JP7113877B2 - Cas9-crRNA複合体によるRNA指向性DNA切断 - Google Patents
Cas9-crRNA複合体によるRNA指向性DNA切断 Download PDFInfo
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Description
さらに、本発明者らは、二本鎖DNAとの関連でPAMが認識され、in vitro DNA結合および切断にとって重要であるという実験的証拠を提供する。最後に、本発明者らは、Cas9のRuvCおよびHNHモチーフが、反対側のDNA鎖の切断に寄与することを示す。総合すると、本発明者らのデータは、Cas9-crRNA複合体が、標的部位認識のためにRNAモジュールを使用し、DNA切断のためにタンパク質モジュール中の2つの別個の活性部位を用いるRNA誘導性エンドヌクレアーゼとして機能することを実証する。これらの知見は、ユニバーサルなRNA誘導性エンドヌクレアーゼとして、プログラム可能なCas9-crRNA複合体を操作するための道を開く。
DNA操作。ストレプトコッカス・サーモフィルスDGCC7710株のゲノムDNAを、PCR反応において鋳型として使用して、cas9をクローニングした。C末端Strepタグを付けたCas9タンパク質変異体の発現のために使用されたpASKIBA3-Cas9プラスミドを作製するために、以下のプライマー:5'-ACGTCTCAAATGTTGTTTAATAAGTGTATAATAATTTC-3'(配列番号21)および5'-ACGTCTCCGCGCTACCCTCTCCTAGTTTG-3'(配列番号22)を用いて増幅されたPCR断片を、Esp3I部位によってpASK-IBA3発現ベクター中にクローニングした。C末端6xHisタグを付けたCas9タンパク質変異体(配列番号23として開示された「6xHis」)の発現のために使用された、pBAD-Cas9プラスミドを作製するために、以下のプライマー対:5'-ACGTCTCACATGACTAAGCCATACTCAATTGGAC-3'(配列番号24)および5'-ACTCGAGACCCTCTCCTAGTTTGGCAA-3'(配列番号25)を用いて増幅したPCR断片を、NcoIおよびXhoI部位によってpBAD24-Chis発現ベクター中にクローニングした。pASKIBA3-Cas9およびpBAD-Cas9プラスミド中のcas9遺伝子の完全シークエンシングは、元のcas9配列と相違を示さなかった。単一のスペーサー1を有するプラスミドpCas9(-)SP1(図1B)およびpCRISPR3-SP1(図2A)を得るために、以下のプライマー対:5'GACCACTTATTGAGGTAAATGAG3'(配列番号26)/5'CAAACCAGGATCCAAGCTAATACAGCAG-3'(配列番号27)((BamHI(GGATCC)部位に下線が引かれている)を用いてpCRISPR3プラスミドから増幅したPCR断片を、それぞれ、pCas9(-)およびpCRISPR3プラスミド中にクローニングした(Sapranauskasら、2011. Nucleic Acids Res 39:9275~82頁)。
42ntの合成オリゴリボヌクレオチド(5'-CGCUAAAGAGGAAGAGGACAGUUUUAGAGCUGUGUUGUUUCG-3'(配列番号7))および84ntのDNAオリゴヌクレオチド。
各突然変異体の全遺伝子のシークエンシングによって、設計された突然変異のみが導入されていることが確認された。
Cas9-crRNA複合体の発現および精製。S.サーモフィルスDGCC7710株のCRISR3システムに由来するcas9遺伝子を、pASK-IBA3ベクター中にクローニングして、C末端Strep(II)-タグを含有するCas9タンパク質融合物をコードする構築物を製造した(図1B)。最初に、本発明者らは、pASK-IBA3ベクターでCas9タンパク質を、その他のCasタンパク質(Cas9を除く)をpCas9(-)プラスミドで発現する大腸菌株RR1からCas9-crRNA複合体を精製しようとした(Sapranauskasら、2011)。pCas9(-)はまた、12のスペーサー-リピート単位からなる完全CRISPR3アレイも含有していた(図2A)。本発明者らは、すべての標的遺伝子の同時転写を達成するために、cas9遺伝子発現を2段階で実施した。第1に、本発明者らは、少容量の大腸菌培養物においてCas9発現を誘導し、4時間後、予め誘導した培養物のアリコートを、誘導源をすでに含有している大容量の新鮮LB培地に移し、一晩インキュベートした。Cas9タンパク質複合体を、Strep-Tactinセファロースを使用して粗細胞抽出物から精製した。本発明者らは、少量のCas9-crRNA複合体を何とか単離し、これは、プロトスペーサー1およびPAMを含有するオリゴ二本鎖SP1に対して核酸分解活性の痕跡のみを示した。本発明者らは、低い切断活性は、12のスペーサー-リピート単位の転写に起因するCas9-crRNA複合体の内因性の不均一性によるものであり得ると仮定した。すべてのスペーサー-リピート単位は、成熟したcrRNAに均一に転写される場合には、スペーサー1に対するcrRNAを含有するCas9複合体の濃度は、総Cas9-crRNA濃度の1/12の割合を占めることとなる。プロトスペーサー2およびPAMを含有するSP2オリゴ二本鎖に対するCas9-crRNA調製物の切断活性は、Cas9-crRNA複合体の不均一性と一致する(図2B)。本発明者らは、特定のCas9-crRNA複合体の収率を高めるために、CRISPRアレイ中に単一のR-スペーサー1-R単位を含有するpCas9(-)SP1プラスミドを操作した(図1B)。プラスミド形質転換干渉アッセイによって、単一のスペーサー1を保持するCRISPR3/Casシステムは、大腸菌におけるプラスミドpSP1形質転換を、完全なCRISPR領域を保持するCRISPR3/Casシステムと同一効率で妨げると確認された(図3B)。本発明者らは、上記の手順に従ってCas9-crRNA複合体を単離し、Cas9タンパク質と結合しているcrRNAを解析した。
合成オリゴヌクレオチドをサイズマーカーとして使用する切断位置のマッピングは、Cas9-crRNA複合体は、PAMの4nt上流のプロトスペーサー内でSP1オリゴ二本鎖の両方の鎖を切断し(図5B)、平滑末端を残すことを示した。SP1オリゴ二本鎖を、crRNAを欠くCas9タンパク質とともに2時間インキュベートした後に切断が観察されないことは注記する価値がある(図6C)。
S.サーモフィルスのCRISPR3/CasシステムのCas9-crRNA複合体は、crRNA誘導性(crRNA-guided)エンドヌクレアーゼである。この研究によって、S.サーモフィルスのCRISPR3/CasシステムのCas9-crRNA複合体は、Mg2+イオンの存在下、PAM配列の4nt下流のプロトスペーサー内で両DNA鎖を切断して、平滑末端切断生成物を生成するcrRNA指向性エンドヌクレアーゼであることが実証される。Cas9-crRNA複合体の配列特異性は、標的DNA中のプロトスペーサー配列と相補的である約20ntの断片を含む42ntのcrRNAによって決定される。この点において、S.サーモフィルスのCRISPR3/CasシステムのCas9複合体中の成熟crRNAは、リピート配列の3'ハンドルを有するが、スペーサー配列の一部およびリピート断片に対応する5'ハンドルを欠くストレプトコッカス・ピオゲネスのcrRNAと類似する(Deltchevaら、2011)。したがって、S.サーモフィルスのCRISPR3/CasシステムのCas9-crRNA複合体中に存在するcrRNAは、PAMから遠位のプロトスペーサー配列の一部に対してのみ相補的である。
驚くべきことではないが、プロトスペーサー配列の3'末端の10ヌクレオチドの末端切断は、合成オリゴ二本鎖またはプラスミドDNAのCas9-crRNA切断に対して効果がない(図8)。
この実施例では、本発明者らは、触媒的に活性なCas9-crRNA複合体が、4種の個々の構成要素:Cas9タンパク質のC末端(His)6タグを付けた変異体(配列番号23として開示される「(His)6」)、tracrRNA転写物(配列番号5)、CRISPR RNA転写物(配列番号8)および大腸菌RNアーゼIII(Abgene)を混合することによってin vitroで組み立てられ得ることを実証する。Cas9タンパク質をまず、tracrRNAおよびCRISPR RNA転写物とともにプレインキュベートし、続いて、RNアーゼIIIとともにその後のインキュベーションを行い、触媒的に適格なCas9-RNA複合体を作製し、これが部位特異的DNA切断に使用される。
アリコートを時限間隔で採取し、フェノール/クロロホルムでクエンチした。水相を、ローディングダイ溶液(50% v/vグリセロール中、0.01%ブロモフェノールブルーおよび75mM EDTA)と混合し、反応生成物をアガロースによる電気泳動によって解析した(図16)。Cas9-crRNA複合体によって予め切断されたpSP1プラスミドが、再度ライゲーションされ得るかどうかを調べるために、本発明者らは、GeneJETゲル抽出キット(Fermentas)を使用して、アガロースゲルから直鎖pSP1切断生成物を精製し、T4 DNAリガーゼ(Fermentas)を使用して再度ライゲーションした。ライゲーション混合物によって大腸菌細胞を形質転換した後、得られた形質転換体から5種の個々のクローンを選択し、プラスミドDNAを精製し、以下のプライマー:5'-ccgcatcaggcgccattcgcc-3'(配列番号29)((+)鎖のシークエンシング)および5'-gcgaggaagcggaagagcgccc-3'(配列番号30)((-)鎖のシークエンシング)を使用するシークエンシングに付した。配列解析によって、Cas9-crRNA複合体によって切断され、再度ライゲーションされた遺伝子座中のpSP1プラスミドのDNA配列は、非処理プラスミドの配列と同一であったことが示された。T4 DNAリガーゼの非存在下でのライゲーション混合物による大腸菌形質転換は、形質転換体をもたらさず、これは、スーパーコイルプラスミドの痕跡は、直鎖反応生成物と同時精製されないことを示す。
この実施例では、本発明者らは、活性Cas9-crRNA複合体は、3種の個々の構成要素:Cas9タンパク質のC末端(His)6タグを付けた変異体(配列番号23として開示される「(His)6」)、実施例1において提供されたtracrRNA転写物(配列番号5および配列番号6)および実施例1において提供されたCRISPR RNA転写物(配列番号8)またはS.サーモフィルスDGCC7710株のCRISPR3/Casシステムの推定crRNAに対応する合成crRNA(配列番号8)を混合することによって、in vitroで組み立てられ得ることを実証する。合成42ntオリゴリボヌクレオチドは、5'末端のCRISPR3領域のスペーサー1と同一である20ntおよび3'末端の22ntのリピート配列からなる。より詳しくは、tracrRNAおよびCRISPR RNA転写物は実施例1に記載の通りに入手した。Cas9-crRNA複合体を作製するために、(His)6タグを付けたCas9タンパク質(配列番号23として開示される「(His)6」)を、tracrRNAおよびCRISPR RNA転写物または42ntの合成crRNAと、1:0.5:1モル比で混合し、10mM Tris-HCl(37℃でpH7.5)、100mM NaClを含有するバッファー中、37℃で1時間インキュベートした。組み立て混合物中の構成要素の最終濃度は、以下とした:100nMの(His)6タグを付けたCas9タンパク質(配列番号23として開示される「(His)6」)、50nMのCRISPR RNAまたは42ntの合成crRNA、100nMのtracrRNA。
この実施例では、本発明者らは、実施例1および2において記載されるCas9-crRNA複合体の組み立てのために使用され得る任意の望ましいDNA標的に対するヌクレオチド配列を保持するcrRNAを製造することを可能にする交換可能なスペーサーカセットを記載する(図20B)。カセットは、所望のcrRNAを作製するのに必要な新規スペーサー配列を保持するオリゴ二本鎖の挿入を可能にする単一のリピート-スペーサー-リピート単位を保持する。カセットを操作するために、本発明者らは、まず、リーダー配列、リピート配列およびリピート配列の近くに独特のSapI認識部位と、それに続くBamHI部位を含有するカセットを構築した(図20C)。独特の所望のスペーサーを含有するCRISPR領域を作製するために、本発明者らは、独特のスペーサー配列およびリピート単位を含有する合成オリゴ二本鎖を、SapIおよびBamHI制限酵素で予め切断されたプラスミド中に挿入した。本発明者らは、このカセットを使用して、pUC18プラスミド中に存在するプロトスペーサーN1およびN2と相補的であるヌクレオチド配列を含有していたcrRNA転写物を製造した(以下を参照のこと)。
この実施例では、本発明者らは、クローニング手順のためのベクターを調製するために、Cas9-crRNA複合体が使用され得ることを実証する。まず、本発明者らは、Cas9-crRNA複合体によって得られた切断生成物が、DNAリガーゼによって再ライゲーションされ得ることを実証した。本発明者らは、直鎖pSP1切断生成物をアガロースゲルから精製し、DNAリガーゼを使用してそれを再ライゲーションした。ライゲーション混合物による大腸菌細胞の形質転換後、得られた形質転換体から5種の個々のクローンを選択し、プラスミドDNAを精製し、シークエンシングに付した。配列解析によって、Cas9-RNA複合体によって切断され、再ライゲーションされた遺伝子座中のpSP1プラスミドのDNA配列は、非処理プラスミドの配列と同一であると示された。T4 DNAリガーゼの非存在下でのライゲーション混合物による大腸菌形質転換は、形質転換体を生成せず、これは、スーパーコイルプラスミドの痕跡は直鎖反応生成物と同時精製されないということを示す。この結果は、Cas9切断によって生成したDNA末端が、T4 DNAリガーゼの基質であり、従って、5'末端にリン酸を、3'末端にOH基を含有するはずであるということを例示する(Lehman, 1974)。
プロモーターおよびテトラサイクリン耐性遺伝子を含有する1282bpの挿入部分を、PCRによってpACYC184プラスミドから得た。GeneJET PCR精製キット(Thermo Fisher scientific)を使用して精製した後、PCR断片を含有する溶液を2つの部分に分けた。一方の部分をT4ポリヌクレオチドキナーゼ(Thermo Fisher scientific)リン酸化し、もう一方の部分は処理しなかった。T4 DNAリガーゼ(Thermo Fisher scientific)使用して、未処理ベクターを、未処理PCR断片とライゲーションし、脱リン酸化したベクターを、リン酸化した断片とライゲーションした。100pg/mlのApおよび25μg/ml Tcを補給した培地上でクローンを選択した。
この実施例では、本発明者らは、Cas9-crRNAが、ファージλ、大腸菌およびヒトゲノムDNAを含めた長いDNA分子中の標的を切断するよう対処され得ることを実証する。
Cas9-crRNA複合体は、実施例2および実施例3に記載されるように組み立てた。本発明者らは、実施例4に記載されたように作製した鋳型からin vitro転写を使用して合成された、42ntの長さの合成crRNA、150ntのプレcrRNAおよびtracrRNAを使用した。
最終反応混合物は、100μlの反応容量中、2μgのλDNA、50nM Cas9-RNA複合体、10mM Tris-HCl(37℃でpH7.5)、100mM NaCl、1mM DTTおよび10mM MgCl2含有していた。アリコートを時限間隔で採取し、フェノール/クロロホルムでクエンチした。水相を3Xローディングダイ溶液(50 % v/vグリセロール中、0.01%ブロモフェノールブルーおよび75mM EDTA)と混合し、反応生成物を、アガロースゲルによる電気泳動および臭化エチジウム染色によって解析した。アガロースゲルにおける直鎖λファージゲノムDNA切断生成物の解析によって、単一の部位で約40bpの長さのDNAが効率的に切断されることが確認された(図22A)。
10μgのDNAを3Xローディングダイ溶液(50% v/vグリセロール中、0.01%ブロモフェノールブルーおよび75mM EDTA)と混合し、1%アガロースゲルで電気泳動した。
分画したDNAを、セミドライトランスファーによって、アガロースゲルからSensiBlot Plusナイロンメンブレン(Thermo Fisher Scientific)にトランスファーした。0.4M NaOHで飽和させたペーパータオル上に10分間置き、2XSSCですすぎ、風乾させることによって、DNAを変性させ、メンブレン上に固定した。メンブレンを、0.5% SDSおよび100μg/ml変性サケ精子DNA(Amresco)を含有する6X SSCバッファーを用いて、65℃で1時間プレハイブリダイズした。鋳型としてゲノム大腸菌BL21(DE3)DNAを使用するPCRによってハイブリダイゼーションプローブを作製し、397bpの生成物が得られた。5'末端をFastAPホスファターゼ(Thermo Fisher Scientific)を用いて脱リン酸化し、[γ-32P]ATP(Hartmann Analytic)およびT4 PNK(Thermo Fisher Scientific)とともにインキュベートすることによって放射標識した。標識されたプローブを、GeneJET PCR精製キット(Thermo Fisher Scientific)を使用して精製し、95℃で5分間加熱し、氷上で迅速に冷却することによって変性させ、プレハイブリダイゼーション溶液に直接的に添加した。メンブレンを65℃で16時間プローブし、室温で2XSSC、0.5% SDSを用いて2回、2XSSC、0.1% SDSを用いて2回洗浄し、風乾し、蛍光体イメージング(FLA-5100; Fujifilm)によって可視化した。
非相同末端結合(NHEJ)または相同組換え(HR)のいずれかによる二本鎖切断修復をモニタリングするために、リポータープラスミドを構築した。プラスミドは、イントロンおよびそれぞれの両端に位置するeGFP配列を有するGFPならびにRFPの5'および3'配列ならびに相同性の部位を含有していた(図23)。リポータープラスミドを使用するeGFP蛍光の減少は、標的CまたはDでのCas9/RNA媒介性二本鎖切断が、NHEJによって不十分に修復され、それによって、eGFPコード配列が破壊されたNHEJを示すものであった。NHEJによって誘導される突然変異は、普通、<20bpを欠失または挿入し、従って、eGFPコーディング領域またはスプライス部位結合に影響を及ぼさないので、イントロン標的AおよびBのターゲッティングおよびNHEJによる修復は、eGFP蛍光の減少をもたらさない可能性が高い。他方、RFP蛍光の出現は、Cas9/RNA媒介性二本鎖切断が、示されるRFPの相同配列を使用するHRによって修復されるHRを示すものであった。
上記の実施例7に記載される実験は、精製Cas9、合成crRNAおよびin vitro転写されたtracrRNAからなるCas9/RNA複合体を使用した。完全合成RNA構成要素(crRNAおよびtracrRNA)を使用して製造された場合にCas9/RNA複合体が機能的であるかどうかを調べるために、非修飾S.サーモフィルスtracrRNA(内因性89マーおよび機能を維持すると期待されるより短い74マーの型の両方)を合成した。非修飾合成crRNAは、上記のリポータープラスミド中のeGFPのイントロン内に位置する標的Eに対して作製し(図26および30を参照のこと)、Cas9/RNA(crRNAおよびtracrRNA)複合体を作製した。これらの複合体を調べるために、上記で使用したリポータープラスミドをin vitroで複合体とともにインキュベートし、ゲル電気泳動による制限についてモニタリングした。
Claims (6)
- 触媒的に活性なCas9-crRNA複合体を3種の構成要素からin vitroにおいて組み立てる方法であって、Cas9タンパク質をtracrRNAおよびcrRNAとインキュベートして、部位特異的DNA切断に適したCas9-crRNA複合体を生成する前記方法。
- 前記crRNAが、化学的に合成されたものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記crRNAが、単一のリピート-スペーサー-リピート単位を含むDNA断片から得られ、前記スペーサーは任意の所望の配列を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載のin vitro組み立て方法によって得られる触媒的に活性なCas9-crRNA複合体。
- DNA切断特異性がcrRNA配列に指向される、請求項4に記載の触媒的に活性なCas9-crRNA複合体。
- 前記Cas9タンパク質がポリヌクレオチドによってコードされている、請求項1に記載の方法。
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