JPWO2005097674A1 - 球状炭素材の製造方法 - Google Patents
球状炭素材の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2005097674A1 JPWO2005097674A1 JP2006512038A JP2006512038A JPWO2005097674A1 JP WO2005097674 A1 JPWO2005097674 A1 JP WO2005097674A1 JP 2006512038 A JP2006512038 A JP 2006512038A JP 2006512038 A JP2006512038 A JP 2006512038A JP WO2005097674 A1 JPWO2005097674 A1 JP WO2005097674A1
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- carbon material
- vinyl resin
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- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000007833 carbon precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical group C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical group C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000008119 colloidal silica Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 51
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 31
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 28
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- -1 polycyclic compound Chemical group 0.000 description 22
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 18
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- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 15
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- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical class OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 10
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
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- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910021470 non-graphitizable carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000000996 L-ascorbic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- NWRZGFYWENINNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-tris(ethenyl)cyclohexane Chemical compound C=CC1CCCCC1(C=C)C=C NWRZGFYWENINNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BEQKKZICTDFVMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,6-pentaoxepane-5,7-dione Chemical compound O=C1OOOOC(=O)O1 BEQKKZICTDFVMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KUDUQBURMYMBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOC(=O)C=C KUDUQBURMYMBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006087 Silane Coupling Agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- MPMBRWOOISTHJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MPMBRWOOISTHJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- UIYCHXAGWOYNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl sulfide Chemical compound C=CSC=C UIYCHXAGWOYNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TXUICONDJPYNPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1,10,13-trimethyl-3-oxo-4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl) heptanoate Chemical compound C1CC2CC(=O)C=C(C)C2(C)C2C1C1CCC(OC(=O)CCCCCC)C1(C)CC2 TXUICONDJPYNPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NOBYOEQUFMGXBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-tert-butylcyclohexyl) (4-tert-butylcyclohexyl)oxycarbonyloxy carbonate Chemical compound C1CC(C(C)(C)C)CCC1OC(=O)OOC(=O)OC1CCC(C(C)(C)C)CC1 NOBYOEQUFMGXBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZJQIXGGEADDPQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)-3,4-dimethylbenzene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C=C)C(C=C)=C1C ZJQIXGGEADDPQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLLUAUADIMPKIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(C=C)C(C=C)=CC=C21 QLLUAUADIMPKIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKIRBHVFJGXOIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-di(propan-2-yl)benzene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1C(C)C OKIRBHVFJGXOIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PIAOLBVUVDXHHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitroethenylbenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PIAOLBVUVDXHHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UWRZIZXBOLBCON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylethenamine Chemical compound NC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 UWRZIZXBOLBCON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZIUHHBKFKCYYJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide Chemical compound C=CC(=O)NCNC(=O)C=C ZIUHHBKFKCYYJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- UCUUFSAXZMGPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N penta-1,4-dien-3-one Chemical compound C=CC(=O)C=C UCUUFSAXZMGPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBSDMAPJGHBWAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N penta-1,4-dien-3-ylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC(C=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 DBSDMAPJGHBWAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019275 potassium ascorbate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- CONVKSGEGAVTMB-RXSVEWSESA-M potassium-L-ascorbate Chemical compound [K+].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] CONVKSGEGAVTMB-RXSVEWSESA-M 0.000 description 1
- QTECDUFMBMSHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)C=C QTECDUFMBMSHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BWJUFXUULUEGMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl propan-2-yloxycarbonyloxy carbonate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)OOC(=O)OC(C)C BWJUFXUULUEGMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RKJRWTFHSA-M sodium ascorbate Substances [Na+].OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RKJRWTFHSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000010378 sodium ascorbate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960005055 sodium ascorbate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium docusate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M sodium-L-ascorbate Chemical compound [Na+].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M 0.000 description 1
- MNCGMVDMOKPCSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-phenylethenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MNCGMVDMOKPCSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010421 standard material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001119 stannous chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011150 stannous chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- OPQYOFWUFGEMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2,2-dimethylpropaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C(C)(C)C OPQYOFWUFGEMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMOALOSNPWTWRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 7,7-dimethyloctaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CCCCCC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C NMOALOSNPWTWRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- NZHHDFRSEQSGLN-ZRDIBKRKSA-N tris(prop-2-enyl) (e)-prop-1-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)C\C(C(=O)OCC=C)=C/C(=O)OCC=C NZHHDFRSEQSGLN-ZRDIBKRKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHGIFBQQEGRTPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(prop-2-enyl) phosphate Chemical compound C=CCOP(=O)(OCC=C)OCC=C XHGIFBQQEGRTPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 235000019154 vitamin C Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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Abstract
Description
ビニルモノマーとしては、酸化により炭素前駆体を与えるビニル樹脂を形成可能な任意のビニルモノマーが用いられるが、炭化収率の増大する架橋ビニル樹脂を与えるために、架橋剤を含むビニルモノマー混合物が好ましく用いられる。また、得られる球状ビニル樹脂からの炭素化収率が高く且つ得られる球状炭素の電池性能が好ましいという観点から、原料モノマー混合物としては、その10〜80重量%のスチレン系モノマーおよび10〜90重量%のアクリロニトリル系モノマーを含み、更にスチレン系モノマーの15重量%以上の架橋剤を含むモノマー混合物を用いることが特に好ましい。
懸濁重合は、通常、分散安定剤(懸濁剤)を含有する水系分散媒体中で行われる。分散安定剤としては、例えば、シリカ、リン酸カルシウム、水酸化マグネシウム、水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化第二鉄、硫酸バリウム、硫酸カルシウム、硫酸ナトリウム、蓚酸カルシウム、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸バリウム、炭酸マグネシウムなどを挙げることができる。この他に補助安定剤、例えば、ジエタノールアミンと脂肪族ジカルボン酸の縮合生成物、尿素とホルムアルデヒドとの縮合生成物、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリエチレンオキサイド、ポリエチレンイミン、テトラメチルアンモニウムヒドロキシド、ゼラチン、メチルセルロース、ポリビニルアルコール、ジオクチルスルホサクシネート、ソルビタンエステル、各種乳化剤等を使用することができる。分散安定剤は、重合性モノマー混合物100重量部に対して、通常、0.1〜20重量部の割合で使用される。
上記懸濁重合における分散剤の選択および攪拌条件の制御等により、得られる球状ビニル樹脂の粒径は、一般に1〜2000μm程度の広範囲に調整可能である。特に分散剤として、コロイダルシリカを用いると、1〜100μm、特に3〜50μmの粒径の球状ビニル樹脂の調製が容易である。本発明で目的とする球状炭素材の好ましい用途としての、非水電解質二次電池用負極材料の場合、その好適な粒子径は1〜20μmであり、球状ビニル樹脂を熱処理し炭素化処理により炭素材とする際、熱収縮により樹脂の粒子径が30〜60%収縮するため、球状ビニル樹脂の好ましい粒子径は5〜40μm、さらに好ましくは5〜30μm、特に好ましく5〜20μmである。
かくして得られた球状ビニル樹脂を酸化(不融化)処理して架橋構造を発達させることにより、熱分解性高分子化合物である例えばポリスチレンに富む架橋球状ビニル樹脂であっても、良好な炭素化収率を示す球状の炭素前駆体とすることができる。酸化処理は、100℃から400℃までの温度で行うことが好ましい。焼成方法は、特に限定しないが均一な熱処理が可能であるとの観点から流動層を用いて行うことが好ましい。酸化剤としては、O2、O3、SO3、NO2、これらを空気、窒素等で希釈した混合ガス、または空気等の酸化性気体、あるいは硫酸、硝酸、過酸化水素水等の酸化性液体を用いることができる。
球状の炭素前駆体を非酸化性ガス雰囲気中800〜2000℃で熱処理(炭素化)することにより本発明の球状炭素材が得られる。特に1000〜2000℃で熱処理することにより非水電解質二次電池用負極材料として好適な球状の炭素材を製造することができる。熱処理温度は好ましくは1000℃以上1500℃以下、さらに好ましくは1100℃以上1500℃以下である。
かくして本発明法により得られる球状炭素材は、球状ビニル樹脂の炭素化の結果として、真球度が高く、均一粒径であることが特徴的である。その真球度は後述の画像解析による円形度Cとして、0.80以上、好ましくは0.90以上、より好ましくは0.95以上で表わされる。また粒径の均一さは、後記粒径分布係数D4/D1比として3.0以下、より好ましくは2.0以下、更に好ましくは1.5以下で代表される。
得られた球状の炭素材は、そのまま、または例えばその1〜10重量%のアセチレンブラックや、ファーネスブラック等の導電性カーボンブラック等からなる導電助剤とともに用いられ、更に結合剤(バインダー)を添加し適当な溶媒を適量添加、混練し、電極合剤ペーストとした後、例えば、円形あるいは矩形の金属板等からなる導電性の集電材に塗布・乾燥後、加圧成形することにより、厚さが10〜200μmの層を形成するなどの方法により、電極製造に用いられる。結合剤としては、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、およびSBR等、電解液と反応しないものであれば特に限定されない。ポリフッ化ビニリデンの場合、N−メチルピロリドン(NMP)などの極性溶媒が好ましく用いられるが、SBRなどの水性エマルジョンを用いることもできる。結合剤の好ましい添加量は、本発明の球状炭素材100重量部に対して、0.5〜10重量部である。結合剤の添加量が多すぎると、得られる電極の電気抵抗が大きくなり電池の内部抵抗が大きくなり電池特性を低下させるので好ましくない。また、結合剤の添加量が少なすぎると、球状炭素材粒子相互および集電材との結合が不充分となり好ましくない。本発明の球状炭素材は、その良好なドープ特性を利用して、非水電解質型二次電池の負極、特にリチウム二次電池の負極活物質として、リチウムドープ用負極の構成に用いることが好ましい。さらに活物質の目付けは少ないほど大きな出力が得られるので好ましい。好ましくは60g/m2以下、更に好ましくは50g/m2以下である。
試料約0.1gに対し分散剤(カチオン系界面活性剤「SNディスパーサント7347−C」(サンノプコ社製))を3滴加え、試料に分散剤を馴染ませる。つぎに、純水30mlを加え、超音波洗浄機で約2分間分散させたのち、粒径分布測定器(島津製作所製「SALD−3000J」)で、粒径0.5〜3000μmの範囲の粒径分布を求めた。
上記(1)で求めた粒径分布から、累積容積が50%となる粒径をもって平均粒径Dv50(μm)とした。
上記(1)で求めた粒径分布から重量平均粒径D4(=Σ(nD4)/Σ(nD3))と長さ平均径D1(=ΣnD/Σn)(ここでDは個々の粒子径、nは該当粒子数)との比D4/D1により求めた。
炭素材粒子をエポキシ樹脂に埋め込み、研磨後、光学顕微鏡で観察し、平均粒子径Dv50±50%の粒径を有する粒子で且つ他の粒子との重なりおよび接触の無い粒子30個について高機能画像解析システム(旭エンジニアリング製「IP−500PC」)により粒子の平面画像解析を行い、下式による円形度Cの平均値をもって真球度とした。
かさ比重の測定をJIS K−6721:1977に準じて測定した。具体的には、かさ比重測定器(蔵持科学機器製作所製)のダンパーの付いたロートに十分にかき混ぜた試料の約120mlを入れたのち、ダンパーを引き抜き、試料を受け器(100±0.5ml)に落とす。受け器から盛り上がった試料をガラス棒ですり落とした後、試料の入った容器の重さを0.1gまで正確に測り、次式によりかさ比重を小数点以下2桁まで求める。測定を3回繰り返し、その平均値を取る。
炭素材粉末を試料ホルダーに充填し、グラファイトモノクロメーターにより単色化したCuKα線を線源としX線回折図形を得る。回折図形のピーク位置は重心法(回折線の重心位置を求め、これに対応する2θ値でピークの位置をもとめる方法)により求め、標準物質用高純度シリコン粉末の(111)面の回折ピークを用いて補正する。CuKα線の波長を0.15418nmとし、Braggの公式によりd002を計算する。また、002回折線の積分法により求められた半値幅からシリコン粉末の(111)回折線の半値幅を差し引いた値βよりScherrerの式によりc軸方向の結晶子の厚みLc(002)を計算した。
CHNアナライザーによる元素分析により得られる試料中の水素及び炭素の重量割合から、水素/炭素の原子数の比として求めた。
BETの式から誘導された近似式vm=1/(v(1−x))を用いて液体窒素温度における、窒素吸着による1点法(相対圧力x=0.3)によりvmを求め、次式により試料の比表面積を計算した:比表面積=4.35×vm(m2/g)
ここに、vmは試料表面に単分子層を形成するに必要な吸着量(cm3/g)、vは実測される吸着量(cm3/g)、xは相対圧力である。
上記、実施例および比較例で得た炭素材を用いて、以下(a)〜(f)のようにして電極形成を行い、且つ電極性能および保存特性の評価を行った。
上記炭素材90重量部、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(呉羽化学工業製「KF#1100」)10重量部にNMPを加えてペースト状にし、銅箔上に均一に塗布した。乾燥した後、銅箔より剥離させ直径15mmの円板状に打ち抜いた。なお、電極中の炭素材料の量は約20mgになるように調整した。
本発明の炭素材は非水電解質二次電池の負極を構成するのに適しているが、電池活物質の放電容量(脱ドープ量)および不可逆容量(非脱ドープ量)を、対極の性能のバラツキに影響されることなく精度良く評価するために、特性の安定したリチウム金属を対極として、上記で得られた電極を用いてリチウム二次電池を構成し、その特性を評価した。
上記構成のリチウム二次電池について、充放電試験装置(東洋システム製「TOSCAT」)を用いて充放電試験を行った充放電は定電流定電圧法により行った。ここで、「充電」は試験電池では放電反応であるが、この場合は炭素材へのリチウム挿入反応であるので、便宜上「充電」と記述する。逆に「放電」とは試験電池では充電反応であるが、炭素材からのリチウムの脱離反応であるため便宜上「放電」と記述することにする。ここで採用した定電流定電圧条件は、電池電圧が0Vになるまで一定の電流密度0.5mA/cm2で充電を行い、その後、電圧を0Vに保持するように(定電圧に保持しながら)電流値を連続的に変化させて電流値が20μAに達するまで充電を継続する。このとき、供給した電気量を電極の炭素材の重量で除した値を炭素材の単位重量当たりの充電容量(mAh/g)と定義した。充電終了後、30分間電池回路を開放し、その後放電を行った。放電は電池電圧が1.5Vに達するまで一定の電流密度0.5mA/cm2で行い、このとき放電した電気量を電極の炭素材の重量で除した値を炭素材の単位重量当たりの放電容量(mAhg)と定義する。不可逆容量は、充電量−放電量として計算される。
上記構成のリチウム二次電池について、(c)と同様の方法で炭素材に充電した後、電流密度充電終了後、30分間電池回路を開放し、その後放電を行った。放電は電池電圧が1.5Vに達するまで一定の電流密度20mA/cm2で行い、このとき放電した電気量を電極面積で除した値を急速放電容量(mAh/cm2)と定義する。
(c)の方法により負極材料製造直後(0日)の不可逆容量I0および露点−60℃、温度25℃の空気中で30日保管した電極の不可逆容量I30を測定し、以下の式により大気中劣化率を測定した。
上記実施例または比較例で得られた炭素材各90重量部、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(呉羽化学工業製「KF#1100」)10重量部にNMPを加えてペースト状にし、銅箔上に均一に塗布した。乾燥した後、塗工電極を直径15mmの円板状に打ち抜くことにより負極電極を作製した。なお、電極中の炭素材料の量は約14mgに調整した。
Claims (6)
- 球状ビニル樹脂を酸化性ガス雰囲気中で酸化処理して球状の炭素前駆体を得、これを非酸化性ガス雰囲気中1000〜2000℃で炭素化することを特徴とする球状炭素材の製造方法。
- 球状ビニル樹脂が150〜400℃の温度で酸化処理される請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 球状ビニル樹脂が架橋ビニル樹脂からなる請求項1または2に記載の製造方法。
- 球状ビニル樹脂が、その10〜80重量%のスチレン系モノマーおよび10〜90重量%のアクリロニトリル系モノマーを含み、更にスチレン系モノマーの15重量%以上の架橋剤を含むモノマー混合物の懸濁重合生成物からなる請求項3に記載の製造方法。
- 懸濁重合がモノマー混合物100重量部に対し、0.1〜10重量部のコロイダルシリカを分散安定剤として含む水性媒体中で行われる請求項4に記載の製造方法。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の製造方法により製造された球状炭素材からなる非水電解質二次電池用負極材料。
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EP1743870A4 (en) | 2011-04-06 |
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KR20070001186A (ko) | 2007-01-03 |
CN1938223A (zh) | 2007-03-28 |
EP1743870A1 (en) | 2007-01-17 |
US7651817B2 (en) | 2010-01-26 |
WO2005097674A1 (ja) | 2005-10-20 |
US20070212610A1 (en) | 2007-09-13 |
JP4836781B2 (ja) | 2011-12-14 |
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