TWI280102B - Method for reducing acrylamide formation in thermally processed foods - Google Patents

Method for reducing acrylamide formation in thermally processed foods Download PDF

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TWI280102B
TWI280102B TW092124318A TW92124318A TWI280102B TW I280102 B TWI280102 B TW I280102B TW 092124318 A TW092124318 A TW 092124318A TW 92124318 A TW92124318 A TW 92124318A TW I280102 B TWI280102 B TW I280102B
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food
acrylamide
aspartame
aspartic acid
amino acid
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TW200404499A (en
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Elder Vincent Allen
John Gregory Fulcher
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Frito Lay North America Inc
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23LFOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L19/00Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L19/10Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops
    • A23L19/12Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops of potatoes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12YENZYMES
    • C12Y305/00Hydrolases acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds (3.5)
    • C12Y305/01Hydrolases acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds (3.5) in linear amides (3.5.1)
    • C12Y305/01001Asparaginase (3.5.1.1)
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23LFOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L19/00Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L19/10Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops
    • A23L19/12Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops of potatoes
    • A23L19/18Roasted or fried products, e.g. snacks or chips
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23LFOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L5/00Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
    • A23L5/20Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification
    • A23L5/25Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification using enzymes

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Fruits And Vegetables (AREA)
  • Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
  • Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
  • Seasonings (AREA)
  • Cereal-Derived Products (AREA)

Description

1280102 玖、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係指一種用以減低熱處理食品中之丙烯醯胺數量的方 法。本發明可供生產丙烯醯胺量減至相當程度的食品。該方法所 依賴的技術疋干擾天冬醯胺這種氨基酸起頭的丙烯醯胺形成路 徑。 【先前技術】 丙烯醯胺這種化學物早已採取聚合物的形式而被用於水處 理、增進油的回收,造紙,絮凝劑,增稠劑,礦石加工及永久定 型織物等各種工業應用。近來,有許多食品也已測試出存有丙稀 醯胺單體。尤其在以高溫處理的碳水化合物食品中更會發現丙烯 醯胺。業經測試出含有丙烯醯胺的食品範例包括咖啡、穀類、糕 點、馬鈴薯片、餅乾、法式炸馬鈴薯條、以及麵包等。由於食品 中含有丙烯醯胺是近來發覺的—種現象,所以它的形成機制尚^ 被確認。然而,因為丙烯醯胺單體是食品中所不樂意見到者,所 以如有-種能將熱處理食品中之丙烯醯胺大幅減低或消除的方 法,將十分有用。 【發明内容】 本發明是一種用以減低熱處理食品中之丙稀醯胺數量的方 法’其在-實施例中包括下列各步驟:提供—種含有天冬酿胺的 食品原料,使這含有天冬醯胺的食品原料接受天冬酿胺純化處 理’再以这含有天冬醯胺的食品原料作為食品混合物中的組成部 分’然後將這食品混合物加熱而形成—種熱處理食品^進行孰處 理之前先將食品或食品原料中所存有之反應性天冬醯胺的數量 減低,就可有效減低丙_胺。在—實施财,係讓天冬醯胺與 天冬醯胺酵素接觸而將天冬_轉變成天冬氨酸及氨。在另一實 1280102 施例中,是將用以製造熱處理食品的各成分進行瀝濾而把天冬醯 胺去除後,再以約80 °C以上的溫度對食品原料加熱。本發明的 又一實施例是把用以製造熱處理食品的各成分進行發酵,以便在 微生物使天冬醯胺進行蛋白質合成的代謝變化和其它的微生物 代謝作用時,可減低天冬醯胺。 有關本發明的前述及其它特點和優點,將詳予說明於後。 【實施方式】 熱處理食品中需有碳源及氮源始會形成丙烯醯胺。假定碳的 供應來源是碳水化合物,而氮的供應來源是蛋白質或氨基酸。許 多植物性的食品原料,例如米、小麥、玉米、大麥、黃豆、馬鈴 薯及燕麥,均含有天冬醯胺,而且基本上屬於氨基酸成分含量較 少的碳水化合物。通常,該等食品原料均有一個小型的氨基酸儲 存處,那裡除了天冬醯胺外,還有其它的氨基酸。共有二十種屬 於蛋白質基礎材料的標準氨基酸可在這些食品原料中找到’包括 但不限於賴氨酸、丙氨酸、天冬醯胺、谷氨酸、精氨酸、組氨酸、 甘氨酸及天冬氨酸。 所稱「熱處理」係指將食品的各組成部分,例如各食品原料 的混合物在至少80。(:的溫度下加熱的食品或食品原料。食品或 食品原料的熱處理溫度宜在100 °C和205。(:之間。食品原料可 在形成最終食品之前單獨以高溫處理。熱處理食品原料的一個範 例就是馬鈴薯片,它是以生馬鈴薯在溫度高達200 °C的加工過 程中所形成。其它熱處理食品原料的範例還包括加工燕麥,煮成 半熟及乾燥的米,煮過的豆類產品,玉米醬,烘培的咖啡豆及可 可豆。或者,也可用生的食品原料來製備在生產過程中包括加熱 步驟的最終食品。從加熱步驟獲得最終食品之生料加工的範例就 是以大約100。(:到205 °C溫度的油炸步驟將生馬鈴薯製成馬鈴 1280102 薯片,或以類似的溫度油炸生產出法式馬鈴薯條。 然而,依據本發明,現已查明若在存有單糖(simple 1情況下對天冬醯胺這種氨基酸加熱,就會形成大量的丙稀酿 胺。其它的氨基酸,例如賴氨酸與丙氨酸,在存有諸如葡萄糖之 類單糖的情況下予以加熱時,卻不會形成丙烯醯胺。但令人驚舒 的是’在存有單糖的情況下,如有另—種氨基酸,例如賴氨酸與 天冬醯胺在-起’雖會增加丙_胺的形成,不過增加程度卻不 會比只有天冬醯胺這種氨基酸時多出多少。 由於已確立在存有單糖的情況下對天冬醯胺加熱就會迅速形 成丙烯醯胺,所以只要讓天⑽胺純化,便可達到減低熱處理食 品中之㈣醯胺的目的。所稱「鈍化」係指利用轉換成或結合到 另-種能干擾天冬醯胺形成丙婦醯胺之化學物的方式而從食品 中去除天冬醯胺,或使其在形成丙烯醯胺的途徑中不起反應。 像&樣的一種鈍化方法就是讓天冬醯胺與天冬醯胺酵素接 觸。此酵素可將天冬醯时解歧冬⑽錢。制瀝濾方式也 可以使天冬醯胺當作熱處理食品中之丙稀酿胺的先質而純化。當 含水溶液的PH (酸鹼值)保持為略呈酸性或鹼性,且這pH宜在5 和9之間時,就易讓天冬醯胺溶解於該溶液中。此外,採用發酵 方式也可以使天冬醯胺當作熱處理食品巾之㈣醯胺的先㈣ 鈍化。再者,添加二價陽離?,例如形式為乳酸躬、捧樣酸約或 馬來㈣之類_,亦可使天冬醯胺當作熱處理食品中之丙稀酿 胺的先質而鈍化。另外,添加葡萄糖、果糖或鼠李糖以增加食品 中之還原糖的數量,也可使天冬醯胺當作丙稀醯胺的先質而鈍 化。 嫻熟本技藝者顯然可知仍有其它各種干援丙烯醯胺之形成而 使天冬醯祕化的技術。進行熱處理前先將食品原料或食品中的 !28〇1〇2 天冬醯胺量降低,就可顯著減低最終處理食品的丙烯醯胺量。 茲舉下列各範例將本發明的若干實施例予以說明如後: 範例1 : 此範例證明在存有單糖及賴氨酸這種氨基酸的情況下,不會 形成丙烯醯胺。將大約0· 2 g的葡萄糖與約〇· 1 g的l-賴氨酸 水合物以及0· 2 ral的水在一 20 ml的玻璃小瓿中結合。用|呂落 覆蓋這玻璃小瓶,再放入一氣體色層分析烤箱中以下列各種溫声 加熱:初始溫度設定為40 °C ;接著以每分鐘2〇 °C的速率將溫 度增加到200 °C ;於200。(:的溫度條件下保持二分鐘;其後讓 玻璃小瓶冷卻到40 °C。經此加熱後,混合物已變乾及變成黑色。 用100 ml的水析取這反應混合物,再以GC-MS量測水中的丙稀 醯胺。用L-賴氨酸水合物將葡萄糖加熱時,並未檢測出丙烯酿 胺(檢測限度低於50 ppb)。如果美拉德(Maillard)反應是丙稀 醯胺的來源,那麼因為賴氨酸反應物已被廣泛的褐色化,所以這 混合物理應含有丙烯醯胺。 範例2 : 此範例證明在存有單糖及賴氨酸這種氨基酸的情況下,不會 形成丙稀酿胺。除了所用的氣基酸改為L -丙氨酸外,其餘均重 複範例1的方法。同樣地’未檢測出超出50 ppb檢測限度的丙 烯醯胺。 範例3 : 此範例證明在存有單糖及天冬醯胺這種氨基酸的情況下,會 形成丙烯醯胺。除了所用的氨基酸改為L-天冬醯胺一水合物外, 其餘也是重複範例1的方法。以水析取這反應混合物並用GoMS 量測丙烯醯胺時,測得這反應混合物具有55, 106 ppb的丙烯醯 胺。根據0· 1 g天冬醯胺的初始裝填量,此舉表示丙烯醯胺的產 1280102 率約為9%。 範例4 ·· 此範例證明在存有單糖,天冬醯胺及第二種氨基酸的情況 下,會形成丙烯醯胺。除了各有0·1 g的等份數的L—賴氨酸水 合物及L-天冬醯胺一水合物外,其餘都重複範例i的方法。對 這反應混合物測试丙稀酸胺的含量時,查明丙浠酿胺的含量為 214, 842 ppb。根據天冬醯胺及賴氨酸的初始裝填量,此舉表示 丙烯醯胺的產率約為37%。 範例5 : 此範例證明在存有天冬醯胺酵素的情況下對天冬醯胺及葡萄 糖加熱,可減低丙烯醯胺的形成。於pH為8 6的條件下將天冬 醯胺酵素溶解到0.05 Μ的三-鹽酸緩衝劑中,以便製成一種活性 天冬醯胺酵素溶液。另外也以100 〇c的溫度將一部份的天冬醯 胺酵素溶液加熱20分鐘而使這酵素鈍化,據以製成一種對照天 冬醯胺酵素溶液。在這對照實驗中,係將〇. 2 g的葡萄糖,g 的天冬醯胺與20 mil的加熱天冬醯胺酵素溶液在一 2〇…的玻 璃小瓶中結合。另在活性酵素實驗中,則是將0 2 g的葡萄糖, 0.1 g的天冬醯胺與20 mil的天冬醯胺酵素溶液在一 2〇 mi的 玻璃小瓶中結合。玻璃小瓶中的酵素用量為25〇個酵素單位。對 照及活性酵素混合物-起處理二次。玻璃小瓶在37 %的溫度下 保持2小時,接著在80。(;的烤箱中置放4〇小時,以便蒸發至 乾燥程度。加熱後,對各玻璃小瓶添加Q 2 ml的水。接著/字該 等玻璃小瓶m體色層分析烤箱中以τ列各種溫度加孰:初 始溫度設定為40。(:;接著以每分鐘2〇 〇c的速率加熱加到、· °C;於200。(;的溫度條件下保持二分鐘再冷卻到4q %。缺後用 的水析取這反應混合物,再以GMS量測水中__胺。 1280102 下列表1所示者即為測得的各項數值: 表1 在存有天冬醯胺酵素及葡萄煻時的丙烯醯胺形成情況 · 測試材料 丙烯醯胺(PDb) 減低百分比 ’ 對照組1 334,810 ---- 對照組2 324,688 ---- 活性天冬醯胺酵素1 66 99. 9 活性天冬醯胺酵素2 273 99.9 參 從表中可看出,以一種能將天冬醯胺分解成天冬氨酸及氨的 酵素來處理時,可把丙烯醯胺的形成減低99. 9%以上。這實驗確 認若將天冬醯胺的濃度或天冬醯胺的反應性質減低,就可減低丙 烯醯胺的形成。 · 除了讓天冬醯胺鈍化外,植物性的食品原料也可以選用天冬 醯胺含量較少的那些作為來源。植物性食品原料的天冬醯胺含量 如減低時,則在相同的熱處理條件下也會比照反映在丙烯醯胺的 數量上。 鲁 以上所舉實施例僅用以說明本發明而已,非用以限制本發明 之範圍。舉凡不違本發明精神所從事的種種修改或變化,倶屬本 發明申請專利範圍。 【圖式簡單說明】 _ 無 【符號說明】 無 11

Claims (1)

  1. ,Ι28ρ^〇^24318號補充、修正說明書之替換頁丨公告本j 拾、申請專利範圍: 1. 步驟 侧以減少熱加工答^两祕£疏·^,其包㈣^ (a)以含有天冬醯胺的碳水化合物為食品原料; ⑹於該食品原料中添加天冬醯胺酵素溶液,細使該食品原料中的天 冬酸胺分解成天冬氨酸及氨而鈍化; (c) 以這食品原料作為一食品混合物中的組成部分;和 (d) 將這食品混合物加熱到至少別。[而形成一種熱處理食品。 2·如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用以減少熱加工食品中丙烯醯胺組 成物的方法,其中含有天冬醯胺的食品原料另包括至少其它一種氨基酸。 3·如申睛專利範圍第2項所述之用以減少熱加工食品中丙烯酿胺組 成物的方法,其中至少其它一種氨基酸是賴氨酸。 4·如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用以減少熱加工食品中丙烯醯胺組 成物的方法,其中步驟(d)之食品混合物的熱處理係在1〇〇 °C和205 T 之間的溫度下發生。 12
TW092124318A 2002-09-19 2003-09-03 Method for reducing acrylamide formation in thermally processed foods TWI280102B (en)

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US (2) US7037540B2 (zh)
EP (1) EP1553845B1 (zh)
JP (2) JP4398373B2 (zh)
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