a x
上產生3.2-和2.2-倍的增加。同樣地,劑量增加5-倍,結果在第1天和第4週時,分別在AUC( 0 - γ )
上產生3.6-和2.3-倍的增加。
已經進行3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(瑞必邁(Revimid)T M
)的兩個第1階段臨床研究,在罹患難醫治或復發之多發性骨髓瘤的患者中,確認最大耐受劑量(MTD)。這些研究在升高口服給予之3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的劑量,高達4週時,亦定出3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的安全性輪廓特徵。開始以5毫克/天的3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮治療患者,接著升高至10、25和50毫克/天。患者加入其指定之劑量28天,延長治療則選擇未顯示出疾病進行或體驗到劑量限制毒性(DLT)的那些。在每次拜訪時,針對有害事件評估患者,並根據National Cancer Institute(NCI)Common Toxicity Criteria將這些事件的嚴重性分級。若患者體驗到DLT(第3級或較大的非-血液學毒性,或第4級血液學毒性),便中斷治療。
在該研究中,有27個患者參加。所有的患者均有復發之多發性骨髓瘤,且18個(72%)是搶救療法難以醫治的。在這些患者中,15個之前曾經歷自體的幹細胞移植,而16個患者之前曾接受沙利度胺的治療。之前攝生法的中間數為3(範圍為2至6)。
在第1和28天時,收集血液和尿液試樣進行藥物動力學參數的分析。根據下列的採樣程序,收集血液試樣:投藥前、投藥後0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、4、6、8、10、12、18和24小時。此外,為了的判定3-(4-腔基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮,在每週的臨床拜訪時收集血液試樣。根據下列的投藥後時間間隔,收集並集合總尿液:0至4、4至8、8至12和12至24小時。從血清和24-小時尿液收集中,利用肌酸酐清除,藉著M-蛋白質定量(藉著免疫電泳),評估對治療之反應,並在篩選、基準線、第2和4週以及之後的每個月(或在早期中止時),從事24-小時的蛋白質計算。以最佳的反應判斷標準為基礎,若患者的病變蛋白血清濃度或24-小時尿液蛋白質排泄下降至下一個較低階級,便在第3、6和12個月亦進行骨髓抽吸及/或組織生檢。在下文中概述28-天治療期間的初步結果。
以這兩個研究為基礎的初步藥物動力學分析,指出在多發性骨髓瘤患者中,在單一和多個劑量之後,AUC和Cm a x
值隨著劑量按比例增加(如同在健康志願者中看到的)。此外,多次給藥並沒有累積的證據,因為在相同劑量的3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮之後,單一劑量的AUC( 0 - ∞ )
可與多個劑量的AUC0 - γ
相比擬。與健康志願者的研究類似,觀察到雙重高峰。曝露在多發性骨髓瘤下的患者,以Cm a x
和AUC值為基礎,與健康男性的志願者相比較似乎是稍高的,同時在多發性骨髓瘤患者中的清除,比在健康志願者中的更低,與他們較差的腎功能相符合(兩者皆為他們年齡和他們疾病的結果)。最後,3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮在患者中的半衰期,比在健康志願者中的更低(平均8小時,範圍高達17小時)。
在該研究中,第一群的3個患者以5毫克/天處理28天,沒有任何劑量限制毒性(DLT)。第二群的3個患者接著開始以10毫克/天治療。在第二群10毫克/天之3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮中的患者,完全能容忍該治療。
在罹患各種類型之固體腫瘤的患者中,進行利用3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(瑞必邁T M
)的研究,包括惡性黑色素瘤(13)、胰臟癌(2)、原發性的未知類鹽(1)、腎臟癌(1)、乳癌(1)和NSCLC(2)。患者接受5毫克/天的3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮7天,接著每隔7天升高至10毫克/天、25毫克/天和50毫克/天,總共治療4週。容許體驗到臨床益處的患者繼續治療,作為指定患者。
一開始有20個患者參加研究,接著修正在較高的劑量,再加入16個額外的患者(腎上腺癌、NSCLC、惡性間皮瘤、乳癌、惡性黑色素瘤(8)、腎細胞癌(4))。在6-週期間內,每週給予這16個額外的患者25毫克/天、50毫克/天、75毫克/天、100毫克/天、125毫克/天和150毫克/天的升高劑量,並持續治療額外的6週。
設計第1階段的研究,判定3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮在罹患難醫治之固體腫瘤及/或淋巴瘤之患者中的最大耐受劑量(MTD),並定出3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡定-2,6-二酮在該患者族群中的藥物動力學和副作用輪廓特徵。研究設計指定至少有3個患者必須參加一個劑量階級,並在患者參加下一個較高劑量階級之前,完成28天的治療。開始給予在第一組中的患者5毫克/天的3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮。只要沒有毒性,便可將患者升高劑量至10、20、25和30毫克/天。
在該研究中,將MTD定義為在接受治療的6個患者中,少於兩個未體驗到第3級或較大的非-血液學毒性,或第4級或較大的血液學毒性之最高劑量階級。若在任一研究中之特定劑量階級下,3個患者中有1個體驗到毒性,必須以該特定劑量治療3個額外的患者。然而,若6個患者中有2個體驗到DLT,則判斷已經超過MTD。不進行更多的劑量升高,並在先前的劑量階級中加入額外的患者。升高所投予之3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的劑量,直到獲得MTD或達到最大的每日劑量。
在該研究中,在有20個患者參與的最初組中沒有報告DLTs。原始20個受試患者中有13個,連同2個非-試驗患者,連續以高達150毫克/天之劑量進行治療,作為指定患者。
進行本研究,在罹患再發、高級神經膠質瘤之患者中找出毒性。設計該研究,得以給予患者逐漸升高劑量的3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮,直到建立最大耐受劑量(MTD)為止。該研究亦調查,以便獲得3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的初步毒性資訊和藥物動力學數據,並使用功能神經-影像研究,在活體內發展關於血管生成活性之代用品終點的探測數據,以及血清血管生成肽的活體外測啶。
參加第一組的患者接受2.5毫克/平方米/天,持續4-週的週期。在每個4-週的治療週期內,每天一次投予3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮,持續3週,接著休息一週。若符合兩個判斷基準,完成治療週期的患者便可接受另一個3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的治療週期。第一,患者必須有穩定的疾病,或已經體驗到部分反應或全部反應,或藉著降低與腫瘤有關之症狀,如神經學上的不足,證明患者獲益於利用3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的療法。第二,患者必須從與3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮有關的毒性中恢復,其發生在先前週期之第42天或稍早時(28-天的週期,加上2週的恢復期限),藉著回復到等級1的毒性水準而證實之。在之前週期中體驗到DLT的患者,應該修改其劑量。將DLT定義為認為其與研究之醫藥品有關的毒性3級之非-血液學事件,或毒性4級的血液學事件。從該研究中移出在第一個週期中體驗到DLT,並對治療沒有反應的患者。
接著將3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的劑量升高至5、8、11、15和20毫克/平方米/天,至40毫克的最大總每日劑量。患者在4-週的週期中繼續接受3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的每個劑量階級,直到符合離開研究的判斷基準之一為止。
每組有3個患者參加。若發生至少1個DLT,則在特定劑量階級的該組中加入3個額外的患者。若發生2個DLTs,則已經超過MTD,將其定義為在每個劑量階級中,少於三分之一患者體驗到DLT的劑量,並以前一個劑量治療4個以上的患者。
除非他們對治療有反應,否則從研究中移出在前4-週之週期中體驗到DLT的患者。至於已經完成第一個4-週之週期而無DLT,但後續體驗到3或4級血液學及/或非血液學毒性的患者,暫緩治療最少1週。若在3週內毒性變成<2級,便在低於引起毒性之劑量的兩個劑量階級下治療該患者(若在第一或第二個劑量階級下治療該患者,則降低50%)。從研究中,移除在3週內未使其之3或4級毒性變成<1級的患者,或在降低之劑量下具有其他3級毒性的那些患者。
在3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮的第一個劑量(第1天)之前,以及之後的0.5、1、2、4、6、8、24和48小時,進行藥物動力學的採樣。在第7和21天亦進行給藥前的採樣,並在第21天進行給藥後0.1、1、2、4、6、8和24小時的採樣,評估穩定的3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮含量。
以5毫克/天的3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(瑞必邁T M
)開始治療罹患轉移之黑色素瘤的患者,持續7天。然後每隔7天,分別增加劑量至10毫克/天、25毫克/天和50毫克/天,總共治療4週。在13個以該攝生法治療的患者中,有5個顯示疾病的穩定化,或對前四週之治療有部分反應。在皮膚和皮下病變(5個患者)、淋巴結(2個患者)和肝臟(1個患者)中,看到腫瘤起反應。反應的期間大約6個月。結果暗示該化合物似乎是有前途的新穎抗-癌症製劑,並具有抗血管生成和免疫調節特性兩者。
利用高達4個週期,每次4至6週的苯丙胺酸氮芥(50毫克靜脈內)、本發明之免疫調節化合物(每天口服大約1到150毫克)和地塞米松(在第1到4天時口服40毫克/天)的組合治療,治療罹患復發和難醫治之杜恩-賽門(Dune-Salmon)第III期多發性骨髓瘤的患者,該患者對先前的攝生法已經失敗至少3次,或呈現不佳的表現狀態、嗜中性白血球減少症或血小板減少症。持續由每天的本發明之免疫調節化合物和每個月的地塞米松所組成之維持治療,直到疾病前進為止。使用本發明之免疫調節化合物,連同苯丙胺酸氮芥和地塞米松的療法,是具有高度活性的,且通常為在經過沉重之預先治療的多發性骨髓瘤患者可容忍的,該患者的癒後不是那麼差的。
本發明上述的具體實施例,僅企圖作為例證,而熟諳此藝者將承認,或將能夠使用不超過例行的實驗,探知特定之化合物、物質和程序的許多相等物。認為所有的這類相等物均在本發明的範圍內,並由附錄之申請專利範圍涵蓋。
圖1顯示在活體外研究中,比較3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮(瑞必邁(Revimid)T M
)和沙利度胺(Thalidomide)在抑制多發性骨髓瘤(MM)細胞株增殖上的效力。測量由不同MM細胞株(MM.1S、Hs Sultan、U266和RPMI-8226)攝取的[3
H]-胸腺核苷,作為細胞增殖的指標。
Claims (56)
- 一種免疫調節化合物或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物或立體異構體用於製備治療、管控或預防多發性骨髓瘤之醫藥品之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物為4-(胺基)-2-(2,6-二氧基(3-六氫吡啶基))-異吲哚啉-1,3-二酮,且其中該醫藥品係與在治療上或在預防上有效含量的第二個活性劑結合投予,其中該第二個活性劑為苯丙胺酸氮芥(melphalan)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、阿黴素(doxorubicin)、脂質體阿黴素(pegylated liposomal doxorubicin)、脫氫可的松(prednisone)、長春新鹼(vincristine)、環磷醯胺(cyclophosphamide)、甲紅黴素(biaxin)、搓杜滋美(trastuzumab)或利妥昔單抗(rituximab),或蛋白質降解體抑制劑(proteasome inhibitor),或其組合。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該第二個活性劑係苯丙胺酸氮芥或脫氫可的松。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該第二個活性劑係環磷醯胺。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該第二個活性劑係地塞米松。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該第二個活性劑係蛋白質降解體抑制劑。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該第二個活性劑係阿黴素。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該第二個活性劑係脂質體阿黴素。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該多發性骨髓瘤係隱匿型骨髓 瘤,無痛性骨髓瘤,化學療法-反應性多發性骨髓瘤,難治性骨髓瘤,復發性骨髓瘤,新近診斷出之多發性骨髓瘤,或復發和難醫治之杜恩-賽門(Dune-Salmon)第III期多發性骨髓瘤。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物是在對映異構上純的。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該醫藥品係在針對在患者中減輕、降低或避免該多發性骨髓瘤之症狀的手術之前、期間或之後投予。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物或立體異構體降低或避免與投予第二個活性劑有關之有害影響。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該多發性骨髓瘤為傳統療法難以醫治的,其包括對需要其之患者投予在治療上或在預防上有效含量的免疫調節化合物,或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物或立體異構體,其中該傳統療法係選自手術、化學療法、輻射療法、荷爾蒙療法、生物學療法和免疫療法。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中以從大約0.1到大約150毫克每天的量,投予該免疫調節化合物或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物或立體異構體。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物或立體異構體係於投予第二個活性劑前、期間或之後投予。
- 如請求項1至14任一項之用途,其中該醫藥品包含0.10到150毫克之該免疫調節化合物。
- 如請求項15之用途,其中該醫藥品包含0.1,1,2,5,7.5,10,12.5,15,17.5,20,25,100或150毫克之該免疫調節化合物。
- 如請求項15之用途,其中該醫藥品包含5,10,15,25或50毫克之3-(4-胺基-1-氧基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-六氫吡啶-2,6-二酮。
- 如請求項1至15任一項之用途,其中該醫藥品包含1-1000毫克之第二個活性劑。
- 如請求項1至15任一項之用途,其中該醫藥品係以口服、經黏膜、非經腸、局部、經皮膚或經皮投藥給患者之形式製備。
- 如請求項1至15任一項之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物與該第二個活性劑係週期性投予。
- 如請求項20之用途,其中一週期包含4至6週。
- 如請求項20之用途,其中一週期包含投予該免疫調節化合物21天接著休息7天。
- 如請求項20之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物係投予4至24週,其間休息1至6週。
- 如請求項20之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物係於每28天以約0.1至約150毫克每天之量投予21天,持續16至24週。
- 如請求項20之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物係於28天之 週其中以0.1至50毫克每天之量投予21天,接著休息7天。
- 如請求項1至14任一項之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物係以約0.1至約50毫克每天之量投予。
- 如請求項1至14任一項之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物係以約5,10,15,20,25,30或50毫克每天之量投予。
- 如請求項1至14任一項之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物係以約5至約25毫克每天之量投予。
- 如請求項1至14任一項之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物係以約5毫克每天之量投予。
- 如請求項1至14任一項之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物係以約10毫克每天之量投予。
- 如請求項1至14任一項之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物係以約25毫克每天之量投予。
- 一種下式化合物或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物或立體異構體於製備用於治療多發性骨髓瘤之醫藥品之用途,
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該多發性骨髓瘤為傳統療法難以醫治的,其中該傳統療法係選自手術、化學療法、輻射療法、荷爾蒙療法、生物學療法和免疫療法。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該多發性骨髓瘤係隱匿型骨髓瘤,無痛性骨髓瘤,化學療法-反應性多發性骨髓瘤,難治性骨髓瘤,復發性骨髓瘤,新近診斷出之多發性骨髓瘤,或復發和難醫治之杜恩-賽門(Dune-Salmon)第III期多發性骨髓瘤。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該第二個活性劑係苯丙胺酸氮芥或脫氫可的松。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該第二個活性劑係環磷醯胺。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該第二個活性劑係地塞米松。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該第二個活性劑係蛋白質降解體抑制劑。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該第二個活性劑係阿黴素。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該醫藥品包含0.1-150毫克之該化合物。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該醫藥品包含5,10,25或50毫克之該化合物。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該化合物係於投予第二個活性劑前、期間或之後投予。
- 如請求項37之用途,其中該化合物與該第二個活性劑係 週期性投予。
- 如請求項43之用途,其中一週期包含4至6週。
- 如請求項43之用途,其中一週包含投予該化合物21天接著休息7天。
- 如請求項43之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物係投予4至24週,其間休息1至6週。
- 如請求項43之用途,其中該免疫調節化合物係於每28天以約0.1至約150毫克每天之量投予21天,持續16至24週。
- 如請求項43之用途,其中該化合物係於每28天之週期中以約25毫克每天之量於第1至21天每天一次投予,地塞米松係於前四個每個為28天之週期後以約40毫克每天之量於第1-4,9-12及17-20天每天一次投予。
- 如請求項43之用途,其中於每4至6週之第1至4天,該化合物係以約25毫克每天之量投予且地塞米松係以約40毫克每天之量投予。
- 如請求項43之用途,其中該化合物於每28天週期之第1至21天係以約25毫克每天之量每天一次投予,且地塞米松係於每28天之週期之第1,8,15及22天以約40毫克每天之量每天一次投予。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該醫藥品中之該化合物係以約0.1至約50毫克每天之量投予。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該醫藥品中之該化合物係以約5,10,15,20,25,30或50毫克每天之量投予。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該醫藥品中之該化合物係以約5至約25毫克每天之量投予。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該醫藥品中之該化合物係以約5毫克,10毫克,15毫克或25毫克之量投予。
- 如請求項32之用途,其中該醫藥品中之該化合物係以約15毫克一天兩次投予。
- 一種如下式化合物或其在藥學上可接受之鹽、媒合物或立體異構體於製備用於治療多發性骨髓瘤之醫藥品之用途,其中該醫藥品包含約25毫克之該化合物,
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