TWI401908B - 用於正交頻率劃分無線通信系統之導頻信號傳輸 - Google Patents

用於正交頻率劃分無線通信系統之導頻信號傳輸 Download PDF

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TWI401908B
TWI401908B TW095109102A TW95109102A TWI401908B TW I401908 B TWI401908 B TW I401908B TW 095109102 A TW095109102 A TW 095109102A TW 95109102 A TW95109102 A TW 95109102A TW I401908 B TWI401908 B TW I401908B
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pilot
sequences
wireless communication
pattern
pilot symbols
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TW200703990A (en
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Tingfang Ji
Ayman Fawzy Naguib
Arak Sutivong
Dhananjay Ashok Gore
Alexei Gorokhov
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Qualcomm Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0048—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
    • H04L1/0071—Use of interleaving
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03828—Arrangements for spectral shaping; Arrangements for providing signals with specified spectral properties
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0003—Two-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0005—Time-frequency
    • H04L5/0007—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A), DMT
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0014—Three-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0023—Time-frequency-space

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Description

用於正交頻率劃分無線通信系統之導頻信號傳輪
本發明大體上係關於無線通信，且特定言之係關於一正交頻率劃分無線通信系統中的導頻資訊傳輸。
正交分頻多向近接(OFDMA)系統利用正交分頻多工(OFDM)。OFDM為一將總系統頻寬分割為多個(N)正交頻率副載波之多載波調變技術。此等副載波亦可稱為音調(tone)、筐(bin)及頻率通道。可用資料來調變每一副載波。每一OFDM符號週期中的N個總副載波上可發送多達N個調變符號。用一N點反向快速傅立葉轉換(EFFT)將此等調變符號轉化為時域以產生一含有N個時域碼片或樣本之轉換符號。
在跳頻通信系統中，資料在不同時間間隔中的不同頻率副載波上傳輸，該等不同時間間隔可稱為"跳頻週期"。此等頻率副載波可由正交分頻多工、其他多載波調變技術或一些其他概念提供。對於跳頻而言，資料傳輸以偽隨機方式自副載波跳至副載波。跳頻提供頻率多樣化且容許資料傳輸更好地抵抗諸如窄帶干擾、干擾(jamming)、衰落等不利路徑效應。
OFDMA系統可同時支援多個行動台。對於跳頻OFDMA系統而言，可在與一特定跳頻(FH)序列關聯之"訊務"通道上發送一給定行動台之資料傳輸。此FH序列表示特定副載波用於每一跳頻週期中之資料傳輸。可在與不同FH序列關聯之多個訊務通道上同時發送多個行動台之多個資料傳輸。可將FH序列定義為彼此正交以使得僅一個訊務通道及因此僅一個資料傳輸使用每一跳頻週期中之每一副載波。藉由使用正交FH序列，多個資料傳輸通常享有頻率多樣性的益處而彼此不干擾。
通常需要對傳輸器與接收器之間的無線通道之精確估計值以便恢復經由該無線通道發送之資料。通常藉由發送一來自傳輸器之導頻及在接收器處量測該導頻來執行通道估計。導頻信號由傳輸器及接收器兩者已知為先驗的導頻符號組成。接收器可因此基於所接收之符號及已知符號來估計通道回應。
在跳頻週期期間自任何特定行動台至基地台之每一傳輸(通常稱為"反向鏈路"傳輸)的一部分經配置以傳輸導頻符號。通常，導頻符號的數目判定通道估計的品質，且因此判定封包錯誤率效能。然而，導頻符號之使用引起可達到的有效傳輸資料率減小。即，當向導頻資訊指派更多頻寬時，更少頻寬變得可用於資料傳輸。
FH－OFDMA系統的一種類型為成塊跳頻系統，其中將多個行動台指派至相鄰的一群頻率及符號週期。在此系統中，由於塊具有有限數目的符號及音調可用於導頻及資料傳輸兩者，故重要的是自行動台可靠地接收到導頻資訊，而同時減少為導頻資訊配置之頻寬。
在一實施例中，提供用於自一行動台或一基地台傳輸之導頻符號的導頻符號樣式。該樣式慮及傳輸之導頻符號的改良接收及解調變。
在額外實施例中，提供用於改良在一OFDM系統中以相同頻率且在相同時槽中多路傳輸導頻符號而不受到基地台之一相同扇區中的不同行動台之干擾及/或偏移之能力的方案。
在進一步實施例中，提供用於減少在一OFDM系統中以相同頻率且在相同時槽中自相鄰小區中的不同行動台傳輸之導頻符號之偏移或干擾的方案。
在其他實施例中，提供用於改變導頻符號樣式之方法。又，在其他進一步實施例中提供用於產生導頻符號之方法。
參看圖1，說明根據一實施例一多向近接無線通信系統。基地台100包括多個天線群102、104及106，該等天線群每一者包括一或多個天線。在圖1中，為每一天線群102、104及106展示唯一天線，然而，對應於基地台100之一扇區的每一天線群可利用多個天線。行動台108與天線104通信，其中天線104在前向鏈路114上將資訊傳輸至行動台108且在反向鏈路112上接收來自行動台108之資訊。行動台110與天線106通信，其中天線106在前向鏈路118上將資訊傳輸至行動台110且在反向鏈路116上接收來自行動台110之資訊。
每一天線群102、104及106及/或其經設計以通信之區域通常稱為基地台之一扇區。在該實施例中，天線群102、104及106每一者經設計以與由基地台100覆蓋之區域的一扇區(分別為扇區120、122及124)中之行動台通信。
基地台可為用於與終端機通信之固定台，且亦可稱為存取點、節點B，或某些其他術語。行動台亦可稱為行動台、使用者設備(UE)、無線通信設備、終端機、接取終端機或某些其他術語。
參看圖2，說明一用於一多向近接無線通信系統之頻譜配置方案。在T符號週期及S頻率副載波上配置複數個OFDM符號200。每一OFDM符號200包含T符號週期之一個符號週期及S副載波之一音調或頻率副載波。
在OFDM跳頻系統中，可向給定行動台指派一或多個符號200。在一如圖2中所展示之配置方案之一實施例中，將一或多個符號跳頻區域(例如跳頻區域202)指派至一行動台群用於反向鏈路上之通信。在每一跳頻區域內，可隨機化符號指派來減少潛在干擾且提供頻率多樣化以抵制不利路徑效應。
每一跳頻區域202包括指派至一或多個行動台之符號204，該等行動台與基地台之扇區通信且被指派至跳頻區域。在其他實施例中，將每一跳頻區域指派至一或多個行動台。在每一跳頻週期或框期間，T符號週期及S副載波內之跳頻區域202之位置根據一跳頻序列而變化。此外，在跳頻區域202內為個別行動台進行的符號204之指派可視每一跳頻週期而變化。
跳頻序列可偽隨機、隨機或根據一預定序列來選擇每一跳頻週期之跳頻區域202的位置。相同基地台之不同扇區之跳頻序列經設計彼此正交以避免行動台與相同基地台通信期間的"小區內"干擾。此外，每一基地台之跳頻序列可關於附近基地台之跳頻序列為偽隨機的。此可有助於隨機化行動台與不同基地台通信期間的"小區內"干擾。
在反向鏈路通信情形下，將跳頻區域202之一些符號204指派至自行動台傳輸至基地台之導頻符號。導頻符號至符號204的指派應較佳支援分域多向近接(SDMA)，其中若存在對應於不同行動台的足夠之空間簽名差異，則在相同跳頻區域上重疊之不同行動台的信號可歸因於一扇區或基地台處之多個接收天線而隔離。為了更精確擷取且解調變不同行動台的信號，應精確估計個別反向鏈路通道。因此，可希望反向鏈路上之導頻符號使隔離扇區內每一接收天線處之不同行動台的導頻簽名成為可能，以便隨後對自不同行動台接收之導頻符號應用多天線處理。
塊跳頻可用於前向鏈路及反向鏈路兩者，或視系統而定僅用於反向鏈路。應注意，雖然圖2描繪具有七個符號週期長度之跳頻區域202，但跳頻區域202之長度可為任何需要量，且可在跳頻週期之間或在一給定跳頻週期的不同跳頻區域之間發生尺寸變化。
應注意，雖然圖2之實施例係關於利用塊跳頻而作描述，但塊之位置無需在連續跳頻週期之間改變或完全不需改變。
參看圖3A及3B，說明根據若干實施例之導頻指派方案的方塊圖。跳頻區域300及320由T符號週期與S副載波或音調相乘而界定。跳頻區域300包括導頻符號302且跳頻區域320包括導頻符號322，剩餘之符號週期及音調組合可用於資料符號及其他符號。在一實施例中，每一跳頻區域之導頻符號位置(即在NT 個連續OFDM符號上的一群NS 個相鄰音調)應具有位於跳頻區域邊緣附近的導頻音調。此通常因為無線應用中之典型通道的時間及頻率功能相對較低，因此在時間及頻率上跳頻區域上之通道的一第一次序近似值(例如第一次序泰勒展開式)提供足以用來估計一給定行動台之通道的關於通道條件之資訊。因此，較佳估計用於適當接收並解調變來自行動台之符號的一對通道參數，即跨越通道之時間及頻率範圍的通道之：常數成分、一泰勒展開式之零次序項與通道之線性成分、一泰勒展開式之第一次序項。通常常數成分之估計精確度不依賴於導頻布局。線性成分之估計精確度通常較佳在導頻音調位於跳頻區域之邊緣處的情況下實現。
導頻符號302及322排列於相鄰導頻符號叢集304、306、308及310(圖3A)中及324、326、328及330(圖3B)中。 在一實施例中，跳頻區域內每一叢集304、306、308及310(圖3A)及324、326、328及330(圖3B)在一給定跳頻區域內具有固定數目且通常為相同數目之導頻符號。在一實施例中，相鄰導頻符號之叢集304、306、308及310(圖3A)及324、326、328及330(圖3B)之利用可慮及由載波內干擾引起之多個使用者干擾的影響，該載波內干擾由高都卜勒(Doppler)及/或符號延遲擴展產生。此外，若以大體上不同功率位準接收來自行動台之在一相同跳頻區域上排定之導頻符號，則一較強行動台的信號可產生對於一較弱行動台之顯著量的干擾。當由過量延遲擴展引起漏泄時，即當集中於超過OFDM符號之循環前置項之分接頭(tap)中的通道能量部分變大時，干擾量在跳頻區域之邊緣(例如副載波1及副載波S)處且亦在邊緣OFDM符號(例如符號週期1及T)處較高。因此，若導頻符號僅位於跳頻區域之邊緣處，則通道估計精確度可存在降級且干擾估計可存在偏差。因此，然而如圖3A及圖3B中所描繪，導頻符號位於接近跳頻區域之邊緣，從而避免所有導頻符號處於跳頻區域之邊緣處的情況。
參看圖3A，一跳頻區域300包含導頻符號302。在通道具有明顯頻率選擇性而非時間選擇性的情形下，導頻符號302位於相鄰導頻符號叢集304、306、308及310中，每一導頻符號叢集304、306、308及310跨越多個符號週期及一個頻率音調。較佳選擇頻率音調接近跳頻區域300之頻率範圍邊緣，然而，並非恰好處於邊緣處。在圖3A之實施例中，一給定叢集中的導頻符號302均不處於邊緣頻率音調處，且在每一叢集中唯一導頻符號可處於邊緣符號週期處。
導頻符號302之相鄰導頻符號叢集的"水平"形狀的一基本原理為：對於具有較高頻率選擇性之通道而言，第一次序(線性)成分在頻率域中可比在時域中更強。
應注意在圖3A之實施例中，每一叢集中的一或多個導頻符號與一不同叢集中的一或多個導頻符號可處於不同音調處。舉例而言，叢集304可處於音調S處，且叢集306可處於音調S－1處。
參看圖3B，在通道具有明顯時間選擇性而非頻率選擇性的情形下，導頻符號322排列於相鄰導頻符號之叢集324、326、328及330中，每一叢集跨越多個頻率音調但具有相同的跳頻區域320之符號週期。由於可能存在處於跳頻區域320邊緣處之導頻符號322，故具有界定S副載波之頻率範圍最大音調(例如音調S)或最小音調(例如音調1)的處於跳頻區域320邊緣處的OFDM符號可作為導頻符號之一部分而被包括。然而，在圖3B中所展示之實施例中，每一叢集中唯一一個導頻符號可指派至最大或最小頻率副載波。
在圖3B中所描繪之實施例中，一具有較高時間選擇性之通道可具有一典型樣式，該樣式可藉由將經選定用於具有較高頻率選擇性之通道的樣式進行90°旋轉而獲得(圖3A)。
應注意在圖3B之實施例中，每一叢集中的一或多個導頻符號與一不同叢集中的一或多個導頻符號可指派至不同符號週期。舉例而言，叢集324與叢集326可處於不同符號週期T處。
此外，如圖3A及圖3B之實施例中所描繪，提供導頻樣式從而使叢集304、306、308及310(圖3A)及324、326、328及330(圖3B)較佳關於跳頻區域之中心對稱。叢集關於跳頻區域中心對稱可提供對於通道的關於通道之時間及頻率回應之改良之同時估計。
應注意，雖然圖3A及圖3B描繪每跳頻區域四個導頻符號叢集，但每一跳頻區域中可利用更少數目或更多數目的叢集。此外，每導頻符號叢集的導頻符號數目亦可變化。導頻符號及導頻符號叢集的總數目為基地台所要求之導頻符號數目的函數，基地台所要求之數目的導頻符號係用以成功解調變在反向鏈路上接收之資料符號且估計基地台與行動台之間的通道。同樣，每一叢集無需具有相同數目之導頻符號。在一實施例中，可多路傳輸於單個跳頻區域上之行動台的數目可等於一跳頻區域中導頻符號的數目。
此外，雖然圖3A及圖3B描繪經設計用於具有頻率選擇性或時間選擇性之通道的導頻符號叢集，但導頻樣式可使得相同導頻樣式中存在用於頻率選擇性通道之叢集以及用於時間選擇性通道之叢集，例如：某些叢集以叢集304、306、308或310之樣式排列且某些叢集以叢集324、326、328或330之樣式排列。
在某些實施例中，經選定利用之導頻樣式可基於供通道優化之條件。舉例而言，對於行動台的可具有高速位移(例如車)之通道而言，時間選擇性導頻樣式可較佳，而對於行動台的低速位移(例如行人)而言，可利用頻率選擇性導頻樣式。在其他實施例中，可基於通道條件選擇導頻樣式，預定跳頻週期數目之後作出判定。
參看圖4A及圖4B，說明根據進一步實施例之導頻配置方案。在圖4A中，跳頻區域400包括：排列於叢集402中之導頻符號C1 , q 、C2 , q 及C3 , q ；排列於叢集404中之導頻符號C4 , q 、C5 , q 及C6 , q ；排列於叢集406中之導頻符號C7 , q 、C8 , q 及C9 , q ；及排列於叢集408中之導頻符號C1 0 , q 、C1 1 , q 及C1 2 , q 。在一實施例中，為了改良多個行動台提供重疊導頻符號之跳頻區域中的空間多樣性，應以一方式以相同OFDM符號週期及音調多路傳輸不同行動台的導頻符號，從而當在基地台之叢集之天線處接收導頻符號時，該等導頻符號大體上正交。
在圖4A中，將導頻符號C1 , q 、C2 , q 、C3 , q 、C4 , q 、C5 , q 、C6 , q 、C7 , q 、C8 , q 、C9 , q 、C1 0 , q 、C1 1 , q 及C1 2 , q 中之每一者指派至跳頻區域400之多個行動台，即每一符號週期包括來自許多不同行動台的多個導頻符號。以一方式產生並傳輸導頻符號叢集(例如叢集402、404、406及408)中之導頻符號之每一者，以使得叢集中導頻符號的一接收器(例如基地台)可接收該等導頻符號，從而使該等導頻符號與來自相同叢集中每一其他行動台之導頻符號正交。此可藉由用一預定相移(例如純量函數)乘以組成由行動台之每一者傳輸之導頻符號的樣本之每一者而完成。為了提供正交，表示每一行動台之每一叢集中純量函數之序列的向量之內乘積可為零。
此外，在某些實施例中，較佳每一叢集之導頻符號與跳頻區域之每一其他叢集的導頻符號正交。此可藉由在導頻符號的每一叢集中為每一行動台的導頻符號利用純量函數之不同序列而提供，該方式與為來自一不同行動台的每一叢集內之導頻符號提供正交之方式相同。可藉由為特定行動台之特定叢集之導頻符號之每一者選擇純量倍數的一序列而作出正交之數學判定，該序列的向量與表示用於在所有叢集中用於其他行動台的導頻符號及在其他叢集中用於相同行動台的導頻符號之純量倍數的序列之一向量正交(例如內乘積為零)。
在一實施例中，提供叢集之每一者之導頻符號之正交的可支援之行動台數目等於每導頻符號叢集提供之導頻符號的數目。
在圖4A及圖4B之實施例中，Q個重疊使用者之第q使用者(1 q Q)使用尺寸Np 之序列S，其中Np 為導頻音調的總數目(在圖4A及圖4B中，Np ＝12)： 此處(T )表示含有序列之矩陣的轉置。如上所述，在導頻符號的每一叢集中，純量函數的序列應由於不同行動台而不同，以便藉由減少導頻符號之間之干擾而獲得各自通道的一致估計值。此外，序列應為線性獨立的，因此較佳無序列或向量為剩餘序列的線性組合。數學上而言，此可由於Np ×Q矩陣S ＝[S 1 ...S Q ] (2)為滿行秩而界定。應注意在上述表達式(2)中矩陣QNp 。即，重疊行動台的數目不應超出跳頻區域中之總導頻符號數目。
基於以上內容，具有滿秩S之任何序列Q組使得一致通道估計值成為可能。然而，在其他實施例中，實際估計值精確度可取決於S的相關性質。在一實施例中，正如可利用方程式(1)來判定，當通道存在時任何兩個序列相互(擬)正交時可改良效能。數學上而言，此條件可由對於所有1 p ,q Q (3)界定，其中Hk 為一對應於第k導頻符號之複數通道增益，1 k NP 。在一時間及頻率不變通道(H1 ＝H2 ＝...＝HN P )中，條件(3)降低至相互正交序列的要求：對於所有1 p ,q Q (4)加強此條件以用於來自典型通道組之任何可能的通道實現可能為不實際的。事實上，當一通道展示出有限的時間及頻率選擇性時，即在具有相對較小延遲擴展之行人通道的情形下，可滿足表達式(3)。然而，對於車通道及/或具有顯著延遲擴展之通道，情況可實質上不同，從而導致效能降級。
如參看圖3A及圖3B所論述，導頻配置樣式由處於接近跳頻區域邊緣之少數導頻符號叢集組成，其中每一叢集在時間(圖3A)上及/或頻率(圖3B)上為相鄰的。由於歸因於導頻符號在時間及頻率方面之相鄰性質及通道在時間及頻率方面之連續性，每一叢集內部之通道變化通常有限。因此使不同序列在每一叢集上正交允許滿足條件(3)。此解決方案的一潛在缺點為：可在每一叢集上正交之重疊行動台之數目限於叢集之尺寸，此處該數目表示為NC 。在圖4A及圖4B中所展示之實例中，NC ＝3，且因此多達Q＝3個行動台在此一實施例中可被正交隔離。事實上，在許多實際情況中，相當小數目的Q已足夠。當Q>NC 時，由於可存在一定程度符號間干擾，因此可能難以保持所有行動台在每一叢集上正交。因此，若Q>NC ，近似正交可足夠，其中時間及/或頻率不同之通道存在一定程度的效能損耗。
在一實施例中，用於純量函數S＝[S1 ...SQ ]序列之一組設計參數可由以下界定：＊ 任何兩個序列在整個導頻符號組上正交，由此滿足對於所有1 p ,q Q (5)
＊ 隨後的NC 序列群使得一群內任何兩個序列在任何導頻叢集上相互正交：
＊ 所有序列之所有元素Sk , q 具有大體上相等的絕對值(例如近似相同的功率)。
其中MC 表示尺寸NC 之叢集的總數目，因此導頻數目NP ＝MC NC 。
在一實施例中，使用指數函數創建序列S＝[S1 ,...SQ ]以使得由每一序列提供每符號相同能量。此外，在此實施例中，可藉由(i)在每一叢集內界定指數序列；及(ii)在叢集上聚集叢集內部分，使得NC 序列群在每一叢集內相互正交，其中由於指數不限於特定倍數因此無關於叢集尺寸，且該等序列用於貫穿所有導頻符號之每一其他叢集中。此可見方程式(7)，其中定義一N×N離散傅立葉轉換(DFT)原理。
以上表達式(7)可寫成簡潔塊形式，如下： 其中〈．〉1 ： Q 表示原始矩陣的跨越行1至Q之矩陣塊。一更常見的S形式可由以下表達式給定 其中U為一任意NC ×NC 單位矩陣(U*U＝IN r )且V為一任意MC ×MC 單位矩陣(U*U＝IM C )。
在一實施例中，提供跨越叢集之每一者之導頻符號之正交的可支援之行動台數目等於每導頻符號叢集提供之導頻符號的數目。
在一實施例中，利用一熟知的離散傅立葉轉換函數來產生用以與導頻符號之樣本相乘之指數函數。在使用離散傅立葉轉換以產生用於傳輸之符號之實施例中，藉由在產生用於傳輸之符號時使用離散傅立葉轉換而在符號形成期間應用一額外相移。
在圖4A及圖4B之實施例中，表示每一行動台之每一叢集中的純量函數之序列之向量內乘積可為零。然而，在其他實施例中情況並非如此。可經排列從而使得僅提供每一行動台之每一叢集中的純量函數之序列之間的擬正交。
此外在彼等情況中，若指派至跳頻區域之行動台的數目少於指派至跳頻區域之導頻符號之數目，則純量移動在基地台處仍可為解碼的以便用以執行干擾估計。因此，由於導頻符號與經由指派至跳頻區域之其他行動台的導頻符號正交或擬正交，因此其可用於干擾估計。
參看圖5，說明根據一實施例一多向近接無線通信系統中一具有多個扇區之基地台。基地台500包括天線502、504及506的多個天線群。在圖5中，僅為每一天線群502、504及506展示一個天線，然而，可利用多個天線。除提供至不同行動台之不同實體位置之空間多樣性之外，每一天線群502、504及506的多個天線可用於將基地台處之空間多樣性提供至自一相應扇區中的行動台傳輸之信號。
基地台500的每一天線群502、504及506經配置以與一待由基地台500覆蓋之扇區中的行動台通信。在圖5之實施例中，天線群502覆蓋扇區514，天線群504覆蓋扇區516，且天線群506覆蓋扇區518。在每一扇區內，如參看圖4所描述，自行動台傳輸之導頻符號可經精確解調變並用於通道估計或其他功能，其係歸因於在基地台處所有扇區內導頻符號叢集之間的正交或近似正交。
然而，對於處於扇區邊界附近的行動台可存在扇區內干擾，例如處於扇區514與516之邊界附近的行動台510。在此情形下，來自行動台510之導頻符號的功率可低於來自扇區514及516中其他行動台之導頻符號。在此情況中，尤其當若功率自天線504增加則行動台之至伺服扇區(即扇區516)之通道信號可衰落時，行動台510可最終受益於在扇區天線兩者處之接收。為了充分受益於自扇區514之天線502的接收，應提供扇區514之天線502之間的行動台510之通道的精確估計值。然而，若相同或大體上相同的序列用於現有導頻設計之不同扇區中的導頻符號之純量倍數，則由行動台510傳輸之導頻符號可與由行動台508傳輸之導頻符號碰撞，行動台508排定於扇區514中在與行動台510排定於扇區516中相同之跳頻區域上。此外，在某些情形下，視基地台用以控制行動台之功率控制策略而定，來自行動台508之符號的功率位準可大體上超出扇區514之天線群502處的行動台510之信號位準(尤其當行動台508接近基地台500時)。
為了反抗可升高之扇區內干擾，可對行動台使用擾頻碼。擾頻碼可為對於個別行動台唯一的或對於與個別扇區通信之行動台之每一者而言可相同。在一實施例中，該等特定擾頻碼允許天線群502查看到行動台508及510的複合通道。
在將單個行動台指派至整個跳頻區域的情形下，可提供使用者特定擾頻序列從而使給定扇區中的每一行動台使用相同導頻序列；參看圖4A及圖4B來描述該等序列之結構。在圖5之實例中，行動台508、510及512可具有不同的使用者特定擾頻序列，且因此可達成足夠的通道估計。
若多個行動台被指派或可能指派至一相同跳頻區域，可利用兩種方法來減少叢集內干擾。首先，若叢集尺寸NC 大於或等於每一扇區中重疊行動台之數目Q乘以小區中扇區之數目，則可利用使用者特定擾頻序列。若此情形成立，則可將不同組的Q個不同使用者特定擾頻碼指派至不同扇區。
然而，若叢集尺寸NC 小於每一扇區中重疊行動台之數目Q乘以小區中扇區之數目，則此係重要的：若系統設計之目標為保持NC 維持有限的導頻額外負擔，則使用者特定擾頻碼可能對減少小區內干擾無效。在此等情形下，可連同使用者特定擾頻序列一起利用扇區特定擾頻序列。
對於相同扇區中的所有行動台而言，扇區特定擾頻序列為與序列S＝[S1 ...SQ ]之各個元素相乘之Np 復函數的序列Xs ＝[X1 , s ,...,XN p , s ]T 。在一由S個扇區組成之小區中，可用一組S個扇區特定擾頻序列X1 ,...,XS 與行動台之序列S＝[S1 ...SQ ]相乘。在此情形下，不同扇區(例如可具有利用相同使用者特定擾頻序列S＝[S1 ...SQ ]之行動台的扇區514及516)內的行動台可由於用以與使用者特定擾頻序列相乘之不同扇區特定擾頻序列及而不同。
與使用者特定擾頻類似，較佳X1 ,...,XS 的所有項具有近似相等之絕對值以便維持導頻符號之間近似相等的功率。在其他實施例中，較佳使得一導頻符號叢集中任何一對導頻符號對應於使用者特定擾頻序列與扇區特定擾頻序列之任何兩個組合滿足的X1 ,...,XS 的項滿足條件(3)。選擇每一扇區特定序列X1 ,...,XS 之內容的一種方式由對序列進行之徹底搜尋組成，諸如自某些恆定模數(PSK)集群(諸如QPSK、8－PSK)取得每一序列之元素。選擇標準可基於"最壞情形"通道估計誤差變化，其對應於基於潛在通道環境之自不同扇區與不同使用者特定擾頻的行動台的"最壞"組合。可基於通道之統計性質來分析計算通道估計誤差。特定言之，一通道估計值的協方差矩陣的跡，其基於預期衰落模型及參數(諸如定義時間選擇性之行動台速度及定義頻率選擇性之傳播延遲擴展)而假定通道相關結構。此項技術中已知在真通道的給定相關結構條件下的最小可達通道估計誤差的分析表達式。其他類似標準亦可用以最優化對於X1 ,...,XS 的選擇。
在利用正交振幅調變作為調變方案之實施例中，以下表1中展示一組可利用之扇區特定擾頻序列X1 ,...,XS 。表之每一項指定每一Xk , s 的I及Q成分，1sS且1kNp ，其中S＝3且Np ＝12。
在利用正交振幅調變作為調變方案之實施例中，以下表1中展示一組可利用之扇區特定擾頻序列X1 ,...,XS 。表之每一項指定每一Xk , s 的I及Q成分，1sS且1kNp，其中S＝3且Np ＝12。
在某些實施例中，通信網路中的每一小區可利用相同序列用於扇區特定擾頻序列。
參看圖6，說明根據另一實施例一多向近接無線通信系統600。在多個小區(例如小區602、604及606)中利用相同組的使用者特定擾頻序列及扇區特定擾頻序列的情況中，歸因於導頻符號碰撞，來自相鄰小區之干擾可導致通道估計精確性降級。舉例而言，相關扇區內的通道估計值可由來自相鄰小區之行動台的通道而發生偏差，該小區中行動台具有相同的使用者特定及扇區特定擾頻。為了避免此偏差，除利用使用者特定擾頻及扇區特定擾頻之外，可利用一小區特定擾頻。小區特定擾頻公式可由Yc ＝[Y1 , c ...,YN p , S ]T 界定，此為與小區中每一行動台之導頻符號之個別序列相乘之純量函數的一向量。可如下界定導頻符號的總序列Z( q , s , c ) ＝[Z1 , ( q , s , c ) ,...,ZN p ( q , s , c ) ]T ，其對應於一行動台，其中第q使用者特定擾頻在第c小區的第s向量中。若利用扇區特定擾頻： 若不利用扇區特定擾頻：
如已提及，當Q>1時推薦使用扇區特定擾頻，且當Q＝1時不推薦使用扇區特定擾頻。
與使用者特定及扇區特定擾頻不同，無需利用小區特定擾頻序列的特定最優化。可利用之兩個設計參數為：＊ 小區特定擾頻序列的所有元素具有相等模數。
＊ 小區特定擾頻序列對於不同小區而大體上不同。
在基地台網路上不存在小區特定擾頻序列之預定指派的情況下，可在形成Y小區特定序列時利用來自諸如QPSK、8－PSK之某些恆定模數(PSK)集群之一(擬)隨機小區特定擾頻序列。為了進一步加強小區特定擾頻的隨機化且避免擾頻序列之不良穩定組合，可以一(擬)隨機方式週期性地改變小區特定擾頻。在某些實施例中，週期改變可為每一框、超框或多個框或超框。
圖7為一MIMO系統700中一傳輸器系統710及一接收器系統750的實施例之方塊圖。在傳輸器系統710處，自一資料源712將許多資料流之訊務資料提供至一傳輸(TX)資料處理器714。在一實施例中，經由一個別傳輸天線來傳輸每一資料流。TX資料處理器714基於一選定用於資料流之特定編碼方案來格式化、編碼並交錯每一資料流之訊務資料以提供編碼資料。
可使用OFDM技術將每一資料流之編碼資料連同導頻資料一起多路傳輸。導頻資料通常為以一已知方式處理之已知資料樣式且可在接收器系統處用來估計通道回應。隨後基於一選定用於資料流之特定調變方案(例如BPSK、QPSK、M－PSK或M－QAM)來調變(即，符號映射)多路傳輸之導頻及每一資料流之編碼資料以便提供調變符號。可由控制器130提供之所執行之指令來判定每一資料流之資料速率、編碼及調變。
隨後將所有資料流之調變符號提供至一TX處理器720，該處理器可進一步處理該等調變符號(例如對於OFDM)。TX處理器720隨後將NT 個調變符號流提供至NT 個傳輸器(TMTR)722a至722t。每一傳輸器722接收並處理一個別符號流以提供一或多個類比信號，且進一步調節(例如放大、過濾及增頻轉換)該等類比信號以便提供一適於在MIMO通道上傳輸之調變信號。隨後分別自NT 個天線124a至124t傳輸來自傳輸器722a至722t的NT 個調變信號。
在接收器系統750處，所傳輸之調變信號由NR 個天線752a至752r接收，且將來自每一天線752之已接收信號提供至一個別接收器(RCVR)754。每一接收器754調節(例如過濾、放大及降頻轉換)一個別的已接收信號，數字化經調節之信號以提供樣本，且進一步處理該等樣本以提供一相應的"已接收"符號流。
隨後一RX資料處理器760基於特定接收器處理技術來接收並處理來自NR 個接收器754之NR 個已接收符號流以便提供NR 個"已偵測"符號流。以下進一步詳細描述RX資料處理器760進行之處理。每一已偵測符號流包括若干符號，該等符號為經傳輸用於相應資料流之調變符號估計值。隨後RX資料處理器760解調變、解交錯並解碼每一經偵測之符號流以恢復資料流之訊務資料。RX資料處理器760進行之處理與在傳輸器系統710處由TX處理器720及TX資料處理器714所執行之處理互補。
RX處理器760可(例如)基於連同訊務資料一起多路傳輸之導頻資訊而導出NT 個傳輸天線與NR 個接收天線之間通道回應的估計值。RX處理器760可根據儲存於記憶體(例如，識別指派至每一導頻符號之頻率副載波及符號週期之記憶體772)中之導頻樣式來識別導頻符號。此外，使用者特定擾頻、扇區特定擾頻及小區特定擾頻可儲存於記憶體中，從而使RX處理器760可用該等擾頻與接收之符號相乘以便可進行適當解碼。
可使用由RX處理器760產生之通道回應估計值來執行接收器處之空間處理、空間/時間處理，調節功率位準，改變調變速率或方案或執行其他操作。RX處理器760可進一步估計偵測之符號流的信號雜訊干擾比(SNR)及可能的其他通道特性，且將該等量提供至一控制器770。RX資料處理器760或控制器770可進一步導出系統之"運作"SNR的估計值。隨後控制器770提供通道狀態資訊(CSI)，其可包含與通信鏈路及/或接收之資料流有關的各種類型資訊。舉例而言，CSI可僅包含運作SNR。該CSI隨後由一TX資料處理器778處理(該TX資料處理器778亦自一資料源776接收許多資料流之訊務資料)，由一調變器780調變，由傳輸器754a至754r調節，且傳回至傳輸器系統710。
在傳輸器系統710處，來自接收器系統750之調變信號由天線724接收，由接收器722調節，由一解調器740解調變，且由一RX資料處理器742處理以便恢復接收器系統所報告之CSI。隨後將報告之CSI提供至控制器730且將其用以(1)判定待用於資料流之資料速率及解碼及調變方案，及(2)產生用於TX資料處理器714及TX處理器720之各種控制。
控制器730及770分別引導傳輸器系統及接收器系統處之運作。記憶體732及772分別提供控制器730及770所使用之程式碼及資料的儲存。記憶體732及772按照叢集位置、使用者特定擾頻序列、扇區特定擾頻序列(若利用)及小區特定擾頻序列(若利用)來儲存導頻樣式。在某些實施例中，多個導頻樣式儲存於每一記憶體中，從而使傳輸器可傳輸頻率選擇性導頻樣式及時間選擇性導頻樣式兩者，且接收器可接收頻率選擇性導頻樣式及時間選擇性導頻樣式兩者。又，可利用具有經調整以用於時間選擇性通道及頻率選擇性通道之叢集的組合導頻樣式。此容許傳輸器基於一參數、此隨機序列或回應於來自基地台之指令而傳輸一特定樣式。
處理器730及770可選擇在導頻符號傳輸中將利用導頻樣式、使用者特定擾頻序列、扇區特定擾頻序列及小區特定擾頻序列中之哪一者。
在接收器處，可使用各種處理技術來處理NR 個接收之信號以偵測NT 個傳輸之符號流。該等接收器處理技術可分為兩個主要類別：(i)空間及空間－時間接收器處理技術(亦稱為等化技術)；及(ii)"連續零位/等化及干擾取消"接收器處理技術(亦稱為"連續干擾取消"或"連續取消"接收器處理技術)。
雖然圖7說明一MIMO系統，但相同系統可應用於一多輸入單輸出系統，該多輸入單輸出系統中多個傳輸天線(例如一基地臺上的天線)將一或多個符號流傳輸至單個天線設備(例如一行動台)。又，可以與參看圖7所描述之相同方式利用一單輸出至單輸入(single output to single input)天線系統。
參看圖8，說明根據一實施例一導頻符號產生之方法的流程圖。選擇複數個導頻符號叢集以供在自一特定行動台之跳頻區域期間進行傳輸，步驟800。該等導頻符號叢集可全部經對準以供在一頻率選擇性通道(圖3A)、一時間選擇性通道(圖3B)或叢集的一組合中進行傳輸，某些叢集經對準以供在一頻率選擇性通道及一時間選擇性通道中進行傳輸。
一旦選定導頻符號叢集，即作出關於基地台(行動台正於其中通信)之叢集是否支援多個行動台或是否與多個行動台通信的判定，步驟802。此判定可基於對行動台所處之網路的預定瞭解。或者，該資訊可自基地台之扇區傳輸作為其導頻資訊或廣播訊息的一部分。
若叢集不支援通信，或當前不與多個行動台通信則將對於正與行動台通信之叢集唯一的純量函數應用於導頻符號，步驟804。在一實施例中，用於每一扇區之純量函數可儲存於行動台中且視一扇區識別信號而定來利用該等函數，該扇區識別信號為其導頻資訊或廣播訊息的一部分。
若該叢集支援與多個行動台之通信，則將對於行動台唯一的純量函數應用於導頻符號，步驟806。在某些實施例中，用於每一行動台之純量函數可基於用於註冊或在製造時提供至設備的其唯一識別符。
在將對於正與行動台通信之扇區或該行動台本身唯一的純量函數應用於導頻符號之後，將純量函數的另一序列應用於導頻符號，步驟808。純量函數的序列係關於行動台正通信之小區。若每一小區並非行動台已知或提供至行動台之特定指派的純量函數，則該純量函數可隨著時間而變化。此運作之後，該等導頻符號可自行動台傳輸至基地台。
參看圖8而論述之純量函數在一實施例中可涉及組成導頻符號之樣本之每一者的相移。如參看圖4A、圖4B、圖5及圖6所論述，選擇該等純量函數從而使導頻符號之每一叢集與來自其他導頻符號叢集中，及用於其他行動台及基地台的相同扇區之相同及其他導頻符號叢集中的相同行動台之每一其他組導頻符號正交。
此外，可將參看圖8而描述之該等步驟每一者實施為一諸如記憶體之電腦可讀媒體上的一或多個指令，該等指令由處理器、控制器或其他電子電路執行。
參看圖9，說明根據一實施例一改變導頻符號樣式之方法的流程圖。獲得關於通道條件的資訊，步驟900。該資訊可包含基地台之一或多個扇區處之SNR比、基地台處通道之選擇性、所要的訊務類型、基地台待為其進行優化的行人或車、延遲擴展或其他通道特性。此外，該資訊可係關於時間週期，可為對基地台或基地台網路之定期維護操作的一部分，可基於基地台或基地台網路之增長之載入，或其他時間。
分析該資訊以判定扇區或基地台之通道條件，步驟902。該分析可為關於通道是否為頻率選擇性、時間選擇性或兩者之組合的判定。隨後利用該分析來判定一導頻符號樣式，該導頻符號樣式待自可與扇區或基地台通信之行動台傳輸，步驟904。該等導頻符號叢集可全部經對準以供在一頻率選擇性通道(圖3A)、一時間選擇性通道(圖3B)或叢集之一組合中進行傳輸，某些叢集經對準以供在一頻率選擇性通道及一時間選擇性通道中進行傳輸。隨後選定之特定導頻樣式可由與基地台或扇區通信之所有行動台使用直至再次為基地台或扇區執行診斷之時間為止。
為了在與一基地台或基地台扇區通信之行動台處執行一特定導頻樣式，可自基地台或扇區發送一指令作為初始化或建立程序的一部分。在某些實施例中，關於將利用何種導頻樣式、使用者特定擾頻序列、扇區特定擾頻序列及/或小區特定擾頻序列之資訊可在一或多個資料封包的序文中傳輸，該等資料封包以定期之間隔或在初始化或建立期間自一基地台傳輸至一行動台。
應注意亦可利用該分析來判定導頻符號之每一叢集及導頻符號之分群中待傳輸之導頻符號的數目。又，可將參看圖9而描述之該等步驟實施為一諸如記憶體或可移動媒體之電腦可讀媒體上的一或多個指令，該等指令由一處理器、控制器或其他電子電路執行。
本文中所描述之技術可由各種構件實施。舉例而言，可在硬體、軟體或其組合中實施該等技術。對於硬體實施而言，一基地台或一行動台內的處理單元可在一或多個應用特定積體電路(ASIC)、數位信號處理器(DSP)、數位信號處理設備(DSPD)、可程式化邏輯設備(PLD)、場可程式化閘陣列(FPGA)、處理器、控制器、微控制器、微處理器、其他經設計以執行本文所描述之功能的電子單元或其組合內實施。
對於軟體實施而言，本文中所描述之技術可以執行本文所描述之功能的模組(例如程序、功能等)實施。軟體碼可儲存於記憶體單元中且由處理器執行。記憶體單元可在處理器內或處理器外部實施，在此情形下其可經由此項技術中已知的各種構件而通信地耦接至處理器。
提供對所揭示之實施例的先前描述以使得熟習此項技術者能夠製造或使用本發明。熟習此項技術者可易於瞭解對該等實施例之各種修改，且本文所界定之一般原理可應用於其他實施例而不偏離本發明之精神或範疇。因此，本發明並不侷限於本文所展示之實施例，而是與本文所揭示之原理及新奇特徵最廣泛地一致。
100,500．．．基地台
102,104,106,502,504,506．．．天線
108,110,508,510,512．．．行動台
112,116．．．反向鏈路
114,118．．．前向鏈路
120,122,124,514,516,518．．．扇區
200．．．OFDM符號
202,300,320,400．．．跳頻區域
204．．．符號
302,322．．．導頻符號
304,306,308,310,324,326,328,330,402,404,406,408．．．導頻符號叢集
600．．．通信系統
602,604,606．．．小區
700．．．MIMO系統
710．．．傳輸器系統
712,776．．．資料源
714,760．．．傳輸(TX)資料處理器
720．．．傳輸(TX)處理器
722a,722t,754a,754t．．．傳輸器/接收器
724a,724t,752a,752t．．．天線
730,770．．．處理器/控制器
732,772．．．記憶體
740．．．解調器
742,778．．．傳輸(TX)資料處理器
750．．．接收器系統
780．．．調變器
圖1說明根據一實施例一多向近接無線通信系統；圖2說明根據一實施例一用於一多向近接無線通信系統之頻譜配置方案；圖3A說明根據一實施例一導頻指派方案的方塊圖；圖3B說明根據另一實施例一導頻指派方案的方塊圖；圖4A說明根據一實施例一導頻符號擾頻方案；圖4B說明根據另一實施例一導頻符號擾頻方案；圖5說明根據一實施例一多向近接無線通信系統中的具有多個扇區之基地台；圖6說明根據另一實施例一多向近接無線通信系統；圖7說明一多輸入多輸出多向近接無線通信系統中的一傳輸器系統及一接收器系統之一實施例的方塊圖；圖8說明根據一實施例一導頻符號產生方法的流程圖；且圖9說明根據一實施例一改變導頻符號樣式之方法的流程圖。
700．．．MIMO系統
710．．．傳輸器系統
712,776．．．資料源
714,760．．．傳輸(TX)資料處理器
720．．．傳輸(TX)處理器
722a,722t,754a,754t．．．傳輸器/接收器
724a,724t,752a,752t．．．天線
730,770．．．處理器/控制器
732,772．．．記憶體
740．．．解調器
742,778．．．傳輸(TX)資料處理器
750．．．接收器系統
780．．．調變器

Claims (31)

  1. 一種無線通信裝置，其包含：至少一個天線；一記憶體，其儲存具有導頻符號之一第一叢集的至少一時間選擇性導頻樣式及具有導頻符號之一第二叢集的至少一頻率選擇性導頻樣式；及一處理器，其與該至少一個天線及該記憶體耦接，該處理器經調適以從該至少一時間選擇性導頻樣式及該至少一頻率選擇性導頻樣式中選擇一個導頻樣式。
  2. 如請求項1之無線通信裝置，其中該處理器經調適以選擇至少一時間選擇性導頻樣式及至少一頻率選擇性導頻樣式。
  3. 如請求項2之無線通信裝置，其中該第一叢集具有正交導頻符號。
  4. 如請求項2之無線通信裝置，其中該第二叢集具有正交導頻符號。
  5. 如請求項1之無線通信裝置，其中該處理器經調適以基於一參數來選擇一時間選擇性導頻樣式及一頻率選擇性導頻樣式。
  6. 如請求項5之無線通信裝置，其中該參數中包含一預定臨限值。
  7. 如請求項5之無線通信裝置，其中該參數回應於在該無線通信裝置處接收之一信號而動態地得以更新。
  8. 如請求項5之無線通信裝置，其中該參數包含網路的一 預定最優化，在該網路中將操作該無線通信裝置。
  9. 如請求項1之無線通信裝置，其中該記憶體進一步儲存複數個序列，該複數個序列之每一序列與該複數個序列之每一其他序列正交，且其中在傳輸該導頻樣式之前該處理器選擇性地指令該導頻樣式之該等導頻符號與該複數個序列之該等某些序列相乘。
  10. 如請求項9之無線通信裝置，其中該記憶體進一步儲存另外複數個序列，且其中在傳輸該導頻樣式之前該處理器選擇性地指令該導頻樣式之該等導頻符號與該複數個序列之該等某些序列及該另外複數個序列的某些序列相乘。
  11. 如請求項1之無線通信裝置，其中該記憶體經調適以儲存具有偽正交導頻符號之一頻率選擇性導頻樣式。
  12. 如請求項1之無線通信裝置，其中該記憶體經調適以儲存具有偽正交導頻符號之一時間選擇性導頻樣式。
  13. 一種在一無線通信系統中改變導頻符號傳輸之方法，其包含：獲得關於來自一基地台之至少一扇區之一通道的通道條件之資訊；基於該資訊來判定該通道的一選擇性；及基於該通道之該選擇性來選擇經叢集導頻符號的一樣式。
  14. 如請求項13之方法，其中於該判定該通道的該選擇性之步驟，該通道係分類為頻率選擇性或時間選擇性。
  15. 如請求項13之方法，其中於該判定該通道的該選擇性之步驟，判定一頻率選擇性及一時間選擇性。
  16. 如請求項13之方法，其中於該選擇經叢集導頻符號的一樣式之步驟，該經叢集導頻符號係最優化以用於頻率選擇性及時間選擇性情況。
  17. 如請求項13之方法，其進一步包含將表示經叢集導頻符號之該樣式的資訊傳輸至複數個使用者，從而使該等使用者根據該基地台之該扇區之該樣式來傳輸導頻符號。
  18. 一種能夠傳輸複數個符號之無線通信裝置，該複數個符號之每一者利用介於一最小頻率與一最大頻率範圍內的一群相鄰頻率副載波之一頻率副載波，且在介於一第一符號週期與一最終符號週期範圍內的一群相鄰符號週期之一符號週期期間傳輸，該無線通信裝置包含：至少一個天線；一記憶體，其儲存每一者包含複數個叢集之複數個導頻樣式，該複數個叢集之每一者包含複數個相鄰導頻符號，其中在每一叢集中僅一個導頻符號指派有該最大頻率或該最小頻率作為其傳輸頻率副載波，或指派有該第一符號週期或該最終符號週期作為其傳輸符號週期；及一處理器，其與該複數個天線及該記憶體耦接，該處理器利用該相鄰頻率副載波群使得該複數個導頻樣式之一個導頻樣式在該相鄰符號週期群期間自該至少一個天線傳輸。
  19. 如請求項18之無線通信裝置，其中該複數個導頻樣式包 含至少一時間選擇性導頻樣式及至少一頻率選擇性導頻樣式。
  20. 如請求項18之無線通信裝置，其中該記憶體進一步儲存複數個序列，該複數個序列之每一序列與該複數個序列之每一其他序列正交，且其中在解碼該等導頻符號之前該處理器選擇性地指令該導頻樣式之該等導頻符號與該複數個序列之該等某些序列相乘。
  21. 如請求項18之無線通信裝置，其中該記憶體進一步儲存複數個序列，該複數個序列之每一序列與該複數個序列之每一其他序列偽正交，且其中在解碼該等導頻符號之前該處理器選擇性地指令該導頻樣式之該等導頻符號與該複數個序列之該等某些序列相乘。
  22. 如請求項21之無線通信裝置，其中該記憶體進一步儲存另外複數個序列，且其中在解碼該等導頻符號之前該處理器選擇性地指令該導頻樣式之該等導頻符號與該複數個序列之該等某些序列及該另外複數個序列的某些序列相乘。
  23. 如請求項18之無線通信裝置，其中該處理器基於在該至少一個天線處接收之一指令來選擇待傳輸之該導頻樣式。
  24. 如請求項18之無線通信裝置，其中該至少一個天線包含複數個天線，且其中該處理器利用該相鄰頻率副載波群使得該複數個導頻樣式之多個導頻樣式在該相鄰符號週期群期間自該多個天線傳輸。
  25. 如請求項24之無線通信裝置，其中該記憶體進一步儲存複數個序列，該複數個序列之每一序列與該複數個序列之每一其他序列正交，且其中在傳輸該多個導頻樣式之前，該處理器選擇性地指令該多個導頻樣式之每一者之該等導頻符號與該複數個序列之一不同序列相乘。
  26. 如請求項18之無線通信裝置，其中該處理器利用該複數個導頻樣式之一個導頻樣式來解碼由複數個無線裝置傳輸且在該至少一個天線處接收之多個導頻符號群。
  27. 一種用於無線通信之電腦可讀媒體，其以電腦可執行指令來編碼該等電腦可執行指令用於讀取在一無線網路中傳輸之一資料封包，該資料封包包括一序文部分，其識別待由包括一頻率選擇性導頻樣式及一時間選擇性導頻樣式之每一者的至少一者之該資料封包之一接收器傳輸一經叢集導頻樣式。
  28. 如請求項27之電腦可讀媒體，其中該等電腦可執行指令經調適以讀取具有一序文部分的一封包，該序文部分包括資訊，其關於在該資料封包之該接收器傳輸該等導頻符號之前，該資料封包之該接收器將利用在一接收器處可用之複數個正交序列中的哪個序列來與包含該導頻樣式之導頻符號的樣本相乘。
  29. 一種用於無線通信之電腦可讀媒體，其以電腦可執行指令來編碼：該等電腦可執行指令用於改變在一無線通信系統中的 導頻符號傳輸，該等電腦可執行指令包含：用於獲得關於來自一基地台之至少一扇區之通道條件之資訊之指令；用於基於該資訊來判定該通道的一選擇性之指令；及用於基於該通道之該選擇性來設定導頻符號的一樣式之指令。
  30. 一種用於無線通信之處理器，其包含：一輸入埠；一輸出埠；及處理電路，其經組態以：自該輸入埠獲得關於來自一基地台之至少一扇區之一通道的通道條件之資訊；基於該資訊來判定該通道的一選擇性；及基於該通道之該選擇性來設定經叢集導頻符號的一樣式且透過該輸出埠以輸出該導頻符號之設定樣式的一選擇。
  31. 一種用於無線通信之機器可讀媒體，其以用於處理一通信信號之指令來編碼，該等指令包含程式碼以：獲得關於來自一基地台之至少一扇區之通道條件之資訊；基於該資訊來判定該通道的一選擇性；及基於該通道之該選擇性來設定導頻符號的一樣式。
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