TW201531475A - 用於腫瘤適應徵及與mTOR/PI3K/AKT/路徑相關之疾病之mTOR激酶抑制劑 - Google Patents
用於腫瘤適應徵及與mTOR/PI3K/AKT/路徑相關之疾病之mTOR激酶抑制劑 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201531475A TW201531475A TW104115102A TW104115102A TW201531475A TW 201531475 A TW201531475 A TW 201531475A TW 104115102 A TW104115102 A TW 104115102A TW 104115102 A TW104115102 A TW 104115102A TW 201531475 A TW201531475 A TW 201531475A
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- pyridin
- dihydropyridyl
- methyl
- substituted
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Abstract
本文中所提供者為具有下列結構之雜芳基化合物:
□其中R1-R4均如本文定義,包含有效量之雜芳基化合物之組合物,及用於治療或預防癌症、炎性症狀、免疫學症狀、神經變性疾病、糖尿病、肥胖、神經病症、與老化有關聯之疾病或心血管症狀之方法,其包括對有需要之病患投予有效量之雜芳基化合物。
Description
本文中所提供者為某些雜芳基化合物,包含有效量之一或多種此類化合物之組合物,及用於治療或預防癌症、炎性症狀、免疫學症狀、代謝症狀及可藉由抑制激酶路徑而被治療或預防之症狀之方法,其包括對有需要之病患投予有效量之雜芳基化合物。
本申請案係主張2008年10月27日提出申請之美國臨時申請案號61/108,627之權益,其全部內容均併於本文供參考。
在異常蛋白質磷醯化作用與疾病之原因或結果間之連接係被知曉超過20年。因此,蛋白質激酶已變成一組極重要之藥物標的。參閱Cohen,Nature,1:309-315(2002)。各種蛋白質激酶抑制劑已於臨床上被使用於治療極多種疾病,譬如癌症與慢性炎性疾病,包括糖尿病與中風。參閱Cohen,Eur.J.Biochem.,268:5001-5010(2001)。
蛋白質激酶為大的且多樣之酵素族群,其會催化蛋白質磷醯化作用,且在細胞發出訊息上扮演一個關鍵角色。蛋白質激酶可施加正面或負面調節作用,依其標的蛋白質而定。蛋白質激酶係
涉及會調節細胞功能之特定發出訊息路徑,譬如但不限於新陳代謝作用、細胞循環進展、細胞黏連、血管功能、細胞凋零及血管生成。細胞發出訊息之功能障礙係與許多疾病有關聯,其中最具特徵者係包括癌症與糖尿病。訊息轉導藉由細胞活素之調節,及訊息分子與原致癌基因及腫瘤抑制基因之締合已被充分記載。同樣地,在糖尿病及相關症狀與蛋白質激酶之失調含量間之連接已被証實。參閱,例如Sridhar等人 醫藥研究,17(11):1345-1353(2000)。病毒感染及與其有關聯之症狀亦與蛋白質激酶之調節有關聯。Park等人Cell 101(7):777-787(2000)。
蛋白質激酶可被區分成寬廣組群,以其作為標的之胺基酸身分為基礎(絲胺酸/蘇胺酸、酪胺酸、離胺酸及組胺酸)。例如,酪胺酸激酶包括受體酪胺酸激酶(RTK)、譬如生長因子,與非受體酪胺酸激酶,譬如src激酶族群。亦有以酪胺酸與絲胺酸/蘇胺酸兩者為標的之雙專一蛋白質激酶,譬如環素依賴性激酶(CDK)與有絲分裂原活化之蛋白質激酶(MAPK)。
由於蛋白質激酶係調節幾乎每個細胞過程,包括新陳代謝作用、細胞增生、細胞分化及細胞存活,故其係為關於各種疾病狀態之治療介入之吸引人標的。例如,其中蛋白質激酶係扮演一項樞紐角色之細胞循環控制與血管生成,係為與許多疾病症狀有關聯之細胞過程,該疾病症狀譬如但不限於癌症、炎性疾病、異常血管生成及與其有關聯之疾病、動脈粥瘤硬化、斑點變性、糖尿病、肥胖及疼痛。
蛋白質激酶已變成關於治療癌症之吸引人標的。Fabbro等人,藥理學與治療學93:79-98(2002)。已被提出的是,蛋白質激酶涉
及人類惡性病症之發展可藉由以下而發生:(1)基因組重排(例如在慢性骨髓性白血病中之BCR-ABL),(2)導致構成上活性之激酶活性之突變型,譬如急性骨髓性白血病與胃腸腫瘤,(3)激酶活性因致癌基因之活化作用或腫瘤抑制劑功能損失之失調,譬如在具有致癌性RAS之癌症中,(4)激酶活性因過度表現之失調,如在EGFR之情況中,及(5)生長因子之異位表現,其可助長贅瘤表現型之發展與維持。Fabbro等人,藥理學與治療學93:79-98(2002)。
蛋白質激酶路徑之錯綜複雜,及在各種蛋白質激酶與激酶路徑之中與之間之關係與交互作用之複雜性之說明,係強調發展能夠充作蛋白質激酶調制劑、調節劑或抑制劑之藥劑之重要性,其對於多重激酶或多重激酶路徑具有有利活性。因此,仍然需要新穎激酶調制劑。
被稱為mTOR(雷帕霉素之哺乳動物標的)之蛋白質,其亦被稱為FRAP、RAFTI或RAPT1),係為2549-胺基酸Ser/Thr蛋白質激酶,其已被証實係為在mTOR/PI3K/Akt路徑上最重要蛋白質之一,其會調節細胞生長與增生。Georgakis與Younes Expert Rev.Anticancer Ther.6(1):131-140(2006)。mTOR係存在於兩種複合物內,mTORC1與mTORC2。mTORC1係對雷帕霉素類似物(譬如天喜羅利莫斯(temsirolimus)或約洛利莫斯(everolimus))為敏感,而mTORC2係大部份為雷帕霉素不敏感性。數種mTOR抑制劑在關於治療癌症之臨床試驗上已被或正被評估。天喜羅利莫斯係在2007年被許可,供使用於腎細胞癌,而約洛利莫斯係在2009年被許可,供已在血管內皮生長因子受體抑制劑上進展之腎細胞癌病患用。此外,喜洛利莫斯(sirolimus)係在1999年被許可,供預防腎移植排斥。此等mTORC1化合物之令人感興趣但受到限制之臨床成功係証實
mTOR抑制劑在治療癌症與移植排斥上之實用性,及關於具有mTORC1與mTORC2兩種抑制活性之化合物之經增加潛力。
在本申請案之原文段落2中任何參考資料之引用或確認,並不欲被解釋為承認該參考資料係為本申請案之先前技藝。
本文中所提供者為具有下式(I)之化合物:
及其藥學上可接受之鹽、籠合物、溶劑合物、互變異構物、立體異構物及前體藥物,其中R1-R4均如本文定義。
進一步於本文中提供者為具有下式(II)之化合物:
及其藥學上可接受之鹽、籠合物、溶劑合物、互變異構物、立體異構物及前體藥物,其中R1、R2及R3均如本文定義。
式(I)與(II)化合物,或其藥學上可接受之鹽、籠合物、溶劑合物、水合物、立體異構物、互變異構物或前體藥物(各於本文中稱為"雜芳基化合物"),係可用於治療或預防癌症、炎性症狀、免疫學症狀、神經變性疾病、糖尿病、肥胖、神經病症、與老化有關
聯之疾病及心血管症狀,及可藉由抑制激酶路徑而被治療或預防之症狀。於一項具體實施例中,激酶路徑為mTOR/PI3K/Akt路徑。於另一項具體實施例中,激酶路徑為PI3Kα、PI3Kβ、PI3Kδ、KDR、GSK3α、GSK3β、ATM、ATX、ATR、cFMS及/或DNA-PK路徑。
進一步於本文中提供者為包含有效量之雜芳基化合物之組合物,及包含有效量之雜芳基化合物與藥學上可接受之載劑或媒劑之組合物。此等組合物可用於治療或預防癌症、炎性症狀、免疫學症狀、神經變性疾病、糖尿病、肥胖、神經病症、與老化有關聯之疾病或心血管症狀,及可藉由抑制激酶路徑而被治療或預防之症狀,於一項具體實施例中,為mTOR/PI3K/Akt路徑。
進一步於本文中提供者為關於治療或預防癌症、炎性症狀、免疫學症狀、神經變性疾病、糖尿病、肥胖、神經病症、與老化有關聯之疾病或心血管症狀及可藉由抑制激酶路徑而被治療或預防之症狀之方法,於一項具體實施例中,為mTOR/PI3K/Akt路徑,該方法包括對需要治療或預防之病患投予有效量之雜芳基化合物。
亦於本文中提供者為關於在會表現激酶之細胞中抑制該激酶之方法,其包括使該細胞與有效量之如本文中所述之雜芳基化合物接觸。於一項具體實施例中,該激酶為mTOR、DNA-PK或PI3K或其組合。
本發明具體實施例可參考詳細說明與實例(意欲舉例說明非限制性具體實施例)而更完全地瞭解。
"烷基"為飽和、部份飽和或不飽和直鏈或分枝狀非環狀烴,具有1至10個碳原子,典型上為1至8個碳,或在一些具體實施例中為1至6、1至4或2至6個碳原子。代表性烷基包括-甲基、-乙基、-正-丙基、-正-丁基、-正-戊基及-正-己基;而飽和分枝狀烷基包括-異丙基、-第二-丁基、-異丁基、-第三-丁基、-異戊基、2-甲基戊基、3-甲基戊基、4-甲基戊基、2,3-二甲基丁基等。不飽和烷基之實例包括但不限於其中尤其是乙烯基、烯丙基、-CH=CH(CH3)、-CH=C(CH3)2、-C(CH3)=CH2、-C(CH3)=CH(CH3)、-C(CH2CH3)=CH2、-C≡CH、-C≡C(CH3)、-C≡C(CH2CH3)、-CH2C≡CH、-CH2C≡C(CH3)及-CH2C≡C(CH7CH3)。烷基可經取代或未經取代。
"環烷基"為3至10個碳原子之飽和、部份飽和或不飽和環狀烷基,具有單一環狀環或多重縮合或橋接環,其可視情況被1至3個烷基取代。在一些具體實施例中,環烷基具有3至8個環員,而在其他具體實施例中,環碳原子之數目係涵蓋範圍為3至5、3至6或3至7。舉例言之,此種環烷基係包括單環結構,譬如環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、環庚基、環辛基、1-甲基環丙基、2-甲基環戊基、2-甲基環辛基等,或多重或橋接環結構,譬如金剛烷基等。不胞和環烷基之實例包括其中尤其是環己烯基、環戊烯基、環己二烯基、丁二烯基、戊二烯基、己二烯基。環烷基可經取代或未經取代。舉例言之,此種經取代之環烷基係包括環己酮等。
"芳基"為6至14個碳原子之芳族碳環基團,具有單環(例如苯基)或多重縮合環(例如萘基或蒽基)。在一些具體實施例中,芳基含有6-14個碳,而在其他具體實施例中,為6至12個或甚至是6至
10個碳原子在該基團之環部份中。特定芳基包括苯基、聯苯基、萘基等。芳基可經取代或未經取代。"芳基"措辭亦包括含有稠合環之基團,譬如稠合芳族-脂族環系統(例如氫茚基、四氫萘基等)。
"雜芳基"為具有一至四個雜原子在雜芳族環系統中作為環原子之芳基環系統,其中原子之其餘部份為碳原子。在一些具體實施例中,雜芳基含有5至6個環原子,而在其他具體實施例中,為6至9個或甚至是6至10個原子在該基團之環部份中。適當雜原子包括氧、硫及氮。在某些具體實施例中,雜芳基環系統為單環狀或雙環狀。非限制性實例包括但不限於以下基團,譬如吡咯基、吡唑基、咪唑基、三唑基、四唑基、唑基、異唑基、噻唑基、吡咯基、吡啶基、嗒基、嘧啶基、吡基、硫苯基、苯并硫苯基、呋喃基、苯并呋喃基(例如異苯并呋喃-1,3-二亞胺)、吲哚基、氮吲哚基(例如吡咯并吡啶基或1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶基)、吲唑基、苯并咪唑基(例如1H-苯并[d]咪唑基)、咪唑并吡啶基(例如氮苯并咪唑基、3H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶基或1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶基)、吡唑并吡啶基、三唑并吡啶基、苯并三唑基、苯并唑基、苯并噻唑基、苯并噻二唑基、異唑并吡啶基、硫萘基、嘌呤基、黃嘌呤基、腺嘌呤、鳥嘌呤、喹啉基、異喹啉基、四氫喹啉基、喹喏啉基及喹唑啉基。
"雜環基"為芳族(亦被稱為雜芳基)或非芳族環烷基,其中一至四個環碳原子係獨立被得自O、S及N所組成之組群之雜原子置換。在一些具體實施例中,雜環基包含3至10個環員,而其他此種基團具有3至5、3至6或3至8個環員。雜環基亦可在任何環原子上(意即在雜環之任何碳原子或雜原子上)結合至其他基團。雜環烷基可經取代或未經取代。雜環基涵蓋不飽和、部份飽和及飽和環系統,例如咪唑基、二氫咪唑基及四氫咪唑基。雜環基之措辭包括
稠合環物種,包括含有稠合芳族與非芳族基團者,例如苯并三唑基、2,3-二氫苯并[1,4]二氧陸圜烯基及苯并[1,3]二氧伍圜烯基。該措辭亦包括含有雜原子之橋接多環狀環系統,譬如但不限於啶基。雜環基之代表性實例包括但不限於氮丙啶基、一氮四圜基、四氫吡咯基、四氫咪唑基、四氫吡唑基、噻唑啶基、四氫硫苯基、四氫呋喃基、二氧伍圜烯基、呋喃基、硫苯基、吡咯基、二氫吡咯基、咪唑基、二氫咪唑基、吡唑基、二氫吡唑基、三唑基、四唑基、唑基、異唑基、噻唑基、噻唑啉基、異噻唑基、噻二唑基、二唑基、六氫吡啶基、六氫吡基、嗎福啉基、硫代嗎福啉基、四氫哌喃基(例如四氫-2H-哌喃基)、四氫硫代哌喃基、氧硫陸圜、二氧基、二硫陸圜基、哌喃基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、嗒基、吡基、三基、二氫吡啶基、二氫二硫陸圜烯基、二氫二硫酮基、高六氫吡基、啶基、吲哚基、二氫吲哚基、異吲哚基、氮吲哚基(吡咯并吡啶基)、吲唑基、吲基、苯并三唑基、苯并咪唑基、苯并呋喃基、苯并硫苯基、苯并噻唑基、苯并二唑基、苯并基、苯并二硫陸圜烯基、苯并氧硫陸圜烯基、苯并噻基、苯并唑基、苯并噻唑基、苯并噻二唑基、苯并[1,3]二氧伍圜烯基、吡唑并吡啶基、咪唑并吡啶基(氮苯并咪唑基;例如1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶基或1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶-2(3H)-酮基)、三唑并吡啶基、異唑并吡啶基、嘌呤基、黃嘌呤基、腺嘌呤、鳥嘌呤、喹啉基、異喹啉基、喹基、喹喏啉基、喹唑啉基、啈啉基、呔基、啶基、喋啶基、硫萘基、二氫苯并噻基、二氫苯并呋喃基、二氫吲哚基、二氫苯并二氧陸圜烯基、四氫吲哚基、四氫吲唑基、四氫苯并咪唑基、四氫苯并三唑基、四氫吡咯并吡啶基、四氫吡唑并吡啶基、四氫咪唑并吡啶基、四氫三唑并吡啶基及四氫喹啉基。代表性經取代之雜環基
可為經單取代或取代超過一次,譬如但不限於吡啶基或嗎福啉基,其係被譬如列示於下文之不同取代基2-,3-,4-,5-或6-取代或二取代。
"環烷基烷基"為式:-烷基-環烷基之基團,其中烷基與環烷基係定義於上文。經取代之環烷基烷基可在該基團之烷基、環烷基或烷基與環烷基兩部份上經取代。代表性環烷基烷基包括但不限於環戊基甲基、環戊基乙基、環己基甲基、環己基乙基及環己基丙基。代表性經取代之環烷基烷基可為經單取代或取代超過一次。
"芳烷基"為式:-烷基-芳基之基團,其中烷基與芳基係定義於上文。經取代之芳烷基可在該基團之烷基、芳基或烷基與芳基兩部份上經取代。代表性芳烷基包括但不限於苄基與苯乙基,及經稠合之(環烷基芳基)烷基,譬如4-乙基-氫茚基。
"雜環基烷基"為式:-烷基-雜環基之基團,其中烷基與雜環基係定義於上文。經取代之雜環基烷基可在該基團之烷基、雜環基或烷基與雜環基兩部份上經取代。代表性雜環基烷基包括但不限於4-乙基-嗎福啉基、4-丙基嗎福啉基、呋喃-2-基甲基、呋喃-3-基甲基、吡啶-3-基甲基、(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基、(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基、四氫呋喃-2-基甲基、四氫呋喃-2-基乙基及吲哚-2-基丙基。
"鹵素"為氟、氯、溴或碘。
"羥烷基"為被一或多個羥基取代之如上述之烷基。
"烷氧基"為-O-(烷基),其中烷基係定義於上文。
"烷氧烷基"為-(烷基)-O-(烷基),其中烷基係定義於上文。
"胺基"為式:-NH2之基團。
"烷胺基"為式:-NH-烷基或-N(烷基)2之基團,其中各烷基係
獨立如上文所定義。
"羧基"為式:-C(O)OH之基團。
"胺基羰基"為式:-C(O)N(R#)2、-C(O)NH(R#)或-C(O)NH2之基團,其中各R#係獨立為如本文定義之經取代或未經取代之烷基、環烷基、芳基、芳烷基或雜環基。
"醯基胺基"為式:-NHC(O)(R#)或-N(烷基)C(O)(R#)之基團,其中各烷基與R#係獨立如上文所定義。
"烷基磺醯基胺基"為式:-NHSO2(R#)或-N(烷基)SO2(R#)之基團,其中各烷基與R#係定義於上文。
"脲"基團為式:-N(烷基)C(O)N(R#)2、-N(烷基)C(O)NH(R#)、-N(烷基)C(O)NH2、-NHC(O)N(R#)2、-NHC(O)NH(R#)或-NH(CO)NHR#之基團,其中各烷基與R#係獨立如上文所定義。
於一項具體實施例中,當本文中所述之基團係被稱為"經取代"時,其可被任何一或多個適當取代基取代。取代基之說明例係為在本文中所揭示之舉例化合物與具體實施例中所發現者,以及鹵素(氯基、碘基、溴基或氟基);烷基;羥基;烷氧基;烷氧烷基;胺基;烷胺基;羧基;硝基;氰基;硫醇;硫醚;亞胺;醯亞胺;脒;胍;烯胺;胺基羰基;醯基胺基;膦酸基;膦;硫代羰基;磺醯基;碸;磺醯胺;酮;醛;酯;脲;胺基甲酸酯;肟;羥胺;烷氧基胺;芳烷氧基胺;N-氧化物;肼;醯肼;腙;疊氮化物;異氰酸酯;異硫氰酸酯;氰酸鹽;硫氰酸鹽;氧(=O);B(OH)2、O(烷基)胺基羰基;環烷基,其可為單環狀或稠合或非稠合多環狀(例如環丙基、環丁基、環戊基或環己基),或雜環基,其可為單環狀或稠合或非稠合多環狀(例如四氫吡咯基、六氫吡啶基、六氫吡基、嗎福啉基或噻基);單環狀或稠合或非稠合多環狀芳基或雜
芳基(例如苯基、萘基、吡咯基、吲哚基、呋喃基、硫苯基、咪唑基、唑基、異唑基、噻唑基、三唑基、四唑基、吡唑基、吡啶基、喹啉基、異喹啉基、吖啶基、吡基、嗒基、嘧啶基、苯并咪唑基、苯并硫苯基或苯并呋喃基);芳氧基;芳烷氧基;雜環基氧基;及雜環基烷氧基。
於本文中使用之"藥學上可接受之鹽"一詞,係指製自藥學上可接受之無毒性酸或鹼之鹽,包括無機酸與鹼及有機酸與鹼。雜芳基化合物之適當藥學上可接受之鹼加成鹽,包括但不限於製自鋁、鈣、鋰、鎂、鉀、鈉及鋅之金屬鹽,或製自離胺酸、N,N'-二苄基乙二胺、氯普魯卡因、膽鹼、二乙醇胺、乙二胺、甲基葡胺(N-甲基葡萄糖胺)及普魯卡因之有機鹽。適當無毒性酸包括但不限於無機與有機酸類,譬如醋酸、海藻酸、鄰胺基苯甲酸、苯磺酸、苯甲酸、樟腦磺酸、檸檬酸、乙烯磺酸、甲酸、反丁烯二酸、呋喃甲酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖酸、葡萄糖醛酸、麩胺酸、乙醇酸、氫溴酸、鹽酸、羥乙磺酸、乳酸、順丁烯二酸、蘋果酸、苯乙醇酸、甲烷磺酸、黏酸、硝酸、雙羥萘酸、泛酸、苯基醋酸、磷酸、丙酸、柳酸、硬脂酸、琥珀酸、磺胺酸、硫酸、酒石酸及對-甲苯磺酸。特定無毒酸包括鹽酸、氫溴酸、磷酸、硫酸及甲烷磺酸。因此,特定鹽之實例包括鹽酸鹽與甲烷磺酸鹽。其他係為此項技藝中所習知,參閱,例如Remington氏醫藥科學,第18版,Mack出版,Easton PA(1990)或Remington:製藥科學與實務,第19版,Mack出版,Easton PA(1995)。
當於本文中使用時,且除非另有指出,否則"籠合物"一詞係意謂呈晶格形式之雜芳基化合物或其鹽,其含有間隙(例如溝槽),其具有被捕獲在內之賓分子(例如溶劑或水),
或其中雜芳基化合物為賓分子之晶格。
當於本文中使用時,且除非另有指出,否則"溶劑合物"一詞係意謂雜芳基化合物或其鹽,其進一步包含化學計量或非化學計量之溶劑,藉由非共價分子間力結合。在一項具體實施例中,溶劑合物為水合物。
當於本文中使用時,且除非另有指出,否則"水合物"一詞係意謂雜芳基化合物或其鹽,其進一步包含化學計量或非化學計量之水,藉由非共價分子間力結合。
當於本文中使用時,且除非另有指出,否則"前體藥物"一詞係意謂雜芳基化合物衍生物,其可於生物學條件(活體外或活體內)下被水解、氧化或以其他方式反應,以提供活性化合物,特別是雜芳基化合物。前體藥物之實例包括但不限於雜芳基化合物之衍生物與新陳代謝產物,其包含生物可水解部份基團,譬如生物可水解醯胺類、生物可水解酯類、生物可水解胺基甲酸酯類、生物可水解碳酸酯類、生物可水解脲類及生物可水解磷酸鹽類似物。在某些具體實施例中,具有羧基官能基之化合物之前體藥物,係為羧酸之低碳烷基酯類。此羧酸酯可合宜地藉由酯化存在於分子上之任何羧酸部份基團而形成。前體藥物典型上可使用習知方法製備,譬如由Burger氏醫藥化學與藥物發現第6版(Donald J.Abraham編著,2001,Wiley)與前體藥物之設計與應用(H.Bundgaard編著,1985,Harwood大學出版社Gmfh)所描述者。
當於本文中使用時,且除非另有指出,否則"立體異構物"或"立體異構上純"術語係意謂雜芳基化合物之一種立體異構物,其係實質上不含該化合物之其他立體異構物。例如,具有一個對掌中心之立體異構上純化合物,係實質上不含該化合物之相反對掌異
構物。具有兩個對掌中心之立體異構上純化合物係實質上不含該化合物之其他非對映異構物。典型立體異構上純化合物係包含該化合物之大於約80重量%之一種立體異構物,及該化合物之低於約20重量%之其他立體異構物,該化合物之大於約90重量%之一種立體異構物,及該化合物之低於約10重量%之其他立體異構物,該化合物之大於約95重量%之一種立體異構物,及該化合物之低於約5重量%之其他立體異構物,或該化合物之大於約97重量%之一種立體異構物,及該化合物之低於約3重量%之其他立體異構物。雜芳基化合物可具有對掌中心,且可以外消旋物、個別對掌異構物或非對映異構物及其混合物存在。所有此種異構形式係被包含在本文中所揭示之具體實施例內,包括其混合物。此種雜芳基化合物之立體異構上純形式之用途,以及此等形式之混合物之用途,係被本文中所揭示之具體實施例涵蓋。例如,包含特定雜芳基化合物之相等或不相等量對掌異構物之混合物可被使用於本文中所揭示之方法與組合物中。此等異構物可經不對稱性地合成或使用標準技術解析,譬如對掌性管柱或對掌性解析劑。參閱,例如Jacques,J.等人,對掌異構物、外消旋物及解析(Wiley-Interscience,New York,1981);Wilen,S.H.等人,Tetrahedron 33:2725(1977);Eliel,E.L.,碳化合物之立體化學(McGraw-Hill,NY,1962);及Wilen,S.H.,解析劑與光學解析之表第268頁(E.L.Eliel編著,Notre Dame大學出版社,Notre Dame,IN,1972)。
亦應注意該雜芳基化合物可包括E與Z異構物或其混合物,及順式與反式異構物或其混合物。在某些具體實施例中,雜芳基化合物係被單離成順式或反式異構物。在其他具體實施例中,雜芳
基化合物為順式與反式異構物之混合物。
"互變異構物"係指一種化合物之異構形式,其係彼此呈平衡。異構形式之濃度係依於其中發現化合物之環境而定,且可依例如該化合物為固體抑或係在有機或水溶液中而有所不同。例如,在水溶液中,吡唑可顯示下列異構形式,其係被稱為彼此之互變異構物:
如熟諳此藝者所易於明瞭者,極多種官能基及其他結構可顯示互變異構現象,且式(I)與式(II)化合物之所有互變異構物係在本發明之範圍內。
亦應注意該雜芳基化合物可含有非天然比例之原子同位素在一或多個原子處。例如,化合物可以放射性同位素經放射性標識,例如氚(3H)、碘-125(125I)、硫-35(25S)或碳-14(14C),或可經同位素上富含,譬如以氘(2H)、碳-13(13C)或氮-15(15N)。於本文中使用之"同位素類似物"為同位素上富含之化合物。"同位素上富含"一詞係指一種原子,其具有該原子之同位素組成,而非天然同位素組成。"同位素上富含"亦可指一種化合物,其含有至少一個原子,具有該原子之同位素組成,而非天然同位素組成。"同位素組成"一詞係指關於特定原子所存在各同位素之量。經放射性標識與同位素上富含之化合物可作為治療劑使用,例如癌症與發炎治療劑,研究試劑,例如結合檢測試劑,及診斷劑,例如活體內成像劑。如本文中所述雜芳基化合物之所有同位素變型,無論具放射性與否,係意欲被涵蓋在本文中所提供具體實施例之範圍內。在一些具體實施例中,係提供雜芳基化合物之同位素類似物,例如,同位素類似物為氘、碳-13或氮-15富含之雜芳基化合物。
於本文中使用之"治療"係意謂與病症或疾病有關聯病徵之整體或部份減輕,或此等病徵之進一步進展或惡化之減緩或停止,或在有發展出該疾病或病症危險下之病患中疾病或病症之防止或預防。
連同雜芳基化合物之"有效量"一詞,係意謂一種量,其能夠整體或部份減輕與病症或疾病有關聯之病徵,或減緩或停止此等病徵之進一步進展或惡化,或在有發展出如本文中所揭示疾病或病症危險下之病患中防止該疾病或病症或提供關於其預防,該疾病或病症譬如癌症、炎性症狀、免疫學症狀、神經變性疾病、糖尿病、肥胖、神經病症、與老化有關聯之疾病或心血管症狀,及可藉由抑制激酶路徑而被治療或預防之症狀,例如mTOR/PI3K/Akt路徑。於一項具體實施例中,雜芳基化合物之有效量係為會在細胞中抑制激酶之量,例如於活體外或活體內。於一項具體實施例中,激酶為mTOR、DNA-PK、PI3K或其組合。在一些具體實施例中,雜芳基化合物之有效量係在細胞中抑制該激酶達10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%或99%,相較於未經治療細胞中之激酶之活性。雜芳基化合物之有效量,例如在醫藥組合物中,可在將行使所要作用之含量下;例如,在關於口腔與非經腸投藥兩者之單位劑量中,約0.005毫克/公斤病患體重至約100毫克/公斤病患體重。正如熟諳此藝者所明瞭,被預期的是,本文中所揭示雜芳基化合物之有效量可依被治療之適應徵而改變,例如雜芳基化合物之有效量對於治療患有或處於炎性症狀危險下之病患係可能不同,相對於關於治療患有或處於不同病症(例如癌症或代謝病症)危險下之病患之化合物之有效量。
"病患"一詞包括動物,包括但不限於譬如乳牛、猴子、馬、綿
羊、豬、雞、火雞、鵪鶉、貓、狗、老鼠、大白鼠、兔子或天竺鼠之動物,於一項具體實施例中,為哺乳動物,於另一項具體實施例中,為人類。
"癌症"一詞係指任何各種惡性贅瘤,其特徵為可侵入周圍組織且轉移至新身體位置之細胞增生。良性與惡性腫瘤兩者係根據於其中發現彼等之組織類型而被分類。例如,纖維瘤為纖維狀結締組織之贅瘤,而黑色素瘤為色素(黑色素)細胞之異常生長。源自上皮組織之惡性腫瘤,例如在皮膚、枝氣管及胃中,係被稱為癌瘤。上皮腺組織之惡性病症,譬如被發現於乳房、前列腺及結腸中者,係被稱為腺癌。結締組織之惡性生長,例如肌肉、軟骨、淋巴組織及骨頭,係被稱為肉瘤。淋巴瘤與白血病為源自於白血球中之惡性病症。經過轉移之過程,腫瘤細胞潛移至身體之其他區域係建立贅瘤在遠離最初出現位置之區域中。骨頭組織為惡性腫瘤轉移之最有利位置之一,發生於約30%之所有癌症病例中。在惡性腫瘤中,肺臟、乳房、前列腺或其類似物之癌症係特別已知可能轉移至骨頭。
就贅瘤、癌症、腫瘤生長或腫瘤細胞生長而論,抑制可藉由其中尤其是原發性或續發性腫瘤之經延遲出現,原發性或續發性腫瘤之經減緩發展,原發性或續發性腫瘤之經降低發生,疾病之續發作用之經減緩或降低嚴重性,經遏制之腫瘤生長及腫瘤退化,進行評估。於極端情況下,完全抑制於本文中係被稱為預防或化學預防。關於此點,"預防"一詞包括在處於危險下之個體中,預防全部臨床上顯著贅瘤形成之展開,或預防贅瘤形成之臨床前顯著階段之展開。亦意欲被此定義所涵蓋者係為預防轉變成惡性細胞,
或遏制或逆轉惡性前細胞之進展成惡性細胞。其包括處於發展贅瘤形成危險下者之預防治療。
本文中所提供者為具有下式(I)之化合物:
及其藥學上可接受之鹽、籠合物、溶劑合物、立體異構物、互變異構物及前體藥物,其中:R1為經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基或經取代或未經取代之雜環基烷基;R2為H、經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基或經取代或未經取代之環烷基烷基;R3與R4係各獨立為H、經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基烷基,或R3與R4和彼等所連接之原子一起形成經取代或未經取代之環烷基或經取代或未經取代之雜環基;或R2及R3與R4之一和彼等所連接之原子一起形成經取代或未
經取代之雜環基;其條件是,該化合物不為下文所描繪之化合物,意即:
6-(4-羥苯基)-4-(3-甲氧基苄基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;
6-(4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-5-基)苯基)-3-(環己基甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;或
(R)-6-(4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-5-基)苯基)-3-(環己基甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮。
在式(I)化合物之一些具體實施例中,R1為經取代或未經取代之芳基或經取代或未經取代之雜芳基。於一項具體實施例中,R1為苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、苯并咪唑基、吲哚基、吲唑基、1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶基、1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶基、1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶-2(3H)-酮基、3H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶基或吡唑基,各視情況經取代。在一些具體實施例中,R1為被一或多個取代基取代之苯基,取代基獨立選自下列組成之組群:經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基(例如甲基)、經取代或未經取代之雜環基(例如經取代或未經取代
之三唑基或吡唑基)、鹵素(例如氟)、胺基羰基、氰基、羥烷基(例如羥丙基)及羥基。在其他具體實施例中,R1為被一或多個取代基取代之吡啶基,取代基獨立選自下列組成之組群:經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基(例如經取代或未經取代之三唑基)、鹵素、胺基羰基、氰基、羥烷基、-OR及-NR2,其中各R係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基。在又其他具體實施例中,R1為1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶基或苯并咪唑基,各視情況被一或多個取代基取代,取代基獨立選自經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基與-NR2所組成之組群,其中各R係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基。
在式(I)化合物之一些具體實施例中,R1為
其中R在每一存在處係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基(例如甲基);R'在每一存在處係獨立為經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基、鹵素(例如氟)、氰基、-OR或-NR2;m為0-3;且n為0-3。熟諳此藝者應明瞭的是,任何取代基R'可被連接至稠合環系統中之
任何環之任何適當原子。熟諳此藝者亦應明瞭的是,R1之連接鍵結(藉由平分波狀線指定)可被連接至稠合環系統中之任何環之任何原子。
在式(I)化合物之一些具體實施例中,R1為
其中R在每一存在處係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基;R'在每一存在處係獨立為經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基、鹵素、氰基、-OR或-NR2;m為0-3;且n為0-3。
在式(I)化合物之一些具體實施例中,R2為H、經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基、經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基-雜環基、經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基-芳基或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基-環烷基。例如,R2為H、甲基、乙基、正-丙基、異丙基、正-丁基、第二-丁基、異丁基、第三-丁基、正-戊基、異戊基、環戊基、環己基、四氫呋喃基、四氫哌喃基、(C1-4烷基)-苯基、(C1-4烷基)-環丙基、(C1-4烷基)-環丁基、(C1-4烷基)-環戊基、(C1-4烷基)-環己基、(C1-4烷基)-四氫吡咯基、(C1-4烷基)-六氫吡啶基、(C1-4烷基)-六氫吡基、(C1-4烷基)-嗎福啉基、(C1-4烷基)-四氫呋喃基或(C1-4烷基)-四氫哌喃基,各視情況經取代。
在其他具體實施例中,R2為H、C1-4烷基、(C1-4烷基)(OR),
其中R在每一存在處係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基(例如甲基);R'在每一存在處係獨立為H、-OR、氰基或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基(例如甲基);且p為0-3。
在一些此種具體實施例中,R2為H、C1-4烷基、(C1-4烷基)(OR),
其中R在每一存在處係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-2烷基;R'在每一存在處係獨立為H、-OR、氰基或經取代或未經取代之C1-2烷基;且p為0-1。
在式(I)化合物之一些其他具體實施例中,R2及R3與R4之一和彼等所連接之原子一起形成經取代或未經取代之雜環基。例如,在一些具體實施例中,式(I)化合物為
其中R在每一存在處係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基;R"為H、OR或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基;且R1係如本文定義。
在式(I)化合物之一些具體實施例中,R3與R4均為H。在其他具體實施例中,R3與R4之一為H,而另一個不為H。於又再其他具體實施例中,R3與R4之一為C1-4烷基(例如甲基),而另一個為H。於又再其他具體實施例中,R3與R4兩者均為C1-4烷基(例如甲基)。
在上述一些此種具體實施例中,R1為經取代或未經取代之芳基或經取代或未經取代之雜芳基。例如,R1為苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、苯并咪唑基、吲哚基、吲唑基、1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶基、1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶基、1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶-2(3H)-酮基、3H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶基或吡唑基,各視情況經取代。在一些具體實施例中,R1為被一或多個取代基取代之苯基,取代基獨立選自下列組成之組群:經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基、鹵素、胺基羰基、氰基、羥烷基及羥基。在其他具體實施例中,R1為被一或多個取代基取代之吡啶基,取代基獨立選自下列組成之組群:氰基、經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基、羥烷基、鹵素、胺基羰基、-OR及-NR2,其中
各R係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基。在其他具體實施例中,R1為1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶基或苯并咪唑基,視情況被一或多個取代基取代,取代基獨立選自經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基與-NR2所組成之組群,其中R係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基。
在某些具體實施例中,式(I)化合物具有本文所提出之R1基團與本文所提出之R2基團。
於式(I)化合物之一些具體實施例中,在濃度為10μM下之化合物會抑制mTOR、DNA-PK或PI3K或其組合達至少約50%。在任何適當檢測系統中,式(I)化合物可經証實為上述激酶之抑制劑,譬如本文實例中所述者。
在式(I)化合物之一些具體實施例中,該化合物為6-(1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(4-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-((反式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-((順式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((反式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-((反式-4-羥基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((順式-4-甲氧基環己
基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((反式-4-羥基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((順式-4-羥基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(反式-4-羥基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-((順式-4-羥基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(順式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-異丙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(順式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;
6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-乙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(反式-4-羥基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-異丙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-乙基-6-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(3-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(3-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(順式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(3-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-(2-甲氧基乙基)-6-(4-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(3-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-5-基)苯基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;5-(8-(2-甲氧基乙基)-6-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-
基)-4-甲基甲基吡啶醯胺;3-(6-酮基-8-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)苯甲醯胺;3-(6-酮基-8-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)苯甲腈;5-(8-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-6-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)-4-甲基甲基吡啶醯胺;6-(1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶-6-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(1H-吲唑-6-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-((1R,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-((1S,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-((1R,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-((1S,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-乙基-6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-5-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(1H-吲哚-6-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;
6-(1H-吲哚-5-基)-4-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-4-(((1R,3S)-3- 基 基) 基)-6-(2- 基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-4-(((1S,3R)-3- 基 基) 基)-6-(2- 基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-6-(3- 基-2- 基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-4-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-6-(3- 基-2- 基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-4-(2- 基乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-3,3-二 基-6-(4- 基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((四 -2H-哌喃-4-基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-6-(6-(2- 丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((1R,3S)-3- 基 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-6-(6-(2- 丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((1S,3R)-3- 基 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-6-(6-(2- 丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(((1S,3S)-3- 基 基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-6-(6-(2- 丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(((1R,3R)-3- 基 基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-6-(6-(2- 丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((1S,3S)-3- 基 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-6-(6-(2- 丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((1R,3R)-3- 基 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-
6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(((1R,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(((1S,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(3-氟基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(3-氟基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7'-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1'-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-1'H-螺[環戊烷-1,2'-吡并[2,3-b]吡]-3'(4'H)-酮;7'-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1'-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-1'H-螺[環丁烷-1,2'-吡并[2,3-b]吡]-3'(4'H)-酮;4-(環丙基甲基)-6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7'-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1'H-螺[環戊烷-1,2'-吡并[2,3-b]吡]-3'(4'H)-酮;7'-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1'H-螺[環丁烷-1,2'-吡并[2,3-b]吡]-3'(4'H)-酮;7'-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1'H-螺[環丙烷-1,2'-吡并[2,3-b]吡]-3'(4'H)-酮;(R)-6-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-((四氫呋喃-2-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;(S)-6-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-((四氫呋喃-2-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(1H-吲唑-5-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫
吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-4-(6- 基-8-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-5,6,7,8-四 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)4-(2- 基乙基)-3,3-二 基-6-(2- 基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-4-乙基-3,3-二 基-6-(2- 基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-6-(2- 基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-3,3-二 基-6-(2- 基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((四 -2H-哌喃-4-基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-(R)-6-(6-(1- 乙基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-3,3-二 基-6-(2- 基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-4-((四 -2H-哌喃-4-基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-6-(6-(2- 丙-2-基)-4- 基吡啶-3-基)-4-(反式-4- 基 己基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-6-(6-(2- 丙-2-基)-4- 基吡啶-3-基)-4-((四 -2H-哌喃-4-基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-3,3-二 基-6-(2- 基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-3,3-二 基-6-(2- 基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-
6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)-2-甲基吡啶-3-基)-4-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)-2-甲基吡啶-3-基)-4-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;(S)-6-(6-(1-羥乙基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;3,3-二甲基-6-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,3-二甲基-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(4-(2-羥丙-2-基)苯基)-4-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(4-(2-羥丙-2-基)苯基)-4-((反式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-(順式-4-甲氧基環己基)-6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(4-(2-羥丙-2-基)苯基)-4-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-(2-甲氧基乙基)-6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;9-(6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-3-吡啶基)-6,11,4a-三氫嗎福啉基[4,3-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮;6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((四氫-2H-哌
喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;5-(8-(順式-4-甲氧基環己基)-6-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)-6-甲基甲基吡啶腈;6-(6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;9-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基苯基)-3-(2-甲氧基乙醯基)-6,11,4a-三氫六氫吡并[1,2-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮;9-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基苯基)-6,11,4a-三氫六氫吡并[1,2-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮;9-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基苯基)-3-(2-甲氧基乙基)-6,11,4a-三氫六氫吡并[1,2-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮;4-(環戊基甲基)-6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;9-(6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基-3-吡啶基)-6,11,4a-三氫嗎福啉基[4,3-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮;4-(反式-4-羥基環己基)-6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((四氫呋喃-3-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-(環戊基甲基)-6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-新戊基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;
6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-異丁基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;3-甲基-6-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(六氫吡啶-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-3-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;8-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基苯基)(3aS,2R)-2-甲氧基-5,10,3a-三氫吡并[2,3-b]四氫吡咯并[1,2-e]吡-4-酮;8-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基苯基)(2R,3aR)-2-甲氧基-5,10,3a-三氫吡并[2,3-b]四氫吡咯并[1,2-e]吡-4-酮;8-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基苯基)(2S,3aR)-2-甲氧基-5,10,3a-三氫吡并[2,3-b]四氫吡咯并[1,2-e]吡-4-酮;8-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基苯基)(2S,3aS)-2-甲氧基-5,10,3a-三氫吡并[2,3-b]四氫吡咯并[1,2-e]吡-4-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(3-甲氧基丙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;(S)-6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((四氫呋喃-2-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;(R)-6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((四氫呋喃-2-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;9-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基苯基)-3-甲基-6,11,4a-三氫
六氫吡并[1,2-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮;9-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-6,11,4a-三氫嗎福啉基[4,3-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮;9-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基苯基)-6,11,4a-三氫六氫吡啶并[1,2-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(順式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-嗎福啉基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-苯乙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-(環己基甲基)-6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((反式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((順式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;(R)-6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(四氫呋喃-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;(S)-6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(四氫呋喃-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;
(S)-6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3-甲基-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;9-[6-(1-羥基-異丙基)-3-吡啶基]-6,11,4a-三氫嗎福啉基[4,3-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(2-胺基-7-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-5-基)-4-(3-(三氟甲基)苄基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;
6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(3-(三氟甲基)苄基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;9-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基苯基)-6,11,4a-三氫嗎福啉基[4,3-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮;6-(4-甲基-2-(甲胺基)-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-6-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;8-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2-甲基苯基)-5,10,3a-三氫吡并[2,3-b]四氫吡咯并[1,2-e]吡-4-酮;6-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-乙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(3-(三氟甲基)苄基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(4-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-6-基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;6-(4-(2-羥丙-2-基)苯基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;或6-(4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-5-基)苯基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙
基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮。
進一步於本文中所提供者為具有下式(II)之化合物:
及其藥學上可接受之鹽、籠合物、溶劑合物、立體異構物、互變異構物及前體藥物,其中:R1為經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基或經取代或未經取代之雜環基烷基;R2為H、經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基或經取代或未經取代之環烷基烷基;R3為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基;其條件是,式(II)化合物不為7-(4-羥苯基)-1-(3-甲氧基苄基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮,描繪於下文:
在式(II)化合物之一些具體實施例中,R1為經取代或未經取代之芳基或經取代或未經取代之雜芳基。例如,R1為苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、苯并咪唑基、1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶基、吲唑基、吲哚基、
1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶基、1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶-2(3H)-酮基、3H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶基或吡唑基,各視情況經取代。在一些具體實施例中,R1為被一或多個取代基取代之苯基,取代基獨立選自下列組成之組群:經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基(例如甲基)、經取代或未經取代之雜環基(例如經取代或未經取代之三唑基或吡唑基)、胺基羰基、鹵素(例如氟)、氰基、羥烷基及羥基。在其他具體實施例中,R1為被一或多個取代基取代之吡啶基,取代基獨立選自下列組成之組群:經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基(例如甲基)、經取代或未經取代之雜環基(例如經取代或未經取代之三唑基)、鹵素、胺基羰基、氰基、羥烷基(例如羥丙基)、-OR及-NR2,其中各R係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基。在一些具體實施例中,R1為1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶基或苯并咪唑基,視情況被一或多個取代基取代,取代基獨立選自經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基與-NR2所組成之組群,其中R係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基。
在一些具體實施例中,R1為
其中R在每一存在處係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷
基(例如甲基);R'在每一存在處係獨立為經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基(例如甲基)、鹵素(例如氟基)、氰基、-OR或-NR2;m為0-3;且n為0-3。熟諳此藝者應明瞭的是,任何取代基R'可被連接至稠合環系統中之任何環之任何適當原子。
在式(II)化合物之一些具體實施例中,R1為
其中R在每一存在處係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基;R'在每一存在處係獨立為經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基、鹵素、氰基、-OR或-NR2;m為0-3;且n為0-3。
在式(II)化合物之一些具體實施例中,R2為H、經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基、經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基-雜環基、經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基-芳基或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基-環烷基。例如,R2為H、甲基、乙基、正-丙基、異丙基、正-丁基、第二-丁基、異丁基、第三-丁基、正-戊基、異戊基、環戊基、環己基、四氫呋喃基、四氫哌喃基、(C1-4烷基)-苯基、(C1-4烷基)-環丙基、(C1-4烷基)-環丁基、(C1-4烷基)-環戊基、(C1-4烷基)-環己基、(C1-4烷基)-四氫吡咯基、(C1-4烷基)-六氫吡啶基、(C1-4烷基)-六氫吡基、(C1-4烷基)-嗎福啉基、(C1-4烷基)-四氫呋喃基或(C1-4烷基)-四氫哌喃基,各視情況經取代。
在其他具體實施例中,R2為H、C1-4烷基、(C1-4烷基)(OR),
其中R在每一存在處係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基(例如甲基);R'在每一存在處係獨立為H、-OR、氰基或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基(例如甲基);且p為0-3。
在式(II)化合物之其他具體實施例中,R2為H、C1-4烷基、(C1-4烷基)(OR),
其中R在每一存在處係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-2烷基;R'在每一存在處係獨立為H、-OR、氰基或經取代或未經取代之C1-2烷基;且p為0-1。
在式(II)化合物之其他具體實施例中,R3為H。
在本文中所述之一些此種具體實施例中,R1為經取代或未經取代之芳基或經取代或未經取代之雜芳基。例如,R1為苯基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、苯并咪唑基、1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶基、吲唑基、吲哚基、1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶、吡啶基、1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶-2(3H)-酮基、3H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶基或吡唑基,各視情況經取
代。在一些具體實施例中,R1為被一或多個取代基取代之苯基,取代基獨立選自下列組成之組群:經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基、胺基羰基、鹵素、氰基、羥烷基及羥基。在其他具體實施例中,R1為被一或多個取代基取代之吡啶基,取代基獨立選自下列組成之組群:C1-8烷基、經取代或未經取代之雜環基、鹵素、胺基羰基、氰基、羥烷基、-OR及-NR2,其中各R係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基。於又再其他具體實施例中,R1為1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶基或苯并咪唑基,視情況被一或多個取代基取代,取代基獨立選自經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基與-NR2所組成之組群,其中R係獨立為H或經取代或未經取代之C1-4烷基。
在某些具體實施例中,式(II)化合物具有本文所提出之R1基團與本文所提出之R2基團。
於式(II)化合物之一些具體實施例中,在濃度為10μM下之化合物會抑制mTOR、DNA-PK、PI3K或其組合達至少約50%。在任何適當檢測系統中,式(II)化合物可經証實為上述激酶之抑制劑,譬如本文實例中所述者。
在式(II)化合物之一些具體實施例中,該化合物為7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-((反式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(順式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-((順式-4-甲
氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-乙基-7-(1H-吡咯并[3,2-b]吡啶-5-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((順式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(1H-苯并[d]咪唑-4-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-4-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((反式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((反式-4-羥基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-乙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-((順式-4-羥基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;
7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(1H-吲哚-4-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-((反式-4-羥基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((順式-4-羥基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(反式-4-羥基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-異丙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-(反式-4-羥基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-異丙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-乙基-7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(2-羥基吡啶-4-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫
吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-1- 丙基-7-(4- 基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-5-(8- 丙基-7- 基-5,6,7,8-四 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)-4-基 基吡啶7-(1H-吲唑-4-基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(2- 基嘧啶-5-基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(2- 基吡啶-4-基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(6-( 基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(6- 基吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(4-(1H-吡唑-3-基) 基)-1-(2- 基乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(1H-吲唑-4-基)-1-(2- 基乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(1H-吲唑-6-基)-1-(2- 基乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(嘧啶-5-基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-
7-(6-甲氧基吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-7-(1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-5-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-乙基-7-(1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-5-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-乙基-7-(1H-吲唑-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(吡啶-4-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-胺基吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-甲基-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;2-(2-羥丙-2-基)-5-(8-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-7-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)吡啶1-氧化物;4-甲基-5-(7-酮基-8-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)甲基吡啶醯胺;5-(8-((順式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)-4-甲基甲基吡啶醯胺;7-(1H-吡唑-4-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-7-(4-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;3-((7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-2-酮基-3,4-
二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-1(2H)-基)甲基)苯甲腈;1-((反式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-(4-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;3-(7-酮基-8-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)苯甲醯胺;5-(8-((反式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)-4-甲基甲基吡啶醯胺;3-((7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-2-酮基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-1(2H)-基)甲基)苯甲腈;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((1R,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((1S,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((1S,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((1R,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(1H-吲唑-6-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-嗎福啉基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(反式-4-羥基環己基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;
7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-嗎福啉基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-異丙基-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(1H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶-6-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-((順式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(反式-4-羥基環己基)-7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;4-(7-酮基-8-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)苯甲醯胺;7-(1H-吲唑-5-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-5-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-((1S,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-((1R,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-((1R,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-
基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-((1S,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(1H-吲哚-5-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-乙基-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(1H-吲哚-6-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(4-(2-羥丙-2-基)苯基)-1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-((反式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((順式-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-7-(4-甲基-2-(甲胺基)-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-6-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(7-甲基-2-酮基-2,3-二氫-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-5-基)-1-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-7-(4-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;
1-苄基-7-(2- 基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(3- 基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-1-(2- 基乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(3- 基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(3- 基-2- 基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-1-(2- 基乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-1-(反式-4- 基 己基)-7-(2- 基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(6-(2- 丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(反式-4- 基 己基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(5- 基-2- 基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(3- 基-2- 基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基) 基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-1-(2- 基乙基)-7-(2- 基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(6-(2- 丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((反式-4- 基 己基) 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-1-( 基 基)-7-(6-(2- 丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-7-(4-(2- 丙-2-基) 基)-1-(2- 基乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-(S)-7-(6-(1- 乙基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙
基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;(R)-7-(6-(1-羥乙基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(4-(2-羥丙-2-基)苯基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(4-(三氟甲基)苄基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(3-(三氟甲基)苄基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(3-甲氧基丙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(4-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(4-甲基-2-(甲胺基)-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-6-基)-1-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(2-胺基-4-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-6-基)-1-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;
(R)-7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3-甲基-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;(S)-7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3-甲基-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(2-胺基-4-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-6-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-5-基)苯基)-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(1-羥丙-2-基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;或1-(2-羥乙基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮。
代表性式(I)與(II)雜芳基化合物係列示於表1中。
雜芳基化合物可由熟諳此藝者,使用習用有機合成與市購可得物質製成。作為實例而非限制,雜芳基化合物可如下文所示圖式1-9中,以及原文段落5.1所提出實例中所概述而製成。應注意的是,熟諳此藝者可修改說明性圖式與實例中所提出之程序,以達成所要之產物。
式(I)化合物之合成係示於圖式1中。自5-溴基吡-2-胺A開始,R1基團可使用適當二羥基硼烷或硼酸酯(R+為H,或和硼原子及彼等所連接之原子一起形成環狀二羥基硼烷酯)、鈀觸媒(例如二氯[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]鈀(II)二氯甲烷)、溶劑(譬如二甲基甲醯胺)及鹼(譬如碳酸鈉),經過Suzuki偶合,或者使用適當錫烷(R++為C1-4烷基)、鈀觸媒(譬如二氯[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]鈀(II)二氯甲烷或鈀(dba)2/三-鄰-甲苯基膦)及溶劑(譬如二甲基甲醯胺,添加或未添加鹼,譬如三乙胺),使用Stille偶合操作法而被引進。關於Suzuki與Stille反應之典型反應條件與試劑可參閱本文(亦參閱Rossi等人,Synthesis 15:2419-2440(2004),Buchwald等人 化學研究報告,41:1461-1473(2008),Fu.化學研究報告,41:1555-1564(2008)及Echavarren等人Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,43:4704-4734(2004),及其中之參考資料)。所形成之R1胺基吡 B可使用NBS或其他標準溴化條件被溴化,而得經溴化之中間物C,然後使其與2-溴基醋酸酐反應,而得醯基化之中間物D。R2取代基係經過胺添加至D中及後續閉環作用,於胺鹼(例如三乙胺)存在下,且在適當溶劑(譬如乙腈)中加熱而被引進,而得所要之產物。
或者,如圖式2中所示,將3,5-二溴基吡-2-胺E以如上述之2-溴基醋酸酐處理,以提供中間物F。如上文所述,R2取代基係經過胺添加至F中及後續閉環作用而被引進,而得中間物G。然後,R1基團可使用上述方法引進,意即經由與適當二羥基硼烷或硼酸酯,於鈀觸媒與鹼存在下,經過Suzuki偶合,或者與適當錫烷,於鈀觸媒存在下,使用如上述Stille偶合操作法之反應,而得所要之產物。
在另一種途徑(圖式3)中,將3,5-二溴基吡-2-胺E以2-氯醋酸酐,接著以碘化鈉處理,以提供碘基中間物F2。中間物F2係按照圖式2中關於F所概述之程序,被轉化成所要之產物。
為獲得具有對於羰基為α位之取代之類似物(圖式4),使經適當取代之胺基-保護之胺基酸H(PN為胺基之保護基,譬如Boc)與3,5-二溴基吡-2-胺,於偶合劑例如1,1'-羰基二咪唑存在下反應。去
除保護條件(例如,當PN為Boc時,去除保護係藉由例如以TFA或HCl之處理而達成),接著為鈀催化之閉環作用(使用例如碳酸氫鈉、醋酸鈀(II)及4,5-雙(二苯基膦基)-9,9-二甲基二苯并哌喃),而得中間物I。如前述,R1基團可使用適當二羥基硼烷或硼酸酯、鈀觸媒、溶劑及鹼,經過Suzuki偶合,或者使用適當錫烷、鈀觸媒及溶劑,使用Stille偶合操作法(上述)被引進,而得所要之產物。亦可使用此方法以獲得其中R2為氫之類似物。此外,可使用此途徑,以獲得其中R3與R4和彼等兩者所連接之原子一起形成螺-環狀環之化合物,經由使用適當起始胺基酸。
其中R2與R3和彼等所連接之原子一起形成環之類似物(參閱圖式5)可類似圖式4中所示之化學,以適當環狀胺基酸J開始而獲得。
為獲得所要之產物,可逆轉偶合配對物之反應性。例如,如圖式6中所示,中間物I可被轉化成其相應之錫烷K,經由與例如六
甲基二錫(R++為甲基),於鈀觸媒(譬如肆(三苯膦)-鈀)存在下,且R1基團可使用適當鹵素(譬如溴化物)被引進,與溶劑,使用如上述Stille偶合操作法之反應,而得所要之產物。或者,中間物I可被轉化成其相應之二羥基硼烷酯K2,其方式是與4,4,4',4',5,5,5',5'-八甲基-2,2'-雙(1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜),於鈀觸媒(譬如1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]鈀(II)二氯甲烷)與鹼(譬如醋酸鉀)存在下,在溶劑譬如二氧陸圜中之反應。R1基團可使用適當鹵素(譬如溴化物)、鈀觸媒及溶劑,使用如上述之Suzuki偶合操作法被引進,而得所要之產物。
式(II)化合物可按圖式7中所示獲得。3,5-二溴基吡-2-胺E以2-酮基醋酸乙酯(於例如作為還原劑之硼氫化鈉存在下)之還原胺化作用,獲得中間物L。或者,3,5-二溴基吡-2-胺E可經由與2-氯基醋酸乙酯,在鹼性條件(使用例如Cs2CO3)下之反應,而被轉化成中間物L。R2取代基係經過胺添加至L中,於胺鹼存在下,譬如二異丙基乙胺,且在適當溶劑(譬如DMSO)中加熱,及後續酸催化之閉環作用(使用例如醋酸)被引進,而得中間物M。或者,胺加成產物L之閉環作用可於鹼性催化之條件下進行,譬如以第三-丁醇鉀在適當溶劑中之處理。如前述,R1基團可使用適當二羥基硼烷或硼酸酯、鈀觸媒、溶劑及鹼,經過Suzuki偶合,或者使用適當錫烷、鈀觸媒及溶劑,使用Stille偶合操作法(上述)被引進,而得所要之產物。
替代途徑(圖式8)係以2,6-二氯吡 N與適當胺基酯(R^為C1-3烷基)之反應開始,接著以氫,與鈀觸媒,譬如氫氧化鈀,鹼,譬如碳酸鉀,在溶劑譬如乙醇中之還原性脫鹵素作用,及經由與溴化劑譬如NBS反應之後續溴化,而產生中間物O。如上述,R2取代基係經過胺添加至O中及後續酸催化之閉環作用被引進,而得中間物P。R1基團可使用適當二羥基硼烷或硼酸酯、鈀觸媒、溶劑及鹼,經過Suzuki偶合,或者使用適當錫烷、鈀觸媒及溶劑,使用Stille偶合操作法被引進,而得所要之產物(上述)。此途徑亦允許合成具有對於羰基為α位之R3取代之類似物。
如前述,為獲得所要之產物,可逆轉偶合配對物之反應性(圖式9)。例如,中間物P可被轉化成其相應之錫烷Q,且R1基團可使用適當鹵素、鈀觸媒及溶劑,使用如上述之Stille偶合操作法被引進,而得所要之產物。或者,中間物P可被轉化成其相應之二羥基硼烷酯Q2,且R1基團可使用適當鹵素、鈀觸媒及溶劑,使用如上述之Suzuki偶合操作法被引進,而得所要之產物。
本文中所提供者為製備式(I)化合物之方法,
此方法包括使式(III)化合物
與R1-Y,在溶劑中,於鈀觸媒存在下接觸,其中該接觸係在適合提供式(I)化合物之條件下發生,其中R1,R2,R3及R4均如本文定義,且a)當X為鹵素(例如Br、Cl或I)時,則Y為B(OR+)2或Sn(R++)3;或b)當Y為鹵素(例如Br、Cl或I)時,則X為B(OR+)2或Sn(R++)3;其中各R+係獨立為氫或經取代或未經取代之C1-3烷基,或各R+與硼原子及彼等所連接之原子一起形成環狀二羥基硼烷酯;且R++為C1-4烷基。
典型上,溶劑為二甲基甲醯胺、異丙醇、二氧陸圜、甲苯、二甲基乙醯胺、四氫呋喃、乙腈、醋酸異丙酯、二甲亞碸、丙酮、甲醇、甲基第三-丁基醚或其組合,具有或未具有水之存在,且鈀觸媒為二氯[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]鈀(II)二氯-甲烷)、鈀(dba)2/三-鄰-甲苯基膦、二氯[1,1'-雙(二-第三-丁基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]鈀、二氯雙(對-二甲胺基苯基二第三丁基膦)鈀(II)、肆(三苯膦)鈀(0)或醋酸鈀(II)/4,5-雙(二苯基膦基)-9,9-二甲基二苯
并哌喃。在一些具體實施例中,當X或Y為鹵素時,此鹵素為Br。在一些具體實施例中,當X或Y為B(OR+)2時,該接觸係於鹼存在下發生,譬如碳酸鈉、三乙胺、二異丙基乙胺、六氫吡啶、吡啶、碳酸銫、碳酸鉀、磷酸鉀或氫氧化鈉。在一些此種具體實施例中,B(OR+)2為B(OH)2或B(-OC(CH3)2C(CH3)2O-)。在其他具體實施例中,當X或Y為Sn(R++)3時,該接觸係視情況於鹼存在下發生,譬如三乙胺、碳酸鈉、二異丙基乙胺、六氫吡啶、吡啶、碳酸銫、碳酸鉀、磷酸鉀或氫氧化鈉。在一些此種具體實施例中,R++為甲基或正-丁基。
亦提供製備式(III)化合物之方法,
此方法包括使式(IV)化合物
與R2-NH2,在溶劑中,譬如乙腈或四氫呋喃,於鹼譬如三乙胺或二異丙基乙胺存在下接觸,其中該接觸係在適合提供式(III)化合物之條件下發生,其中R2係如本文定義,R3與R4為H,X為鹵素,譬如Br,Hal為鹵素,譬如Br,且Hal2為Br或I。
亦提供製備式(III)化合物之方法,
(III)
此方法包括使式(V)化合物環化
在溶劑中,譬如乙腈,於鈀觸媒譬如醋酸鈀(II),配位體譬如4,5-雙-(二苯基膦基)-9,9-二甲基二苯并哌喃,及鹼譬如碳酸氫鈉存在下,其中該環化作用係在適合提供式(III)化合物之條件下發生,其中R2係如本文定義,R3與R4均如本文中所述,X為鹵素,譬如Br,且Hal為鹵素,譬如Br。
亦提供製備式(II)化合物之方法,
此方法包括使式(VI)化合物
與R1-Y,在溶劑中,於鈀觸媒存在下接觸,其中該接觸係在適合提供式(I)化合物之條件下發生,其中R1、R2及R3均如本文定義,且a)當X為鹵素(例如Br、Cl或I)時,則Y為B(OR+)2或Sn(R++)3;或b)當Y為鹵素(例如Br、Cl或I)時,則X為B(OR+)2或Sn(R++)3;
其中各R+係獨立為氫或經取代或未經取代之C1-3烷基,或各R+與硼原子及彼等所連接之原子一起形成環狀二羥基硼烷酯;且各R++為C1-3烷基。
典型上,溶劑為二甲基甲醯胺、異丙醇、二氧陸圜、甲苯、二甲基乙醯胺、四氫呋喃、乙腈、醋酸異丙酯、二甲亞碸、丙酮、甲醇、甲基第三-丁基醚或其組合,具有或未具有水之存在,且鈀觸媒為二氯[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]鈀(II)二氯-甲烷)、鈀(dba)2/三-鄰-甲苯基膦、二氯[1,1'-雙(二-第三-丁基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]鈀、二氯雙(對-二甲胺基苯基二第三丁基膦)鈀(II)、肆(三苯膦)鈀(0)或醋酸鈀(II)/4,5-雙(二苯基膦基)-9,9-二甲基二苯并哌喃。在一些具體實施例中,當X或Y為鹵素時,此鹵素為Br。在一些具體實施例中,當X或Y為B(OR+)2時,該接觸係於鹼存在下發生,譬如碳酸鈉、三乙胺、二異丙基乙胺、六氫吡啶、吡啶、碳酸銫、碳酸鉀、磷酸鉀或氫氧化鈉。在一些此種具體實施例中,B(OR+)2為B(OH)2或B(-OC(CH3)2C(CH3)2O-)。在其他具體實施例中,當X或Y為Sn(R++)3時,該接觸係視情況於鹼存在下發生,譬如三乙胺、碳酸鈉、二異丙基乙胺、六氫吡啶、吡啶、碳酸銫、碳酸鉀、磷酸鉀或氫氧化鈉。在一些此種具體實施例中,R++為甲基或正-丁基。
亦提供製備式(VI)化合物之方法,
此方法包括使式(VII)化合物環化
於鹼譬如丁醇鉀,或酸譬如醋酸、TFA、HCl或磷酸存在下,其中該環化作用係在適合提供式(VI)化合物之條件下發生,其中R2與R3均如本文定義,Hal為鹵素,譬如Br,且R為H或C1-4烷基。典型上,環化作用係在溶劑中進行,譬如甲醇或水。
亦提供製備式(VII)化合物之方法,
此方法包括使式(VIII)化合物
與R2-NH2,在溶劑中,譬如二甲亞碸或N-甲基四氫吡咯酮,視情況於鹼譬如三乙胺或二異丙基乙胺存在下接觸,其中該接觸係在適合提供式(VII)化合物之條件下發生,其中R2與R3均如本文定義,且Hal為鹵素,譬如Br。
雜芳基化合物之藥學上可接受鹽可藉由習用及已知技術形成,譬如經由使雜芳基化合物與如上文所揭示之適當酸反應。此種鹽典型上係以高產率,在適當溫度下形成,且經常僅只是藉由在合成之最後步驟中將化合物自適當酸性洗液單離而製成。可使可形成鹽之酸溶於適當有機溶劑或含水有機溶劑中,譬如烷醇、
酮或酯。另一方面,若雜芳基化合物係想要呈自由態鹼形式,則其可根據已知技術,自鹼性最後洗滌步驟單離。例如,關於製備鹽酸鹽之典型技術係使自由態鹼溶於適當溶劑中,且在使氯化氫氣體起泡經過該溶液之前,使其徹底地乾燥,如經過分子篩。
本文中所述之雜芳基化合物具有作為醫藥之利用性,以在動物或人類中治療或預防疾病。再者,本文中所述之雜芳基化合物係具抵抗激酶(例如蛋白質激酶)之活性,該激酶包括涉及癌症、炎性症狀、免疫學症狀、神經變性疾病、糖尿病、肥胖、神經病症、與老化有關聯之疾病及心血管症狀者。在未受理論限制下,雜芳基化合物係被認為有效治療與預防該疾病與症狀,此係由於其調制(例如抑制)涉及此等疾病與症狀之病因學之激酶之能力所致。因此,本文中所提供者為雜芳基化合物之許多用途,包括治療或預防下文所述之疾病。本文中所提供之方法包括對有需要之病患投予有效量之一或多種雜芳基化合物。在一些具體實施例中,該方法另外包括投予如本文中所述之第二種活性劑。
雜芳基化合物可用於治療或預防之代表性免疫學症狀,包括但不限於風濕性關節炎、風濕性脊椎炎、骨關節炎、多發性硬化、狼瘡、炎性腸疾病、潰瘍性結腸炎、克隆氏病、重症肌無力、格雷武司氏病、腦脊髓炎、第II型糖尿病、皮肌炎及移植排斥(例如在治療以下疾病之接受者上,例如心臟、肺臟、合併之心肺、肝臟、腎臟、胰、皮膚或角膜移植;或移植物-對-宿主疾病,譬如在骨髓移植之後)。
雜芳基化合物可用於治療或預防之代表性炎性症狀,包括但不限於牛皮癬、氣喘與過敏性鼻炎、枝氣管炎、慢性阻塞肺病、
囊纖維變性、炎性腸疾病、刺激性腸徵候簇、克隆氏病、黏膜結腸炎、潰瘍性結腸炎及肥胖。
雜芳基化合物可用於治療或預防之代表性心血管疾病,包括但不限於再狹窄、Wolf-Parkinson-White徵候簇、中風、心肌梗塞,或對心臟、肺臟、腸、腎臟、肝臟、胰臟、脾臟或腦部之絕血性傷害。
雜芳基化合物可用於治療或預防之代表性神經變性疾病,包括但不限於亨丁頓氏病、阿耳滋海默氏病、巴金生氏病、因τ突變所造成之癡呆症、脊髓與小腦失調類型3、因SOD1突變所造成之運動神經元疾病、神經元蠟樣脂褐質沉著病/Batten疾病(兒科神經變性)及與HIV有關聯之腦炎。
雜芳基化合物可用於治療或預防之代表性與老化有關聯之疾病,包括但不限於癌症、肥胖、第II型糖尿病、自身免疫疾病、心血管疾病及神經元退化。
於另一項具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為關於治療或預防纖維變性疾病與病症之方法。在一項特定具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為關於治療或預防硬皮病、自發性肺纖維變性、腎纖維變性、囊纖維變性、骨髓纖維變性、肝纖維變性、皮脂腺纖維變性及皮脂腺肝炎之方法。
雜芳基化合物可用於治療或預防之代表性癌症,包括但不限於頭部、頸部、眼睛、嘴巴、喉嚨、食道、枝氣管、喉、咽、胸部、骨頭、肺臟、結腸、直腸、胃、前列腺、膀胱、子宮、子宮頸、乳房、卵巢、睪丸或其他生殖器官、皮膚、甲狀腺、血液、淋巴節、腎臟、肝臟、胰臟及腦部或中樞神經系統之癌症。雜芳基化合物亦可用於治療或預防固態腫瘤與帶血腫瘤。
在本文中所提供方法之範圍內之特定癌症,包括與涉及mTOR、PI3K或Akt激酶及其突變體或異構重組物之路徑有關聯者。在本文中所提供方法之範圍內之其他癌症,包括與下列激酶之路徑有關聯者:PI3Kα、PI3Kβ、PI3Kδ、KDR、GSK3α、GSK3β、ATM、ATX、ATR、cFMS及/或DNA-PK激酶,及其突變體或異構重組物。在一些具體實施例中,與mTOR/PI3K/Akt路徑有關聯之癌症,包括固體與帶血腫瘤,例如多發性骨髓瘤、外膜細胞淋巴瘤、擴散大B-細胞淋巴瘤、急性髓樣淋巴瘤、濾胞淋巴瘤、慢性淋巴球白血病;乳房、肺臟、子宮內膜、卵巢、胃、子宮頸及前列腺癌;神經膠質母細胞瘤;腎癌;肝細胞癌;結腸癌;神經內分泌腫瘤;頭部與頸部腫瘤;及肉瘤。
在一項特定具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為關於治療或預防與mTOR發出訊息之活化作用有關聯之疾病或病症之方法,包括但不限於直接或間接地由於PTEN(在染色體10上經刪除之磷酸酶與緊縮素同系物)、TSC1(粗隆硬結1)、TSC2(粗隆硬結2)、NF1(Neurofibromin 1)、AMPK(AMP依賴性蛋白質激酶STK11、絲胺酸/蘇胺酸激酶11)、LKB1、VHL(von Hippel-Lindau疾病)及PKD1(聚胱胺酸-1)中之基因缺陷所造成之腫瘤徵候簇。在未受理論限制下,一般認為與此等蛋白質有關聯之基因缺陷會造成mTOR/PI3K/Akt路徑之活動過度。可經由抑制mTOR/PI3K/Akt路徑而被治療或預防之一些特定疾病,包括但不限於Cowden氏疾病、Cowden徵候簇、似Cowden徵候簇、Bannayan-Zonana徵候簇、Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba徵候簇、Lhermitte-Duclos疾病、子宮內膜癌、粗隆硬結複徵、淋巴管肌瘤、神經纖維瘤病1、Peutz-Jeghers徵候簇、腎細胞癌、von Hippel-Lindau疾病、Proteus徵候簇及多囊
腎臟病。
在一項特定具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為關於治療或預防與mTOR、PI3K、Akt及/或DNA-PK發出訊息有關聯之疾病或病症之方法。可藉由抑制mTOR、PI3K、Akt及/或DNA-PK發出訊息而被治療或預防之特定疾病,包括但不限於風濕性關節炎;風濕性脊椎炎;骨關節炎;痛風;氣喘、枝氣管炎;過敏性鼻炎;慢性阻塞肺病;囊纖維變性;炎性腸疾病;刺激性腸徵候簇;黏膜結腸炎;潰瘍性結腸炎;克隆氏病;亨丁頓氏病;胃炎;食管炎;肝炎;胰腺炎;腎炎;多發性硬化;紅斑性狼瘡;動脈粥瘤硬化;於血管造形術後之再狹窄;左心室肥大;心肌梗塞;中風;心臟、肺臟、腸、腎臟、肝臟、胰臟、脾臟及腦部之絕血性傷害;急性或慢性器官移植排斥;關於移植之器官保存;器官衰竭或肢體耗損(例如,包括但不限於由於絕血-再灌注損傷、外傷、全身損傷、汽車意外事故、壓碎損傷或移植失敗所造成者);移植物對宿主疾病;內毒素休克;多發性器官衰竭;牛皮癬;來自曝露至火、化學品或輻射之灼傷;濕疹;皮膚炎;皮膚移植;絕血;與手術或外傷性損傷(例如交通意外事故、槍傷或肢體壓碎)有關聯之絕血性症狀;癲癇;阿耳滋海默氏病;巴金生氏病;對細菌或病毒感染之免疫回應;惡病質;血管生成與增生疾病(包括色素性視網膜炎)、固態腫瘤,及多種組織之癌症,譬如結腸、直腸、前列腺、肝臟、肺臟、枝氣管、胰臟、腦部、頭部、頸部、胃、皮膚、腎臟、子宮頸、血液、喉、食道、嘴巴、咽、膀胱、卵巢或子宮。
亦於本文中所提供者為關於在會表現激酶之細胞中抑制該激酶之方法,其包括使該細胞與有效量之如本文中所述之雜芳基化合物接觸。於一項具體實施例中,激酶為mTOR、DNA-PK或PI3K
或其組合。在一些具體實施例中,細胞係在病患中。
亦於本文中所提供者為關於治療或預防可藉由抑制激酶路徑而被治療或預防之症狀之方法,例如mTOR/PI3K/Akt及/或DNA-PK路徑,該方法包括對有需要之病患投予有效量之如本文中所述之雜芳基化合物。在一些具體實施例中,可藉由抑制mTOR/PI3K/Akt路徑而被治療或預防之症狀,包括固體與帶血腫瘤,例如多發性骨髓瘤、外膜細胞淋巴瘤、擴散大B-細胞淋巴瘤、急性髓樣淋巴瘤、濾胞淋巴瘤、慢性淋巴球白血病;乳房、肺臟、子宮內膜、卵巢、胃、子宮頸及前列腺癌;神經膠質母細胞瘤;腎癌;肝細胞癌;結腸癌;神經內分泌腫瘤;頭部與頸部腫瘤;肉瘤;直接或間接地由於PTEN(在染色體10上經刪除之磷酸酶與緊縮素同系物)、TSC1(粗隆硬結1)、TSC2(粗隆硬結2)、NF1(Neurofibromin 1)、AMPK(AMP依賴性蛋白質激酶STK11、絲胺酸/蘇胺酸激酶11)及LKB1、VHL(von Hippel-Lindau疾病)及PKD1(polycystin-1)中之基因缺陷所造成之腫瘤徵候簇;Cowden氏疾病、Cowden徵候簇、似Cowden徵候簇、Bannayan-Zonana徵候簇、Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba徵候簇、Lhermitte-Duclos疾病、子宮內膜癌、粗隆硬結複徵、淋巴管肌瘤、神經纖維瘤病1、Peutz-Jeghers徵候簇、腎細胞癌、von Hippel-Lindau疾病、Proteus徵候簇及多囊腎臟病;風濕性關節炎;風濕性脊椎炎;骨關節炎;痛風;氣喘、枝氣管炎;過敏性鼻炎;慢性阻塞肺病;囊纖維變性;炎性腸疾病;刺激性腸徵候簇;黏膜結腸炎;潰瘍性結腸炎;克隆氏病;亨丁頓氏病;胃炎;食管炎;肝炎;胰腺炎;腎炎;多發性硬化;紅斑性狼瘡;動脈粥瘤硬化;於血管造形術後之再狹窄;左心室肥大;心肌梗塞;中風;心臟、肺臟、腸、腎臟、肝臟、胰臟、
脾臟及腦部之絕血性傷害;急性或慢性器官移植排斥;關於移植之器官保存;器官衰竭或肢體耗損(例如,包括但不限於由於絕血-再灌注損傷、外傷、全身損傷、汽車意外事故、壓碎損傷或移植失敗所造成者);移植物對宿主疾病;內毒素休克;多發性器官衰竭;牛皮癬;來自曝露至火、化學品或輻射之灼傷;濕疹;皮膚炎;皮膚移植;絕血;與手術或外傷性損傷(例如交通意外事故、槍傷或肢體壓碎)有關聯之絕血性症狀;癲癇;阿耳滋海默氏病;巴金生氏病;對細菌或病毒感染之免疫回應;惡病質;血管生成與增生疾病,包括色素性視網膜炎,固態腫瘤,及多種組織之癌症,譬如結腸、直腸、前列腺、肝臟、肺臟、枝氣管、胰臟、腦部、頭部、頸部、胃、皮膚、腎臟、子宮頸、血液、喉、食道、嘴巴、咽、膀胱、卵巢或子宮。
更特定言之,可藉由本文中所提供之方法與組合物治療或預防之癌症及相關病症,包括但不限於下列:白血病,譬如但不限於急性白血病、急性淋巴球白血病,急性骨髓細胞白血病,譬如骨髓胚細胞、前骨髓細胞、骨髓單核血球、單核血球、紅白血病、白血病及脊髓發育不良徵候簇(或其病徵,譬如貧血、血小板減少症、嗜中性白血球減少症、兩種血球減少或全部血球減少)、反拗貧血(RA)、具有環狀鐵芽球之RA(RARS)、具有過量胚細胞之RA(RAEB)、於轉變中之RAEB(RAEB-T)、預白血病與慢性骨髓單核血球白血病(CMML),慢性白血病,譬如但不限於慢性骨髓細胞(粒性細胞)白血病(CML)、慢性淋巴球白血病(CLL)、有毛細胞白血病;真性紅血球增多症;淋巴瘤,譬如但不限於霍奇金(Hodgkin)氏疾病、非霍奇金(non-Hodgkin)氏疾病;多發性骨髓細胞瘤,譬如但不限於悶燒多發性骨髓瘤、非分泌性骨髓細胞瘤、骨硬化骨
髓細胞瘤、漿細胞白血病、孤立漿細胞腫瘤及骨髓外漿細胞腫瘤;Waldenström氏巨球蛋白血症;未測得重要性之單株γ-球蛋白病;良性單株γ-球蛋白病;重鏈疾病;骨頭與結締組織肉瘤,譬如但不限於骨頭肉瘤、骨肉瘤、軟骨肉瘤、Ewing氏肉瘤、惡性巨細胞腫瘤、骨頭之纖維肉瘤、脊索瘤、骨膜肉瘤、柔軟組織肉瘤、血管肉瘤(血管內瘤)、纖維肉瘤、卡波西氏肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、脂肉瘤、淋巴管肉瘤、轉移性癌症、神經鞘肉瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、滑膜肉瘤;腦部腫瘤,譬如但不限於神經膠質瘤、星細胞瘤、腦幹神經膠瘤、室管膜瘤、寡樹突膠質瘤、非神經膠質腫瘤、聽神經纖維瘤、顱咽管瘤、神經管胚細胞瘤、腦膜瘤、松果體細胞瘤、松果體胚細胞瘤、原發性腦部淋巴瘤;乳癌,包括但不限於腺癌、小葉性(小細胞)癌瘤、管內癌瘤、髓質乳癌、黏液素乳癌、管狀乳癌、乳頭乳癌、原發性癌症、柏哲德氏病及炎性乳癌;腎上腺癌,譬如但不限於親鉻細胞瘤與腎上腺皮質癌瘤;甲狀腺癌,譬如但不限於乳頭狀或濾胞甲狀腺癌、髓質甲狀腺癌及退變甲狀腺癌;胰癌,譬如但不限於胰島腺瘤、胃胰瘤、胰高血糖瘤、蛇狀瘤、生長激素釋放抑制因子分泌之腫瘤及輕癌或胰島細胞腫瘤;垂體癌,譬如但不限於Cushing氏病、催乳激素分泌之腫瘤、肢端肥大病及尿崩症;眼睛癌症,譬如但不限於眼睛黑色素瘤,譬如虹膜黑色素瘤、脈絡膜黑色素瘤及睫狀體黑色素瘤,與視網膜胚細胞瘤;陰道癌,譬如鱗狀細胞癌、腺癌及黑色素瘤;女陰癌症,譬如鱗狀細胞癌、黑色素瘤、腺癌、基底細胞癌、肉瘤及柏哲德氏病;子宮頸癌,譬如但不限於鱗狀細胞癌與腺癌;子宮癌,譬如但不限於子宮內膜癌瘤與子宮肉瘤;卵巢癌,譬如但不限於卵巢上皮癌、邊界腫瘤、生殖細胞腫瘤及基質腫瘤;食管癌,譬如但不限於鱗
狀癌、腺癌、腺樣膽囊癌、黏膜表皮樣癌、腺鱗狀癌、肉瘤、黑色素瘤、漿細胞腫瘤、疣性癌瘤及燕麥細胞(小細胞)癌;胃癌,譬如但不限於腺癌、變成蕈狀(息肉狀)、形成潰瘍、表面擴展、滲出擴展、惡性淋巴瘤、脂肉瘤、纖維肉瘤及癌肉瘤;結腸癌;直腸癌;肝癌,譬如但不限於肝細胞癌與肝胚細胞瘤,膽囊癌,譬如腺癌;膽管癌,譬如但不限於乳頭狀、結狀及擴散;肺癌,譬如非小細胞肺癌、鱗狀細胞癌(表皮樣癌)、腺癌、大細胞癌及小細胞肺癌;睪丸癌,譬如但不限於胚腫瘤、精細胞瘤,退變、古典(典型)、精母細胞、非精細胞瘤,胚胎癌、畸胎生成癌、絨毛膜癌(卵黃囊腫瘤),前列腺癌,譬如但不限於腺癌、平滑肌肉瘤及橫紋肌肉瘤;陰莖癌;口腔癌,譬如但不限於鱗狀細胞癌;基底癌症;唾液腺癌,譬如但不限於腺癌、黏膜表皮樣癌及腺樣膽囊癌;咽癌,譬如但不限於鱗狀細胞癌與疣;皮膚癌,譬如但不限於基底細胞癌、鱗狀細胞癌及黑色素瘤、表面擴展黑色素瘤、結狀黑色素瘤、雀斑惡性黑色素瘤、肢端雀斑黑色素瘤;腎臟癌,譬如但不限於腎細胞癌、腺癌、腎上腺樣瘤、纖維肉瘤、轉移細胞癌(腎盂及/或子宮);Wilm氏腫瘤;膀胱癌,譬如但不限於轉移細胞癌、鱗狀細胞癌、腺癌、癌肉瘤。此外,癌症包括黏液肉瘤、成骨質肉瘤、內皮肉瘤、淋巴管-內皮肉瘤、間皮瘤、滑膜瘤、血管母細胞瘤、上皮癌、囊腺癌、枝氣管原癌、汗腺癌、皮脂腺癌、乳頭癌及乳頭腺癌(關於此種病症之回顧,參閱Fishman等人,1985,Medicine,第2版,J.B.Lippincott公司,Philadelphia與Murphy等人,1997,通知之於定:癌症診斷、治療及恢復之完整書籍,Viking Penguin,Penguin圖書U.S.A.公司,美國)。
因此,本文中所提供之方法與組合物亦可用以治療或預防多
種癌症或其他異常增生疾病,包括(但不限於)下列:癌瘤,包括膀胱、乳房、結腸、腎臟、肝臟、肺臟、卵巢、胰臟、胃、子宮頸、甲狀腺及皮膚者;包括鱗狀細胞癌;淋巴樣血統之造血腫瘤,包括白血病、急性淋巴球白血病、急性淋巴胚細胞白血病、B-細胞淋巴瘤、T-細胞淋巴瘤、Berketts淋巴瘤;髓樣血統之造血腫瘤,包括急性與慢性骨髓性白血病與前骨髓細胞白血病;間葉來源之腫瘤,包括纖維肉瘤與橫紋肌肉瘤;其他腫瘤,包括黑色素瘤、生殖細胞瘤、四癌瘤、神經胚細胞瘤及神經膠質瘤;中樞與末梢神經系統之腫瘤,包括星細胞瘤、多形神經膠質母細胞瘤、神經胚細胞瘤、神經膠質瘤及神經鞘瘤;固體與帶血腫瘤;間葉來源之腫瘤,包括纖維肉瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤及骨肉瘤;及其他腫瘤,包括黑色素瘤、著色性乾皮症、角質棘皮瘤、生殖細胞瘤、甲狀腺濾胞癌及畸胎癌。亦意欲涵蓋的是,因細胞凋零中之迷行所造成之癌症亦藉由本文中所揭示之方法與組合物治療。此種癌症可包括但不限於濾胞淋巴瘤、具有p53突變之癌瘤,乳房、前列腺及卵巢之激素依賴性腫瘤,及癌前損傷,譬如家族腺瘤息肉病、幼年息肉病徵候簇、Birt-Hogg-Dubé徵候簇(BHD)及脊髓發育不良徵候簇。在特殊具體實施例中,惡性或不良增生變化(譬如化生與發育異常)或過高增生病症,係在卵巢、膀胱、乳房、結腸、肺臟、皮膚、胰臟、腎臟或子宮中被治療或預防。在其他特殊具體實施例中,肉瘤、黑色素瘤或白血病係經治療或預防。
在一項特定具體實施例中,本文中所提供之方法與組合物亦可用以治療、預防或處理各種類型之淋巴瘤(意即源自於網狀內皮與淋巴系統中之贅瘤之異質組群),譬如非霍奇金(Non-Hodgkin)氏淋巴瘤(NHL)(意即,在免疫系統位置中之淋巴樣細胞之惡性單
株增生,包括淋巴節、骨髓、脾臟、肝臟及胃腸道)。雜芳基化合物可用於治療或預防之NHL,包括但不限於外膜細胞淋巴瘤、MCL、中間分化之淋巴球淋巴瘤、中間淋巴球淋巴瘤、ILL、擴散不良分化淋巴球淋巴瘤、PDL、中央細胞淋巴瘤、擴散小分裂細胞淋巴瘤、DSCCL、濾胞淋巴瘤,及可在顯微鏡下見及之任何類型之外膜細胞淋巴瘤(結狀、擴散、胚及外膜區帶淋巴瘤)。
於另一項具體實施例中,本文中所提供之方法與組合物亦可用以投予需要治療惡性疾病之病患(例如,患有急性淋巴球白血病、急性骨髓性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病、慢性淋巴球白血病、脊髓發育不良徵候簇("預白血病")、單核糖體7徵候簇、非霍奇金(non-Hodgkin)氏淋巴瘤、神經胚細胞瘤、腦部腫瘤、多發性骨髓瘤、睪丸生殖細胞腫瘤、乳癌、肺癌、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤、神經膠質瘤、肉瘤或其他固態腫瘤之病患),以及需要治療非惡性疾病者(例如患有血液學病症、先天性免疫不全、黏多醣症、脂肪代謝障礙、骨質疏鬆症、Langerhan氏細胞組織細胞症、Lesch-Nyhan徵候簇或糖原儲存疾病之病患)。
於另一項具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為關於治療骨髓增生病症或脊髓發育不良徵候簇之方法,其包括對有需要之病患投予有效量之雜芳基化合物或其組合物。在某些具體實施例中,骨髓增生病症為真性紅血球過病;原發性血小板增多症;慢性骨髓性白血病;急性或慢性粒性細胞白血病;急性或慢性骨髓單核血球白血病;骨髓纖維化紅白血病;或血管生成髓樣化生。
於另一項具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為關於治療對其他激酶抑制劑(譬如愛馬汀尼伯(imatinib)甲烷磺酸鹽(STI-571或GleevecTM)治療)具抗藥性之癌症或腫瘤之方法,其包括對有需要
之病患投予有效量之雜芳基化合物或其組合物。在一項特定具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為關於治療白血病之方法,包括但不限於對愛馬汀尼伯(imatinib)甲烷磺酸鹽(STI-571或GleevecTM)治療具抗藥性之胃腸基質腫瘤(GIST)、急性淋巴球白血病或慢性骨髓細胞白血病,該方法包括對有需要之病患投予有效量之雜芳基化合物或其組合物。
在一項特殊具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為關於治療或預防白血病(意即形成血液組織之惡性贅瘤)之方法,包括但不限於慢性淋巴球白血病、慢性骨髓細胞白血病、急性淋巴胚細胞白血病、急性骨髓性白血病及急性骨髓胚細胞白血病。白血病可經復發、反拗或對習用療法具抗藥性。"復發"一詞係指以下狀況,其中在治療之後已具有白血病之減輕之病患,係具有白血病細胞在骨髓中之恢復,及降低正常血球。"反拗或抗藥性"一詞係指其中病患即使是在密集治療之後仍具有殘留白血病細胞在其骨髓中之情況。
各種類型之癌症係被描述於2004年2月12日公告之美國專利申請案公報2004/0029832中,其係以全文併於本文供參考(參閱,例如段落2.2.癌症之類型)。特定癌症包括但不限於白血病,譬如慢性淋巴球白血病、慢性骨髓細胞白血病、急性淋巴胚細胞白血病、急性骨髓性白血病及急性骨髓胚細胞白血病;已進展之惡性病症、澱粉樣變性病、神經胚細胞瘤、腦膜瘤、血管外皮細胞瘤、多重腦部轉移、多形神經膠質母細胞瘤、神經膠質母細胞瘤、腦幹神經膠瘤、不良預後惡性腦部腫瘤、惡性神經膠質瘤、復發惡性神經膠質瘤、星細胞退變瘤、退變寡樹突膠質瘤、神經內分泌腫瘤、直腸腺癌、Dukes C & D結腸直腸癌、不可切除結腸直腸癌、轉移性肝細胞癌、卡波西氏肉瘤、核型急性骨髓胚細胞白血病、
霍奇金(Hodgkin)氏淋巴瘤、非霍奇金(non-Hodgkin)氏淋巴瘤、皮膚T-細胞淋巴瘤、皮膚B-細胞淋巴瘤、擴散大B-細胞淋巴瘤、輕度濾胞淋巴瘤、惡性黑色素瘤、惡性間皮瘤、惡性胸膜滲液間皮瘤徵候簇、腹膜癌瘤、乳頭漿癌瘤、婦科肉瘤、柔軟組織肉瘤、皮膚脈管炎、Langerhan氏細胞組織細胞症、平滑肌肉瘤、進行性骨化纖維發育異常、激素反拗前列腺癌、經切除之高危險柔軟組織肉瘤、不可切除肝細胞癌、Waldenstrom氏巨球蛋白血症、悶燒骨髓細胞瘤、無痛骨髓細胞瘤、輸卵管癌、雄激素無關之前列腺癌、雄激素依賴性第IV期非轉移性前列腺癌、激素不敏感性前列腺癌、化學療法不敏感性前列腺癌、乳頭甲狀腺癌瘤、濾胞甲狀腺癌瘤、髓質甲狀腺癌瘤及平滑肌瘤。於一項具體實施例中,癌症為原發性或轉移性。於另一項具體實施例中,癌症為復發、反拗或對化學療法或放射具抵抗性;特定言之,對酞胺哌啶酮為反拗。
進一步於本文中提供者為關於治療已於先前經治療關於癌症但對標準療法無回應性之病患以及先前尚未被治療者之方法。亦於本文中提供者為關於治療病患而不管病患年齡之方法,惟一些癌症係在某些年齡組群中較常見。又進一步於本文中提供者為關於治療已接受手術以企圖治療討論下之癌症之病患以及尚未接受者之方法。由於具有癌症之病患具有異質臨床表象與不同臨床結果,故給予病患之治療可依其預後而改變。熟練臨床家係能夠容易地決定可有效地用以治療具有癌症之個別病患之特定二次藥劑、手術類型及非藥物為基礎標準療法之類型,無需過度實驗。
再者,於本文中所提供者為關於治療或預防病症之方法,譬如肺高血壓、Carney複徵、肌肉消耗(萎縮、惡病質),肌病,譬如
Danon氏疾病,及細菌、真菌及病毒感染(包括結核分枝桿菌、組群A鏈球菌屬、HSV類型I及HIV感染)。
雜芳基化合物可與其他藥理學活性化合物("第二種活性劑")合併在本文所述之方法與組合物中。咸認某些組合可發生作用,以治療特定型式之疾病或病症,及與此種疾病或病症有關聯之症狀與病徵。雜芳基化合物亦可發生作用以減輕伴隨著某些第二種活性劑之不利作用,而反之亦然。
一或多種第二種活性成份或藥劑可被使用於本文中所述之方法與組合物中。第二種活性劑可為大分子(例如蛋白質)或小分子(例如合成無機、有機金屬或有機分子)。
大分子第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於造血生長因子、細胞活素及單株與多株抗體。活性劑之特殊實例為抗-CD40單株抗體(例如SGN-40);組織蛋白脫乙醯胺抑制劑(例如MGCD0103、SAHA及LAQ 824);低甲基化劑(譬如Vidaza);IMiD®品牌之免疫調制產物(譬如酞胺哌啶酮、連那利多麥(lenalidomide)及波馬利多醯胺(pomalidomide));熱震蛋白質-90抑制劑(例如17-AAG);似胰島素生長因子-1受體激酶抑制劑;血管內皮生長因子受體激酶抑制劑(例如PTK787);胰島素生長因子受體抑制劑;溶血磷脂酸醯基轉移酶抑制劑;IkB激酶抑制劑;p38MAPK抑制劑;Pim激酶抑制劑(例如SGI-1776或WO/2008/106692中所揭示者);EGFR抑制劑(例如吉非汀尼伯(gefitinib)與婀羅提尼伯(erlotinib)HCL);HER-2抗體(例如搓史圖諸馬伯(trastuzumab)(Herceptin®)與柏圖祖馬伯(pertuzumab)(OmnitargTM)),以及HER-2激酶抑制劑(譬如拉巴提尼伯(Lapatinib));VEGFR抗體(例如貝發西馬伯(bevacizumab)(AvastinTM));VEGFR抑制劑(例如flk-1特定激酶抑制劑、SU5416
及ptk787/zk222584);P13K抑制劑(例如華特曼寧(wortmannin));C-Met抑制劑(例如PHA-665752);抗雌激素劑(例如列特羅唑(Letrozole)、弗爾威斯傳(Fulvestrant)、他摩西吩(tamoxifen));單株抗體(例如利圖西馬伯(rituximab)(Rituxan®)、托西圖莫伯(tositumomab)(Bexxar®)、艾卓可羅伯(edrecolomab)(Panorex®)及G250);及抗-TNF-α抗體。小分子活性劑之實例包括但不限於小分子抗癌劑與抗生素(例如克拉利霉素(clarithromycin))。
可與雜芳基化合物併用之特定第二種活性化合物係依欲被治療、預防或處理之特定適應徵而改變。
例如,關於癌症之治療、預防或處理,第二種活性劑包括但不限於:抗葉酸鹽,譬如PremetrexedTM;些馬山尼伯(semaxanib);環孢質;恩塔臬西伯(etanercept);強力霉素;博替左米(bortezomib);阿西文辛(acivicin);阿可拉紅菌素(aclarubicin);阿可達唑(acodazole)鹽酸鹽;阿克羅寧(acronine);阿多傑利辛(adozelesin);阿迪斯白血球素(aldesleukin);阿催塔胺(altretamine);偶氮霉素;阿美坦酮(ametantrone)醋酸鹽;阿姆薩素(amsacrine);安那史唑(anastrozole);安刷霉素(anthramycin);天冬醯胺酶;阿斯伯林(asperlin);氮西替定(azacitidine);阿皆帖巴(azetepa);含固氮霉素;貝替制菌素(batimastat);苯并地巴(benzodepa);二卡如醯胺(bicalutamide);雙安催(bisantrene)鹽酸鹽;雙那非得(bisnafide)二甲烷磺酸鹽;必皆列辛(bizelesin);博來霉素硫酸鹽;布瑞奎那(brequinar)鈉;布羅吡胺(bropirimine);白血福恩(busulfan);卡提諾霉素(cactinomycin);二甲睪酮;卡拉謝醯胺(caracemide);卡貝提莫(carbetimer);碳氯胺鉑;亞硝基脲氮芥;卡紅菌素(carubicin)鹽酸鹽;卡皆列辛(carzelesin);謝迪吩
果(cedefingol);塞拉庫西比(celecoxib);苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil);西羅里霉素;順氯胺鉑;克拉利賓(cladribine);克利斯那托(crisnatol)甲烷磺酸鹽;環磷醯胺;阿糖胞苷;氮烯咪胺;達克汀霉素;道諾紅菌素鹽酸鹽;得西塔賓(decitabine);多索馬胺鉑(dexormaplatin);迪札鳥嘌呤(dezaguanine);迪札鳥嘌呤(dezaguanine)甲烷磺酸鹽;迪阿濟醌(diaziquone);多謝他索(docetaxel);多克索紅菌素;多克索紅菌素鹽酸鹽;卓洛西吩(droloxifene);卓洛西吩(droloxifene)檸檬酸鹽;卓莫史坦酮(dromostanolone)丙酸鹽;迪烏偶氮霉素(duazomycin);伊達催克沙特(edatrexate);艾弗洛尼辛(eflornithine)鹽酸鹽;約薩米如辛(elsamitrucin);恩若胺鉑(enloplatin);恩普洛美特(enpromate);表普比啶(epipropidine);表紅菌素鹽酸鹽;阿布羅唑(erbulozole);約索紅菌素(esorubicin)鹽酸鹽;雌氮芥(estramustine);雌氮芥(estramustine)磷酸鹽鈉;安他尼達唑(etanidazole);衣托糖苷(etoposide);衣托糖苷(etoposide)磷酸鹽;衣托普林(etoprine);發德羅唑(fadrozole)鹽酸鹽;發雜拉賓(fazarabine);吩瑞亭奈德(fenretinide);5-氟脫氧尿苷;弗達拉賓(fludarabine)磷酸鹽;氟尿嘧啶;弗洛西塔賓(flurocitabine);弗斯奎酮(fosquidone);弗三約辛(fostriecin)鈉;真西塔賓(gemcitabine);真西塔賓(gemcitabine)鹽酸鹽;羥基脲;依達紅菌素鹽酸鹽;依發斯醯胺(ifosfamide);依莫弗辛(ilmofosine);衣普氯胺鉑(iproplatin);伊利諾提肯(irinotecan);伊利諾提肯(irinotecan)鹽酸鹽;蘭瑞歐太得(lanreotide)醋酸鹽;列特羅唑(letrozole);留普內酯(leuprolide)醋酸鹽;利洛唑(liarozole)鹽酸鹽;羅美催索(lometrexol)鈉;環己亞硝脲;洛索山酮(losoxantrone)鹽酸鹽;馬索普洛可(masoprocol);
美坦生(maytansine);氮芥鹽酸鹽;甲地孕酮醋酸鹽;甲連孕酮(melengestrol)醋酸鹽;苯丙胺酸氮芥;門諾加利(menogaril);巰基嘌呤;胺甲喋呤;胺甲喋呤鈉;美托普林(metoprine);雙二甲磷醯胺乙酯;米亭多醯胺(mitindomide);絲裂卡辛(mitocarcin);絲裂可洛林(mitocromin);絲裂吉林(mitogillin);絲裂麻辛(mitomalcin);絲裂霉素;絲裂史伯(mitosper);米托坦(mitotane);絲裂黃酮(mitoxantrone)鹽酸鹽;霉菌酚酸;諾可達唑(nocodazole);諾加拉霉素;歐馬胺鉑(ormaplatin);歐西蘇蘭(oxisuran);培克里他索(paclitaxel);佩加斯巴酶(pegaspargase);佩里霉素;五氮芥;佩普羅霉素(peplomycin)硫酸鹽;伯弗斯發醯胺(perfosfamide);雙溴丙基哌;哌醯硫烷;皮若山酮(piroxantrone)鹽酸鹽;普利卡霉素;普羅美斯坦(plomestane);波非莫(porfimer)鈉;甲基絲裂霉素;潑尼氮芥(prednimustine);鹽酸甲基苄肼;嘌呤霉素;嘌呤霉素鹽酸鹽;吡唑呋喃菌素;利玻普林(riboprine);沙吩果(safingol);沙吩果(safingol)鹽酸鹽;賽氮芥(semustine);二甲二苯四氮烯;史巴弗賽特(sparfosate)鈉;稀疏霉素;螺鍺鹽酸鹽;螺氮芥(spiromustine);螺胺鉑(spiroplatin);鏈黑菌素;鏈霉亞硝基素;速洛非諾(sulofenur);塔利索霉素(talisomycin);提可加蘭(tecogalan)鈉;紅豆杉帖里(taxotere);提佳弗(tegafur);提洛山酮(teloxantrone)鹽酸鹽;提莫波吩(temoporfin);天尼苷(teniposide);提洛西隆(teroxirone);睪丸內脂;噻米普林(thiamiprine);硫基鳥嘌呤;噻替哌(thiotepa);提偶氮呋林(tiazofurin);提拉巴胺(tirapazamine);托里米吩(toremifene)檸檬酸鹽;催史托隆(trestolone)醋酸鹽;三西利賓(triciribine)磷酸鹽;胺三甲喋呤(trimetrexate);胺三甲喋呤
(trimetrexate)醛糖酸鹽;三普托瑞林(triptorelin);圖布羅唑(tubulozole)鹽酸鹽;尿嘧啶芥;尿烷亞胺;發普瑞太(vapreotide);維替波吩(verteporfin);長春花鹼硫酸鹽;長春新鹼硫酸鹽;長春花素;長春花素硫酸鹽;長春比啶(vinepidine)硫酸鹽;長春甘胺酸酯(vinglycinate)硫酸鹽;環氧長春鹼硫酸鹽;威諾賓(vinorelbine)酒石酸鹽;異長春鹼硫酸鹽;長春唑利啶(vinzolidine)硫酸鹽;波羅唑(vorozole);間尼胺鉑(zeniplatin);吉諾制菌素;及唑紅菌素(zorubicin)鹽酸鹽。
其他第二種藥劑包括但不限於:20-表-1,25-二羥維生素D3;5-乙炔基尿嘧啶;阿必拉特酮(abiraterone);阿可拉紅菌素(aclarubicin);醯基弗烯;阿迭西片醇(adecypenol);阿多傑利辛(adozelesin);阿迪斯白血球素(aldesleukin);ALL-TK拮抗劑;阿催塔胺(altretamine);恩巴氮芥(ambamustine);阿米多斯(amidox);亞米弗斯亭(amifostine);胺基乙醯丙酸;阿姆紅菌素(amrubicin);阿姆薩素(amsacrine);安那瑞利得(anagrelide);安那史唑(anastrozole);穿心蓮內酯;血管生成抑制劑;拮抗劑D;拮抗劑G;安塔瑞利斯(antarelix);抗背側化形態發生蛋白質-1;抗雄激素劑、前列腺腫瘤;抗雌激素劑;抗新伯拉斯東(antineoplaston);反有意義寡核苷酸;阿菲地可林(aphidicolin)甘胺酸鹽;細胞凋零基因調制劑;細胞凋零調節劑;以新陳代謝作用作為標的之化合物,譬如白藜蘆醇;無嘌呤核酸;ara-CDP-DL-PTBA;精胺酸脫胺酶;阿蘇拉可林(asulacrine);阿塔美斯坦(atamestane);阿三氮芥(atrimustine);阿克西那制菌素(axinastatin)1;阿克西那制菌素(axinastatin)2;阿克西那制菌素(axinastatin)3;氮謝特隆(azasetron);氮毒素;氮酪胺酸;漿果赤霉素III衍生物;巴蘭醇
(balanol);貝替制菌素(batimastat);BCR/ABL拮抗劑;苯并二氫卟酚;苯甲醯基星形孢素;β內醯胺衍生物;β-阿列辛(alethine);β可列霉素(betaclamycin)B;樺木醇酸;bFGF抑制劑;二卡如醯胺(bicalutamide);雙安催(bisantrene);雙氮丙啶基精胺;雙那非得(bisnafide);雙催提臬(bistratene)A;必皆列辛(bizelesin);布瑞弗列特(breflate);布羅吡胺(bropirimine);布多提坦(budotitane);丁噻寧磺醯胺(buthionine sulfoximine);鈣波三醇(calcipotriol);鈣磷汀(calphostin)C;喜樹鹼衍生物;卡配西塔賓(capecitabine);羧醯胺-胺基-三唑;羧基醯胺三唑;CaRest M3;CARN 700;軟骨衍生抑制劑;卡皆列辛(carzelesin);酪蛋白激酶抑制劑(ICOS);卡斯坦精胺(castanospermine);塞可洛品B;西左釋放素(cetrorelix);可洛林斯(chlorlns);氯基喹啉磺醯胺;西卡普斯特(cicaprost);順式-卟啉;克拉利賓(cladribine);克拉霉素(clathromycin);可洛米吩(clomifene)類似物;克羅三馬唑(clotrimazole);可利斯霉素(collismycin)A;可利斯霉素(collismycin)B;風車子制菌素A4;風車子制菌素類似物;可那基寧(conagenin);可蘭貝西定(crambescidin)816;克利斯那托(crisnatol);隱藻素8;隱藻素A衍生物;苦拉辛(curacin)A;環戊蒽醌;環普拉坦(cycloplatam);西佩霉素(cypemycin);阿糖胞苷歐可弗斯特(ocfosfate);溶細胞因子;細胞制菌素;達可利西馬(dacliximab);得西塔賓(decitabine);脫氫迪蘭寧(didemnin)B;迪斯若瑞林(deslorelin);地塞米松;得西磷醯胺(dexifosfamide);得拉唑山(dexrazoxane);得維拉巴密(dexverapamil);迪阿濟醌(diaziquone);迪蘭寧(didemnin)B;迪多克斯(didox);二乙基正精胺;二氫-5-氮胞苷;9-二氫紅豆杉醇;二氧霉素;二苯基螺氮芥;多謝他索(docetaxel);廿二烷醇;多拉
西從(dolasetron);多西弗利叮(doxifluridine);多克索紅菌素;卓洛西吩(droloxifene);卓那賓諾(dronabinol);都卡霉素(duocarmycin)SA;阿貝西連(ebselen);也可氮芥(ecomustine);艾迪弗辛(edelfosine);艾卓可羅伯(edrecolomab);艾弗洛尼辛(eflornithine);欖香烯;艾米提弗(emitefur);表紅菌素;約利史特來(epristeride);雌氮芥(estramustine)類似物;雌激素催動劑;雌激素拮抗劑;安他尼達唑(etanidazole);衣托糖苷(etoposide)磷酸鹽;約克美斯烷(exemestane);發德羅唑(fadrozole);發雜拉賓(fazarabine);吩瑞亭奈德(fenretinide);非葛拉亭(filgrastim);菲那史替來(finasteride);黃酮吡啶醇;弗列吉史汀(flezelastine);弗史特隆(fluasterone);弗達拉賓(fludarabine);氟基道諾如尼辛(daunorunicin)鹽酸鹽;發吩尼美斯(forfenimex);弗美斯烷(formestane);弗三約辛(fostriecin);弗提氮芥(fotemustine);釓提沙啡啉(texaphyrin);硝酸鎵;加洛西塔賓(galocitabine);甘尼瑞利斯(ganirelix);明膠酶抑制劑;真西塔賓(gemcitabine);谷胱甘肽抑制劑;庚蘇汎(hepsulfam);遺傳素;六亞甲基雙乙醯胺;金絲桃蒽酮;愛邦宗(ibandronic)酸;依達紅菌素;愛多西吩(idoxifene);愛卓滿酮(idramantone);依莫弗辛(ilmofosine);衣洛馬制菌素(ilomastat);愛馬汀尼伯(imatinib)(Gleevec®)、依米奎莫得(imiquimod);免疫刺激劑肽;似胰島素生長因子-1受體抑制劑;干擾素催動劑;干擾素;間白血球活素;愛歐苯胍(iobenguane);碘基多克索紅菌素;4-愛波明醇(ipomeanol);愛洛普拉特(iroplact);俄索葛拉定(irsogladine);異苯加唑(isobengazole);異高哈利軟骨素B;愛塔西從(itasetron);加普拉金來(jasplakinolide);卡哈拉來得(kahalalide)F;拉美拉林(lamellarin)-N
三醋酸鹽;蘭瑞歐太得(lanreotide);列因那霉素(leinamycin);列諾拉斯亭(lenograstim);香菇糖硫酸鹽;列普托制菌素(leptolstatin);列特羅唑(letrozole);白血病抑制因子;白血球α干擾素;留普內酯(leuprolide)+雌激素+黃體酮;留普瑞林(leuprorelin);左旋四咪唑;利洛唑(liarozole);線性聚胺類似物;親脂性雙醣肽;親脂性鉑化合物;利索可醯胺(lissoclinamide)7;羅巴鉑胺(lobaplatin);胍乙基磷酸絲胺酸;羅美催索(lometrexol);洛尼達胺(lonidamine);洛索山酮(losoxantrone);洛索利賓(loxoribine);留托提肯(lurtotecan);鎦提沙啡啉(texaphyrin);來索非林(lysofylline);溶解肽;美坦新(maitansine);甘露制菌素A;馬利制菌素(marimastat);馬索普洛可(masoprocol);馬斯平(maspin);間質溶素抑制劑;間質金屬蛋白酶抑制劑;門諾加利(menogaril);莫巴酮(merbarone);美特瑞林(meterelin);甲硫胺酸酶;胃復安(metoclopramide);MIF抑制劑;米非普利史東(mifepristone);米提弗辛(miltefosine);米利莫斯亭(mirimostim);絲裂胍腙(mitoguazone);絲裂乳酸萘酚(mitolactol);絲裂霉素類似物;絲裂那伐(mitonafide);絲裂毒素成纖維細胞生長因子-沙孢素(saporin);絲裂黃酮(mitoxantrone);莫發洛亭(mofarotene);莫葛拉莫亭(molgramostim);鄂比圖斯(Erbitux)、人類絨毛膜促性腺激素;單磷醯基脂質A +分枝桿菌細胞壁sk;莫皮達莫(mopidamol);芥末抗癌劑;麥卡過氧化物(mycaperoxide)B;分枝桿菌細胞壁萃取物;麥利波隆(myriaporone);N-乙醯基二那林(acetyldinaline);N-取代之苯甲醯胺;那發瑞林(nafarelin);那葛瑞提普(nagrestip);那諾松(naloxone)+戊唑星(pentazocine);那巴文(napavin);那夫特平(naphterpin);
那托拉斯亭(nartograstim);臬達鉑胺(nedaplatin);內莫紅菌素(nemorubicin);臬利宗(neridronic)酸;尼如醯胺(nilutamide);尼沙霉素(nisamycin);氧化氮調制劑;氧化氮抗氧化劑;尼出林(nitrullyn);歐利莫森(oblimersen)(Genasense®);O6-苄基鳥嘌呤;八瑞歐肽(octreotide);歐吉西酮(okicenone);寡核苷酸;翁那普利史東(onapristone);翁丹西從(ondansetron);澳拉辛(oracin);口服細胞活素誘發物;歐馬胺鉑(ormaplatin);歐沙特酮(osaterone);草酸鉑;氧幽諾霉素(oxaunomycin);培克里他索(paclitaxel);培克里他索(paclitaxel)類似物;培克里他索衍生物;巴老胺(palauamine);棕櫚醯基利坐素(rhizoxin);帕米宗(pamidronic)酸;巴那西三醇(panaxytriol);巴諾米吩(panomifene);巴拉菌素(parabactin);帕拮利普汀(pazelliptine);佩加斯巴酶(pegaspargase);配爾地辛(peldesine);五醣多硫酸鈉;戊托制菌素(pentostatin);片特羅唑(pentrozole);伯弗玻隆(perflubron);伯弗斯發醯胺(perfosfamide);紫蘇醇;吩霉素(phenazinomycin);醋酸苯酯;磷酸酶抑制劑;皮西班尼(picibanil);氫氯化毛果芸香鹼;皮拉紅菌素(pirarubicin);皮利催新(piritrexim);普拉西汀(placetin)A;普拉西汀(placetin)B;血纖維蛋白溶酶原活化劑抑制劑;鉑複合物;鉑化合物;鉑-三胺複合物;波非莫(porfimer)鈉;甲基絲裂霉素;潑尼松;丙基雙-吖啶酮;前列腺素J2;蛋白質降解體抑制劑;蛋白質A為基礎之免疫調制劑;蛋白質激酶C抑制劑;蛋白質激酶C抑制劑、微阿加爾(microalgal);蛋白質酪胺酸磷酸酶抑制劑;嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶抑制劑;羥基茜草素;吡唑并吖啶;吡啶氧基化血紅素聚氧化乙烯共軛物;raf拮抗劑;瑞提崔斯得(raltitrexed);拉莫西從(ramosetron);ras法呢基蛋白質轉移酶抑制
劑;ras抑制劑;ras-GAP抑制劑;去甲基化瑞提利汀(retelliptine);乙底宗酸(etidronate)錸Re 186;利坐素(rhizoxin);核糖酵素;RII視黃醯胺;洛西圖激素(rohitukine);羅莫太得(romurtide);洛奎尼美斯(roquinimex);如必金酮(rubiginone)B1;如玻西爾(ruboxyl);沙吩果(safingol);沙因托平(saintopin);SarCNU;沙可植醇(sarcophytol)A;沙葛拉莫斯亭(sargramostim);Sdi 1擬似物;賽氮芥(semustine);衰老衍生抑制劑1;有意義寡核苷酸;訊息轉導抑制劑;西坐非蘭(sizofiran);索布唑山(sobuzoxane);硼卡普特酸鈉(sodium borocaptate);苯基醋酸鈉;索維醇(solverol);促生長因子結合蛋白質;索能明(sonermin);史巴發席克酸(sparfosicacid);史比卡霉素(spicamycin)D;螺氮芥(spiromustine);脾潘亭(splenopentin);史豐吉制菌素(spongistatin)1;角鯊胺;史替皮醯胺(stipiamide);基質溶素抑制劑;硫吩諾辛(sulfinosine);超活性影響血管腸肽拮抗劑;蘇拉迪斯塔(suradista);蘇拉明(suramin);史萬松寧(swainsonine);塔利氮芥(tallimustine);他摩西吩(tamoxifen)碘化甲烷;道羅氮芥(tauromustine);塔雜若汀(tazarotene);提可加蘭(tecogalan)鈉;提佳弗(tegafur);碲吡錠;調聚酶抑制劑;提莫波吩(temoporfin);天尼苷(teniposide);四氯癸氧化物;四唑明(tetrazomine);唐松草胞生素;硫可拉林(coraline);血栓造血素;血栓造血素擬似物;席嗎發辛(thymalfasin);胸腺造血素受體催動劑;胸腺三南(thymotrinan);促甲狀腺激素;錫乙基本羥基茜草素;提拉巴胺(tirapazamine);二氯化二環戊二烯鈦;托普仙亭(topsentin);托里米吩(toremifene);轉譯抑制劑;崔替諾因(tretinoin);三乙醯基脲嘧啶核苷;三西利賓(triciribine);胺三甲
喋呤(trimetrexate);三普托瑞林(triptorelin);搓比西從(tropisetron);圖洛史得來(turosteride);酪胺酸激酶抑制劑;提發史亭(tyrphostins);UBC抑制劑;由苄尼梅斯(ubenimex);泌尿生殖器竇房結衍生之生長抑制因子;尿激酶受體拮抗劑;發普瑞太(vapreotide);發利歐林(variolin)B;維拉瑞索(velaresol);維拉胺(veramine);勃定斯(verdins);維替波吩(verteporfin);威諾賓(vinorelbine);溫沙亭(vinxaltine);維他克辛(vitaxin);波羅唑(vorozole);占諾特隆(zanoterone);間尼胺鉑(zeniplatin);吉拉可伯(zilascorb);及吉諾制菌素史替馬拉莫(stimalamer)。
特定第二種活性劑包括但不限於2-甲氧雌二醇、調聚制菌素、在多發性骨髓瘤細胞中之細胞凋零之誘發物(例如TRAIL)、博替左米(bortezomib)、制菌素、些馬山尼伯(semaxanib)、環孢質、恩塔臬西伯(etanercept)、強力霉素、博替左米(bortezomib)、歐利莫森(oblimersen)(Genasense®)、瑞米卡得(remicade)、多謝他索(docetaxel)、塞拉庫西比(celecoxib)、苯丙胺酸氮芥、地塞米松(Decadron®)、類固醇、真西塔賓(gemcitabine)、順氯胺鉑、天莫洛醯胺(temozolomide)、衣托糖苷(etoposide)、環磷醯胺、提莫達(temodar)、碳氯胺鉑、甲基苄肼、葛來迪爾(gliadel)、他摩西吩(tamoxifen)、拓波提肯(topotecan)、胺甲喋呤、Arisa®、紅豆杉醇、紅豆杉帖里(taxotere)、氟尿嘧啶、甲醯四氫葉酸、伊利諾提肯(irinotecan)、愛西若達(xeloda)、CPT-11、干擾素α、經PEG化之干擾素α(例如PEG INTRON-A)、卡配西塔賓(capecitabine)、順氯胺鉑、噻替哌(thiotepa)、弗達拉賓(fludarabine)、碳氯胺鉑、微脂粒道諾紅菌素、阿糖胞苷、多謝他索(doxetaxol)、巴西他索(pacilitaxel)、長春花鹼、IL-2、GM-CSF、氮烯咪胺、威諾賓
(vinorelbine)、卓列宗(zoledronic)酸、棕櫚宗酸鹽(palmitronate)、必阿克辛(biaxin)、白血福恩(busulphan)、潑尼松、雙膦酸鹽、三氧化二砷、長春新鹼、多克索紅菌素(Doxil®)、培克里他索(paclitaxel)、建西環維爾(ganciclovir)、亞德里亞霉素、雌氮芥(estramustine)磷酸鈉(Emcyt®)、沙林達克(sulindac)及衣托糖苷(etoposide)。
同樣地,根據欲被治療、預防或處理之適應徵之特定第二種藥劑,其實例可參閱下列參考資料,其全部均以其全文併於本文:美國專利案號5,635,517、6,281,230及7,189,740;與美國專利申請案公報2004/0029832、2004/0087546、2004/0091455、2005/0100529、2005/0214328、2005/0239842、2006/0122228、2006/0143344、2006/0154880及2006/0188475。
其他第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於用以治療或預防疼痛之習用治療劑,譬如抗抑鬱劑、抗搐搦藥、抗高血壓劑、解焦慮劑、鈣通道阻斷劑、肌肉鬆弛劑、非麻醉性止痛劑、類阿片止痛劑、消炎劑、cox-2抑制劑、免疫調制劑、α-腎上腺素能受體催動劑或拮抗劑、免疫壓抑劑、皮質類固醇、高比重氧、氯胺酮、其他麻醉劑、NMDA拮抗劑,及例如在醫師之桌上參考資料2003中所發現之其他治療劑。特殊實例包括但不限於柳酸醋酸鹽(Aspirin®)、塞拉庫西比(celecoxib)(Celebrex®)、Enbrel®、氯胺酮、加巴潘亭(gabapentin)(Neurontin®)、苯妥英(Dilantin®)、胺甲醯氮(Tegretol®)、羧咪(Trileptal®)、法普酸(Depakene®)、嗎啡硫酸鹽、氫莫風(hydromorphone)、潑尼松、灰黃霉素、片松尼恩(penthonium)、阿連宗酸鹽(alendronate)、地吩醯胺(dyphenhydramide)、胍乙啶、酮洛拉克(ketorolac)(Acular®)、降血
鈣素、二甲亞碸(DMSO)、可樂寧(clonidine)(Catapress®)、布瑞替林(bretylium)、凱坦斯林(ketanserin)、利血平(reserpine)、達哌啶酮(droperidol)、阿托品、酚妥拉明(phentolamine)、丁哌卡因(bupivacaine)、利多卡因、乙醯胺吩(acetaminophen)、諾三替林(nortriptyline)(Pamelor®)、阿米替林(amitriptyline)(Elavil®)、丙咪(Tofranil®)、多慮平(doxepin)(Sinequan®)、可洛米胺(clomipramine)(Anafranil®)、氟西汀(fluoxetine)(Prozac®)、色他林(sertraline)(Zoloft®)、那發坐酮(nefazodone)(Serzone®)、溫拉發辛(venlafaxine)(Effexor®)、搓唑酮(trazodone)(Desyrel®)、丁胺苯丙酮(Wellbutrin®)、慢心利(mexiletine)、硝苯吡啶(nifedipine)、丙喏羅(propranolol)、搓馬哚(tramadol)、拉莫三金(lamotrigine)、吉康諾太得(ziconotide)、氯胺酮、右美沙芬(dextromethorphan)、苯并二氮七圜類、氯苯胺丁酸(baclofen)、太札尼定(tizanidine)及苯氧苄胺。
其他第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於類固醇、光敏化劑、整合素、抗氧化劑、干擾素、黃嘌呤衍生物、生長激素、神經營養因子、新血管生成作用之調節劑、抗-VEGF抗體、前列腺素、抗生素、植物雌激素、消炎化合物或抗血管生成化合物或其組合。特殊實例包括但不限於維替波吩(verteporfin)、嘌利亭(purlytin)、制血管類固醇、rhuFab、干擾素-2α、己酮可可豆鹼、錫本羥基茜草素、莫提沙吩(motexafin)鎦、9-氟基-11,21-二羥基-16,17-1-甲基乙川-雙(氧基)孕-1,4-二烯-3,20-二酮、拉塔諾斯特(latanoprost)(參閱美國專利6,225,348)、四環素及其衍生物、利福霉素及其衍生物、大環內酯類、滅滴靈(metronidazole)(美國專利案號6,218,369與6,015,803)、金雀異黃素、金雀黃素、6'-O-Mal金雀黃素、6'-O-Ac
金雀黃素、大豆黃素、黃苷、6'-O-Mal黃苷、6'-O-Ac黃苷、黃豆黃素、黃豆素、6'-O-Mal黃豆素、雞豆黃素A、芒柄花素(美國專利6,001,368)、氟羥脫氫皮質甾醇乙醯胺、地塞米松(美國專利5,770,589)、酞胺哌啶酮、谷胱甘肽(美國專利5,632,984)、鹼性成纖維細胞生長因子(bFGF)、轉變生長因子b(TGF-b)、腦部衍生之神經營養因子(BDNF)、血纖維蛋白溶酶原活化劑因子類型2(PAI-2)、EYE101(Eyetech醫藥)、LY333531(Eli Lilly)、Miravant及RETISERT植入物(Bausch & Lomb)。所有上文引述之參考資料均以其全文併於本文供參考。
其他第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於角質溶解劑、類視色素、α-羥基酸類、抗生素、膠原、肉毒毒素、干擾素及免疫調制劑。特殊實例包括但不限於5-氟尿嘧啶、馬索普洛可(masoprocol)、三氯醋酸、柳酸、乳酸、乳酸銨、尿素、崔替諾因(tretinoin)、異崔替諾因(isotretinoin)、抗生素、膠原、肉毒毒素、干擾素、皮質類固醇、反視黃酸,及膠原,譬如人類胎盤膠原、動物胎盤膠原、Dermalogen、AlloDerm、Fascia、Cymetra、Autologen、Zyderm、Zyplast、Resoplast及Isolagen。
其他第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於抗凝血劑、利尿劑、心糖苷、鈣通道阻斷劑、血管擴張劑、前列環素類似物、內皮肽拮抗劑、磷酸二酯酶抑制劑(例如PDE V抑制劑)、內肽酶抑制劑、脂質降低劑、前列凝素抑制劑及其他已知會降低肺動脈壓力之治療劑。特殊實例包括但不限於哇華靈(warfarin)(Coumadin®)、利尿劑、心糖苷、地高辛(digoxin)-氧、迪耳替阿簡(diltiazem)、硝苯吡啶(nifedipine),血管擴張劑,譬如前列環素(例如前列腺素I2(PGI2)),衣波普提諾(epoprostenol)(EPO,Floran®)、催普斯尼爾
(treprostinil)(Remodulin®)、氧化氮(NO)、伯仙坦(bosentan)(Tracleer®)、胺若地平(amlodipine)、衣波普提諾(epoprostenol)(Floran®)、催普斯尼爾(treprostinil)(Remodulin®)、前列環素、塔達拉費(tadalafil)(Cialis®)、辛伐制菌素(simvastatin)(Zocor®)、歐馬巴列特(omapatrilat)(Vanlev®)、愛貝沙坦(irbesartan)(Avapro®)、普拉伐制菌素(pravastatin)(Pravachol®)、地高辛(digoxin)、L-精胺酸、衣洛普斯特(iloprost)、β普斯特(betaprost)及席墊那費(sildenafil)(Viagra®)。
其他第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於蒽環素、鉑、烷基化劑、歐利莫森(oblimersen)(Genasense®)、順氯胺鉑、環磷醯胺、提莫達(temodar)、碳氯胺鉑、甲基苄肼、葛來迪爾(gliadel)、他摩西吩(tamoxifen)、拓波提肯(topotecan)、胺甲喋呤、紅豆杉帖里(taxotere)、伊利諾提肯(irinotecan)、卡配西塔賓(capecitabine)、順氯胺鉑、噻替哌(thiotepa)、弗達拉賓(fludarabine)、碳氯胺鉑、微脂粒道諾紅菌素、阿糖胞苷、多謝他索(doxetaxol)、巴西他索(pacilitaxel)、長春花鹼、IL-2、GM-CSF、氮烯咪胺、威諾賓(vinorelbine)、卓列宗(zoledronic)酸、棕櫚宗酸鹽(palmitronate)、必阿克辛(biaxin)、白血福恩(busulphan)、潑尼松、雙膦酸鹽、三氧化二砷、長春新鹼、多克索紅菌素(Doxil®)、培克里他索(paclitaxel)、建西環維爾(ganciclovir)、亞德里亞霉素、博來霉素、玻尿酸酵素、絲裂霉素C、阿的平、噻替哌(thiotepa)、四環素及真西塔賓(gemcitabine)。
其他第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於氯喹(chloroquine)、奎寧、奎尼定、乙胺嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、強力霉素、克森達霉素、甲
氟喹、鹵凡特寧(halofantrine)、普來馬昆(primaquine)、羥氯喹、普胍尼爾(proguanil)、阿特瓦醌(atovaquone)、阿濟霉素(azithromycin)、蘇拉明(suramin)、戊烷脒、美拉索普(melarsoprol)、尼弗提莫(nifurtimox)、苯并尼達唑(benznidazole)、兩性霉素B、五價銻化合物(例如銻醛糖酸鈉)、干擾素γ、依康唑(itraconazole)、死亡鞭毛原菌與BCG之組合、甲醯四氫葉酸、皮質類固醇、磺醯胺、螺旋霉素、IgG(血清學)、三甲氧苄二胺嘧啶及磺胺甲基異唑。
其他第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於:抗生素(治療或預防),譬如但不限於胺苄青霉素、克拉利霉素(clarithromycin)、四環素、青霉素、頭孢菌素、鏈霉素、康霉素及紅霉素;抗病毒劑,譬如但不限於金剛胺、金剛烷乙胺、阿環維爾(acyclovir)及三唑核苷;免疫球蛋白;血漿;免疫學增強藥物,譬如但不限於左旋四咪唑與異丙肌苷;生物製劑,譬如但不限於γ球蛋白、轉移因子、間白血球活素及干擾素;激素,譬如但不限於胸腺;及其他免疫學劑,譬如但不限於B細胞刺激子(例如BAFF/BlyS)、細胞活素(例如IL-2、IL-4及IL-5)、生長因子(例如TGF-β)、抗體(例如抗-CD40與IgM)、含有未甲基化CpG主體之寡核苷酸,及疫苗(例如病毒與腫瘤肽疫苗)。
其他第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於:多巴胺催動劑或拮抗劑,譬如但不限於左旋多巴、L-DOPA、古柯鹼、α-甲基-酪胺酸、利血平(reserpine)、四苯拿(tetrabenazine)、苯并多平(benzotropine)、巴吉林(pargyline)、非諾多片(fenodolpam)甲烷磺酸鹽、卡伯哥林(cabergoline)、普拉米佩索(pramipexole)二鹽酸鹽、洛平諾羅(ropinorole)、金剛胺鹽酸鹽、西列葛林(selegiline)鹽酸
鹽、卡比多巴、伯郭內酯(pergolide)甲烷磺酸鹽、西內美特(Sinemet)CR及金剛烷胺;MAO抑制劑,譬如但不限於異丙異菸肼、可洛葛林(clorgyline)、苯乙肼及異羧吉得(isocarboxazid);COMT抑制劑,譬如但不限於托卡朋(tolcapone)與恩塔卡朋(entacapone);膽鹼酯酶抑制劑,譬如但不限於毒扁豆鹼柳酸鹽、毒扁豆鹼硫酸鹽、溴化毒扁豆鹼、溴化美史替明(meostigmine)、甲基硫酸新斯的明、氯化安朋諾寧(ambenonim)、氯化約卓風寧(edrophonium)、塔克林(tacrine)、氯磷定、氯化雙異煙醛肟甲醚、溴化雙解磷、二乙醯基單克辛(monoxim)、安卓風寧(endrophonium)、吡啶斯的明及去甲卡利姆(demecarium);消炎劑,譬如但不限於那丙新(naproxen)鈉、二氯苯胺苯乙酸鈉、二可吩拿克(diclofenac)鉀、塞拉庫西比(celecoxib)、普羅辛(oxaprozin)、二氟苯柳酸、依托多拉克(etodolac)、美氧胺(meloxicam)、異丁苯丙酸(ibuprofen)、酮基丙吩(ketoprofen)、那布美東(nabumetone)、瑞非庫西比(refecoxib)、胺甲喋呤、列弗諾醯胺(leflunomide)、硫酸沙(sulfasalazine)、金鹽、Rho-D免疫球蛋白、分枝酚酸莫非替(mycophenylate mofetil)、環孢質、硝基脒唑硫嘌呤、塔可利馬斯(tacrolimus)、巴西利馬伯(basiliximab)、達可利諸伯(daclizumab)、柳酸、乙醯柳酸、柳酸甲酯、二氟苯柳酸、沙沙雷特(salsalate)、歐沙(olsalazine)、硫酸沙(sulfasalazine)、乙醯胺吩(acetaminophen)、吲哚美薩辛(indomethacin)、沙林達克(sulindac)、甲滅酸、甲氯滅酸鈉、四苯醯吡咯乙酸(tolmetin)、酮洛拉克(ketorolac)、二氯吩那克(dichlofenac)、弗賓丙吩(flurbinprofen)、普羅辛(oxaprozin)、吡氧胺(piroxicam)、美氧胺(meloxicam)、安比氧胺(ampiroxicam)、卓克氧胺(droxicam)、吡弗氧胺(pivoxicam)、天氧胺(tenoxicam)、
苯基保泰松(phenylbutazone)、氧基苯基保泰松、安替比林、胺基比林、炎爽痛(apazone)、吉留通(zileuton)、金硫葡萄糖、硫基蘋果酸金鈉、歐蘭諾吩(auranofin)、胺甲喋呤、秋水仙素、異嘌呤醇、羧苯磺胺(probenecid)、沙芬吡宗(sulfinpyrazone)及苯并溴阿酮(benzbromarone)或β-美塞松及其他類皮質糖;及止吐劑,譬如但不限於美托環丙胺(metoclopromide)、冬培利酮(domperidone)、普氯伯(prochlorperazine)、異丙(promethazine)、氯丙(chlorpromazine)、三甲苯甲醯胺(trimethobenzamide)、翁丹西從(ondansetron)、葛來尼西從(granisetron)、羥(hydroxyzine)、乙醯基白胺酸單乙醇胺、阿利札賴得(alizapride)、氮謝特隆(azasetron)、苯喹醯胺、二伊坦諾汀(bietanautine)、溴普來得(bromopride)、氯苯丁、可列玻普得(clebopride)、環利(cyclizine)、乘暈寧(dimenhydrinate)、二苯尼多(diphenidol)、多拉西從(dolasetron)、敏克靜(meclizine)、美索列托(methallatal)、甲磺哌丙、那比隆(nabilone)、氧伯恩迪(oxyperndyl)、派巴馬(pipamazine)、莨菪胺、蘇必利(sulpiride)、四氫大麻油醇、唑乙伯、硫丙伯(thioproperazine)、搓比西從(tropisetron)及其混合物。
其他第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於免疫調制劑、免疫壓抑劑、抗高血壓劑、抗搐搦藥、纖維蛋白溶解劑、破壞血小板劑、抗精神病藥、抗抑鬱劑、苯并二氮七圜類、丁螺旋酮(buspirone)、金剛胺,及用於具有CNS損傷/傷害及相關徵候簇之病患之其他已知或習用藥劑。特殊實例包括但不限於:類固醇(例如類皮質糖,譬如但不限於甲基氫化潑尼松、地塞米松及β-美塞松);消炎劑,包括但不限於那丙新(naproxen)鈉、二氯苯胺苯乙酸鈉、二可吩拿
克(diclofenac)鉀、塞拉庫西比(celecoxib)、普羅辛(oxaprozin)、二氟苯柳酸、依托多拉克(etodolac)、美氧胺(meloxicam)、異丁苯丙酸(ibuprofen)、酮基丙吩(ketoprofen)、那布美東(nabumetone)、瑞非庫西比(refecoxib)、胺甲喋呤、列弗諾醯胺(leflunomide)、硫酸沙(sulfasalazine)、金鹽、RHo-D免疫球蛋白、分枝酚酸莫非替(mycophenylate mofetil)、環孢質、硝基脒唑硫嘌呤、塔可利馬斯(tacrolimus)、巴西利馬伯(basiliximab)、達可利諸伯(daclizumab)、柳酸、乙醯柳酸、柳酸甲酯、二氟苯柳酸、沙沙雷特(Salsalate)、歐沙(olsalazine)、硫酸沙(sulfasalazine)、乙醯胺吩(acetaminophen)、吲哚美薩辛(indomethacin)、沙林達克(sulindac)、甲滅酸、甲氯滅酸鈉、四苯醯吡咯乙酸(tolmetin)、酮洛拉克(ketorolac)、二氯吩那克(dichlofenac)、弗賓丙吩(flurbinprofen)、普羅辛(oxaprozin)、吡氧胺(piroxicam)、美氧胺(meloxicam)、安比氧胺(ampiroxicam)、卓克氧胺(droxicam)、吡弗氧胺(pivoxicam)、天氧胺(tenoxicam)、苯基保泰松(phenylbutazone)、氧基苯基保泰松、安替比林、胺基比林、炎爽痛(apazone)、吉留通(zileuton)、金硫葡萄糖、硫基蘋果酸金鈉、歐蘭諾吩(auranofin)、胺甲喋呤、秋水仙素、異嘌呤醇、羧苯磺胺(probenecid)、沙芬吡宗(sulfinpyrazone)及苯并溴阿酮(benzbromarone);cAMP類似物,包括但不限於db-cAMP;一種包含吩奈酸甲酯藥物之藥劑,其包括l-異赤蘚式-吩奈酸甲酯、d-異赤蘚式-吩奈酸甲酯、dl-異赤蘚式-吩奈酸甲酯、l-赤蘚式-吩奈酸甲酯、d-赤蘚式-吩奈酸甲酯、dl-赤蘚式-吩奈酸甲酯及其混合物;及利尿劑,譬如但不限於甘露醇、利尿磺胺、甘油及尿素。
其他第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於三環抗抑鬱劑劑、選
擇性血清素再攝取抑制劑、抗癲癇藥劑(加巴潘亭(gabapentin)、普瑞加巴林(pregabalin)、胺甲醯氮、羧咪、列維提拉坦(levitiracetam)、托皮拉美(topiramat))、抗節律不齊劑、鈉通道阻斷劑、選擇性炎性介體抑制劑、類阿片劑、第二種免疫調制化合物、組合劑及用於睡眠療法之其他已知或習用藥劑。特殊實例包括但不限於神經素(Neurontin)、甲硝噠唑、嗎啡、托皮拉美(topiramat)、阿米催替林(amitryptiline)、正色醯素、胺甲醯氮、左旋多巴、L-DOPA、古柯鹼、α-甲基-酪胺酸、利血平(reserpine)、四苯拿(tetrabenazine)、苯并多平(benzotropine)、巴吉林(pargyline)、非諾多片(fenodolpam)甲烷磺酸鹽、卡伯哥林(cabergoline)、普拉米佩索(pramipexole)二鹽酸鹽、洛平諾羅(ropinorole)、金剛胺鹽酸鹽、西列葛林(selegiline)鹽酸鹽、甲基多巴肼、伯郭內酯(pergolide)甲烷磺酸鹽、西內美特(Sinemet)CR、金剛烷胺、異丙異菸肼、可洛葛林(clorgyline)、苯乙肼、異羧吉得(isocarboxazid)、托卡朋(tolcapone)、恩塔卡朋(entacapone)、毒扁豆鹼柳酸鹽、毒扁豆鹼硫酸鹽、溴化毒扁豆鹼、溴化美史替明(meostigmine)、甲基硫酸新斯的明、氯化安朋諾寧(ambenonim)、氯化約卓風寧(edrophonium)、塔克林(tacrine)、氯磷定、氯化雙異煙醛肟甲醚、溴化雙解磷、二乙醯基單克辛(monoxim)、安卓風寧(endrophonium)、吡啶斯的明、去甲卡利姆(demecarium)、那丙新(naproxen)鈉、二氯苯胺苯乙酸鈉、二可吩拿克(diclofenac)鉀、塞拉庫西比(celecoxib)、沙林達克(sulindac)、普羅辛(oxaprozin)、二氟苯柳酸、依托多拉克(etodolac)、美氧胺(meloxicam)、異丁苯丙酸(ibuprofen)、酮基丙吩(ketoprofen)、那布美東(nabumetone)、瑞非庫西比(refecoxib)、胺甲喋呤、列弗諾醯胺(leflunomide)、硫
酸沙(sulfasalazine)、金鹽、RHo-D免疫球蛋白、分枝酚酸莫非替(mycophenylate mofetil)、環孢質、硝基脒唑硫嘌呤、塔可利馬斯(tacrolimus)、巴西利馬伯(basiliximab)、達可利諸伯(daclizumab)、柳酸、乙醯柳酸、柳酸甲酯、二氟苯柳酸、沙沙雷特(salsalate)、歐沙(olsalazine)、硫酸沙(sulfasalazine)、乙醯胺吩(acetaminophen)、吲哚美薩辛(indomethacin)、沙林達克(sulindac)、甲滅酸、甲氯滅酸鈉、四苯醯吡咯乙酸(tolmetin)、酮洛拉克(ketorolac)、二氯吩那克(dichlofenac)、弗賓丙吩(flurbinprofen)、普羅辛(oxaprozin)、吡氧胺(piroxicam)、美氧胺(meloxicam)、安比氧胺(ampiroxicam)、卓克氧胺(droxicam)、吡弗氧胺(pivoxicam)、天氧胺(tenoxicam)、苯基保泰松(phenylbutazone)、氧基苯基保泰松、安替比林、胺基比林、炎爽痛(apazone)、吉留通(zileuton)、金硫葡萄糖、硫基蘋果酸金鈉、歐蘭諾吩(auranofin)、胺甲喋呤、秋水仙素、異嘌呤醇、羧苯磺胺(probenecid)、沙芬吡宗(sulfinpyrazone)、苯并溴阿酮(benzbromarone)、β-美塞松及其他類皮質糖、美托環丙胺(metoclopromide)、冬培利酮(domperidone)、普氯伯(prochlorperazine)、異丙(promethazine)、氯丙(chlorpromazine)、三甲苯甲醯胺(trimethobenzamide)、翁丹西從(ondansetron)、葛來尼西從(granisetron)、羥(hydroxyzine)、乙醯基白胺酸單乙醇胺、阿利札賴得(alizapride)、氮謝特隆(azasetron)、苯喹醯胺、二伊坦諾汀(bietanautine)、溴普來得(bromopride)、氯苯丁、可列玻普得(clebopride)、環利(cyclizine)、乘暈寧(dimenhydrinate)、二苯尼多(diphenidol)、多拉西從(dolasetron)、敏克靜(meclizine)、美索列
托(methallatal)、甲磺哌丙、那比隆(nabilone)、氧伯恩迪(oxyperndyl)、派巴馬(pipamazine)、莨菪胺、蘇必利(sulpiride)、四氫大麻油醇、唑乙伯、硫丙伯(thioproperazine)、搓比西從(tropisetron)及其混合物。
其他第二種活性劑之實例包括但不限於:間白血球活素,譬如IL-2(包括重組IL-II("rIL2")與卡那利伯斯(canarypox)IL-2)、IL-10、IL-12及IL-18;干擾素,譬如干擾素α-2a、干擾素α-2b、干擾素α-n1、干擾素α-n3、干擾素β-I a及干擾素γ-I b;及G-CSF;羥基脲;丁酸鹽或丁酸鹽衍生物;氧化亞氮;HEMOXINTM(NIPRISANTM;參閱美國專利案號5,800,819);Gardos通道拮抗劑,譬如克羅三馬唑(clotrimazole)與三芳基甲烷衍生物;去鐵胺;蛋白質C;及血液或血液代用品之輸血劑,譬如HemospanTM或HemospanTMPS(Sangart)。
雜芳基化合物與第二種活性劑對病患之投藥可同時或相繼地藉由相同或不同投藥途徑發生。供特定活性劑所採用之特定投藥途徑之適合性係依活性劑本身(例如,其是否可在進入血流之前,以經口方式投予而不會分解)與被治療之疾病而定。關於雜芳基化合物之一種投藥途徑為口腔。關於本發明第二種活性劑或成份之較佳投藥途徑係為一般熟諳此項技藝者所已知。參閱,例如醫師之桌上參考資料(Physicians' Desk Reference),1755-1760(第56版,2002)。
於一項具體實施例中,第二種活性劑係以靜脈內方式或皮下方式且每日投予一次或兩次,其量為約1至約1000毫克,約5至約500毫克,約10至約350毫克,或約50至約200毫克。第二種活性劑之特定量係依所使用之特定藥劑、被治療或處理之疾病類型、疾
病之嚴重性與病期,及共同地投予病患之雜芳基化合物與任何選用其他活性劑之量而定。
進一步於本文中提供者為降低、治療及/或預防伴隨著習用療法之不利或不想要作用之方法,該習用療法包括但不限於手術、化學療法、放射療法、激素療法、生物學療法及免疫療法。雜芳基化合物及其他活性成份可在伴隨著習用療法之不利作用存在之前、期間或之後被投予病患。
本文中所提供者為包含有效量之雜芳基化合物之組合物,及包含有效量之雜芳基化合物與藥學上可接受載劑或媒劑之組合物。在一些具體實施例中,本文中所述之醫藥組合物係適用於口腔、非經腸、黏膜、經皮或局部投藥。
雜芳基化合物可以經口方式或非經腸方式投予病患,呈習用製劑形式,譬如膠囊、微膠囊、片劑、顆粒、粉末、錠劑、丸劑、栓劑、注射、懸浮液及糖漿。適當配方可藉由常用方法製成,使用習用、有機或無機添加劑,譬如賦形劑(例如蔗糖、澱粉、甘露醇、花楸醇、乳糖、葡萄糖、纖維素、滑石、磷酸鈣或碳酸鈣)、黏合劑(例如纖維素、甲基纖維素、羥甲基纖維素、聚丙基四氫吡咯酮、聚乙烯基四氫吡咯酮、明膠、阿拉伯膠、聚乙二醇、蔗糖或澱粉)、崩解劑(例如澱粉、羧甲基纖維素、羥丙基澱粉、低取代之羥丙基纖維素、碳酸氫鈉、磷酸鈣或檸檬酸鈣)、潤滑劑(例如硬脂酸鎂、輕質無水矽酸、滑石或月桂基硫酸鈉)、矯味劑(例如檸檬酸、醇、甘胺酸或橘色粉末)、防腐劑(例如苯甲酸鈉、亞硫酸氫鈉、對羥基苯甲酸甲酯或對羥基苯甲酸丙酯)、安定劑(例如檸檬酸、檸檬酸鈉或醋酸)、懸浮劑(例如甲基纖維素、聚乙烯基四氫吡
咯酮或硬脂酸鋁)、分散劑(例如羥丙甲基纖維素)、稀釋劑(例如水)及基質蠟(例如可可豆脂、白蠟油或聚乙二醇)。雜芳基化合物在醫藥組合物中之有效量可在將行使所要作用之含量下;例如,約0.005毫克/公斤病患體重至約10毫克/公斤病患體重,呈供口服與非經腸投藥兩者之單位劑量。
欲被投予病患之雜芳基化合物之劑量係頗為廣泛地可改變,且可容許保健執行者之判斷。一般而言,雜芳基化合物可於病患中一天投予一至四次,在約0.005毫克/公斤病患體重至約10毫克/公斤病患體重之劑量中,但上述劑量可適當地依病患之年齡、體重及醫療症狀,及投藥型式而改變。於一項具體實施例中,劑量為約0.01毫克/公斤病患體重至約5毫克/公斤病患體重、約0.05毫克/公斤病患體重至約1毫克/公斤病患體重、約0.1毫克/公斤病患體重至約0.75毫克/公斤病患體重或約0.25毫克/公斤病患體重至約0.5毫克/公斤病患體重。於一項具體實施例中,一份劑量係每天給予。在任何特定情況中,所投予雜芳基化合物之量係依一些因素而定,譬如活性成份之溶解度、所使用之配方及投藥途徑。
於另一項具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為關於治療或預防疾病或病症之方法,其包括對有需要之病患投予約0.375毫克/天至約750毫克/天、約0.75毫克/天至約375毫克/天、約3.75毫克/天至約75毫克/天、約7.5毫克/天至約55毫克/天或約18毫克/天至約37毫克/天之雜芳基化合物。
於另一項具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為關於治療或預防疾病或病症之方法,其包括對有需要之病患投予約1毫克/天至約1200毫克/天、約10毫克/天至約1200毫克/天、約100毫克/天至約1200毫克/天、約400毫克/天至約1200毫克/天、約600毫克/天至約
1200毫克/天、約400毫克/天至約800毫克/天或約600毫克/天至約800毫克/天之雜芳基化合物。在一項特定具體實施例中,於本文中所揭示之方法包括對有需要之病患投予400毫克/天、600毫克/天或800毫克/天之雜芳基化合物。
於另一項具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為單位劑量配方,其包含約1毫克與約2000毫克、約1毫克與200毫克、約35毫克與約1400毫克、約125毫克與約1000毫克、約250毫克與約1000毫克或約500毫克與約1000毫克間之雜芳基化合物。
在一項特定具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為單位劑量配方,其包含約100毫克或400毫克之雜芳基化合物。
於另一項具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為單位劑量配方,其包含1毫克、2.5毫克、5毫克、10毫克、15毫克、20毫克、30毫克、35毫克、50毫克、70毫克、100毫克、125毫克、140毫克、175毫克、200毫克、250毫克、280毫克、350毫克、500毫克、560毫克、700毫克、750毫克、1000毫克或1400毫克之雜芳基化合物。
雜芳基化合物可每日投予一、二、三、四或更多次。
雜芳基化合物可由於方便性而以經口方式投予。於一項具體實施例中,當經口投予時,雜芳基化合物係與餐飲及水一起投予。於另一項具體實施例中,雜芳基化合物係被分散於水或汁液(例如蘋果汁或橘子汁)中,且以經口方式,以懸浮液投予。於另一項具體實施例中,當經口投予時,雜芳基化合物係在斷食狀態中被投予。
雜芳基化合物亦可以皮內方式、肌內方式、腹膜腔內方式、經皮、靜脈內方式、皮下方式、鼻內方式、硬膜外方式、舌下方式、大腦內方式、陰道內方式、經皮方式、直腸方式、黏膜方式,
藉吸入或以局部方式投予至耳朵、鼻子、眼睛或皮膚。投藥模式係留待保健執行者之判斷,且可部份依醫療症狀之位置而定。
於一項具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為含有雜芳基化合物而無另一種載劑、賦形劑或媒劑之膠囊。
於另一項具體實施例中,本文中所提供者為組合物,其包含有效量之雜芳基化合物,與藥學上可接受之載劑或媒劑,其中藥學上可接受之載劑或媒劑可包括賦形劑、稀釋劑或其混合物。於一項具體實施例中,組合物為醫藥組合物。
組合物可呈片劑、可咀嚼片劑、膠囊、溶液、非經腸溶液、錠劑、栓劑及懸浮液等形式。組合物可經調配以包含日服劑量或日服劑量之合宜分率,在劑量單位中,其可為單一片劑或膠囊或合宜體積之液體。於一項具體實施例中,溶液係製自水溶性鹽,譬如其鹽酸鹽。一般而言,所有組合物係根據醫藥化學中之已知方法製成。膠囊可經由將雜芳基化合物與適當載劑或稀釋劑混合,且將適當量之混合物裝填於膠囊中而製成。一般載劑與稀釋劑包括但不限於惰性粉末狀物質,譬如許多不同種類之澱粉,粉末狀纖維素,尤其是結晶性與微晶性纖維素,糖類,譬如果糖、甘露醇及蔗糖,穀物粉末及類似可食用粉末。
片劑可藉由直接壓縮,藉由濕式造粒,或藉由乾式造粒而製成。其配方除了該化合物之外,通常摻有稀釋劑、黏合劑、潤滑劑及崩解劑。典型稀釋劑包括例如各種類型之澱粉、乳糖、甘露醇、高嶺土、磷酸鈣或硫酸鹽,無機鹽,譬如氯化鈉,及粉末狀糖。亦可使用粉末狀纖維素衍生物。於一項具體實施例中,醫藥組合物係不含乳糖。典型片劑黏合劑為以下物質,譬如澱粉、明膠及糖類,譬如乳糖、果糖、葡萄糖等。天然與合成膠質亦為合
宜,包括阿拉伯膠、海藻酸鹽、甲基纖維素、聚乙烯基四氫吡咯等。聚乙二醇、乙基纖維素及蠟類亦可充作黏合劑。
潤滑劑在片劑配方中可能為必須,以防止片劑與衝模黏附在孔模中。潤滑劑可選自一些光滑固體,譬如滑石、硬脂酸鎂與鈣、硬脂酸及氫化植物油。片劑崩解劑為當被潤濕時會膨脹以分解片劑且釋出化合物之物質。其包括澱粉、黏土、纖維素、藻膠及膠質。更特定言之,除了月桂基硫酸鈉以外,可使用例如玉米與馬鈴薯澱粉、甲基纖維素、瓊脂、膨土、木纖維素、粉末狀天然海綿、陽離子交換樹脂、海藻酸、瓜爾膠、柑橘漿粕及羧甲基纖維素。片劑可以作為矯味劑與密封劑之糖或以可形成薄膜之保護劑塗覆,以修改片劑之溶解性質。組合物亦可被調配成可咀嚼片劑,例如在配方中利用譬如甘露醇之物質。
當期望投予雜芳基化合物作為栓劑時,可使用典型基料。可可豆脂為傳統栓劑基料,其可藉由添加蠟類以稍微地提升其熔點而被改變。水可溶混栓劑基料,包括特別是各種分子量之聚乙二醇,係廣泛使用。
雜芳基化合物之作用可藉由適當配方而被延遲或延長。例如,雜芳基化合物之緩慢溶解丸粒可被製成,且摻入片劑或膠囊中,或作為緩慢釋出可植入裝置。此技術亦包括製造數種不同溶解速率之丸粒,且以丸粒之混合物充填膠囊。片劑或膠囊可以會阻止溶解,歷經一段可預期時間之薄膜塗覆。甚至非經腸製劑可被製成長效,其方式是使雜芳基化合物溶解或懸浮於油性或乳化媒劑中,其係允許其慢慢地分散在血清中。
Chem-4D Draw(ChemInnovation軟體公司,San Diego,CA)或ChemDraw Ultra(Cambridgesoft,Cambridge,MA)係用以產生關於化學結構之名稱。
下列縮寫係被使用於說明例與實例中:
AmPhos:對-二甲胺基苯基二第三丁基膦
Boc:第三-丁氧羰基
dba:二苯亞甲基丙酮
DMSO:二甲亞碸
ESI:電子噴霧離子化作用
HPLC:高性能液相層析法
mp:熔點
MS:質量光譜法
NBS:N-溴基琥珀醯亞胺
NMR:核磁共振
TFA:三氟醋酸
TLC:薄層層析法
MTBE:甲基第三-丁基醚
下述實例係藉由說明方式提出,而非限制。
A. 2-(6-氯基吡 -2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯. 於2,6-二氯吡(50克,336毫莫耳)與2-胺基醋酸乙酯(34.6克,336毫莫耳)中,添加三
乙胺(140毫升,1007毫莫耳)與乙腈(350毫升)。將反應物在80℃下加熱3天。藉過濾移除已沉澱之三乙胺鹽,並以醋酸乙酯與己烷(1:1)洗滌多次。合併濾液與洗滌溶劑,及濃縮。過濾所形成之白黃色沉澱物,且以己烷中之20%醋酸乙酯洗滌,獲得灰白色固體。使濾液接受相同方法,而得另一批次之灰黃色固體。合併批料,而得標題化合物(35.5克,164毫莫耳,49%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 216.1[M+1]+。
B. 2-(吡 -2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯. 使2-(6-氯基吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(23.6克,109毫莫耳)溶於非變性乙醇(250毫升)中,並添加碳酸鉀(15.13克,109毫莫耳)。將反應物置於氮氣下,且添加氫氧化鈀(3.84克,5.47毫莫耳)。將反應物於氫大氣下攪拌18小時。添加另外之氫氧化鈀(3.84克,5.47毫莫耳),並於反應物中添加另外之氫,且將其攪拌過夜。經過矽藻土過濾反應物,及在減壓下移除溶劑,而得標題化合物(15.13克,84毫莫耳,76%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 182.3[M+1]+。
C. 2-(3,5-二溴基吡 -2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯. 使2-(吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(7.6克,41.9毫莫耳)溶於二甲亞碸(80毫升)與水(4.00毫升)中,並冷卻至0℃。慢慢添加N-溴基琥珀醯亞胺(18.66克,105毫莫耳),歷經15分鐘,且使反應物溫熱至室溫,及攪拌48小時。添加另外1.5當量N-溴基琥珀醯亞胺,並將其攪拌過夜。將反應混合物倒入冰水(200毫升)中,且以醋酸乙酯(150毫升)萃取。以碳酸鈉慢慢地使水層中和,直到pH~7為止,並以醋酸乙酯(3x150毫升)萃取。匯集有機層,以鹽水洗滌,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。將殘留物以己烷中之25-33%醋酸乙酯研製,並過濾所形成之沉澱物,而得黃色固體。將其餘褐色殘留物
使用Biotage矽膠層析純化(0-60%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得另一批次之灰黃色固體。合併兩種批料,而得24克標題化合物(24克,71毫莫耳,75%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 338.1[M]+,340.1[M+2]+,342.1[M+4]+。
D. 2-(5-溴基-3-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲胺基)吡 -2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯. 將2-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(2.00克,5.90毫莫耳)、(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲胺(0.713克,6.19毫莫耳)、N,N-二異丙基乙胺(3.08毫升,17.70毫莫耳)及二甲亞碸(4毫升)在具有攪拌棒之微波小玻瓶中合併,且在Biotage Emrys Optimizer微波反應器中於150℃下加熱1小時。將所形成之混合物轉移至具有甲醇之圓底燒瓶。在減壓下移除甲醇與N,N-二異丙基乙胺,並將殘留物使用Biotage急驟式層析純化(5-100%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。將含有所要產物之溶離份在分液漏斗中合併,且以水洗滌兩次,及以鹽水一次。使有機物質以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。使殘留物在高真空及50℃下乾燥,獲得不純所要之產物(1.578克),為琥珀色蠟狀固體,將其取至下一步驟無需進一步純化。MS(ESI)m/z 373.4[M]+,375.4[M+2]+。
E. 7-溴基-1-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將2-(5-溴基-3-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲胺基)吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(1.474克,3.95毫莫耳)在醋酸(13毫升)中之經攪拌溶液,於密封容器中,在120℃下,於油浴中加熱2小時。在減壓下移除醋酸。使殘留物於醋酸乙酯與飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液之間作分液處理,振盪,並分離液層。將水層以醋酸乙酯萃取兩次。使合併之有機物質以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。使殘留物溶於二氯甲烷與己烷中,並藉真空過濾收集所
形成之固體。將固體以己烷洗滌,及在真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.879克,2.688毫莫耳,68%產率),為紫色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 327.1[M]+,329.0[M+2]+。
F. 2-甲基-6-硝基-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯胺. 將4-溴基-2-甲基-6-硝基苯胺(5克,21.64毫莫耳)、雙(品吶可基)二硼(5.50克,21.64毫莫耳)、醋酸鉀(6.37克,64.9毫莫耳)及N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(100毫升)合併,且在真空下脫氣。添加醋酸鈀(0.243克,1.082毫莫耳),並使系統再一次脫氣。將反應物加熱至90℃,歷經2小時。將反應物以水與二氯甲烷萃取。使有機層以無水硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及濃縮。使殘留物藉矽膠管柱層析純化(0-30%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得黃色固體(5.3克,19.0毫莫耳,88%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 279.0[M+1]+。
G. 3-甲基-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯-1,2-二胺. 將2-甲基-6-硝基-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯胺(5.3克,19.06毫莫耳)在甲醇(50毫升)中之溶液以氮氣滌氣。添加鈀/碳(10%重量,50毫克),並將反應混合物於氫氣瓶下攪拌16小時。經過矽藻土過濾反應物,且將濾餅以甲醇沖洗。使濾液濃縮,及使所形成之物質藉矽膠管柱層析純化(0-100%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得暗色油。將此油以己烷中之10%醚研製,獲得黃褐色固體(4.2克,16.9毫莫耳,89%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 248.9[M+1]+。
H. 7-(3,4-二胺基-5-甲基苯基)-1-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將3-甲基-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯-1,2-二胺(0.523克,2.109毫莫耳)、7-
溴基-1-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.600克,1.834毫莫耳)、與二氯甲烷之[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)-二環戊二烯鐵]二氯鈀(II)複合物(1:1)(0.150克,0.183毫莫耳)、碳酸鈉(1M,在水中,5.50毫莫耳)、1,4-二氧陸圜(4.1毫升)及異丙醇(1.4毫升)在具有攪拌棒之可密封容器中合併。將系統以氮滌氣。將所形成之混合物密封,激烈攪拌,並在100℃下加熱3.5小時。將所形成之混合物以二氯甲烷中之20%甲醇稀釋,及在減壓下移除所有揮發性物質。使殘留物溶於二氯甲烷中之20%甲醇內,並在減壓下使用矽膠濃縮。將殘留物使用急驟式層析純化(1-10%甲醇在二氯甲烷中),而得所要之產物(0.669克,1.818毫莫耳,99%產率),為褐色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 369.1[M+1]+。
I. 7-(2-胺基-4-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-6-基)-1-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 於0℃下,將N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(0.5毫升)中之溴化氰(0.059克,0.556毫莫耳)添加至7-(3,4-二胺基-5-甲基苯基)-1-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.195克,0.529毫莫耳)在N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(3毫升)中之經攪拌溶液內。將所形成之深褐色混合物加蓋,並於室溫下攪拌16小時。將所形成之混合物以甲醇稀釋,過濾,及使用逆相製備型HPLC純化(5-50%乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,且在減壓下移除大部份溶劑。將殘留物裝填至得自Phenomenex之Strata X-C離子交換管柱上。將管柱以水、乙腈、甲醇及甲醇中之5%氫氧化銨連續洗滌。使產物以甲醇中之5%氫氧化銨溶離劑溶離,並在減壓下濃縮,及在高真空下於50℃下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.130克,0.331毫莫耳,62%產率),為橘色固體。1H NMR(400MHz,
D2O與DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)8.13(s,1H),7.56(s,1H),7.36(s,1H),4.18(s,2H),4.03(d,J=6.64Hz,2H),3.84-3.90(m,2H),3.24(t,J=11.32Hz,2H),2.40(s,3H),2.04-2.19(m,1H),1.59(d,J=12.10Hz,2H),1.25-1.41(m,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 394.2[M+1]+。
A. 3-(4-溴基-3-甲基苯基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑. 使4-溴基-3-甲基苯甲腈(10.0克,51.0毫莫耳)溶於乙醇(200毫升)中,並攪拌,且於氮氣下冷卻至0℃。使氯化氫氣體起泡進入反應混合物中,歷經20分鐘。將所形成之反應混合物加蓋,並攪拌,同時慢慢溫熱至室溫,歷經5.5小時。於減壓下移除溶劑,及使殘留物在真空下乾燥,獲得13.86克灰白色固體。將灰白色固體甲酸醯肼(4.48克,74.6毫莫耳)、三乙胺(28.0毫升,199毫莫耳)及乙醇(90毫升)在密封管中合併,且加熱,並在90℃下攪拌6.5小時。於減壓下移除所有溶劑,且使所形成之殘留物於醋酸乙酯與水之間作分液處理。分離液層,並將有機物質以鹽水洗滌,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。使殘留物溶於熱醋酸乙酯(13毫升)中,加蓋,並使其在室溫下靜置過夜。於燒瓶底部自固體傾析出溶劑。將固體以醋酸乙酯與乙醚洗滌,及在真空下於45℃下乾燥,而得所要之產物(7.47克,31.4毫莫耳,63%產率),為淡黃色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 238.2[M]+,240.3[M+2]+。
B. 3-(4-溴基-3-甲基苯基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑. 於室溫下,使3-(4-溴基-3-甲基苯基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑(2.00克,8.40毫莫耳)溶於四氫呋喃(10毫升)中,並於氮氣下攪拌。添加3,4-二氫-2H-哌喃(3.80毫升,42.0毫莫耳)與甲烷磺酸(0.027毫升,0.42毫莫耳),且將所形成之混合物在50℃下,於回流冷凝管下,在氮氣下加熱20小時。使所形成之混合物冷卻至室溫,以醋酸乙酯稀釋,並以飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液與鹽水洗滌。使有機物質以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。急驟式層析(10-30-50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得所要之產物(2.64克,8.22毫莫耳,98%產率),為黃色油。MS(ESI)m/z 322[M]+,324[M+2]+。
C. 3-(3-甲基-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑. 將3-(4-溴基-3-甲基苯基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑(2.294克,7.12毫莫耳)、雙(品吶可基)二硼(1.898克,7.48毫莫耳)、與二氯甲烷之[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)-二環戊二烯鐵]二氯鈀(II)複合物(1:1)(291毫克,0.36毫莫耳)、醋酸鉀(2.096克,21.4毫莫耳)及二甲亞碸(15毫升)在圓底燒瓶中合併,且攪拌。將燒瓶中之大氣於真空下移除,並被氮置換三次。將所形成之混合物在90℃及氮氣下加熱4小時。以醋酸乙酯稀釋所形成之混合物,並經過矽藻土過濾。以醋酸乙酯充分地洗滌濾餅。將濾液以水洗滌兩次,以鹽水一次,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。急驟式層析(30-50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得蠟狀半固體,將其在45℃下以己烷研製。使所形成之固體在真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(2.10克,5.69毫莫耳,80%產率),為粉紅色粉末。MS(ESI)m/z 370[M+1]+。
D. 1-(3,5-二溴基吡 -2-基胺基)-2-甲基-1-酮基丙烷-2-基胺基甲酸第三-丁酯. 於室溫下,將1,1'-羰基二咪唑(2.63克,16.24毫莫耳)添加至2-(第三-丁氧羰基胺基)-2-甲基丙酸(3.00克,14.76毫莫耳)在N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(4毫升)與二氯甲烷(8毫升)中之經攪拌溶液內。將所形成之透明無色混合物於室溫及氮氣下攪拌3小時。添加N,N-二異丙基乙胺(3.86毫升,22.14毫莫耳),接著為3,5-二溴基吡-2-胺(5.60克,22.14毫莫耳)。將所形成之混合物在50℃下,於回流冷凝管下,在氮氣下加熱71小時。在減壓下移除二氯甲烷。將殘留物以醋酸乙酯稀釋,並以水洗滌。以醋酸乙酯萃取水層。將合併之有機物質以鹽水洗滌,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。將殘留物以己烷中之30%醋酸乙酯研製,且藉真空過濾收集固體。使濾液在減壓下濃縮,並使用急驟式層析純化(5-50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。將含有所要產物之溶離份與藉過濾所獲得之固體合併,及在減壓下濃縮。使殘留物在高真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(2.38克,5.43毫莫耳,37%產率),為灰白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 439.3[M+1]+,461.1[M+Na]+。
E. N-(3,5-二溴基吡 -2-基)-2-甲基-2-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙胺基)丙醯胺三氟醋酸鹽. 將TFA(3.66毫升,47.5毫莫耳)添加至1-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺基)-2-甲基-1-酮基丙烷-2-基胺基甲酸第三-丁酯(1.04克,2.374毫莫耳)在二氯甲烷(20毫升)中之經攪拌混合物內。將所形成之透明黃色溶液於室溫下攪拌3小時。在減壓下移除所有揮發性物質,及使殘留物在高真空下乾燥,獲得黃色半固體。MS(ESI)m/z 339.1[M+1]+。
添加硫酸鈉(1.686克,11.87毫莫耳),接著為2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙醛(0.396克,3.09毫莫耳)與1,2-二氯乙烷(20毫升)。將所形成之
混合物激烈攪拌,並在80℃下,於回流冷凝管下,在氮氣下加熱2.5小時。添加更多2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙醛(0.100克,0.780毫莫耳)與硫酸鈉(1.00克,7.04毫莫耳),且於80℃下再持續加熱2小時。將所形成之黃色溶液藉由自固體硫酸鈉以吸量管吸取至裝有攪拌棒之乾燥250毫升圓底燒瓶中而移除。將所形成之混合物激烈攪拌,並於氮氣下冷卻至0℃。慢慢添加三乙醯氧基硼氫化鈉(0.553克,2.61毫莫耳)。將所形成之混合物於0℃及氮氣下激烈攪拌30分鐘。移除冷浴,且將所形成之混合物於室溫及氮氣下攪拌2小時。使混合物冷卻至0℃,並添加更多三乙醯氧基硼氫化鈉(0.250克,1.180毫莫耳)。移除冷浴,且將所形成之混合物於室溫及氮氣下攪拌1.5小時。添加更多三乙醯氧基硼氫化鈉(0.055克,0.260毫莫耳)。將所形成之混合物在室溫及氮氣下激烈攪拌1小時,然後在0℃下攪拌過夜。將所形成之混合物以甲醇稀釋,並在減壓下移除揮發性物質。使殘留物溶於甲醇中,過濾,且使用逆相製備型HPLC純化(10-40%乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,及在減壓下移除溶劑。使殘留物在真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.890克,1.978毫莫耳,67%產率),為微黃色泡沫物-固體。MS(ESI)m/z 451.3[M+1]+。
F. 6-溴基-3,3-二甲基-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將N-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基)-2-甲基-2-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙胺基)丙醯胺三氟醋酸鹽(0.856克,1.517毫莫耳)、N,N-二異丙基乙胺(1.321毫升,7.59毫莫耳)及1,4-二氧陸圜(25毫升)在具有攪拌棒之可密封容器中合併。將系統以氮滌氣,並將所形成之混合物密封,激烈攪拌,且於110℃下加熱2.5小時。使反應混合物在減壓下濃縮,及使用急驟式層析純化(5-50%
醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得所要之產物(0.394克,1.068毫莫耳,70%產率),為白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 369.4[M]+,371.3[M+2]+。
G. 3,3-二甲基-6-(2-甲基-4-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將3-(3-甲基-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑(1當量)、6-溴基-3,3-二甲基-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(1當量)、與二氯甲烷之[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)-二環戊二烯鐵]二氯鈀(II)複合物(1:1)(0.1當量)、水中之1M碳酸鈉(3當量)、1,4-二氧陸圜及異丙醇合併,且將系統以氮滌氣。將所形成之混合物激烈攪拌,並在100℃下加熱1.5小時。使所形成之混合物冷卻至室溫,以甲醇稀釋,及在減壓下移除揮發性物質。使殘留物於二氯甲烷與水之間作分液處理,振盪,並分離液層。將水層以二氯甲烷萃取。使合併之有機物質以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。將殘留物使用急驟式層析純化(己烷中之20-100%醋酸乙酯,接著為二氯甲烷中之0-10%甲醇),而得所要之產物,97%產率。MS(ESI)m/z 532.7[M+1]+。
H. 3,3-二甲基-6-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 於80℃下,將水中之6N鹽酸添加至3,3-二甲基-6-(2-甲基-4-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮在乙醇中之經攪拌混合物內。將所形成之混合物激烈攪拌,並在80℃下,於回流冷凝管下,在氮氣下加熱70分鐘。過濾所形成之混合物,及使用逆相製備型HPLC純化(10-65%
乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,以飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液中和,且在減壓下移除乙腈。藉真空過濾收集固體,以水與乙醚充分地洗滌,及在高真空下於50℃下乾燥,而得所要之產物,48%產率。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)11.32(寬廣s.,1H),8.44(寬廣s.,1H),7.96(s,1H),7.90(d,J=8.59Hz,1H),7.70(s,1H),7.56(d,J=7.81Hz,1H),3.78(dd,J=2.93,11.13Hz,2H),3.52-3.64(m,2H),3.23(t,J=10.93Hz,2H),2.48(s,3H),1.51-1.66(m,5H),1.49(s,6H),1.11-1.26(m,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 448.3[M+1]+。
A. 2-(5-溴基-3-(2,4-二甲氧基苄胺基)吡 -2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯. 將2-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(參閱實例1.C)(1.06克,3.13毫莫耳)、(2,4-二甲氧基苯基)甲胺(0.601克,3.60毫莫耳)、N,N-二異丙基乙胺(1.63毫升,9.38毫莫耳)及二甲亞碸(1.6毫升)在具有攪拌棒之微波小玻瓶中合併,且在微波反應器中於150℃下加熱2小時。將所形成之混合物使用急驟式層析純化(5-60%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,及在減壓下幾乎濃縮至乾涸。添加醋酸乙酯(2毫升)與己烷(18毫升)。將所形成之固體藉真空過濾收集,以己烷洗滌,並在高真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.636克,1.495毫莫耳,48%產率),為淡粉紅色固體。1H NMR(300MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)7.24(s,1H),7.19(d,J=8.52Hz,1H),7.11(t,J=5.63Hz,1H),6.84(t,J=4.81Hz,1H),6.59(d,J=2.47
Hz,1H),6.50(dd,J=2.20,8.24Hz,1H),4.37(d,J=4.67Hz,2H),3.96-4.15(m,4H),3.81(s,3H),3.75(s,3H),1.17(t,3H);MS(ESI)m/z 425.3[M]+,426.9[M+2]+。
B. 7-溴基-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮三氟醋酸鹽. 將2-(5-溴基-3-(2,4-二甲氧基苄胺基)吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(0.484克,1.138毫莫耳)、甲醇(0.461毫升,11.38毫莫耳)及TFA(7毫升)在具有攪拌棒之可密封容器中合併。將系統以氮滌氣。將所形成之混合物密封,激烈攪拌,並在75℃下於油浴中加熱25分鐘。將所形成之混合物以水(14毫升)稀釋,且於室溫下攪拌5分鐘。藉真空過濾收集固體,以水與乙醚洗滌,及在高真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.375克,1.093毫莫耳,96%產率),為粉紅色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 229.0[M]+,231.3[M+2]+。
C. 7-(2-甲基-4-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將3-(3-甲基-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑(參閱實例2.C)(0.465克,1.259毫莫耳)、7-溴基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮三氟醋酸鹽(0.432克,1.259毫莫耳)、與二氯甲烷之[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)-二環戊二烯鐵]二氯鈀(II)複合物(1:1)(0.103克,0.126毫莫耳)、碳酸鈉(1M,在水中,3.78毫升,3.78毫莫耳)、1,4-二氧陸圜(2.5毫升)及異丙醇(1毫升)在具有攪拌棒之可密封容器中合併。將系統以氮滌氣。將所形成之混合物密封,激烈攪拌,並在100℃下加熱70分鐘。將所形成之混合物以水與二氯甲烷稀釋,且經過燒結漏斗過濾。將固體以二氯甲烷中之20%甲醇洗滌。合併濾液與洗液,及在減壓下移除溶劑。將殘留物以乙腈研製。添加水。藉真空過濾收集固體,並以
水與乙醚充分地洗滌。將固體以二氯甲烷中之20%甲醇洗滌。合併濾液與洗液,且在減壓下移除溶劑。使殘留物溶於熱DMSO與甲醇中,過濾,及使用逆相製備型HPLC純化(20-65%乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,以飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液中和,並在減壓下幾乎濃縮至乾涸。藉真空過濾收集固體,以水洗滌,及在高真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.072克,0.184毫莫耳,15%產率),為灰白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 392.1[M+1]+。
D. 7-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮鹽酸鹽. 於80℃下,將鹽酸(6N,在水中,0.149毫升,0.894毫莫耳)添加至7-(2-甲基-4-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.070克,0.179毫莫耳)在乙醇(3毫升)中之經攪拌混合物內。將系統以氮滌氣。將所形成之混合物密封,並於80℃下加熱。將所形成之混合物在80℃下加熱25分鐘,然後冷卻至室溫。藉過濾收集固體,以甲醇洗滌,且在高真空下於40℃下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.058克,0.169毫莫耳,94%產率),為白色固體。1H NMR(300MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)11.32(s,1H),8.66(s,1H),7.97(s,1H),7.92(dd,J=1.37,7.97Hz,1H),7.74(s,1H),7.50(d,J=7.97Hz,1H),4.14(s,2H),2.44(s,3H);MS(ESI)m/z 308.3[M+1]+。
A. 2-溴-N-(3,5-二溴基吡 -2-基)乙醯胺. 將2-胺基-3,5-二溴基吡(6.17克,23.7毫莫耳)與溴基醋酸酐(3.0克,11.9毫莫耳)在乙腈(40毫升)中之溶液,於70℃下攪拌。在起始物質完全消耗(藉TLC)時,使溶液濃縮,並於水與醋酸乙酯(3X)之間作分液處理。合併有機層,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下移除溶劑。將所形成之物質使用Biotage管柱層析純化(5-80%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得標題化合物(3.78克,10.1毫莫耳,85%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 372.1[M-2]+,374.0[M]+,376.1[M+2]+,378.3[M+4]+。
B. 6-溴基-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將2-溴-N-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基)乙醯胺(3.30克,8.83毫莫耳)與2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙胺鹽酸鹽(1.46克,8.83毫莫耳)及二異丙基乙胺(6.67毫升,35.3毫莫耳)合併,且於85℃下加熱。在起始物質完全消耗(藉TLC)時,使反應溶液濃縮,並經由Biotage層析純化(0-100%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得標題化合物(1.53克,4.48毫莫耳,50%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 341.4[M]+,343.1[M+2]+。
C. 2-(4-溴苯基)丙-2-醇. 使1-(4-溴苯基)乙酮(9.25克,46.5毫莫耳)溶於四氫呋喃(200毫升)中。使溶液在-50℃浴液中冷卻。添加溴化甲基鎂(3M,在醚中,46.5毫升,139毫莫耳),歷經15分鐘期間。使反應物溫熱至室溫,然後攪拌20小時。以飽和氯化銨使反應淬滅,接著以醋酸乙酯萃取。使有機層以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及濃縮,而得油狀物。使此油於矽膠管柱上純化(0-20%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得產物無色油(9.1克,46.2毫莫耳,91%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 197.1[M]+,199.1[M+2]+。
D. 2-(4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯基)丙-2- 醇. 將2-(4-溴苯基)丙-2-醇(4.7克,21.85毫莫耳)、雙(品吶可基)二硼(6.66克,26.2毫莫耳)、醋酸鉀(6.43克,65.6毫莫耳)及二甲亞碸(50毫升)攪拌,並在真空下脫氣10分鐘。添加與二氯甲烷之[1,1'-雙(二苯基-膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]二氯-鈀(II)複合物(1:1)(0.892克,1.093毫莫耳),且使反應物再脫氣5分鐘。然後,將反應物於氮氣下加熱至80℃,歷經2小時。使反應物冷卻至室溫,接著以1:1醚:醋酸乙酯與水萃取。使所形成之黑色乳化液經過矽藻土墊過濾,及將濾液與萃取層合併。使有機層以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,然後於矽膠管柱上純化(0-25%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。使產物溶離份濃縮,接著在己烷中研製,獲得白色固體(4.0克,15.3毫莫耳,70%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 263.3[M+1]+。
E. 6-(4-(2-羥丙-2-基)苯基)-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將6-溴基-4-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.250克,0.733毫莫耳)、2-(4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯基)丙-2-醇(0.192克,0.733毫莫耳)及二氯[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]鈀(II)二氯甲烷(0.030克,0.037毫莫耳)在二甲基甲醯胺(1.0毫升)中合併。添加水(0.2毫升)中之碳酸鈉(0.311克,2.93毫莫耳),然後,將反應溶液在Biotage Emrys Optimizer微波反應器中於120℃下加熱15分鐘。使已冷卻之反應溶液經過矽藻土過濾,並將濾餅以醋酸乙酯洗滌。合併濾液與醋酸乙酯洗液,且在減壓下移除溶劑。將所形成之物質使用Biotage管柱層析純化(0-5%甲醇在醋酸乙酯中),接著以二甲基甲醯胺與水研製,而得標題化合物(0.074克,0.19毫莫耳,25%)。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)12.24(s,1H),
7.98(s,1H),7.89(d,J=8.39Hz,2H),7.53(d,J=8.39Hz,1H),5.04(s,1H),4.16(s,1H),3.82(dd,J=11.1,2.39Hz,2H),3.61(t,J=7.59Hz,2H),3.25(t,J=9.59Hz,3H),1.70(s,1H),1.66(s,1H),1.58(m,3H),1.44(s,6H),1.25(m,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 397.2[M+1]+;熔點210-212℃。
A. 2-氯-N-(3,5-二溴基吡 -2-基)乙醯胺. 使2-胺基-3,5-二溴基吡(3.0克,11.9毫莫耳)與氯醋酸酐(4.2克,8.7毫莫耳)之溶液在乙腈(10毫升)中,於70℃下反應16小時。使溶液濃縮,並以醋酸乙酯稀釋。將有機物質以碳酸氫鈉(飽和)與碳酸鉀之1:1溶液(1.75M,在水中)洗滌(4X)。合併有機物質,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下移除溶劑。將所形成之固體以己烷中之10%醋酸乙酯研製,而得標題化合物(3.12克,9.3毫莫耳,72%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 328.3[M-1]+,330.4[M+1]+,332.3[M+3]+。
B. N-(3,5-二溴基吡 -2-基)-2-碘乙醯胺. 於2-氯-N-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基)乙醯胺(3.0克,9.11毫莫耳)在丙酮(40毫升)中之溶液內,添加已溶於丙酮(20毫升)中之碘化鈉(13.65克,91毫莫耳)。將溶液於環境溫度下攪拌16小時。使溶液在減壓下濃縮,並以醋酸乙酯(500毫升)稀釋,且以水連續地洗滌(5X),以移除藍色。使有機物質以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下移除溶劑,而得粗產物。將固體以己烷中之10%醋酸乙酯(40毫升)稀釋,並音振,
同時將燒瓶側面刮削。然後,將溶液在加熱槍下加熱5分鐘,接著冷卻,同時於環境溫度下音振。將所形成之固體過濾,且以另外之己烷洗滌,及在真空下乾燥,而得標題化合物(3.0克,7.13毫莫耳,78%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 420.3[M-1]+,422.0[M+1]+,424.0[M+3]+。
C. 6-溴基-4-(2-嗎福啉基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將N-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基)-2-碘乙醯胺(0.5克,1.188毫莫耳)、二異丙基乙胺(0.415毫升,2.376毫莫耳)及2-嗎福啉基乙胺(0.162克,1.248毫莫耳)在乙腈(5毫升)中合併。將溶液加熱至45℃,歷經1小時。使溶液濃縮,並以己烷中之75%醋酸乙酯稀釋。過濾所形成之固體,且收集濾液,及濃縮,接著經由Biotage層析純化(己烷中之0-75%醋酸乙酯,然後為醋酸乙酯中之0-10%甲醇),而得標題化合物(0.228克,0.67毫莫耳,56%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 342.4[M]+,344.4[M+2]+。
D. 2-(5-溴基吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇. 於100毫升圓底燒瓶中,使2,5-二溴基吡啶(1.04克,4.39毫莫耳)溶於甲苯(22毫升)中。使混合物冷卻至-78℃。逐滴添加正-丁基鋰(3.02毫升,4.83毫莫耳)。將混合物攪拌30分鐘,接著添加丙酮(2毫升)。將混合物攪拌40分鐘,然後,使其溫熱至室溫。將混合物以氯化銨(5%水溶液,50毫升)、水(50毫升),接著以鹽水(50毫升)洗滌。使有機層以硫酸鈉脫水乾燥,過濾,及濃縮。使殘留物藉由Biotage純化(16%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。濃縮所要之溶離份,獲得產物(0.82克,3.78毫莫耳,86%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 216.0[M]+,218.1[M+2]+。
E. 2-(5-(三甲基錫烷基)吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇. 於50毫升可再密封燒瓶中,將2-(5-溴基吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇(0.34克,1.574毫莫
耳)、1,1,1,2,2,2-六甲基二錫烷(0.361毫升,1.652毫莫耳)及肆(三苯膦)鈀(0)(0.182克,0.157毫莫耳)在甲苯(5毫升)中合併。
將反應物於115℃下攪拌1.5小時。然後,使混合物濃縮至約2毫升體積。使殘留物經由Biotage純化(16%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。濃縮所要之溶離份,獲得標題化合物(0.33克,1.10毫莫耳,70%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 302.1[M+1]+。
F. 6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(2-嗎福啉基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將6-溴基-4-(2-嗎福啉基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.228克,0.666毫莫耳)與2-(5-(三甲基錫烷基)吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇(0.220克,0.733毫莫耳)在二甲基甲醯胺(3毫升)中合併。將溶液以氮氣滌氣,接著添加二氯[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]鈀(II)二氯甲烷(0.109克,0.133毫莫耳)。將溶液加熱至100℃,歷經2小時。使溶液在減壓下濃縮,並使所形成之油經由逆相-製備型HPLC純化(5-60%乙腈+H2O中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘),且將所要之溶離份裝填至Strata-XC離子交換管柱上。
將管柱以水、乙腈、甲醇及甲醇中之5%氫氧化銨連續洗滌。
使產物以甲醇中之5%氫氧化銨溶離,並在減壓下濃縮,及乾燥,而得標題化合物(0.070克,0.18毫莫耳,26%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)11.33(寬廣s.,1H),9.05(d,J=1.56Hz,1H),8.27(dd,J=8.59,2.34Hz,1H),8.06(s,1H),7.72(d,J=8.59Hz,1H),5.27(s,1H),4.29(s,2H),3.71(t,J=6.44Hz,2H),3.54(t,J=4.49Hz,4H),2.62(t,J=6.44Hz,2H),2.40-2.48(m,4H),1.46(s,6H);MS(ESI)m/z 399.2[M+1]+;熔點239-241℃。
A. 5-溴基-4-甲基甲基吡啶腈. 將2,5-二溴基-4-甲基吡啶(5.0克,19.9毫莫耳)、氰化銅(1.43克,15.9毫莫耳)、氰化鈉(0.801克,16.3毫莫耳)及二甲基甲醯胺(30毫升)在密封反應容器中合併,且於158℃下加熱3小時。使反應混合物藉矽膠管柱層析純化(0-80%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。使所形成之物質接受第二個矽膠管柱(0-20%甲醇在二氯甲烷中)。合併純淨溶離份,及濃縮,而得標題化合物,為白色固體(2.30克,11.6毫莫耳,58%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 198.0[M+1]+。
B. 2-(3,5-二溴基吡 -2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯. 於2000毫升3頸圓底燒瓶中,裝填二甲基甲醯胺(860毫升)中之2-胺基-3,5-二溴基吡(172克,680毫莫耳),並冷卻至0-5℃。以一份添加碳酸銫(288克,884毫莫耳),接著,分批添加氯基醋酸乙酯(87毫升,816毫莫耳)。使溶液溫熱至20-25℃,然後加熱至55℃(發現放熱,發現最高溫度76℃)。一旦內部反應溫度消退至65℃,立即將反應物在65℃下加熱~4小時。使反應物冷卻至20-25℃,並經過濾紙過濾,以移除無機鹽,且以二甲基甲醯胺(3份體積)洗滌固體。將濾液逐滴添加至16份體積之冰水(8份體積冰/8份體積水)中,並將漿液攪拌12-24小時。在過濾之後,將所形成之褐色固體單離,且以水(10份體積)洗滌,及風乾。使粗產物溶於甲基第三-丁基醚(3.46升,15份體積)中。添加炭(C-906,得自Ecosorb,20重量%,46.1克),並將混合物於回流下加熱1小時。在冷卻至室溫後,於矽藻土床上移
除炭,且使濾液濃縮至乾涸。使粗製物溶於醋酸乙酯(576毫升,2.5份體積)中,及濃縮成濃稠漿液。添加2%醋酸乙酯在庚烷中之溶液(1.15升,5份體積),並將混合物在室溫下攪拌30-60分鐘。藉過濾收集產物,以庚烷(2-3份體積)洗滌,及在高真空下於35-40℃下乾燥16小時,而得所要之化合物,為灰白色固體(109克,47%產率)。將第二份收取產物自母液單離,如下述:使濾液濃縮,獲得粗製油。添加醋酸乙酯(1份體積)。將所形成之溶液以先前經單離之產物接種,並在0-5℃下冷卻1小時。藉過濾收集所形成之固體,且以冷醋酸乙酯:庚烷(1:1混合物,<1份體積)洗滌。按前述,使固體乾燥,及與第一份收取產物合併,以提供標題化合物(132克,57%總產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 337.8[M-1]+,339.8[M+1]+,341.8[M+3]+。
C. 7-溴基-1-(((反式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將2-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(500毫克,1.47毫莫耳)、((反式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲胺(317毫克,2.21毫莫耳)及二異丙基乙胺(0.77毫升,4.42毫莫耳)在無水二甲亞碸(8.0毫升)中之溶液,置於微波容器(20毫升)中。將反應物加熱至150℃,歷經1小時。將反應物倒入水中,以醋酸乙酯(2x100毫升)萃取,以硫酸鈉脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。使所形成之物質溶於醋酸(30毫升)中,並置於密封管中。將反應物加熱至120℃過夜。使溶液冷卻,在減壓下濃縮,以飽和碳酸氫鈉中和,以醋酸乙酯(3x100毫升)萃取,以硫酸鈉脫水乾燥,過濾,及吸附至矽膠上。藉急驟式層析純化(50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得淡橘色固體(400毫克,1.12毫莫耳,76%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 355.2[M+]+,357.2{M+2]+。
D. 1-(((反式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將7-溴基-1-(((反式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(2.71克,7.63毫莫耳)、1,1,1,2,2,2-六甲基二錫烷(3.00克,9.15毫莫耳)及肆(三苯膦)鈀(0)(882毫克,0.76毫莫耳)在裝有無水二氧陸圜(40毫升)之密封管中合併,且以氮氣滌氣。將反應物加熱至100℃,歷經4小時。將反應物以醋酸乙酯稀釋,經過矽藻土過濾,將矽藻土以醋酸乙酯洗滌,並使濾液在減壓下濃縮。使粗製物質藉急驟式層析純化(0-50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),且將所要之溶離份合併,及濃縮,而得淡黃色固體(2.32克,5.28毫莫耳,69%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 441.1[M+1]+。
E. 5-(8-(((反式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2-基)-4-甲基甲基吡啶腈. 將1-(((反式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.721克,1.64毫莫耳)、5-溴基-4-甲基甲基吡啶腈(0.323克,1.64毫莫耳)、參(二苯亞甲基丙酮)二鈀(0)(0.150克,0.164毫莫耳)、三乙胺(0.687毫升,4.93毫莫耳)、三-鄰-甲苯基膦(0.100克,0.328毫莫耳)及二甲基甲醯胺(8毫升)在密封反應容器中合併。使氮起泡經過反應物,歷經5分鐘,並將反應物在100℃下加熱3小時。過濾反應物,濃縮,且藉矽膠管柱層析純化(0-80%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。合併溶離份,及濃縮,而得粗製標題化合物,直接使用於下一步驟(0.607克,1.55毫莫耳,94%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 393.5[M+1]+。
F. 5-(8-(((反式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2-基)-4-甲基甲基吡啶醯胺. 將5-(8-(((反
式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)-4-甲基甲基吡啶腈(0.607克,1.55毫莫耳)、三氟醋酸(2.0毫升,26.0毫莫耳)及硫酸(0.5毫升,9.38毫莫耳)合併,且在65℃下加熱1小時。以碳酸鈉調整反應pH值至10,並將所形成之溶液以醋酸乙酯(3 x 15毫升)萃取。收集有機層,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,濃縮,及使用逆相製備型HPLC純化(10-100%乙腈+H2O中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。合併純淨溶離份,並在減壓下濃縮,且於高真空下乾燥,而得標題化合物,為黃色固體(0.425克,1.04毫莫耳,67%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 411.5[M+1]+。
G. (Z)-N-((二甲胺基)亞甲基)-5-(8-(((反式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2-基)-4-甲基甲基吡啶醯胺. 將5-(8-(((反式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)-4-甲基甲基吡啶醯胺(0.412克,1.00毫莫耳)、二甲基甲醯胺二新戊基縮醛(1.5毫升)及四氫呋喃(10毫升)合併,且於85℃下加熱3小時。使反應物在氮氣流下濃縮,置於反應容器中。將粗產物直接使用於下一步驟(0.467克,1.00毫莫耳,100%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 466.6[M+1]+
H. 1-(((反式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-(4-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將(Z)-N-((二甲胺基)亞甲基)-5-(8-(((反式)-4-甲氧基環己基)甲基)-7-酮基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2-基)-4-甲基甲基吡啶醯胺(0.467克,1.00毫莫耳)添加至醋酸(6毫升)中。使反應物冷卻至0℃,並逐滴添加肼(1.00毫升,32毫莫耳)。將反應物攪拌,且溫熱至25℃,歷經10分鐘。使反應物在氮氣流下濃縮,置於反應容器中。添加水(5毫升),並藉過濾收集產物,且使用逆相半製備型HPLC
純化(20-70%乙腈+H2O中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。合併純淨溶離份,並於減壓下濃縮,及在高真空下乾燥,而得標題化合物,為黃色固體(0.046克,0.106毫莫耳,11%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,甲醇-d4)δ(ppm)8.72(s,1H),8.62(s,1H),8.37(s,1H),7.93(s,1H),4.30(s,2H),3.99(d,J=7.03Hz,2H),3.32(s,3H),3.08-3.17(m,1H),2.71-2.76(m,3H),2.06(寬廣s.,2H),1.80-1.89(m,1H),1.74(寬廣s.,2H),1.09(d,J=11.32Hz,4H);MS(ESI)m/z 435.5[M+1]+。
A. 2-(5-溴基-3-(異丙基胺基)吡 -2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯. 於反應小玻瓶中,將2-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(參閱實例6.B)(1.5克,4.43毫莫耳)、異丙胺(0.17克,4.87毫莫耳)、N,N-二異丙基乙胺(1.14克,8.84毫莫耳)及二甲亞碸(10毫升)之混合物,於150℃下之油浴中加熱16小時。於冷卻至室溫後,將所形成之混合物倒入水中,並以醋酸乙酯萃取。使有機層以硫酸鈉脫水乾燥,過濾,於減壓下蒸發,及在矽膠管柱層析上純化(10-20%醋酸乙酯在石油醚中),而得標題化合物(780毫克,55.7%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 316.9[M+1]+。
B. 7-溴基-1-異丙基-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 於可密封容器中,將2-(5-溴基-3-(異丙基胺基)吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(780毫克,2.26毫莫耳)、甲醇(5毫升)及TFA(10毫升)之混合物以氮滌氣,密封,激烈攪拌,並在90℃下使用油浴加熱16小時。
將所形成之混合物以甲醇稀釋,且於減壓下移除溶劑。添加甲醇(10毫升),並於減壓下再一次移除溶劑。添加甲醇(10毫升)與碳酸氫鈉。將所形成之混合物於室溫下攪拌,直到pH=6(在水中)為止,於減壓下移除溶劑。添加水(20毫升)。將混合物以二氯甲烷(20毫升x3)萃取。使有機層以無水硫酸鈉脫水乾燥,濃縮,而得粗產物,並於矽膠管柱層析上純化(10-20%醋酸乙酯在石油醚中),而得標題化合物(360毫克,39.4%產率)。
C. 1-異丙基-7-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將7-溴基-1-異丙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.5克,1.844毫莫耳)、六甲基二錫(0.725克,2.213毫莫耳)、肆(三苯膦)鈀(0)(0.213克,0.184毫莫耳)及1,4-二氧陸圜(3毫升)在具有攪拌棒之可密封容器中合併。使氮氣起泡經過此溶液。將容器密封,激烈攪拌,並在100℃下加熱2小時。將所形成之混濁黑色混合物以醋酸乙酯稀釋,過濾,且以醋酸乙酯充分地洗滌濾餅。使濾液在減壓下濃縮,及使用矽膠急驟式管柱層析純化(20-80%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得所要之產物(0.49克,1.38毫莫耳,75%產率),為黃白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 357.4[M+2]+。
D. 4-溴基-2-氟基-5-甲基苯甲醯胺. 將4-溴基-2-氟基-5-甲基苯甲腈(40克,190毫莫耳)在硫酸(98%)與TFA之混合物(v/v=4:1,480毫升)中之溶液,於80℃下攪拌16小時。使混合物冷卻至室溫後,將所形成之混合物倒入冰冷水中。藉過濾收集所形成之沉澱物,以水洗滌,並在減壓下乾燥,獲得標題化合物(41克,95%產率),為白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 232.0[M+1]+。
E. 4-溴-N-((二甲胺基)亞甲基)-2-氟基-5-甲基苯甲醯胺.
將4-溴基-2-氟基-5-甲基苯甲醯胺(20克,86毫莫耳)在N,N-二甲基-甲醯胺二甲基縮醛(200毫升)中之溶液,於100℃及氮氣下攪拌3小時。使所形成之混合物濃縮,並乾燥,而得所要之產物(24.6克,95%產率),為黃色油,將其使用於下一步驟,無需進一步純化。MS(ESI)m/z 287.0[M+1]+。
F. 3-(4-溴基-2-氟基-5-甲基苯基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑. 在0℃下,於4-溴-N-((二甲胺基)亞甲基)-2-氟基-5-甲基苯甲醯胺(24.6克,86.2毫莫耳)在醋酸(200毫升)中之溶液內,逐滴添加肼水合物(25毫升,0.70莫耳)。將反應混合物在室溫下攪拌過夜。過濾混合物,以水(500毫升x3)洗滌,並在減壓下乾燥,而得標題化合物(15克,68%產率),為白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 256.0[M+1]+。
G. 3-(4-溴基-2-氟基-5-甲基苯基)-1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑. 將3-(4-溴基-2-氟基-5-甲基苯基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑(15克,60毫莫耳)、甲苯-4-磺酸(2.0克,12毫莫耳)及3,4-二氫-2H-哌喃(20克,240毫莫耳)在四氫呋喃(200毫升)中之溶液,於80℃及氮氣下攪拌15小時。使所形成之混合物濃縮,及在矽膠管柱上純化(1-25%醋酸乙酯在石油醚中),獲得經保護之三唑產物(15克,75%產率),為白色固體。1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz):δ(ppm)8.83(s,1H),7.96(d,J=7.6Hz,1H),7.66(d,J=10.0Hz,1H),5.61(dd,J1=2.4Hz,J2=9.6Hz,1H),3.96(d,J=1.6Hz,1H),3.69(m,1H),2.36(s,3H),2.00(m,2H),1.70(m,2H),1.57(m,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 340.0[M+1]+。
H. 7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-異丙基-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將1-異丙基-7-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮
(300毫克,0.84毫莫耳)、3-(4-溴基-2-氟基-5-甲基苯基)-1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑(428毫克,1.26毫莫耳)及雙(三苯膦)二氯化鈀(II)(56毫克,0.08毫莫耳)在N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(5毫升)中合併。使混合物脫氣,並在140℃及氮氣下加熱3小時。於冷卻至室溫後,將反應混合物過濾,且使濾液於醋酸乙酯(15毫升)與水(15毫升)之間作分液處理。分離有機層,並將水層以醋酸乙酯(10毫升x2)萃取。使合併之有機層以硫酸鈉脫水乾燥,過濾,在減壓下濃縮,及藉製備型TLC純化(15%甲醇在二氯甲烷中),而得標題化合物(200毫克,產率52%),為固體。
I. 7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-異丙基-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將7-(5-氟基-2-甲基-4-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1-異丙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(200毫克,0.44毫莫耳)在甲醇性鹽酸鹽溶液(20毫升,2M)中之溶液,於室溫下攪拌5小時。將反應物以飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液(25毫升)稀釋,並以醋酸乙酯(25毫升x2)萃取含水混合物,使有機相以硫酸鈉脫水乾燥,過濾,於減壓下蒸發,及在矽膠管柱上純化(50-100%醋酸乙酯在石油醚中)。合併所要之溶離份,且在減壓下濃縮,而得標題化合物(75毫克,46%產率)。1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz):δ(ppm)14.25(寬廣s.,1H),8.20(寬廣s.,1H),7.90(m,2H),7.58(s,1H),7.35(s,1H),5.24(m,1H),4.10(s,2H),2.43(s,3H),1.44(d,J=7.2,6H);MS(ESI)m/z 368.2[M+1]+。
A. 1-(3,5-二溴基吡 -2-基胺甲醯基)環丙基-胺基甲酸第三-丁酯. 於室溫下,將1,1'-羰基二咪唑(4.37克,27.0毫莫耳)添加至1-(第三-丁氧羰基胺基)環丙烷羧酸(4.93克,24.50毫莫耳)在N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(6毫升)與二氯甲烷(12毫升)中之經攪拌溶液內。將所形成之透明黃色混合物於室溫及氮氣下攪拌4小時。添加N,N-二異丙基乙胺(8.54毫升,49.0毫莫耳),接著為3,5-二溴基吡-2-胺(9.29克,36.8毫莫耳)。將所形成之混合物在50℃下,於回流冷凝管下,在氮氣下加熱60小時。以醋酸乙酯稀釋所形成之混合物,並以水洗滌。分離液層,且將有機層以鹽水洗滌,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。使殘留物溶於二氯甲烷中,並使用急驟式層析純化(Biotage)(5-60%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,及在減壓下濃縮。將殘留物以己烷中之15%醋酸乙酯研製,且在高真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(5.349克,12.27毫莫耳,50%產率),為灰白色固體。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)9.92(寬廣s.,1H),8.76(s,1H),7.70(寬廣s.,1H),1.41(s,9H),1.34-1.40(m,2H),1.02-1.09(m,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 437.3[M+1]+,459.1[M+Na]+。
B. 1-胺基-N-(3,5-二溴基吡 -2-基)環丙烷羧醯胺雙三氟基醋酸鹽. 將TFA(6.02毫升,78毫莫耳)添加至1-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺甲醯基)環丙基胺基甲酸第三-丁酯(3.410克,7.82毫莫耳)在二氯甲烷(20毫升)中之經攪拌混合物內。將所形成之透明黃色溶液於室溫下攪拌4小時。在減壓下移除所有揮發性物質,及使殘留物在高真空下於40℃下乾燥,而得所要之產物(4.42克,7.85毫莫耳,
100%產率),為蠟狀黃色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 337.1[M+1]+。
C. 7'-溴基-1'H-螺[環丙烷-1,2'-吡 并[2,3-b]吡 ]-3'(4'H)-酮. 將1-胺基-N-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基)環丙烷羧醯胺雙三氟基醋酸鹽(0.394克,0.700毫莫耳)、N,N-二異丙基乙胺(0.610毫升,3.50毫莫耳)及1,4-二氧陸圜(6毫升)在具有攪拌棒之可密封容器中合併。將系統以氮滌氣。將所形成之混合物密封,激烈攪拌,並於110℃下加熱2小時。在減壓下移除揮發性物質。使殘留物溶於DMSO與甲醇中,過濾,及使用逆相製備型HPLC純化(10-65%乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,以飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液中和,並在減壓下移除大部份溶劑。藉真空過濾收集固體,以水充分地洗滌,及在高真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.141克,0.553毫莫耳,79%產率),為淡黃色固體。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)11.27(s,1H),8.04(s,1H),7.46(s,1H),1.29-1.38(m,2H),0.91-1.01(m,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 255.1[M]+,257.0[M+2]+。
D. 7'-(2-甲基-4-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1'H-螺[環丙烷-1,2'-吡 并[2,3-b]吡 1-3'(4'H)-酮三氟醋酸鹽. 將3-(3-甲基-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑(參閱實例2.C)(0.201克,0.545毫莫耳)、7'-溴基-1'H-螺[環丙烷-1,2'-吡并[2,3-b]吡]-3'(4'H)-酮(0.139克,0.545毫莫耳)、與二氯甲烷之[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)-二環戊二烯鐵]二氯鈀(II)複合物(1:1)(0.045克,0.054毫莫耳)、碳酸鈉(1M,在水中,1.635毫升,1.635毫莫耳)、1,4-二氧陸圜(1.2毫升)及異丙醇(0.4毫升)在具有攪拌棒之可密封容器中合併。將系統以氮滌氣。將所形成之混合物密封,激烈攪
拌,並在100℃下加熱1小時。將所形成之混合物以水稀釋,且以二氯甲烷萃取三次。使合併之有機物質在減壓下濃縮。使殘留物溶於DMSO與甲醇中,過濾,及使用逆相製備型HPLC純化(20-70%乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,及在減壓下移除溶劑。使殘留物在高真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.109克,0.205毫莫耳,38%產率),為橘色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 418.4[M+1]+。
E. 7'-(2-甲基-4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1'H-螺[環丙烷-1,2'-吡 并[2,3-b]吡 ]-3'(4'H)-酮. 於80℃下,將水中之6N鹽酸(0.171毫升,1.025毫莫耳)添加至7'-(2-甲基-4-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-1'H-螺[環丙烷-1,2'-吡并[2,3-b]吡]-3'(4'H)-酮三氟醋酸鹽(0.109克,0.205毫莫耳)在乙醇(4毫升)中之經攪拌混合物內。將所形成之混合物激烈攪拌,並在80℃下,於回流冷凝管下,在氮氣下加熱30分鐘。過濾所形成之混合物,及使用逆相製備型HPLC純化(10-60%乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,以飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液中和,並在減壓下移除大部份溶劑。藉真空過濾收集固體,以水充分地洗滌,及在高真空下於45℃下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.027克,0.079毫莫耳,39%產率),為黃色固體。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)11.22(寬廣s.,1H),8.63(寬廣s.,1H),7.93(s,1H),7.89(d,J=7.81Hz,1H),7.62(s,1H),7.58(s,1H),7.47(寬廣s.,1H),2.43(s,3H),1.29-1.38(m,2H),0.95-1.04(m,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 334.2[M+1]+。
A. 2-(5-溴基-3-(反式-4-甲氧基環己胺基)吡 -2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯. 將2-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(參閱實例6.B)(30.0克,88毫莫耳)、反式-4-甲氧基環己胺(17.15克,133毫莫耳)、N,N-二異丙基乙胺(30.8毫升,177毫莫耳)及二甲亞碸(70.8毫升)在具有攪拌棒之反應小玻瓶中合併,且於150℃下之油浴中加熱16小時,並攪拌。將所形成之混合物以醋酸乙酯稀釋,及在減壓下移除揮發性物質。將殘留物於Biotage SP1上使用矽膠層析純化(12%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。合併含有所要產物之溶離份,且在減壓下移除有機揮發性物質。將殘留物以己烷中之5%醋酸乙酯研製。藉真空過濾收集固體,以己烷洗滌,及在真空下乾燥,而得乙基標題化合物(15.37克,39.7毫莫耳,44.8%產率),為灰白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 387.0[M]+,389.0[M+2]+。
B. 7-溴基-1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將下述反應物分配至3個各別密封管件中,並個別處理。然後,在純化之後,合併此物質。將2-(5-溴基-3-(反式-4-甲氧基環己胺基)吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(10克,25.7毫莫耳)、甲醇(10.5毫升,259毫莫耳)及TFA(100毫升)在具有攪拌棒之可密封容器中合併。將系統以氮滌氣,並將所形成之混合物密封,激烈攪拌,且在90℃下使用油浴加熱18.5小時。將所形成之混合物以甲醇稀釋,及在減壓下移除所有溶劑。添加甲醇(100毫升),並於減壓下再一次移除所有溶劑。添加甲醇(100毫升)與碳酸氫鈉(12.4克,147毫莫耳)。將所形成之混合物於室溫下攪拌,直
到pH=6(在水中)為止。使混合物幾乎濃縮至乾涸。添加水(100毫升)。藉真空過濾收集所形成之褐色固體,並以水洗滌。使褐色固體溶於熱甲醇與乙腈中,且使用逆相C18急驟式管柱層析純化(20-100%乙腈在水中)。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,及在減壓下幾乎濃縮至乾涸。藉真空過濾收集固體,以水洗滌,並在高真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(4.88克,14.3毫莫耳,55%產率),為淡黃褐色固體。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)7.71(s,1H),7.59(s,1H),4.66(tt,J=3.61,12.20Hz,1H),4.07(d,J=1.56Hz,2H),3.25(s,3H),3.06-3.17(m,1H),2.42(qd,J=3.51,12.89Hz,2H),2.10(d,J=10.93Hz,2H),1.61(d,J=10.93Hz,2H),1.10-1.24(m,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 341.3[M]+,343.1[M+2]+。
C. 7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將2-(5-(三甲基錫烷基)吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇(參閱實例5.E)(9.43克,31.4毫莫耳)、7-溴基-1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(10.02克,29.4毫莫耳)、[1,1'-雙(二苯基-膦基)-二環戊二烯鐵]二氯鈀(II)二氯甲烷加成物(2.398克,2.94毫莫耳)及N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(25毫升)在具有攪拌棒之圓底燒瓶中合併。於真空下移除容器中之大氣,並被氮氣置換三次。將所形成之混合物激烈攪拌,且於120℃及氮氣下加熱35分鐘。將所形成之混合物使用急驟式層析純化,分配至4個各別管柱(2-15%甲醇在二氯甲烷中)中。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,及在減壓下移除大部份溶劑。將所形成之混合物使用逆相製備型HPLC純化(20-40%乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘),分成6次進行。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,且於25℃下在減壓下移除所有乙腈與若干水。將殘留黃
色溶液裝填至得自Phenomenex之50克Strata X-C離子交換樹脂上。將管柱以水、乙腈、甲醇,接著以甲醇中之5%氫氧化銨連續洗滌。使產物以甲醇中之5%氫氧化銨洗液溶離,並在減壓下濃縮,及在高真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(4.85克,12.20毫莫耳,42%產率),為粉紅色泡沫物-固體。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)9.03(d,J=1.56Hz,1H),8.28(s,1H),8.24(dd,J=2.34,8.20Hz,1H),7.74(d,J=7.81Hz,1H),7.61(s,1H),5.26(s,1H),4.90(tt,J=3.71,12.10Hz,1H),4.13(s,2H),3.28(s,3H),3.20(tt,J=4.00,10.84Hz,1H),2.58(qd,J=2.93,12.82Hz,2H),2.14(d,J=10.15Hz,2H),1.68(d,J=10.93Hz,2H),1.47(s,6H),1.17-1.35(m,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 398.3[M+1]+:熔點196-198℃(未經校正)。
D. 7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮(替代途徑). 將2-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(1當量)與反式-4-甲氧基環己胺.鹽酸鹽(1.5當量)、NMP及DIEA合併,且加熱至127℃,並在該溫度下保持18小時。於反應完成時,使混合物冷卻至35℃,歷經4小時。將此批料轉移至醋酸乙酯與5%鹽水之混合物。移除水層,及將含有批料之有機層以5%鹽水與水連續洗滌。使含有批料之有機層藉真空蒸餾濃縮至低體積,冷卻至環境溫度,並藉真空過濾收集固體。將濾餅以MTBE洗滌,且使產物在真空中乾燥,獲得41%產率之2-(5-溴基-3-(反式-4-甲氧基環己胺基)吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯。將2-(5-溴基-3-(反式-4-甲氧基環己胺基)吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(1當量)、水與85%磷酸(3:1)之混合物加熱至80℃,歷經1小時。保持加熱18小時,以達成反應完成。於反應完成時,使混合物冷
卻至25℃,並過濾,獲得粗產物,為黃褐色固體。將所形成之固體以水洗滌,在水中配成漿液,及過濾。將濾餅以水洗滌,直到濾液之pH值係在4與8之間為止。使所形成之物質在真空下乾燥,而得89%產率之7-溴基-1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮、將7-溴基-1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(1當量)、5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)-2-(2-(三甲基矽烷基氧基)丙-2-基)吡啶(1當量)、碳酸鈉(3當量)及PdCl2(AmPhos)2(0.003當量)在異丙醇中合併,且在70℃下加熱1.5小時。標準處理及純化係獲得經保護之化合物,93%產率。使用標準條件去除保護,以移除三甲基矽烷基,及單離,獲得標題化合物。
A. 5-溴基-6-甲基甲基吡啶腈. 將3,6-二溴基-2-甲基吡啶(4.9克,19.53毫莫耳)、氰化銅(I)(1.75克,19.53毫莫耳)及N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(20毫升)在具有攪拌棒之可密封容器中合併。將所形成之混合物密封,激烈攪拌,並於110℃下加熱4小時。以醋酸乙酯稀釋所形成之混合物,倒入含有水之分液漏斗中,並分離液層。以醋酸乙酯萃取水層兩次。將合併之有機物質以鹽水洗滌,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。使所形成之固體藉矽膠層析純化(10%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得標題化合物,為白色固體(1.88克,9.54毫莫耳,49%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 197.3[M]+。
B. 3-(3,5-二溴基吡 -2-基胺甲醯基)嗎福啉-4-羧酸第三-丁 酯. 將4-(第三-丁氧羰基)嗎福啉-3-羧酸(1.500克,6.49毫莫耳)與1,1'-羰基二咪唑(1.578克,9.73毫莫耳)在N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(2毫升)與二氯甲烷(6毫升)中之溶液,於室溫及氮氣下攪拌4.5小時。添加N,N-二異丙基乙胺(2.260毫升,12.97毫莫耳),接著為3,5-二溴基吡-2-胺(3.28克,12.97毫莫耳)。將所形成之混合物攪拌,並在50℃下,於回流冷凝管下,在氮氣下加熱2天。使所形成之混合物在減壓下濃縮。將殘留物以水稀釋,且以醋酸乙酯萃取3次。將合併之有機物質以水與鹽水洗滌,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。將殘留物使用急驟式層析純化(20-30-50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得所要之產物(2.136克,4.58毫莫耳,71%產率),為微黃色泡沫物-固體。MS(ESI)m/z 467[M+1]+。
C. 9-溴基-6,11,4a-三氫嗎福啉并[4,3-e]吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -5-酮. 使3-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺甲醯基)嗎福啉-4-羧酸第三-丁酯(2.132克,4.57毫莫耳)溶於二氯甲烷(45毫升)中,並在室溫下攪拌。添加TFA(9毫升),且將所形成之淡黃色混合物加蓋,及在室溫下攪拌2.5小時。於減壓下移除溶劑,並使殘留物在高真空下於45℃下乾燥,獲得黏稠黃色油。使黃色油溶於異丙醇(潮濕)(50毫升)中,且在室溫下攪拌。添加碳酸氫鈉(3.84克,45.7毫莫耳)、醋酸鈀(II)(0.103克,0.457毫莫耳)及4,5-雙(二苯基膦基)-9,9-二甲基二苯并哌喃(0.239毫升,1.372毫莫耳)。將燒瓶中之大氣移除,並被氮置換。將所形成之混合物激烈攪拌,且在80℃下,於回流冷凝管下,在氮氣下加熱2小時。使所形成之混合物冷卻至室溫,並以水(30毫升)稀釋。藉真空過濾收集所形成之固體,以水與乙醚充分地洗滌,及在高真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物,~90%純度(1.441克,5.05毫莫耳,99%產率),為黃色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 285[M]+,
287[M+2]+。
D. 9-(1,1-二甲基-1-錫烷乙基)-6,11,4a-三氫嗎福啉并[4,3-e]吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -5-酮. 將9-溴基-6,11,4a-三氫嗎福啉并[4,3-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮(0.30克,1.052毫莫耳)、六甲基二錫(0.414克,1.263毫莫耳)、肆(三苯膦)鈀(0)(0.122克,0.105毫莫耳)及1,4-二氧陸圜(5毫升)在具有攪拌棒之可密封容器中合併。使氮氣起泡經過此溶液,歷經五分鐘。將容器密封,激烈攪拌,並在100℃下加熱2小時。將所形成之混濁黑色混合物以醋酸乙酯稀釋,過濾,且以醋酸乙酯充分地洗滌濾餅。使濾液在減壓下濃縮,及使用Biotage急驟式層析純化(20-80%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得所要之產物(0.350克,0.948毫莫耳,90%產率),為黃白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 369.5[M]+。
E. 6-甲基-5-(5-酮基(6,11,4a-三氫嗎福啉并[4,3-e]吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -9-基))吡啶-2-甲腈. 將5-溴基-6-甲基甲基吡啶腈(0.080克,0.406毫莫耳)、9-(1,1-二甲基-1-錫烷乙基)-6,11,4a-三氫嗎福啉并[4,3-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-5-酮(0.150克,0.406毫莫耳)、參(二苯亞甲基丙酮)二鈀(0)(0.041克,0.045毫莫耳)、三-鄰-甲苯基膦(0.027克,0.089毫莫耳)及三乙胺(0.170毫升,1.219毫莫耳)置於密封管中,並添加N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(2毫升)。使氮氣起泡經過反應混合物,歷經五分鐘,且將反應物密封,及在100℃下加熱1小時。將所形成之混濁黑色混合物以甲醇稀釋,過濾,並將濾餅以甲醇充分地洗滌。使濾液在減壓下濃縮,且使用Biotage急驟式層析純化(50-100%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得所要之產物(0.117克,0.363毫莫耳,89%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 323.5[M+1]+
F. 6-甲基-5-(5-酮基(6,11,4a-三氫嗎福啉并[4,3-e]吡 并 [2,3-b]吡 -9-基))吡啶-2- . 將6- 基-5-(5- 基(6,11,4a-三 嗎 啉并[4,3-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-9-基))吡啶-2- 腈(0.18克0.558 )圓底 中 並同 加TFA(1.6升) (0.4升)之合。將 之 在室 下 16小 。將 合 傾倒 冰上 且以固 化 使 小 地中和。 之固 以 及在 下乾 化合(0.153克 0.450 81%) 固。MS(ESI)m/z 341.5[M+1]+
G. 9-(6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)-2- 基-3-吡啶基)-6,11,4a-三 嗎 啉并[4,3-e]吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -5- . 將6- 基-5-(5- 基(6,11,4a-三 嗎 啉并[4,3-e]吡并[2,3-b]吡-9-基))吡啶-2- (0.159克 0.467 )、N,N-二 基 二 基 (2升8.85 )及二 亞碸(0.5升) 中 並加 85℃ 1小 。將 以 (5升 87) 且 加肼(0.468升 14.90 )。將反 25℃下 30分。使 合 在 壓下 並以 和 使 小 地中和。 將 以 乙 取三 在 壓下 及使 半 備型HPLC 化(5-50%乙腈+ 中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA 20分) 化合(0.03克 0.082 17.63%)。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)7.96-8.04(m,2H),7.88(s,1H),4.33(dd,J=3.71,10.74Hz,1H),4.15-4.23(m,2H),3.98(dd,J=3.51,11.71Hz,1H),3.51-3.63(m,2H),2.89-2.99(m,1H),2.70(s,3H)MS(ESI)m/z 365.5[M+1]+
A. 6-溴基-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 於N-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基)-2-碘乙醯胺(參閱實例5.B)(6.6克,15.8毫莫耳)與二異丙基乙胺(4.0克,31.6毫莫耳)在乙腈(50毫升)中之溶液內,添加四氫-2H-哌喃-4-胺(6.4克,63.2毫莫耳),並將混合物於環境溫度下攪拌16小時。在減壓下移除溶劑,使殘留物於矽膠上藉層析純化(5-20%醋酸乙酯在石油醚中),而得標題化合物(1.98克,40%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 313.1[M+1]+。
B. 4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-6-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將6-溴基-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(1.98克,6.35毫莫耳)、肆(三苯膦)鈀(1.45克,1.27毫莫耳)及六甲基二錫(4.0克,12.7毫莫耳)在二氧陸圜(10毫升)中之經脫氣混合物,於氮氣下,在90℃下加熱3小時。使反應混合物在減壓下濃縮,及在矽膠管柱上純化(10-20%醋酸乙酯在石油醚中),而得產物(1.07克,42.3%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 399.1[M+1]+。
C. 6-(6-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-6-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(1當量)、5-溴基-2-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶(1.2當量)、參(二苯亞甲基丙酮)二鈀(0.1當量)、三-鄰-甲苯基膦(0.2當量)、三乙胺(3當量)及N,N-二甲基甲醯胺之混合物,於氮氣下,在95℃下加熱3小時。濃縮及層析
純化係獲得所要之產物,39%產率。MS(ESI)m/z 463.1[M+1]+。
D. 6-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將6-(6-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮在甲醇性鹽酸鹽溶液中之混合物,於室溫下攪拌0.5小時。在減壓下蒸發溶劑,獲得粗產物,將其以N,N-二甲基甲醯胺洗滌,而得標題化合物,為鹽酸鹽,34%產率。1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz)δ(ppm)11.44(s,1H),9.30(s,1H),8.59(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),8.46(s,1H),8.22(m,2H),4.70(t,J=10Hz,1H),4.16(s,1H),3.99(m,4H),3.51(t,J=11.2Hz,2H),1.86(m,2H),1.69(d,J=12.8Hz,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 379.1[M+1]+。
A. 7-溴基-1-乙基-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將2-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(參閱實例6.B)(1當量)、乙胺鹽酸鹽(3.1當量)、N,N-二異丙基乙胺(4當量)在N-甲基四氫吡咯酮中之混合物,於105℃及氮氣下加熱14小時。標準醋酸乙酯/水處理係獲得粗產物,77%產率。使用此物質無需進一步純化。將粗製2-(5-溴基-3-(乙胺基)吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯與醋酸在甲醇中合併。使反應混合物在60-62℃及氮氣下回流16小時。使反應物在減壓下濃縮,並將所形成之殘留物以甲醇稀釋,及濃縮。使所形成之殘留物溶於醋酸乙酯中,以碳酸鈉處理,且攪拌10分鐘,直到pH~7為止。過濾混合物,並以醋酸乙酯洗滌。使濾液濃縮,
及藉由矽膠填充柱純化法,使用(0-40%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)純化,獲得產物,為黃褐色固體。此外,使濾餅懸浮於水中,以移除碳酸鉀。將殘留固體產物藉過濾收集。此方法係以75%之合併產率獲得產物。
B. 1-乙基-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 使3-溴基-2-甲基-6-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶(1當量)、雙(品吶可基)二硼(1.05當量)、醋酸鉀(2當量)、碳酸鉀(3當量)、與二氯甲烷之[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)-二環戊二烯鐵]二氯鈀(II)複合物(1:1)(0.1當量)在無水二氧陸圜中之混合物脫氣,並在90℃下加熱2小時。使混合物冷卻至<40℃,並添加7-溴基-1-乙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(1當量)、水及與二氯甲烷之[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)-二環戊二烯鐵]二氯鈀(II)複合物(1:1)(0.05當量)。使混合物脫氣,且於65-70℃及氮氣下加熱1小時。使混合物冷卻至<40℃,以水與醋酸乙酯稀釋。標準醋酸乙酯/水處理,接著為急驟式管柱層析(0-5%甲醇在二氯甲烷中),獲得標題化合物,57%產率。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)7.99(s,2H),7.93(s,1H),7.72(s,1H),4.22(s,2H),4.05(q,J=6.77Hz,2H),2.71(s,3H),1.18(t,J=7.03Hz,3H);MS(ESI)m/z 337.6[M+1]+。
A. 5-溴基-6-甲基甲基吡啶醯胺. 將5-溴基-6-甲基甲基吡
啶腈(1.8克,9.14毫莫耳)在TFA與硫酸之混合物(30毫升,4:1,v/v)中之溶液,於40℃下攪拌16小時。將反應混合物倒入冰水中。濾出所形成之固體,並以水洗滌,且乾燥,而得所要之產物,為白色固體(1.0克,4.65毫莫耳,54%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 217.1[M+2]+。
B. 3-溴基-2-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶. 將5-溴基-6-甲基甲基吡啶醯胺(1克,4.65毫莫耳)與N,N-二甲基甲醯胺二甲基縮醛(20毫升)在具有攪拌棒之100毫升圓底燒瓶中合併,且在85℃下,於回流冷凝管下,在氮氣下加熱3小時。使所形成之混合物於減壓下濃縮,及在真空下乾燥,獲得黃色油,將其使用於下一步驟無需純化。以醋酸(10毫升)稀釋殘留物,並逐滴添加肼(2.5毫升,70.3毫莫耳),且將其在室溫下攪拌5小時。將反應混合物倒入冰水中。過濾所形成之固體,以水洗滌,及乾燥,而得所要之產物,為白色固體。將含水濾液以二氯甲烷萃取。使有機層在減壓下幾乎濃縮至乾涸,而產生另外之物質。合併兩份批料,獲得所要之產物(0.7克,2.9毫莫耳,63%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 241.1[M+2]+。
C. 3-溴基-2-甲基-6-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶. 使3-溴基-2-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶(0.7克,2.93毫莫耳)與3,4-二氫-2H-哌喃(0.493克,5.86毫莫耳)溶於四氫呋喃(20毫升)中。添加TFA(3.34毫克,0.029毫莫耳),並將所形成之溶液加熱至70℃,歷經16小時。使反應混合物冷卻至室溫,以醋酸乙酯稀釋,過濾,及倒入含有水與醋酸乙酯之分液漏斗中。使有機層在減壓下濃縮。急驟式層析(0-60%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得所要之產物,為白色固體(0.40克,1.23毫莫耳,42%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 325.1[M+2]+。
D. (順式)-4-甲氧基環己胺鹽酸鹽. 在氮大氣下,於圓底燒瓶中,添加(順式)-4-羥基環己基胺基甲酸第三-丁酯(7.8克,36.2毫莫耳),並懸浮於無水四氫呋喃(181.0毫升)中,且冷卻至0℃。然後添加氫化鈉(2.174克,54.3毫莫耳),並將所形成之溶液攪拌5分鐘。在氮大氣下,於第二個燒瓶中,添加碘化甲烷(2.265毫升,36.2毫莫耳),且懸浮於無水四氫呋喃(10.0毫升)中。將四氫呋喃中之碘化甲烷溶液慢慢逐滴添加至第一個燒瓶中,歷經3分鐘。將反應物在室溫下攪拌16小時。在減壓下移除有機揮發性物質,並於醋酸乙酯(3X)與水之間作分液處理。匯集有機離份,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。使所形成之物質藉矽膠管柱層析純化(25-50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。合併所要之溶離份,且在減壓下移除有機揮發性物質,接著添加鹽酸(4M,在1,4-二氧陸圜中,23.5毫升)。將所形成之溶液加熱至40℃,歷經1小時,並在減壓下移除有機揮發性物質,而得標題化合物(6.0克,36.2毫莫耳,100%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 130.1[M+1]+。
E. 6-溴基-4-((順式)-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 於N-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基)-2-碘乙醯胺(參閱實例5.B)(1.0克,2.376毫莫耳)與二異丙基乙胺(1.038毫升,5.94毫莫耳)在乙腈(10毫升)中之溶液內,添加(順式)-4-甲氧基環己胺鹽酸鹽(0.413克,2.495毫莫耳)。將溶液在55℃下攪拌3小時。過濾所形成之沉澱物,並以乙腈洗滌,且於減壓下乾燥,而得標題化合物(0.442克,1.29毫莫耳,55%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 341.3[M]+,343.3[M+2]+。
F. 4-((順式)-4-甲氧基環己基)-6-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將6-溴基-4-((順式)-4-甲氧基環己
基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.442克,1.295毫莫耳)、肆(三苯膦)鈀(0.225克,0.194毫莫耳)及六甲基二錫(0.322毫升,1.554毫莫耳)在二氧陸圜(5毫升)中合併。將溶液以氮氣滌氣,並在經螺帽加蓋之管件中加熱至90℃,歷經3小時。使溶液在減壓下濃縮,及使用Biotage管柱層析純化(0-50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得標題化合物(0.356克,0.837毫莫耳,65%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 426.5[M+1]+,427.5[M+1]+。
G. 4-((順式)-4-甲氧基環己基)-6-(2-甲基-6-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將4-((順式)-4-甲氧基環己基)-6-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.292克,0.687毫莫耳)、3-溴基-2-甲基-6-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶(0.244克,0.756毫莫耳)、參(二苯亞甲基丙酮)二鈀(0.063克,0.069毫莫耳)、三-鄰-甲苯基膦(0.042克,0.137毫莫耳)、三乙胺(0.287毫升,2.061毫莫耳)及二甲基甲醯胺(5.0毫升)在經螺帽加蓋之燒瓶中合併,且加熱至95℃,歷經1小時。使溶液在減壓下濃縮,及使用Biotage層析純化(己烷中之0-80%醋酸乙酯,接著為醋酸乙酯中之0-10%甲醇),而得標題化合物(0.279克,0.687毫莫耳,80%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 505.6[M+1]+。
H. 4-((順式)-4-甲氧基環己基)-6-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將4-((順式)-4-甲氧基環己基)-6-(2-甲基-6-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.279克,0.553毫莫耳)以乙醇(15毫升)與氯化氫(4.0N,在二氧陸圜中,5毫升)稀釋。將溶液在75℃下攪拌1小時,
並於80℃下2小時。使溶液濃縮成漿液,且以乙醇稀釋,及音振。過濾沉澱物,並以另外之乙醇,接著以乙腈洗滌。將粗製固體使用逆相半製備型HPLC純化(10-100%乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘),而得標題化合物(0.040克,0.095毫莫耳,17%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,甲醇-d4)δ(ppm)7.88-8.13(m,2H),7.65(s,1H),4.58(s,1H),4.16(s,2H),3.47(寬廣s.,1H),3.22-3.32(m,66H),2.73(s,3H),2.08(寬廣s.,2H),1.91(寬廣s.,2H),1.56(寬廣s.,4H);MS(ESI)m/z 421.2[M+1]+;熔點192-195℃。
A. 1-異丙基-7-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將7-溴基-1-異丙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(參閱實例7.B)(0.5克,1.844毫莫耳)、六甲基二錫(0.725克,2.213毫莫耳)、肆(三苯膦)鈀(0)(0.213克,0.184毫莫耳)及1,4-二氧陸圜(3毫升)在具有攪拌棒之可密封容器中合併。使氮氣起泡經過此溶液。將容器密封,激烈攪拌,並在100℃下加熱2小時。將所形成之混濁黑色混合物以醋酸乙酯稀釋,過濾,且以醋酸乙酯充分地洗滌濾餅。使濾液在減壓下濃縮,及使用矽膠急驟式管柱層析純化(20-80%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得所要之產物(2.410克,77%產率),為黃白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 357.4[M+2]+
B. 1-異丙基-7-(2-甲基-6-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 於燒瓶中,添加3-溴基-2-甲基-6-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑
-3-基)吡啶(0.446克,1.380毫莫耳)、1-異丙基-7-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.490克,1.380毫莫耳)、參(二苯亞甲基丙酮)二鈀(0)(0.139克,0.152毫莫耳)、三-鄰-甲苯基膦(0.092克,0.304毫莫耳)、三乙胺(0.577毫升,4.14毫莫耳)及N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(3毫升)。使氮氣起泡經過反應混合物,歷經5分鐘,並將混合物加熱至100℃,歷經1小時。於冷卻至室溫後,使反應混合物經過矽藻土過濾,以甲醇沖洗,及濃縮至乾涸。使所形成之殘留物藉由矽膠急驟式管柱層析純化(己烷中之0-80%醋酸乙酯,接著為二氯甲烷中之0-10%甲醇),而產生所要之產物(0.40克,0.921毫莫耳,66.7%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 435.5[M+1]+。
C. 1-異丙基-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 於1-異丙基-7-(2-甲基-6-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.400克,0.921毫莫耳)在乙醇(40毫升)中之經攪拌混合物內,在50℃下,添加氯化氫(4M,在二氧陸圜中,1.381毫升,5.52毫莫耳)。將所形成之混合物在50℃及氮氣下加熱1小時。使此懸浮液在減壓下濃縮,並使所形成之固體溶於二甲亞碸中,且使用矽膠層析純化(0-10%經氨飽和之甲醇在二氯甲烷中),而得標題化合物(0.200克,0.571毫莫耳,62.0%產率),為褐紅色固體。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)8.10(寬廣s.,1H),8.01(寬廣s.,2H),7.92(s,1H),5.26(五重峰,J=6.93Hz,1H),4.14(s,2H),3.58(d,J=5.08Hz,3H),1.47(d,J=6.64Hz,6H);MS(ESI)m/z 351.5[M+1]+。
D. 1-異丙基-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮(替代途徑). 將7-溴基-1-
異丙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(1當量)、雙(品吶可基)二硼)(1當量)、醋酸鉀(3當量)及雙(1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵)鈀(0.01當量)在二氧陸圜中合併,以氮脫氣,並於氮氣下加熱至95℃。以醋酸乙酯稀釋,經過矽藻土過濾,濃縮,以醋酸乙酯與己烷研製,過濾,及乾燥,獲得二羥基硼烷酯,60%產率。將3-(5-溴基-6-甲基吡啶-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-羧酸第三-丁酯(1當量)、1-異丙基-7-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(1.2當量)、肆(三苯膦)鈀(0)(0.05當量)、碳酸鈉(3當量)在(3:1)二甲基乙醯胺與水中合併。使混合物脫氣,並加熱至100℃過夜。標準醋酸乙酯/水處理,且在醋酸乙酯中之後續研製,獲得所要之產物,41%產率。
A. 2-(5-溴基-3-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙胺基)吡 -2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯. 將2-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(參閱實例6.B)(1.0克,2.95毫莫耳)與2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙胺(0.381克,2.95毫莫耳)置於微波小玻瓶中,添加二甲亞碸(2毫升),並將所形成之混合物在Biotage Emrys Optimizer微波反應器中於150℃下加熱3600秒。將粗製反應混合物使用矽膠層析純化(33%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),產生標題化合物(0.5克,1.3毫莫耳,44%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 387.1[M]+,389.1[M+2]+。
B. 7-溴基-1-(2-(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二氫吡 并 [2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)- . 將2-(5- 基-3-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙 基)吡-2-基 基) 乙(0.5克 1.291 ) (6M 在 中 0.215升 1.291 )在乙 (2升)中合併 並將 之 合 在Biotage Emrys Optimizer 反 器中 100℃下加2400。使反 合 及使 層 化(33% 乙 在己 中) 化合(定 )。MS(ESI)m/z 341.1[M]+,343.1[M+2]+。
C. 1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-7-(三 基 基)-3,4-二 吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)- . 將7- 基-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)- (0.4克 1.29 )、六 基二 (0.57克 1.75 )及 (三 )(0)(0.2克 0.176 ) 具 1,4-二 圜(5升)之密封 中。將 以 密封 並 110℃下加 1小 。使反 合 冷卻 室 且 土 以 乙 。使 並 小 之 劑 合 (50%己 在 乙 中)一 及 單 化合(0.34克 0.8 54.6%)。MS(ESI)m/z 427[M+2]+。
D. 7-(1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-5-基)-1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-3,4-二 吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)- . 將1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-7-(三 基 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)- (1.0克 2.352 )、5- 基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶(0.556克 2.82 )、參(二 亞 基丙 )(0)(0.237克 0.259 )、三- - 基(0.158克 0.518 )及三乙 (0.984升 7.06 )在密封 中合併 加二 基 (5升)。 下 容器中之大 並 。將反
應物加熱至100℃,歷經1小時。於冷卻至室溫後,使反應混合物經過矽藻土過濾。將濾餅以醋酸乙酯洗滌。合併洗液與濾液,及幾乎濃縮至乾涸。使所形成之固體溶於熱甲醇中,經過矽藻土過濾,並藉由逆相製備型HPLC純化(5-80%乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。收集純淨溶離份,以氫氧化銨中和,及濃縮至乾涸。過濾所獲得之固體,以水洗滌,並在高真空下乾燥,產生標題化合物(0.10克,0.264毫莫耳,11.2%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)11.71(寬廣s.,1H),8.81(s,1H),8.44(s,1H),8.26(s,1H),7.49(d,J=10.54Hz,2H),6.48(寬廣s.,1H),4.18(s,2H),4.13(t,J=6.44Hz,2H),3.82(d,J=12.89Hz,2H),3.27(t,J=11.13Hz,2H),1.71(d,J=12.49Hz,2H),1.60(寬廣s.,3H),1.24(d,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 379.2[M+1]+;熔點255-258℃
A. 6-溴基-4-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將N-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基)-2-碘乙醯胺(參閱實例5.B)(8.0克,19.01毫莫耳)、(四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲胺(2.63克,22.81毫莫耳)及二異丙基乙胺(6.64毫升,38.0毫莫耳)置於250毫升圓底燒瓶中,懸浮於乙腈(80.0毫升)中,並加熱至40℃,歷經16小時。過濾所形成之白色沉澱物,以乙腈,接著以己烷洗滌,及在真空下乾燥,而得標題化合物(4.89克,14.95毫莫耳,79%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 327.4[M]+,329.5[M+2]+。
B. 6-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-4-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲 基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將6-溴基-4-((四氫-2H-哌喃-4-基)甲基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(35.98克,110毫莫耳)、2-(5-(三甲基錫烷基)吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇(參閱實例5.E)(33.0克,110毫莫耳)及與二氯甲烷之[1,1'-雙(二苯基-膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]二氯-鈀(II)複合物(1:1)(8.05克,11.00毫莫耳)在密封管中合併,且懸浮於N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(288毫升)中。然後,將反應物加熱至125℃,歷經2小時。使反應物稍微地冷卻,並趁仍然溫熱時傾倒至矽膠管柱上,及使用Biotage SP1純化(0-100%(5%甲醇在醋酸乙酯中)在己烷中)。合併所要之溶離份,且在減壓下移除有機揮發性物質。將殘留物以己烷中之20%醋酸乙酯研製,接著為以變性乙醇之數次洗滌。使微黃色固體在減壓下乾燥,而得所要之化合物(15.08克,39.3毫莫耳,35.8%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)11.32(s,1H),9.07(d,J=1.56Hz,1H),8.29(dd,J=8.59,2.34Hz,1H),8.05(s,1H),7.72(d,J=8.20Hz,1H),5.26(s,1H),4.21(s,2H),3.83(d,J=2.73Hz,2H),3.51(d,J=7.42Hz,2H),3.27(t,J=11.32Hz,2H),2.09(寬廣s.,1H),1.61(d,J=11.3Hz,2H),1.46(s,6H),1.24-1.38(m,2H);MS(ESI)m/z 384.2[M+1]+;熔點268-269℃。
A. 7-溴基-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 使2-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基胺基)醋酸乙酯(參閱實例1.C)(1當量)、2-甲氧基乙胺(1當量)、二異丙基乙胺(3當
量)懸浮於二甲亞碸中,並在Emrys Biotage微波反應器中於150℃下加熱1小時。標準醋酸乙酯/水處理係獲得粗製物質,使其懸浮於99.7%醋酸中。將反應物密封,加熱至120℃,並將其攪拌2小時。將反應物在醋酸乙酯中萃取。匯集有機層,且以飽和碳酸氫鈉,接著以鹽水洗滌,並以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥。濃縮及急驟式管柱層析(0-100%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得所要之產物,27%產率,歷經兩個步驟。MS(ESI)m/z 287.4[M]+,289.4[M+2]+。
B. 7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 使7-溴基-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(1當量)、2-(5-(三甲基錫烷基)吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇(參閱實例5.E)(1當量)及二氯雙(三苯膦)-鈀(II)(0.2當量)懸浮於二甲基甲醯胺中。將反應物以氮滌氣,並加熱至140℃,歷經2小時。使反應物冷卻至室溫,經過矽藻土過濾,且以醋酸乙酯洗滌。在減壓下移除揮發性物質,及將所形成之紫色漿液使用矽膠管柱層析純化(0-100%(5%甲醇在醋酸乙酯中)在己烷中)。合併所要之溶離份,且在減壓下移除有機揮發性物質。將固體在己烷中之5%醋酸乙酯內研製,並以己烷洗滌,而得所要之產物,38%產率。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)9.02(d,J=1.6Hz,1H),8.27(s,1H),8.24(dd,J=8.6,2.3Hz,1H),7.71(d,J=0.8Hz,1H),7.69(s,1H),5.25(s,1H),4.28(t,J=6.2Hz,2H),4.20(d,2H),3.60(t,J=6.2Hz,2H),3.26(s,3H),1.46(s,6H);MS(ESI)m/z 344.3[M+1]+。
A. 7-(1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-4-基)-1-[2-(四 -哌喃-4-基)-乙基]-3,4-二 -1H-吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2- . 將1-(2-(四 -2H-哌喃-4-基)乙基)-7-(三 基 基)-3,4-二 吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-(參 實例15.C)(1 )、4- 基-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-1- 三-丁 (1 )、參(二 亞 基丙 )(0.13 )、三- - 基(0.25 )及三乙 (2.8 )在 二 圜中 合 2分 並 95℃及 下 3-4小 。在 TLC 反 完 壓下 且將 層 化 之 35% 。MS(ESI)m/z 479.7[M+1]+。將4-(7- 基-8-(2-(四 -2H-哌 喃-4-基)乙 基)-5,6,7,8-四 吡并-[2,3-b]吡-2-基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-1- 三-丁 在 中 室 下 。在 TLC 反 完 壓下 劑 並使 上 化 化合 63% 。1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz)δ(ppm)11.72(s,1H),8.38(s,1H),8.25(d,J=4.8Hz,1H),7.79(s,1H),7.53-7.51(m,2H),6.97(q,J=1.6Hz,1H),4.23(s,2H),4.14(t,J=7.6Hz,2H),3.81(dd,J1=2.4Hz,J2=11.2Hz,2H),3.25(d,J=10.8Hz,2H),1.67(d,J=13.2Hz,2H),1.61(m,3H),1.22(m,2H)MS(ESI)m/z 379.2[M+1]+。
A. 1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-7-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將7-溴基-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(參閱實例17.A)(0.5克,1.741毫莫耳)、1,1,1,2,2,2-六甲基二錫烷(0.856克,2.61毫莫耳)及肆(三苯膦)鈀(0)(0.201克,0.174毫莫耳)在1,4-二氧陸圜(20毫升)中合併,且於140℃下加熱2小時。使所形成之混合物冷卻至室溫,以醋酸乙酯稀釋,並經過矽藻土過濾。使濾液在減壓下濃縮。急驟式層析(0-30%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得所要之產物,為透明油(0.5克,1.34毫莫耳,77%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 373.0[M+2]+。
B. 1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-7-(三甲基錫烷基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(0.5克,1.348毫莫耳)、3-溴基-2-甲基-6-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶(0.436克,1.348毫莫耳)、參(二苯亞甲基丙酮)二鈀(0)(0.123克,0.135毫莫耳)、三-鄰-甲苯基膦(0.082克,0.270毫莫耳)、三乙胺(0.584毫升,4.04毫莫耳)及N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(10毫升)在75毫升可密封燒瓶中合併,將燒瓶中之大氣移除,並被氮置換。將混合物在130℃下攪拌3小時。使所形成之混合物冷卻至室溫,且過濾。使有機層在減壓下濃縮。將所形成之殘留物以甲醇與二甲亞碸稀釋,過濾,及使用逆相製備型HPLC純化(10-30%乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。使含有純淨產物之溶離份通過Phenomenex Strata-X-C固相萃取管柱。將管柱以水、乙腈、甲醇及甲醇中之5%氫氧化銨連續洗滌。使產
物以甲醇中之5%氫氧化銨溶離劑溶離,並在減壓下濃縮。將殘留物以己烷中之乙醚研製,以製成微細粉末,及在真空下於50℃下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.05克,0.136毫莫耳,10%產率),為白色固體。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)8.10(寬廣s.,1H),7.98(寬廣s.,1H),7.94(s,1H),7.73(寬廣s.,1H),4.13-4.28(m,4H),3.55(t,J=6.25Hz,2H),3.24(s,3H),2.70(寬廣s.,3H);MS(ESI)m/z 367.2[M+1]+。
A. 6-溴基-4-乙基-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 於2-溴-N-(3,5-二溴基吡-2-基)乙醯胺(參閱實例4.A)(1當量)與二異丙基乙胺(3當量)在乙腈中之溶液內,添加乙胺鹽酸鹽(1.05當量)。將溶液加熱至70℃,歷經30分鐘。使溶液在減壓下濃縮,並使用管柱層析純化(0-75%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得標題化合物,36%產率。MS(ESI)m/z 257.5[M]+,259.4[M+2]+。
B. 4-乙基-6-(4-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-3,4-二氫-吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮. 將6-溴基-4-乙基-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮(1.1當量)、4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-3-(4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑(1當量)及二氯[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]鈀(II)二氯甲烷(0.05當量)在1,4-二氧陸圜中合併,接著添加水中之碳酸鈉(3當量)。將溶液在Biotage Emrys Optimizer微波反應器
中加熱至120℃,歷經30分鐘。使溶液在減壓下濃縮,並使用管柱層析純化(0-10%甲醇在醋酸乙酯中),而得標題化合物,45%產率。MS(ESI)m/z 406.6[M+1]+。
C. 6-(4-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-4-乙基-3,4-二氫吡 并[2,3-b]吡 -2(1H)-酮鹽酸鹽. 將乙醇中之4-乙基-6-(4-(4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)苯基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮,以2N氯化氫,在二氧陸圜中處理。將溶液在75℃下攪拌1小時。使溶液部份濃縮,並冷卻。將冷乙醇添加至漿液中,且過濾所形成之沉澱物,及以另外之冷乙醇,接著以己烷洗滌,而得標題化合物,為其鹽酸鹽,82%產率。1H NMR(400MHz,甲醇-d4)δ(ppm)9.18(s,1H),8.22(d,J=8.59Hz,2H),8.04-8.09(m,3H),7.66-7.74(m,1H),7.58-7.64(m,1H),4.24(s,2H),3.74(q,J=7.03Hz,2H),1.29(t,J=7.03Hz,4H),0.79-0.98(m,4H);MS(ESI)m/z 322.2[M+1]+。
製成下列結構單位,且使用於如本文中所述之製備或其此項技藝中已知之變型。
A. 4-溴基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶. 於0℃下,將三氟甲基磺酸酐(9.3克,33毫莫耳)溶液逐滴添加至1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶7-氧化物(3克,22毫莫耳)與四丁基溴化銨(10.8克,33毫莫耳)在N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(30毫升)中之混合物內。將所形成之混合物在0℃下攪拌4小時,並於室溫下過夜。以水使反應淬滅,且以1N氫氧化鈉
中和至pH=7。將所形成之混合物以二氯甲烷與異-丙醇(30毫升,Vm:Vp=4:1)之混合物萃取兩次。合併有機層,以無水硫酸鈉脫水乾燥,濃縮,及藉由逆相製備型HPLC純化(0-30%:乙腈+水中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經15分鐘),而得標題化合物(1.5克,34.3%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 196.8[M+1]+,198.8[M+3]+。
B. 4-溴基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶-1-羧酸第三-丁酯. 將4-溴基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶(250毫克,1.26毫莫耳)、二碳酸二-第三-丁酯(302毫克,1.38毫莫耳)、二甲基-吡啶-4-基-胺(7.6毫克,0.06毫莫耳)及三乙胺(127毫克,1.26毫莫耳)在無水二氯甲烷(15毫升)中之混合物,於室溫下攪拌3小時。在藉TLC顯示反應完成時,於減壓下移除揮發性物質,並使殘留物於矽膠上藉管柱層析純化(9-25%醋酸乙酯在石油醚中),而得所要之產物(230毫克,61%產率),為油狀物。MS(ESI)m/z 242.9[M-56+1]+
A. 4-溴基-1H-吲唑. 在0℃下,於3-溴基-2-甲基苯胺(5克,27毫莫耳)在氯仿(1毫升)中之溶液內,添加醋酸酐(5克,27毫莫耳),並將混合物於室溫下攪拌1小時。添加醋酸鉀(0.75克,7.8毫莫耳)與亞硝酸異戊酯(0.78克,58毫莫耳),且使反應混合物回流18小時。在減壓下移除揮發性物質,並添加水(0.65毫升)。使混合物濃縮,以濃鹽酸鹽(1毫升)稀釋,且在50℃下加熱2小時。於冷卻至
室溫後,添加氫氧化鈉水溶液(50%),直到pH=10為止。將含水混合物以醋酸乙酯(100毫升x3)萃取。以鹽水(150毫升)洗滌合併之有機層,以無水硫酸鈉脫水乾燥,過濾,蒸發,及在矽膠管柱上純化(3%醋酸乙酯在石油醚中),而得所要之產物(2.69克,34%產率),為固體。MS(ESI):m/z 197.0[M+1]+。
B. 4-溴基-1-(四氫-哌喃-2-基)-1H-吲唑. 將4-溴基-1H-吲唑(1.82克,9.24毫莫耳)、3,4-二氫-2H-哌喃(1.55克,18.48毫莫耳)及甲苯-4-磺酸(0.26克,1.39毫莫耳)在無水四氫呋喃(40毫升)中之溶液,於80℃及氮氣下加熱過夜。於減壓下移除溶劑,並使殘留物於矽膠管柱上純化(3%醋酸乙酯在石油醚中),而得標題化合物(2.13克,81%產率),為黃色固體。MS(ESI):m/z 280.9[M+1]+。
C. 1-(四氫-哌喃-2-基)-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-[1,3,2]二氧硼伍圜-2-基)-1H-吲唑. 將4-溴基-1-(四氫-哌喃-2-基)-1H-吲唑(2.13克,7.45毫莫耳)、雙(品吶可基)二硼(3.73克,14.9毫莫耳)、磷酸鉀(2.70克,12.67毫莫耳)、醋酸鈀(0.174克,0.75毫莫耳)及三苯膦(0.59克,2.24毫莫耳)在1,2-二甲氧基-乙烷(50毫升)中之經脫氣混合物,於100℃及氮氣下加熱過夜。在冷卻至室溫後,將反應混合物過濾,於減壓下濃縮,及在矽膠管柱上純化(10-30%醋酸乙酯在石油醚中),獲得產物(1.83克,74%產率),為固體。MS(ESI):m/z 329.2[M+1]+。
A. 4-溴基-3-氟基-2-甲基苯胺. 於3-氟基-2-甲基苯胺(25
克,200毫莫耳)在醋酸(140毫升)中之經攪拌溶液內,在0-5℃下,添加溴化氫(100毫升,200毫莫耳),然後慢慢逐滴添加二甲亞碸(72毫升)(反應係為放熱,且在溫度高於5-15℃下,產生二溴基異構物)。將混合物在5-15℃下攪拌12小時(混合物變成透明溶液)。使所形成之溶液冷卻至0℃,並以氫氧化鈉,接著以碳酸氫鈉中和至pH 7。將混合物以醋酸乙酯萃取。使有機層在減壓下濃縮。急驟式層析(0-10%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得所要之產物,為白色固體(23.3克,114毫莫耳,57%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ(ppm)7.11(t,J=8.20Hz,1H),6.35(d,J=8.98Hz,1H),3.72(寬廣s.,2H),2.07(d,J=1.95Hz,3H)。
B. 4-胺基-2-氟基-3-甲基苯甲腈. 將4-溴基-3-氟基-2-甲基苯胺(23克,113毫莫耳)與氰基銅(20.19克,225毫莫耳)、N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(200毫升)之混合物加熱至140℃,歷經7小時。
使混合物冷卻至室溫後,過濾,並倒入含有水與醋酸乙酯(1:1)之分液漏斗中。分離液層,且使有機層在減壓下濃縮。急驟式層析(0-50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得所要之產物(11.4克,76毫莫耳,67%產率),為褐色固體。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ(ppm)7.22(t,1H),6.45(d,J=8.59Hz,1H),4.23(寬廣s.,2H),2.07(s,3H);MS(ESI)m/z 151.1[M+1]+。
C. 4-溴基-2-氟基-3-甲基苯甲腈. 將二甲亞碸(400毫升)與亞硝酸鉀(22.67克,266毫莫耳)之混合物攪拌,以使亞硝酸鉀溶解,並添加4-胺基-2-氟基-3-甲基苯甲腈(10克,66.6毫莫耳)與溴化銅(I)(1.911克,13.32毫莫耳)。逐滴添加經二甲亞碸(200毫升)稀釋之48%溴化氫水溶液(33毫升,266毫莫耳),並將反應物攪拌2小時。在起始物質之完全轉化後,將反應混合物倒入冰-冷水中,且
以冷濃氫氧化鈉中和至pH 7。藉過濾收集所形成之固體,而得所要之產物(11.4克,53.3毫莫耳,80%產率),為白色固體。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ(ppm)7.47(d,J=9.37Hz,1H),7.33(t,1H),2.39(d,J=2.34Hz,3H)。
D. 4-溴基-2-氟基-3-甲基苯甲醯胺. 將4-溴基-2-氟基-3-甲基苯甲腈(11克,51.4毫莫耳)在TFA-硫酸(4:1,v/v)之100毫升混合物中,於40℃下攪拌16小時。在起始物質之完全轉化後,將反應混合物倒入冰-冷水中。濾出所形成之固體,並以水洗滌,且乾燥,而得所要之產物(11.24克,48.4毫莫耳,94%產率),為白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 234.1[M+2]+。
E. 3-(4-溴基-2-氟基-3-甲基苯基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑. 將4-溴基-2-氟基-3-甲基苯甲醯胺(11克,47.4毫莫耳)與N,N-二甲基甲醯胺二甲基縮醛(60毫升)在具有攪拌棒之100毫升圓底燒瓶中合併,且在55℃下,於回流冷凝管下,在氮氣下加熱3小時。使所形成之混合物在減壓下濃縮,及在真空下乾燥,獲得黃色油,將其使用於下一步驟無需純化。在0℃下以醋酸(60毫升)稀釋殘留物,並逐滴添加肼單水合物(20毫升),且將其在室溫下攪拌5小時。在起始物質之完全轉化後,將反應混合物倒入冰-冷水中,並以冰冷濃氫氧化鈉中和至pH 7。將所形成之固體藉真空過濾收集。使固體溶於醋酸乙酯(400毫升)中,且攪拌15分鐘,過濾不溶性固體,使濾液以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,於減壓下濃縮,及在真空下乾燥,獲得褐色純固體(4.3克,16.79毫莫耳,35%產率),將其使用於下一步驟無需純化。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ(ppm)8.12(s,1H),7.97(t,J=8.00Hz,1H),7.52(d,J=8.59Hz,1H),2.44(d,3H)。
F. 3-(4-溴基-2-氟基-3-甲基苯基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)- 4H-1,2,4-三唑. 將甲烷磺酸(0.090毫升,1.390毫莫耳)添加至3-(4-溴基-2-氟基-3-甲基苯基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑(7.0克,27.3毫莫耳)與3,4-二氫-2H-哌喃(12.68毫升,139毫莫耳)在四氫呋喃(33毫升)中之經攪拌溶液內。將所形成之混合物在85℃下,於回流冷凝管下,在氮氣下攪拌20小時。以醋酸乙酯稀釋混合物,並以飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液與鹽水洗滌。使有機層以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。將殘留物使用急驟式層析純化(20-30-50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中)。合併含有產物之溶離份,且在減壓下移除溶劑,而得所要之產物(8.8克,95%產率),為黃色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 340.0[M]+
A. 4-溴基-2-氟基苯甲醯胺. 將4-溴基-2-氟基苯甲腈(10.0克,50.0毫莫耳)在TFA(56.0毫升,727毫莫耳)-硫酸(14.0毫升,263毫莫耳)(4:1 v/v)之70毫升混合物中之溶液,於40℃下攪拌16小時。趁仍然溫熱時,將反應物傾倒在冰水上。產物沉澱,並將固體過濾,且乾燥,獲得4-溴基-2-氟基苯甲醯胺(9.53克,43.7毫莫耳,87%產率),為白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 218.1[M]+,220.1[M+2]+。
B. 3-(4-溴基-2-氟苯基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑. 將4-溴基-2-氟基苯甲醯胺(9.53克,43.7毫莫耳)與N,N-二甲基甲醯胺二甲基縮醛(75.0毫升)在500毫升圓底燒瓶中合併,且以氮滌氣。將反應物在85℃下加熱至回流,歷經2小時。使所形成之混合物在減壓下濃縮,及在真空下乾燥,而得黃色油。使此油懸浮於濃醋酸(75.0毫升)中,並冷卻至0℃。逐滴添加肼水合物(21.88克,437毫莫耳),
且將混合物在室溫下攪拌5小時。將反應物溫熱傾倒至冷冰上,並以二氯甲烷(3x200毫升)萃取。在減壓下移除有機揮發性物質,而得3-(4-溴基-2-氟苯基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑(7.20克,29.7毫莫耳,68.1%產率),為白色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 241,9[M]+,243.9[M+2]+。
A. 2-(5-溴基-4-甲基吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇. 使2,5-二溴基-4-甲基吡啶(4.0克,15.94毫莫耳)溶於甲苯(60.0毫升)中,並使反應物冷卻至-78℃。逐滴添加丁基鋰(7.01毫升,17.54毫莫耳),且將反應物攪拌30分鐘。然後添加丙酮(4.69毫升,63.8毫莫耳),並使反應物溫熱至室溫,且攪拌16小時。以飽和氯化銨使反應淬滅,於醋酸乙酯(3x200毫升)中萃取,及以水,接著以鹽水洗滌。使有機物質以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,並在減壓下移除揮發性物質。使化合物於矽膠層析上純化(0-50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得2-(5-溴基-4-甲基吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇(2.33克,10.13毫莫耳,63.5%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 230.3[M]+,232.3[M+2]+。
B. 2-(4-甲基-5-(三甲基錫烷基)吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇. 將2-(5-溴基-4-甲基吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇(2.33克,10.13毫莫耳)與肆(三苯膦)鈀(0)(1.045克,1.013毫莫耳)添加至耐壓管中,並懸浮於1,4-二氧陸圜(33.8毫升)中。然後添加1,1,1,2,2,2-六甲基二錫烷(2.99毫升,12.15毫莫耳),且加熱至150℃,歷經30分鐘。使反應物冷卻至室溫,並經過矽藻土過濾,且以醋酸乙酯洗滌。在減壓下移除有機揮發性物質,接著,在醋酸乙酯(3x200毫升)與水中萃取。於減壓下移除有機揮發性物質,及將化合物於Biotage管柱上使用矽膠管
柱層析純化(10-50%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得2-(4-甲基-5-(三甲基錫烷基)吡啶-2-基)丙-2-醇(1.75克,5.57毫莫耳,55.0%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ(ppm)8.31(s,1H),7.51(s,1H),5.25(寬廣s.,1H),2.37(s,3H),1.41(s,6H),0.65(寬廣s.,3H),0.34(s,6H)。
A. 5-溴基-6-甲基甲基吡啶腈. 於裝有機械攪拌器與氮氣入口管之1升三頸圓底燒瓶中,裝填3,6-二溴基-2-甲基吡啶(150克,0.59莫耳)、氰化銅(I)(42.8克,0.47莫耳)及氰化鈉(23克,0.47莫耳)。於混合物中,添加N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(300毫升)。將混合物加熱至95℃,並攪拌48小時。使反應混合物冷卻至環境溫度,且倒入乙醇(3升)中,同時攪拌。經過矽藻土墊過濾混合物,使濾液在減壓下濃縮,並在水(3升)與醋酸乙酯(3升)之間進行分液處理。分離有機層,且以鹽水(2 x 600毫升)洗滌,以無水硫酸鈉脫水乾燥,過濾,及濃縮。使粗產物藉由矽膠填充柱純化法純化(0-5%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得產物(61.5克,45%產率),為白色固體。此外,單離19.32克(14%)起始物質與產物之混合物。
B. 5-溴基-6-甲基甲基吡啶基腙醯胺. 於500毫升三頸圓底燒瓶中,裝有5-溴基-6-甲基甲基吡啶腈(101.5克,0.515莫耳)、乙醇(122毫升)及肼水合物(50毫升,1.03莫耳)。將所形成之極濃稠混合物於環境溫度下攪拌24小時。添加更多乙醇(50毫升),並將混合物攪拌度過週末。過濾混合物,且以冷乙醇(100毫升)與冷己烷(50
毫升)洗滌。使固體在真空烘箱中乾燥,而得產物(110克,93%產率),為灰白色固體。
C. 3-溴基-2-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶. 將500毫升三頸圓底燒瓶裝上機械攪拌器、經連接至J-KEM溫度控制器之熱電偶及回流冷凝管。於燒瓶中,裝填5-溴基-6-甲基甲基吡啶基腙醯胺(100克,0.463莫耳)與甲酸(250毫升)。將所形成之溶液加熱至100℃,並攪拌48小時。在減壓下移除甲酸,且將所形成之漿液以水(1.5升)處理,同時激烈攪拌。過濾混合物,並以水(300毫升)洗滌。將固體轉移至圓底燒瓶中,且以水(1升)與1M氫氧化鈉溶液處理,直到pH 7為止。將混合物攪拌30分鐘,過濾,以水(300毫升)洗滌,並在真空烘箱中於30-35℃下乾燥48小時,而得產物(96克,92%產率),為白色固體。
D. 3-溴基-2-甲基-6-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶. 於3-溴基-2-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶(96.0克,0.4莫耳)在四氫呋喃(780毫升)中之懸浮液內,添加3,4-二氫-2H-哌喃(72.5毫升,0.8莫耳)與甲烷磺酸(3.2毫升)。將混合物加熱至65℃,並將所形成之黃色溶液在65℃下攪拌6小時。使混合物冷卻至環境溫度,以三乙胺(23毫升)使反應淬滅,在減壓下濃縮,及進一步於高真空中乾燥1小時。使所形成之油溶於乙腈(250毫升)中,且將溶液添加至水(750毫升)中,同時激烈攪拌。添加更多乙腈(80毫升),並將混合物攪拌1小時。將所形成之固體過濾,以1:4乙腈/水(800毫升)洗滌,及在真空烘箱中乾燥48小時,而得產物(110克,85%產率),為白色固體。將產物進一步藉由矽膠填充柱純化法純化(1:1己烷/醋酸乙酯),獲得88克純產物,為白色固體,與16.2克較不純產物。MS(ESI)m/z 239.1[M]+,241.1[M+2]+。
E. 3-(5-溴基-6-甲基吡啶-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-羧酸第三-丁酯. 於3-溴基-2-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶(300克,1.25莫耳)在二氧陸圜(4升)中之混合物內,添加碳酸鈉(398克,3.75莫耳),接著為水(4升)。添加二碳酸二-第三-丁酯(274克,1.25莫耳),並將混合物在室溫下攪拌1小時。然後,將混合物以冷水(~10升)稀釋,且以醋酸乙酯(4升x 3)萃取。將合併之醋酸乙酯層以鹽水洗滌,以硫酸鈉脫水乾燥,過濾,及濃縮,而得產物(254克,60%產率),為微黃色固體。
A. 4-溴基苯并醯亞胺酸乙酯鹽酸鹽. 使4-溴基苯甲腈(17.65克,97毫莫耳)在乙醇(500毫升)中之溶液,以氯化氫氣體,在0℃下酸化十五分鐘。將溶液攪拌16小時。使溶液在減壓下濃縮,而得標題化合物(25.35克,99%)。MS(ESI)m/z 228.1[M]+,230.4[M+2]+。
B. 3-(4-溴苯基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑. 將4-溴基苯并醯亞胺酸乙酯鹽酸鹽(35.6克,135毫莫耳)、甲酸醯肼(16.16克,269毫莫耳)及三乙胺(75毫升,538毫莫耳)在經螺帽加蓋之燒瓶中合併,且加熱至85℃,歷經16小時。使溶液在減壓下濃縮,而得固體,使其在水與醋酸乙酯(3X)之間作分液處理,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,並在減壓下移除溶劑。使所形成之固體與己烷中之20%醋酸乙酯一起音振,過濾,及乾燥,而得標題化合物(14.6克,65.2毫莫耳,48%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 224.1[M]+,226.1[M+2]+。
C. 3-(4-溴苯基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑. 將3-(4-溴苯基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑(14.1克,62.9毫莫耳)、3,4-二氫-2H-哌喃(10.59毫莫耳)及甲烷磺酸(1.19克,6.29毫莫耳)在四氫呋喃(150毫升)中之溶液,於75℃下加熱2小時。使溶液濃縮,並於碳酸氫鈉溶液與醋酸乙酯(3X)之間作分液處理,使有機物質以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下移除溶劑。將固體以己烷中之10%醋酸乙酯研製,而得標題化合物(8.1克,26.3毫莫耳,70%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 308.4[M]+,310.5[M+2]+。
D. 4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-3-(4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑. 將3-(4-溴苯基)-4-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑(8.1克,26.3毫莫耳)、雙(品吶可基)二硼(6.67克,26.3毫莫耳)及醋酸鉀(10.32克,105毫莫耳)在二甲基甲醯胺(100毫升)中合併。將溶液以氮氣滌氣2分鐘。然後添加二氯[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]鈀(II)二氯甲烷(1.07克,1.31毫莫耳),並將溶液加熱至100℃,歷經16小時。使溶液經過矽藻土過濾,及使濾液在減壓下濃縮,而得暗色油。使此油經由Biotage層析純化(0-70%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),於乾燥時,獲得固體。將固體以己烷稀釋,音振,過濾,並乾燥,而得標題化合物(7.1克,20.0毫莫耳,71%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 356.5[M+1]+。
A. (E)-5-溴-N-((二甲胺基)亞甲基)甲基吡啶醯胺. 將5-溴基甲基吡啶醯胺(0.500克,2.49毫莫耳)與二甲基甲醯胺二甲基縮醛(20毫升)之溶液加熱至85℃,歷經3小時。使反應物濃縮,並將產
物直接使用於下一步驟(0.604克,95%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 257.1[M+1]+。
B. 5-溴基-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶. 將(E)-5-溴-N-((二甲胺基)亞甲基)甲基吡啶醯胺(0.604毫克,2.36毫莫耳)與肼(2.12克,66.1毫莫耳)之溶液於25℃下攪拌3小時。使反應物濃縮,並以水稀釋。藉過濾收集所形成之沉澱物,及在真空下乾燥,而得標題化合物(0.442克,83%產率)。MS(ESI)m/z 226.1[M+1]+。
C. 5-溴基-2-(1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶. 將5-溴基-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶(0.342毫克,1.52毫莫耳)、3,4-二氫-2H-哌喃(0.256克,3.04毫莫耳)及4-甲苯磺酸(0.058克,0.30毫莫耳)在四氫呋喃中之溶液加熱至75℃,歷經6小時。使反應物濃縮,及使用Biotage管柱層析純化(0-20%甲醇在二氯甲烷中),以提供半純淨產物,為油狀物(0.614克,1.9毫莫耳,>100%產率)。使用此物質而無需進一步純化。MS(ESI)m/z 309.4[M]+,311.1[M+2]+。
A. (6-溴基-4-甲基苯并咪唑-2-基)-N-甲胺. 於0℃下,將N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(1.0毫升)中之異硫氰基甲烷(0.055克,0.746毫莫耳)慢慢地逐滴添加至5-溴基-3-甲苯-1,2-二胺(0.150克,0.746毫莫耳)在N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(1.5毫升)中之經攪拌溶液內。移除冷浴,將反應混合物加蓋,並於室溫下攪拌48小時。添加N-(3-二甲
胺基丙基)-N'-乙基碳化二亞胺鹽酸鹽(0.157克,0.821毫莫耳),且將反應混合物加蓋,及在40℃下加熱過夜。將所形成之混合物以甲醇稀釋,過濾,並使用逆相製備型HPLC純化(10-50%乙腈+H2O中之0.1% TFA+0.1% TFA,歷經30分鐘)。將含有所要產物之溶離份合併,且在減壓下移除大部份溶劑。添加乙腈,並將所形成之混合物裝填在Strata離子交換管柱上。將管柱以水、乙腈、甲醇及甲醇中之5%氫氧化銨連續洗滌。使產物以甲醇中之5%氫氧化銨溶離,且於減壓下濃縮,及在高真空下乾燥,而得所要之產物(0.128克,0.53毫莫耳,72%產率),為微黃色蠟狀固體。MS(ESI)m/z 240[M]+,242[M+2]+。
B. 6-溴基-4-甲基-2-(甲胺基)-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-1-羧酸第三-丁酯. 將(6-溴基-4-甲基苯并咪唑-2-基)-N-甲胺(0.128克,0.533毫莫耳)、二異丙基乙胺(0.464毫升,2.67毫莫耳)、二碳酸二-第三-丁酯(0.349克,1.599毫莫耳)及N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(5毫升)在100毫升圓底燒瓶中合併,加蓋,並於室溫下攪拌21小時。使所形成之混合物於水與醋酸乙酯之間作分液處理。分離液層,且將有機物質以水與鹽水洗滌。使有機物質以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,在減壓下濃縮,及使用急驟式層析純化(10-30%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),而得所要之產物(0.092克,0.27毫莫耳,51%產率),為黃色蠟狀固體。MS(ESI)m/z 340[M]+,342[M+2]+。
A. 7-甲基-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-2-胺. 於室溫下,將3-甲基-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二
氧硼伍圜-2-基)苯-1,2-二胺(參閱實例1.G)(500毫克,2.015毫莫耳)與溴化氰(0.484毫升,2.418毫莫耳)添加至圓底燒瓶中,懸浮於甲醇(10.0毫升)中,並將其攪拌1.5小時。在減壓下移除揮發性物質,接著添加飽和碳酸氫鈉。經由過濾收集沉澱物,以醋酸乙酯洗滌,及在減壓下乾燥,而得標題化合物(557毫克,2.039毫莫耳,定量產率)。使化合物繼續進行無需進一步純化或特徵鑒定。MS(ESI)m/z 273.8[M+1]+。
A. 6-溴基-4-甲基-1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-苯并[d]咪唑. 於室溫下,使6-溴基-4-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑(1.02克,4.83毫莫耳)溶於四氫呋喃(10毫升)中,並在氮氣下攪拌。添加3,4-二氫-2H-哌喃(3.5毫升,38.4毫莫耳)與甲烷磺酸(0.032毫升,0.48毫莫耳),且將所形成之混合物在75℃下加熱49小時。使所形成之混合物冷卻至室溫,以醋酸乙酯稀釋,並以飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液與鹽水洗滌。使有機物質以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。急驟式層析(50-100%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得所要之產物(1.32克,4.47毫莫耳,93%產率),為淡黃色固體。MS(ESI)m/z 295.1[M]+,297.3[M+2]+。
B. 4-甲基-1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-6-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼伍圜-2-基)-1H-苯并[d]咪唑. 將6-溴基-4-甲基-1-(四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)-1H-苯并[d]咪唑(1.320克,4.47毫莫耳)、雙(品吶可基)二硼(1.192克,4.70毫莫耳)、與二氯甲烷之[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二環戊二烯鐵]二氯鈀(II)複合物(1:1)(183毫克,0.22毫莫耳)、醋
酸鉀(1.317克,13.4毫莫耳)及二甲亞碸(9毫升)在圓底燒瓶中合併,且攪拌。將燒瓶中之大氣於真空下移除,並被氮置換三次。將所形成之混合物在90℃及氮氣下加熱1.5小時。以醋酸乙酯稀釋所形成之混合物,且經過矽藻土過濾。以醋酸乙酯充分地洗滌濾餅。將濾液以水洗滌兩次,以鹽水一次,以硫酸鎂脫水乾燥,過濾,及在減壓下濃縮。急驟式層析(50-100%醋酸乙酯在己烷中),獲得所要之產物,~90%純度(1.31克,3.83毫莫耳,77%產率),為黃色黃褐色泡沫物-固體。MS(ESI)m/z 343.2[M+1]+。
mTOR HTR-FRET檢測. 下述為可用以測定待測化合物之mTOR抑制活性之檢測實例。使雜芳基化合物溶於DMSO中,並製成10mM儲備液,且經適當地稀釋以供實驗用。試劑係按下述製成:
"簡單TOR緩衝劑"(用以稀釋高甘油TOR分率):10mM Tris pH 7.4,100mM NaCl,0.1% Tween-20,1mM DTT。將Invitrogen mTOR(目錄#PR8683A)於此緩衝劑中稀釋至檢測濃度為0.200微克/毫升。
ATP/受質溶液:0.075mM ATP,12.5mM MnCl2,50mM Hepes,pH 7.4,50mMβ-GOP,250nM微胱胺酸LR,0.25mM EDTA,5mM DTT及3.5微克/毫升GST-p70S6。
偵測試劑溶液:50mM HEPES,pH 7.4,0.01% Triton X-100,0.01% BSA,0.1mM EDTA,12.7微克/毫升Cy5-αGST Amersham(目錄#PA92002V),9毫微克/毫升α-磷醯基p70S6(Thr389)(細胞發出訊息老鼠單株#9206L),627毫微克/毫升α-老鼠Lance Eu(Perkin Elmer目錄#AD0077)。
於20微升簡單mTor緩衝劑中,添加DMSO中之0.5微升待測化合物。為引發此反應,故將5微升ATP/受質溶液添加至20微升簡單TOR緩衝溶液(對照組)中,及至上文所製成之化合物溶液中。此檢測係在60分鐘之後藉由添加5微升60mM EDTA溶液而停止;然後,添加10微升偵測試劑溶液,且在經設定以偵測LANCE Eu TR-FRET(在320毫微米下之激發及在495/520毫微米下之發射)之Perkin-Elmer Envision微板讀取器上讀取之前,使混合物靜置至少2小時。
PI3Kα與γ檢測. PI3Kα與γ檢測係使用Millipore PI3K檢測套件(目錄#33-017)中所述之程序進行。PI3Kα與γ酵素係得自Invitrogen(目錄#PV4788與PV4786)。
在此項檢測中,所選定之雜芳基化合物具有或預期具有IC50低於10μM,其中一些化合物具有IC50低於1μM,而其他具有IC50低於0.10μM。
DNA-PK檢測. DNA-PK檢測係使用Promega DNA-PK檢測套件(目錄#V7870)中所提供之程序進行。DNA-PK酵素係購自Promega(Promega目錄#V5811)。
在此項檢測中,所選定之雜芳基化合物具有或預期具有IC50低於10μM,其中一些化合物具有IC50低於1μM,而其他具有IC50低於0.10μM。
PC-3 p-S6與p-Akt MesoScale檢測. 下述為可用以測定待測化合物之抗癌活性之檢測實例。PC-3,一種前列腺腺癌細胞系(#CRL-1435),係被使用於pS6 Mesoscale檢測中。使細胞生長在經補充10%牛胎兒血清與1%青霉素/鏈霉素之F-12 Kaighns'中。使用
下列緩衝劑:完全Tris溶胞緩衝劑(關於10毫升用途:100微升磷酸酶抑制劑I(100X儲備液)、100微升磷酸酶抑制劑II(100X儲備液)、1片劑完全Mini(不含EDTA)、40微升PMSF,全部係充分地在室溫下混合5分鐘);1X Tris洗滌緩衝劑(關於250毫升用途:25毫升10X Tris洗滌緩衝劑、225毫升去離子水,儲存在室溫下);MSD阻斷溶液-A(關於20毫升用途:20毫升1X tris洗滌緩衝劑與600毫克MSD阻斷劑-A,儲存在冰上);抗體稀緩衝液(關於3毫升用途:1毫升阻斷溶液-A、1.82毫升1X tris洗滌緩衝劑、150微升2% MSD阻斷劑D-M、30微升10% MSD阻斷劑D-R,儲存在冰上)。
於第一天下午,將細胞在20,000個細胞/井下,於180微升體積中,覆蓋在96-井平底細胞培養板中。於第2天早晨,將待測化合物稀釋至所要之濃度,並添加至細胞中。將細胞在37℃,5% CO2下以化合物處理1小時。小心地移除培養基,並將50微升1X Tris溶胞緩衝劑添加至各井中,且於4℃下,將板放置在振盪器上,歷經1小時,以溶解細胞。使用得自各井之35微升溶胞產物,以檢測關於p-S6含量,使用關於MA6000磷醯基-S6RP(Ser235/236)全細胞溶胞產物套件#K110DFD-3之手冊中所述之擬案。溶胞產物係使用關於MA6000磷醯基-Akt(Ser4730)全細胞溶胞產物套件(#K111CAD-3)之手冊中所述之擬案,檢測關於p-Akt含量。將板在Sector成像器板讀取器上讀取。IC50值係計算自劑量回應曲線。
在此項檢測中,雜芳基化合物具有或預期具有IC50低於10μM,其中一些化合物具有IC50低於1μM,而其他具有IC50低於0.10μM。
Btk-PH、Akt-PH及FoxO-EGFP移位作用檢測. 下述為可用以測定待測化合物之抗癌活性之檢測實例。使BTK-PH_CHO細胞
(Bioimage C007A)在經補充10%牛胎兒血清、1%青霉素/鏈霉素、0.5毫克/毫升基因素及0.25% DMSO之Nut.MixF-12-Ham中生長。將細胞於每井12,000個細胞下,覆蓋在黑色壁透明底部96-井板中。在24小時培養之後,將細胞以細胞洗滌緩衝劑洗滌,並與細胞洗滌緩衝劑一起培養1小時。然後,在室溫下將細胞以對照/待測化合物與IGF-1(似胰島素生長因子-1)處理4分鐘。接著,將細胞固定,洗滌,及以Hoescht在含有0.5% Triton X-100之PBS中染色。將板密封,然後,於30分鐘後,在Cellomics上讀取。使Akt-PH_CHO細胞(Bioimage C006A)在如同BTK-PH_CHO細胞之相同培養基中生長。將細胞於每井10,000個細胞下,覆蓋在黑色透明底部96-井板中。擬案之其餘部份係與Btk-PH檢測(如上述)相同。
以FoxO-EGFP構造物安定地轉染之U-2 OS細胞系係為來自Gary Chiang,Burnham學會,La Jolla之贈品。使細胞在經補充10%牛胎兒血清與1%青霉素/鏈霉素之DMEM中生長。將細胞於每井20,000個細胞下,覆蓋在黑色透明底部96-井板中。在過夜培養之後,將細胞以對照/待測化合物處理,並培養2小時。將細胞固定,洗滌,及以Hoescht染色。然後,將板以PBS洗滌三次,接著,將100微升PBS添加至各井中。然後,將板以透明覆蓋片條覆蓋。於Cellomics上讀取板,且IC50值係相較於華特曼寧(wortmannin)計算而得。
在此項檢測中,所選定之雜芳基化合物具有或預期具有IC50低於30μM,其中一些化合物具有IC50低於1μM,而其他具有IC50低於0.10μM。
細胞增生檢測. 下述為可用以測定待測化合物之抗癌活性之檢測實例。此檢測係經由四銼鹽之還原成弗馬宗(formazon)鹽,以
代謝活性之度量為基礎,用以定量細胞增生。WST-1(Roche目錄#11 644 807 001)係用以度量PC-3細胞之增生。將PC-3細胞於每井3000個細胞下,覆蓋在180微升生長培養基(經補充10%牛胎兒血清與1%青霉素/鏈霉素之F-12 Kaighns)中。經覆蓋之細胞係於5% CO2中,在37℃下培養過夜。將化合物稀釋於得自10mM儲備溶液之DMSO中,然後至F-12 Kaighns培養基中。將包含DMSO對照組之20微升化合物稀釋液,以三份複製,添加至96-井板中之細胞內。將細胞與化合物在5% CO2中,於37℃下一起培養3天。將20微升WST-1添加至各井中。將板於5% CO2中,在37℃下培養兩小時。在Victor 2多標識板讀取器(Perkin Elmer)上,於450毫微米下讀取板。IC50值係相較於DMSO對照組計算而得。
在此項檢測中,雜芳基化合物具有或預期具有IC50低於30μM,其中一些化合物具有IC50低於1μM,而其他具有IC50低於0.10μM。
IL-2發炎檢測. 下述為可用以測定待測化合物之消炎活性之檢測實例。得自經刺激初生T細胞之IL-2生產係使用來自Mesoscale(MA6000#L41AHB-1)之IL-2套件檢測。將人類初生T細胞以化合物預處理30分鐘,然後,以抗人類CD3珠粒與抗CD28珠粒刺激24小時。於細胞處理之後,採集培養基。將25微升試樣或校正標準物添加至人類IL-2細胞活素Mesoscale檢測板中。將培養基培養1-2小時,並在室溫下振盪。以1XPBS將板洗滌三次。每井添加150微升2XMSD讀取緩衝劑T,且在Mesoscale Discovery Sector成像器板讀取器上分析板。
在此項檢測中,雜芳基化合物具有或預期具有IC50低於30μM,其中一些化合物具有IC50低於1μM,而其他具有IC50低於
0.10μM。
延遲型過敏性(DTH)模式. 於第0天,使用3%唑酮,使CD-1老鼠敏化,塗敷在經刮毛之腹部上(激敏作用)。於第5天,將其右耳以1%唑酮塗敷,而其左耳係以媒劑(丙酮:橄欖油)(誘發)塗敷。化合物處理係於1%唑酮誘發步驟前一天開始。將化合物以經口方式、腹膜腔內方式或靜脈內方式投予,使用一次或兩次每日服藥,歷經研究期間。於第6天(誘發後24小時),未經處理動物之右耳係顯示發紅(紅斑)與腫脹(水腫)。經化合物處理動物之耳朵係於誘發後24、48及72小時度量。在顯示DTH發展之右與左耳厚度間之差異,係藉由微測徑器度量法測得。
在此模式中,雜芳基化合物具有或預期具有ED50值<100毫克/公斤,其中一些化合物具有ED50<10毫克/公斤,而其他為ED50<1毫克/公斤。
異種移植物癌症模式. 將人類癌細胞系注入SCID(嚴重合併之免疫不全)老鼠中。對於經保持在活體外之細胞,腫瘤係藉由準確地注射所測得數目之細胞至老鼠中而產生。關於最良好地於活體內繁殖之腫瘤,將得自供體老鼠之腫瘤碎片植入小數目之老鼠中,以供維持,或較大數目之老鼠,以供研究引發。典型功效研究設計係涉及投予一或多種化合物至帶有腫瘤之老鼠中。此外,參考化學治療劑(正對照組)與負對照組係以類似方式投藥與保持。投藥途徑可包括皮下(SC)、腹膜腔內(IP)、靜脈內(IV)、肌內(IM)及口腔(PO)。腫瘤度量與體重係於研究期間內採取,且記錄發病率與死亡率。驗屍、組織病理學、細菌學、寄生蟲學、血清學及PCR亦可進行,以提昇疾病與藥物作用之瞭解。
被使用於或可被使用於上述異種移植物模式中之一些典型人類癌細胞系為:關於乳癌之MDA MB-231、MCF7、MDA-MB-435及T-47D細胞系;關於結腸癌之KM 12、HCT-15、COLO 205、HCT 116及HT29細胞系;關於肺癌之NCI-H460與A549細胞系;關於前列腺癌之CRW22、LNCAP、PC-3及DU-145細胞系;關於黑色素瘤之LOX-IMVI與A375細胞系;關於卵巢癌之SK-O V-3與A2780細胞系;及關於腎癌之CAKI-I、A498及SN12C細胞系;以及關於神經膠質瘤癌症之U-87MG細胞系。
簡言之,使SCID老鼠服用範圍為例如100毫克/公斤至0.1毫克/公斤之化合物,具有不同劑量預定,包括但不限於每天(qd)、每兩天一次(q2d)、每三天一次(q3d)、每五天一次(q5d)及每天兩次(bid)。將化合物調配在例如0.5%CMC/0.25%Tween中,並以經口方式傳輸。使老鼠服藥21天,且每三天採取腫瘤體積度量。經測試之舉例異種移植物模式包括PC-3、HCT-116、A549、MDA MB-231及U-87MG模式。
在此模式中,雜芳基化合物具有或預期具有ED50值<100毫克/公斤,其中一些化合物具有ED50<10毫克/公斤,而其他為ED50<1毫克/公斤。
在表1中之各化合物係在mTor HTR-FRET檢測中測試,且發現其中具有活性,其中在該檢測中,所有化合物具有IC50低於10μM,其中一些化合物具有IC50在0.005nM與250nM之間(活性程度D),其他具有IC50在250nM與500nM之間(活性程度C),其他具有IC50在500nM與1μM之間(活性程度B),而其他具有IC50在1μM與10μM之間(活性程度A)。
於本文中所揭示之具體實施例並非在範圍上受限於實例中所揭示之特殊具體實施例,其係意欲作為所揭示具體實施例之數種方面之說明,且於功能性上等效之任何具體實施例係被本發明揭示內容所涵蓋。事實上,本文中所揭示具體實施例之各種修正係除了本文中所顯示與描述者以外,將為熟諳此藝者所明瞭,且係意欲落在隨文所附請求項之範圍內。
許多參考資料已被引述,其揭示內容係以其全文併於本文供參考。
Claims (21)
- 一種具有式(II)之化合物:
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中R1為經羥基烷基取代之吡啶基。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中R1為經經取代或未經取代之三唑基及經取代或未經取代之C1-8烷基取代之吡啶基。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中R2為:
- 如請求項4之化合物,其中R'為-OR。
- 如請求項5之化合物,其中R3為H。
- 如請求項6之化合物,其中R1為經羥基烷基取代之吡啶基。
- 如請求項6之化合物,其中R1為經經取代或未經取代之三唑基取代之吡啶基。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其係為7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮或其藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構物或互變異構物。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其係為7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((1R,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮或其藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構物或互變異構物。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其係為1-(反式-4-羥基環己基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮或其藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構物或互變異構物。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其係為1-(反式-4-羥基環己基)-7-(6-(2- 羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮或其藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構物或互變異構物。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其係為1-((1S,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮或其藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構物或互變異構物。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其係為7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮或其藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構物或互變異構物。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其係為7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((1R,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮或其藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構物或互變異構物。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其係為1-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮或其藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構物或互變異構物。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其係為1-((1R,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮或其藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構物或互變異構物。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中該化合物為:7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(順式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮; 7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((反式-4-羥基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-7-(4-甲基-6-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((1R,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((1S,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((1S,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-((1R,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(反式-4-羥基環己基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(反式-4-羥基環己基)-7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(順式-4-羥基環己基)-7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-((1S,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3- 基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-((1R,3R)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-((1R,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-((1S,3S)-3-甲氧基環戊基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-7-(2-甲基-6-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-3-基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮;或7-(6-(2-羥丙-2-基)吡啶-3-基)-1-(反式-4-甲氧基環己基)-3,4-二氫吡并[2,3-b]吡-2(1H)-酮,或其藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構物或互變異構物。
- 一種醫藥組合物,其包含有效量之如請求項1之化合物及藥學上可接受之載劑或媒劑。
- 一種醫藥組合物,其包含有效量之如請求項9之化合物及藥學上可接受之載劑或媒劑。
- 一種具有式(II)之化合物:
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