JP6655393B2 - 放射線から材料加工処理機器を保護する方法 - Google Patents
放射線から材料加工処理機器を保護する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
供給原料は電子衝撃で処理することができ、その構造が改変され、その不応性が低減される。そのような処理は、例えば、供給原料の平均分子量を低減させ、供給原料の結晶構造を変化させ、および/または供給原料の表面積および/または多孔度を増加させることができる。
本発明は、放射線不透明材料を使用して構築されたボールトおよび/またはバンカー内で材料を加工処理することを含むことができる。いくつかの実行では、放射線不透明材料は高いネルギー(短波長)を有するX線(多くの材料に侵入することができる)から構成要素をシールドすることができるように選択される。放射線シールド筐体を設計する際の1つの重要な因子は、使用される材料の減衰長であり、これは特定の材料、材料のブレンド、または層状構造に対し要求される厚さを決定する。減衰長は放射線が入射放射線のおよそ1/e(e=オイラー数)倍まで低減される侵入距離である。十分厚ければ、事実上全ての材料は放射線不透明であるが、高い組成パーセンテージ(例えば、密度)の、高いZ値(原子番号)を有する元素を含む材料は、より短い放射線減衰長を有し、よって、そのような材料が使用される場合、より薄く、軽いシールドが提供され得る。放射線シールドにおいて使用される高いZ値材料の例は、タンタルおよび鉛である。放射線シールドにおける別の重要なパラメータは、半減距離であり、これは、γ線強度を50%だけ低減させる特定の材料の厚さである。一例として、0.1MeVのエネルギーを有するX線放射線に対しては、半減厚さは、コンクリートでは約15.1mm、鉛では約0.27mmであり、一方、1MeVのX線エネルギーを用いると、半減厚さはコンクリートでは約44.45mm、および鉛では約7.9mmである。放射線不透明材料は、もう一方の側まで通過する放射線を低減させることができる限り、厚い、または薄い材料とすることができる。よって、例えば、軽量のために、またはサイズの制約のために、特定の筐体が低い壁厚を有することが望ましい場合、選択される材料はその半減長が筐体の所望の壁厚より小さい、またはこれに等しくなるように、十分なZ値および/または減衰長を有しなければならない。
放射線の型は使用される放射線源の種類ならびに放射線装置および関連機器を決定する。例えば材料を放射線で処理するための、本明細書で記載される方法、システムおよび機器は本明細書で記載される供給源ならびに任意の他の有用な供給源を使用することができる。
電子加速器のための取り出しシステムは2つの窓箔を含むことができる。窓箔は、2012年10月10日に出願された米国仮出願第61/711,801号(その完全な開示は、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)に記載されている。2つの窓箔取り出しシステムにおける冷却ガスはパージガスまたは混合物、例えば空気、または純粋ガスとすることができる。1つの実施形態では、ガスは不活性ガス、例えば窒素、アルゴン、ヘリウムおよびまたは二酸化炭素である。液体ではなくガスを使用することが好ましく、というのも、電子ビームに対するエネルギー損失が最小に抑えられるからである。純粋ガスの混合物もまた使用することができ、予混合され、あるいはウィンドウに衝突する前にラインでまたはウィンドウ間の空間で混合される。冷却ガスは、例えば、熱交換システム(例えば、冷却装置)を使用することにより、および/または凝縮ガス(例えば、液体窒素、液体ヘリウム)からのボイルオフを使用することにより冷却することができる。
電子ビームからの電子が非弾性衝突において物質と相互作用する時に、いくつかのプロセスがバイオマスにおいて起こり得る。例えば、材料の電離、材料中のポリマーの鎖切断、材料中のポリマーの架橋、材料の酸化、X線の発生(「制動放射」)および分子の振動励起(例えば、フォノン生成)。特定のメカニズムに縛られないが、不応性の低減はこれらの非弾性衝突効果のいくつか、例えば電離、ポリマーの鎖切断、酸化およびフォノン生成によるものであり得る。効果のいくつか(例えば、とりわけX線発生)は、シールドおよび工学バリアを必要とし、例えば、照射プロセスがコンクリート(または他の放射線不透明材料)ボールト内に封入される。照射の別の効果、振動励起、は、試料の加熱と等価である。照射による試料の加熱は不応性低減を助けることができるが、以下で説明されるように、過度の加熱は材料を破壊する可能性がある。
いくつかの実施形態では、システムおよび方法はビームストップ(例えば、シャッター)を含む。例えば、ビームストップは、電子ビーム装置の電源を切らずに材料の照射を迅速に中断または低減するために使用することができる。あるいは、ビームストップは電子ビームを起動しながら使用することができ、例えば、所望のレベルのビーム電流が達成されるまでビームストップは電子ビームを中断させることができる。ビームストップは第1の窓箔と第2の窓箔の間に配置することができる。例えば、ビームストップは移動可能となるように取り付けることができ、すなわち、ビーム経路中に出入りさせることができる。例えば、照射線量を制御するために、ビームの一部被覆さえも使用することができる。ビームストップは床面、バイオマスのためのコンベヤー、壁、放射線装置(例えば、走査ホーン)、または任意の構造支持体に取り付けることができる。好ましくは、ビームストップは走査ホーンとの関係で固定され、よって、ビームは、ビームストップにより効果的に制御することができる。ビームストップはヒンジ、レール、車輪、スロット、またはビーム中に出入りする際にその動作を可能にする他の手段は組み込むことができる。ビームストップは、少なくとも5%の電子、例えば、少なくとも10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、少なくとも80%、85%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%またはさらに約100%の電子を中断させる任意の材料から製造することができる。
本明細書で開示される実施形態はまた、ビームダンプを含むことができる。ビームダンプの目的は荷電粒子のビームを安全に吸収することである。ビームストップのように、ビームダンプは荷電粒子のビームをブロックするために使用することができる。しかしながら、ビームダンプはビームストップよりずっと強固であり、電子ビームの全出力を長期間ブロックすることが意図される。それらはしばしば、加速器が出力を上げた時にビームをブロックするために使用される。
リグノセルロース材料としては下記が挙げられるが、それらに限定されない:木材、パーティクルボード、林業廃棄物(例えば、おがくず、アスペン材、木材チップ)、草、(例えば、スイッチグラス、ススキ、スパルティナ(cordgrass)、クサヨシ)、穀物残渣、(例えば、もみ殻、カラスムギ殻、コムギもみ殻、オオムギ殻)、農業廃棄物(例えば、サイレージ、キャノーラわら、麦わら、オオムギわら、カラスムギわら、コメわら、ジュート、麻、亜麻、竹、サイザル麻、アバカ、トウモロコシ穂軸、コーン・ストーバー、ダイズストーバー、トウモロコシ繊維、アルファルファ、干し草、ココナツの毛)、糖加工処理残渣(例えば、バガス、ビートパルプ、リュウゼツランバガス)、藻類、海藻、堆肥、下水、およびこれらのいずれかの混合物。
他の材料(例えば、天然または合成材料)、例えばポリマーは、本明細書で記載される方法、機器およびシステムを使用して処理および/または製造することができる。例えばポリエチレン(例えば、直鎖低密度エチレンおよび高密度ポリエチレン)、ポリスチレン、スルホン化ポリスチレン、ポリ(塩化ビニル)、ポリエステル(例えば、ナイロン、Dacron(商標)、Kodel(商標))、ポリアルキレンエステル、ポリビニルエステル、ポリアミド(例えば、Kevlar(商標))、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、酢酸セルロース、アセタール、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリカーボネート(例えば、Lexan(商標))、アクリル[例えば、ポリ(メタクリル酸メチル)、ポリ(メタクリル酸メチル)、ポリアクリルニトリル、ポリウレタン、ポリプロピレン、ポリブタジエン、ポリイソブチレン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリクロロプレン(例えばネオプレン)、ポリ(cis−1,4−イソプレン)[例えば、天然ゴム]、ポリ(trans−1,4−イソプレン)[例えば、ガッタパーチャ]、フェノールホルムアルデヒド、メラミンホルムアルデヒド、エポキシド、ポリエステル、ポリアミン、ポリカルボン酸、ポリ乳酸、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ酸無水物、ポリフルオロカーボン(例えば、Teflon(商標))、シリコン(例えば、シリコーンゴム)、ポリシラン、ポリエーテル(例えば、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリプロピレンオキシド)、ワックス、油およびこれらの混合物。プラスチック、ゴム、エラストマー、繊維、ワックス、ゲル、油、接着剤、熱可塑性物質、熱硬化性物質、生分解性ポリマー、これらのポリマーから製造された樹脂、他のポリマー、他の材料およびそれらの組み合わせもまた、含まれる。ポリマーは、任意の有用な方法により製造することができ、カチオン性重合、アニオン性重合、ラジカル重合、メタセシス重合、開環重合、グラフト重合、付加重合が挙げられる。場合によっては、本明細書で開示される処理は、例えば、ラジカル開始グラフト重合および架橋のために使用することができる。ポリマーの、例えば、ガラス、金属、バイオマス(例えば、繊維、粒子)、セラミックとの複合物もまた、処理および/または製造させることができる。
バイオマスは乾燥形態とすることができ、例えば約35%未満の含水量(例えば、約20%未満、約15%未満、約10%未満約5%未満、約4%未満、約3%未満、約2%未満またはさらに約1%未満)を有する。バイオマスはまた、湿潤状態で、例えば湿潤固体、スラリーまたは少なくとも約10wt%の固体を有する懸濁液(例えば、少なくとも約20wt%、少なくとも約30wt%、少なくとも約40wt%、少なくとも約50wt%、少なくとも約60wt%、少なくとも約70wt%)として送達させることができる。
所望であれば、1つ以上の超音波処理、熱分解、酸化または蒸気爆発のプロセスを、炭水化物含有材料の不応性を低減させるまたはさらに低減させるために、照射の代わりにまたはこれに加えて使用することができる。例えば、これらのプロセスは、照射前、中およびまたは後に適用することができる。これらのプロセスは、Medoffの米国特許第7,932,065号(その全開示内容は参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)で詳細に記載される。
本明細書に記載の方法を用いて、開始バイオマス材料(例えば、植物バイオマス、動物バイオマス、紙、および自治体廃棄物系バイオマス)を供給原料として使用して、有用な中間体および生成物、例えば有機酸、有機酸の塩、無水物、有機酸のエステルおよび燃料、例えば、内燃機関のための燃料または燃料電池のための供給原料が生成され得る。供給原料として、容易に入手することができるが、しばしば加工処理するのが困難であり得るセルロースおよび/またはリグノセルロース材料、例えば、自治体廃棄物ストリームおよび紙くずストリーム、例えば新聞紙、クラフト紙、段ボール紙またはこれらの混合物を含むストリームを使用することができる、システムおよびプロセスが本明細書で記載される。
本明細書で記載されるプロセスを使用して、バイオマス材料は1つ以上の生成物、例えばエネルギー、燃料、食品および材料に変換することができる。生成物の具体例としては下記が挙げられるが、それらに限定されない:水素、糖類(例えば、グルコース、キシロース、アラビノース、マンノース、ガラクトース、果糖、二糖類、オリゴ糖類および多糖類)、アルコール(例えば、一価アルコールまたは二価アルコール、例えばエタノール、n−プロパノール、イソブタノール、sec−ブタノール、tert−ブタノールまたはn−ブタノール)、水和または含水アルコール(例えば、10%超、20%、30%またはさらに40%超の水を含む)、バイオディーゼル、有機酸、炭化水素(例えば、メタン、エタン、プロパン、イソブテン、ペンタン、n−ヘキサン、バイオディーゼル、バイオガソリンおよびそれらの混合物)、副産物(例えば、タンパク質、例えばセルロース分解性タンパク質(酵素)または単細胞タンパク質)、ならびに任意の組み合わせまたは相対濃度の、および任意で任意の添加物(例えば、燃料添加物)と組み合わされた、これらのいずれかの混合物。他の例としては下記が挙げられる:カルボン酸、カルボン酸の塩、カルボン酸およびカルボン酸の塩の混合物ならびにカルボン酸のエステル(例えば、メチル、エチルおよびn−プロピルエステル)、ケトン(例えば、アセトン)、アルデヒド(例えば、アセトアルデヒド)、αおよびβ不飽和酸(例えば、アクリル酸)およびオレフィン(例えば、エチレン)。他のアルコールおよびアルコール誘導体としては下記が挙げられる:プロパノール、プロピレングリコール、1,4−ブタンジオール、1,3−プロパンジオール、糖アルコール(例えば、エリスリトール、グリコール、グリセロール、ソルビトールトレイトール、アラビトール、リビトール、マンニトール、ズルシトール、フシトール、イジトール、イソマルト、マルチトール、ラクチトール、キシリトールおよび他のポリオール)、およびこれらのアルコールのいずれかのメチルまたはエチルエステル。他の生成物としては下記が挙げられる:アクリル酸メチル、メチルメタクリル酸、乳酸、クエン酸、ギ酸、酢酸、プロピオン酸、酪酸、コハク酸、吉草酸、カプロン酸、3−ヒドロキシプロピオン酸、パルミチン酸、ステアリン酸、シュウ酸、マロン酸、グルタル酸、オレイン酸、リノール酸、グリコール酸、γヒドロキシ酪酸、およびそれらの混合物、これらの酸のいずれかの塩、酸のいずれかおよびそれらの個々の塩の混合物。
記載される方法によるリグノセルロース加工処理から消費されたバイオマス(例えば、消費されたリグノセルロース材料)は高いリグニン量を有し、加えて、コジェネレーションプラントにおいて燃焼によりエネルギーを生成させるのに有用であることが予期され、他の価値のある生成物としての用途を有し得る。例えば、リグニンは、プラスチックとして捕獲されて使用することができ、またはこれは、他のプラスチックに合成的にグレードアップさせることができる。場合によっては、それはまたリグノスルホネートに変換することができ、これはバインダ、分散剤、乳化剤または捕捉剤として利用することができる。
照射後に、バイオマスは糖化のための容器に移され得る。あるいは、バイオマスは、糖化工程の前に照射された後、加熱することができる。このバイオマスは、例えば、IR放射線、マイクロ波、燃焼(例えば、ガス、石炭、油、バイオマス)、抵抗加熱および/または誘導コイルにより生成することができる。この加熱は、液体、例えば、水性溶媒または他の水性溶媒中で行われ得る。熱は、少なくとも1つの側または1を超える側から適用することができ、連続または周期的とすることができ、材料の一部のみ、または材料全てに対するものとすることができる。バイオマスは、酸または塩基が存在し得る水性液体中で90℃超の温度まで加熱することができる。例えば、水性バイオマススラリーは約90〜150℃、あるいは、105〜145℃、必要に応じて、110〜140℃、またはさらに必要に応じて115〜135℃)まで加熱することができる。水性バイオマス混合物がピーク温度で保持される時間は、1〜12時間、あるいは、1〜6時間、必要に応じて1〜4時間である。場合によっては、水性バイオマス混合物は酸性であり、pHは1〜5、必要に応じて、1〜4個、あるいは、2〜3である。他の場合では、水性バイオマス混合物はアルカリ性であり、pHは6〜13、あるいは、8〜12、または必要に応じて、8〜11である。
被処理バイオマス材料は、一般に、材料およびセルラーゼ酵素を流体媒質、例えば、水溶液中で合わせることにより糖化させることができる。場合によっては、材料は、2012年4月26日に公開された、MedoffおよびMastermanによる米国特許出願公開2012/0100577A1号(その全内容は本明細書に組み込まれる)に記載されるように、糖化前に、熱水中で煮沸し、浸し、または調理される。
好適なセルロース分解酵素としては、バチルス(Bacillus)、コプリナス(Coprinus)、ミセリオフソラ(Myceliophthora)、セファロスポリウム(Cephalosporium)、スキタリジウム(Scytalidium)、ペニシリウム(Penicillium)、アスペルギルス(Aspergillus)、シュードモナス(Pseudomonas)、ヒュミコラ(Humicola)、フサリウム(Fusarium)、チエラビア(Thielavia)、アクレモニウム(Acremonium)、クリソスポリウム(Chrysosporium)およびトリコデルマ(Trichoderma)属における種由来のセルラーゼが挙げられ、とりわけ、下記種から選択される株により生成されるものが挙げられる:アスペルギルス(Aspergillus)(例えば、欧州公開第0 458 162号を参照されたい)、ヒュミコラ・インソレンス(Humicola insolens)(スキタリジウム・サーモフィルム(Scytalidium thermophilum)として再分類、例えば、米国特許第4,435,307号を参照されたい)、コプリヌス・シネレウス(Coprinus cinereus)、フサリウム・オキシスポルム(Fusarium oxysporum)、ミセリオフソラ・サーモヒラ(Myceliophthora thermophila)、メリピウス・ギガンテウス(Meripilus giganteus)、チエラビア・テレストリス(Meripilus giganteus)、アクレモニウム(Acremonium)種(例えば、限定はされないが、A.ペルシシナム(A. persicinum)、A.アクレモニウム(A. acremonium)、A.ブラキペニウム(A. brachypenium)、A.ジクロモスポルム(A. dichromosporum)、A.オブクラバタム(A. obclavatum)、A.ピンケルトニエ(A. pinkertoniae)、A.ロセオグリセウム(A. roseogriseum)、A.インコロラタム(A. incoloratum)、およびA.フラタム(A. furatum))。好ましい株としては下記が挙げられる:ヒュミコラ・インソレンス(Humicola insolens)DSM 1800、フサリウム・オキシスポルム(Fusarium oxysporum)DSM 2672、ミセリオフソラ・サーモヒラ(Myceliophthora thermophila)CBS 117.65、セファロスポリウム種RYM−202、アクレモニウム種CBS 478.94、アクレモニウム種CBS 265.95、アクレモニウム・ペルシシナムCBS 169.65、アクレモニウム・アクレモニウム(Acremonium acremonium)AHU 9519、セファロスポリウム種CBS 535.71、アクレモニウム・ブラシペニウム(Acremonium brachypenium)CBS 866.73、アクレモニウム・ジクロモスポルム(Acremonium dichromosporum)CBS 683.73、アクレモニウム・オブクラバタム(Acremonium obclavatum)CBS 311.74、アクレモニウム・ピンケルトニエ(Acremonium pinkertoniae)CBS 157.70、アクレモニウム・ロセオグリセウム(Acremonium roseogriseum)CBS 134.56、アクレモニウム・インコロラタム(Acremonium incoloratum)CBS 146.62、およびアクレモニウム・フラタム(Acremonium furatum)CBS 299.70H。セルロース分解酵素はまた、クリソスポリウム、好ましくはクリソスポリウム・ラクノウェンスの株から入手することができる。使用することができる追加の株としては下記が挙げられるが、それらに限定されない:トリコデルマ(特に、T.ビリデ、T.リーセイ、およびT.コニンギイ)、好アルカリ性バチルス(例えば、米国特許第3,844,890号および欧州公開第0 458 162号を参照されたい)、およびストレプトマイセス(例えば、欧州公開第0 458 162号を参照されたい)。
本明細書で記載されるプロセスでは、例えば糖化後、糖類(例えば、グルコースおよびキシロース)は単離することができる。例えば糖類は沈殿、結晶化、クロマトグラフィー(例えば、疑似移動床クロマトグラフィー、高圧クロマトグラフィー)、遠心分離、抽出、当技術分野で知られている任意の他の単離方法、およびそれらの組み合わせにより単離することができる。
本明細書で記載されるプロセスは水素化を含むことができる。例えば、グルコースおよびキシロースはそれぞれ、ソルビトールおよびキシリトールに水素化することができる。水素化は触媒(例えば、Pt/γ−Al2O3、Ru/C、ラネーニッケル、または当技術分野において知られている他の触媒)の使用をH2と組み合わせることにより、高圧下(例えば、10〜12000psi)で達成することができる。本明細書で記載されるプロセスからの生成物の他の型の化学転換を、使用することができ、例えば有機糖誘導生成物(例えば、フルフラールおよびフルフラール誘導生成物)の生成である。糖誘導生成物の化学転換は2013年7月3日に出願された、米国特許出願第13/934,704号(その全開示内容はその全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)に記載される。
酵母およびザイモモナス細菌は、例えば、糖(複数可)のアルコール(複数可)への発酵または変換のために使用することができる。他の微生物を以下で記載する。発酵のための最適pHは約pH4〜7である。例えば、酵母のための最適pHは約pH4〜5であるが、ザイモモナスのための最適pHは約pH5〜6である。典型的な発酵時間は、20℃〜40℃の範囲の温度(例えば、26℃〜40℃)を用いると約24〜168時間(例えば、24〜96時間)であるが、しかしながら好熱性微生物はより高い温度を好む。
発酵で使用される微生物(複数可)は、天然微生物および/または操作された微生物とすることができる。例えば、微生物は細菌(限定はされないが、例えば、セルロース分解性細菌を含む)、真菌(限定はされないが、例えば、酵母を含む)、植物、原生生物、例えば原虫または真菌様原生生物(protest)(限定はされないが、例えば、粘菌を含む)、または藻類とすることができる。生物が適合性である場合、生物の混合物を使用することができる。
発酵後、得られた流体は、例えば、「ビール塔」を使用して蒸留することができ、エタノールおよび他のアルコールが大部分の水および残留固体から分離される。ビール塔を出て行く蒸気は、例えば、35重量%エタノールとすることができ、精留塔に送ることができる。精留塔からのほぼ共沸(92.5%)エタノールおよび水の混合物は、気相モレキュラーシーブを使用して純粋(99.5%)エタノールに精製することができる。ビール塔底部は、3効用蒸発器の第1のエフェクトに送ることができる。精留塔還流冷却器は、この第1のエフェクトのために熱を提供することができる。精留塔還流冷却器は、この第1のエフェクトのために熱を提供することができる。第1のエフェクト後、固体は、遠心分離機を用いて分離することができ、および回転乾燥機中で乾燥させることができる。遠心分離機排出物の一部(25%)は、発酵にリサイクルすることができ、残りは、第2および第3の蒸発器エフェクトに送ることができる。蒸発器凝縮物のほとんどは、かなりきれいな凝縮物としてプロセスに戻すことができ、ごく一部が分離されて廃水処理に送られ、低沸点化合物の蓄積が防止される。
本明細書で記載される方法およびシステムを使用する他の実施形態では、炭化水素含有材料は加工処理することができる。本明細書で記載される任意の炭化水素含有材料を処理するために、本明細書で記載される任意のプロセスが使用され得る。「炭化水素含有材料」は、本明細書では、オイルサンド、オイルシェール、タールサンド、炭塵、石炭スラリー、ビチューメン、様々な型の石炭、ならびに炭化水素構成成分および固体物質の両方を含む他の天然および合成材料を含むことを意味する。固体物質としては、木材、岩、砂、粘土、石、シルト、掘削スラリー、または他の固体有機および/または無機物質が挙げられる。用語はまた、廃棄物、例えば掘削廃棄物および副産物、精製廃棄物および副産物、または炭化水素構成成分を含む他の廃棄物、例えばアスファルトシングルおよびカバリング、アスファルト舗装、などを含むことができる。
様々な運搬システムが、バイオマス材料を例えば、ボールトまで、ボールトにおける電子ビーム下で運搬するために使用することができる。例示的なコンベヤーはベルトコンベヤー、空気コンベヤー、スクリューコンベヤーであり、カート、列車、レール上の列車もしくはカート、エレベーター、フロントローダー、バックホー、クレーン、様々なスクレーパーおよびシャベル、トラック、および投出装置が使用され得る。例えば、振動コンベヤーは、2012年10月10日に出願された米国仮出願61/711,801(その開示全体は、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)に開示されるように、本明細書に記載の様々なプロセスで使用することができる。
本明細書で記載される任意の材料、プロセスまたは処理された材料は、生成物および/または中間体、例えば複合物、フィラー、バインダ、プラスチック添加物、吸着剤および制御放出剤を製造するために使用することができる。方法は、例えば、圧力および熱を材料に適用することによる高密度化を含むことができる。例えば、複合物は繊維性材料を樹脂またはポリマーと組み合わせることにより製造することができる。例えば、放射線架橋性樹脂、例えば、熱可塑性樹脂は繊維性材料と組み合わされ、繊維性材料/架橋性樹脂の組み合わせを提供することができる。そのような材料は、例えば、建築材料、保護シート、容器および他の構造材料(例えば、成形されおよび/または押し出された生成物)として有用であり得る。吸収剤は、例えば、ペレット、チップ、繊維および/またはシートの形態とすることができる。吸着剤は、例えば、ペット寝床、パッケージング材料として、または汚染制御システムにおいて使用することができる。制御放出マトリクスはまた、例えば、ペレット、チップ、繊維およびまたはシートの形態とすることができる。制御放出マトリクスは、例えば、薬物、殺生物剤、芳香を放出するために使用することができる。例えば、複合物、吸収剤および制御放出剤ならびそれらの使用は2006年3月23日に出願された米国特許出願第PCT/US2006/010648号、および2011年11月22日に出願された米国特許第8,074,910号(その全開示内容は本明細書にて参照により組み込まれる)に記載される。
例えば、本明細書で記載されるプロセス、システムおよび/または機器により生成される、本明細書で記載される生成物および/または中間体のいずれも、香味、芳香、着色剤および/またはこれらの混合物と組み合わせることができる。例えば、糖類、有機酸、燃料、ポリオール、例えば糖アルコール、バイオマス、繊維および複合物のいずれか1つ以上(任意で香味、芳香および/または着色剤と共に)は組み合わせて(例えば、配合、混合または反応させて)あるいは使用して、他の生成物を製造することができる。例えば、1つ以上のそのような生成物を使用して、セッケン、洗浄剤、キャンディ、飲料(例えば、コーラ、ワイン、ビール、蒸留酒、例えばジンまたはウォッカ、スポーツドリンク、コーヒー、紅茶)、医薬品、接着剤、シート(例えば、織物、不織、フィルター、ティッシュ)および/または複合物(例えば、ボード)を製造することができる。例えば、1つ以上のそのような生成物は、ハーブ、花、花弁、スパイス、ビタミン、ポプリ、またはろうそくと組み合わせることができる。例えば、配合、混合または反応させた組み合わせはグレープフルーツ、オレンジ、リンゴ、ラズベリー、バナナ、レタス、セロリ、シナモン、チョコレート、バニラ、ペパーミント、ミント、タマネギ、ニンニク、コショウ、サフラン、ショウキョウ、ミルク、ワイン、ビール、紅茶、牛赤身、魚、二枚貝、オリーブ油、ココナツ脂肪、ブタ脂、バター脂肪、ビーフブイヨン、マメ科植物、ジャガイモ、マーマレード、ハム、コーヒーおよびチーズの香味、芳香を有することができる。
イル70PCTツヨン(ARMOISE OIL 70 PCT THUYONE)、バジルアブソリュートグランバート(BASIL ABSOLUTE GRAND VERT)、バジルグランバートABS MD(BASIL GRAND VERT ABS MD)、バジルオイルグランバート(BASIL OIL GRAND VERT)、バジルオイルヴェルヴェーナ(BASIL OIL VERVEINA)、バジルオイルベトナム(BASIL OIL VIETNAM)、ベイオイルテルペンレス(BAY OIL TERPENELESS)、ビーズワックスABS N G(BEESWAX ABS N G)、ビーズワックスアブソリュート(BEESWAX ABSOLUTE)、ベンゾインレジノイドサイアム(BENZOIN RESINOID SIAM)、ベンゾインレジノイドサイアム50PCT DPG(BENZOIN RESINOID SIAM 50 PCT DPG)、ベンゾインレジノイドサイアム50PCT PG(BENZOIN RESINOID SIAM 50 PCT PG)、ベンゾインレジノイドサイアム70.5PCT TEC(BENZOIN RESINOID SIAM 70.5 PCT TEC)、ブラックカラントブッドABS65PCT PG(BLACKCURRANT BUD ABS 65 PCT PG)、ブラックカラントブッドABSMD37PCT TEC(BLACKCURRANT BUD ABS MD 37 PCT TEC)、ブラックカラントブッドABSミグリオール(BLACKCURRANT BUD ABS MIGLYOL)、ブラックカラントブッドアブソリュートブルゴーニュ(BLACKCURRANT BUD ABSOLUTE BURGUNDY)、ボアドローズオイル(BOIS DE ROSE OIL)、ブランアブソリュート(BRAN ABSOLUTE)、ブランレジノイド(BRAN RESINOID)、ブルームアブソリュートイタリア(BROOM ABSOLUTE ITALY)、カルダモングアテマラCO2抽出物(CARDAMOM GUATEMALA CO2 EXTRACT)、カルダモンオイルグアテマラ(CARDAMOM OIL GUATEMALA)、カルダモンオイルインド(CARDAMOM OIL INDIA)、キャロットハート(CARROT HEART)、カシーアブソリュートエジプト(CASSIE ABSOLUTE EGYPT)、カシーアブソリュートMD50PCTIPM(CASSIE ABSOLUTE MD 50 PCT IPM)、ケストレウムABS90PCT TEC(CASTOREUM ABS 90 PCT TEC)、ケストレウムABSC50PCTミグリオール(CASTOREUM ABS C 50 PCT MIGLYOL)、ケストレウムアブソリュート(CASTOREUM ABSOLUTE)、ケストレウムレジノイド(CASTOREUM RESINOID)、ケストレウムレジノイド50PCT DPG(CASTOREUM RESINOID 50 PCT DPG)、セドロールセドレン(CEDROL CEDRENE)、セドラスアトランティカオイルレジスト(CEDRUS ATLANTICA OIL REDIST)、カモミールオイルローマ(CHAMOMILE OIL ROMAN)、カモミールオイルワイルド(CHAMOMILE OIL WILD)、カモミールオイルワイルド低リモネン(CHAMOMILE OIL WILD LOW LIMONENE)、桂皮オイルセイラン(CINNAMON BARK OIL CEYLAN)、シストアブソリュート(CISTE ABSOLUTE)、シストアブソリュート無色(CISTE ABSOLUTE COLORLESS)、シトロネラオイルアジア鉄フリー(CITRONELLA OIL ASIA IRON FREE)、シベットABS75PCT PG(CIVET ABS 75 PCT PG)、シベットアブソリュート(CIVET ABSOLUTE)、シベットティンクチュア10PCT(CIVET TINCTURE 10 PCT)、クラリーセージABSフランスデコル(CLARY SAGE ABS FRENCH DECOL)、クラリーセージアブソリュートフランス(CLARY SAGE ABSOLUTE FRENCH)、クラリーセージC’LESS 50PCT PG(CLARY SAGE C’LESS 50 PCT PG)、クラリーセージオイルフランス(CLARY SAGE OIL FRENCH)、コパイババルサム(COPAIBA BALSAM)、コパイババルサムオイル(COPAIBA BALSAM OIL)、コリアンダーシードオイル(CORIANDER SEED OIL)、サイプレスオイル(CYPRESS OIL)、サイプレスオイルオーガニック(CYPRESS OIL ORGANIC)、ダバナオイル(DAVANA OIL)、ガルバノール(GALBANOL)、ガルバナムアブソリュート無色(GALBANUM ABSOLUTE COLORLESS)、ガルバナムオイル(GALBANUM OIL)、ガルバナムレジノイド(GALBANUM RESINOID)、ガルバナムレジノイド50PCT DPG(GALBANUM RESINOID 50 PCT DPG)、ガルバナムレジノイドハーコリンBHT(GALBANUM RESINOID HERCOLYN BHT)、ガルバナムレジノイドTEC BHT(GALBANUM RESINOID TEC BHT)、ゲンチアネアブソリュートMD20PCT BB(GENTIANE ABSOLUTE MD 20 PCT BB)、ゲンチアネコンクリート(GENTIANE CONCRETE)、ゲラニウムABSエジプトMD(GERANIUM ABS EGYPT MD)、ゲラニウムアブソリュートエジプト(GERANIUM ABSOLUTE EGYPT)、ゲラニウムオイルチャイナ(GERANIUM OIL CHINA)、ゲラニウムオイルエジプト(GERANIUM OIL EGYPT)、ジンジャーオイル624(GINGER OIL 624)、ジンジャーオイル精留可溶(GINGER OIL RECTIFIED SOLUBLE)、グアヤクウッドハート(GUAIACWOOD HEART)、ヘイABS MD50PCT BB(HAY ABS MD 50 PCT BB)、ヘイアブソリュート(HAY ABSOLUTE)、ヘイアブソリュートMD50PCT TEC(HAY ABSOLUTE MD 50 PCT TEC)、ヒーリングウッド(HEALINGWOOD)、ヒソップオイルオーガニック(HYSSOP OIL ORGANIC)、イモーテルABSユーゴMD50PCT TEC(IMMORTELLE ABS YUGO MD 50 PCT TEC)、イモーテルアブソリュートスペイン(IMMORTELLE ABSOLUTE SPAIN)、イモーテルアブソリュートユーゴ(IMMORTELLE ABSOLUTE YUGO)、ジャスミンABSインドMD(JASMIN ABS INDIA MD)、ジャスミンアブソリュートエジプト(JASMIN ABSOLUTE EGYPT)、ジャスミンアブソリュートインド(JASMIN ABSOLUTE INDIA)、アスミンアブソリュートモロッコ(ASMIN ABSOLUTE MOROCCO)、ジャスミンアブソリュートサンバック(JASMIN ABSOLUTE SAMBAC)、ジャンキーユABS MD20PCT BB(JONQUILLE ABS MD 20 PCT BB)、ジャンキーユアブソリュートフランス(JONQUILLE ABSOLUTE France)、ジュニパーベリーオイルFLG(JUNIPER BERRY OIL FLG)、ジュニパーベリーオイル精留可溶(JUNIPER BERRY OIL RECTIFIED SOLUBLE)、ラダナムレジノイド50PCT TEC(LABDANUM RESINOID 50 PCT TEC)、ラダナムレジノイドBB(LABDANUM RESINOID BB)、ラダナムレジノイドMD(LABDANUM RESINOID MD)、ラダナムレジノイドMD50PCT BB(LABDANUM RESINOID MD 50 PCT BB)、ラバンジンアブソリュートH(LAVANDIN ABSOLUTE H)、ラバンジンアブソリュートMD(LAVANDIN ABSOLUTE MD)、ラバンジンオイルアブリアルオーガニック(LAVANDIN OIL ABRIAL ORGANIC)、ラバンジンオイルグロッソオーガニック(LAVANDIN OIL GROSSO ORGANIC)、ラバンジンオイルスーパー(LAVANDIN OIL SUPER)、ラベンダーアブソリュートH(LAVENDER ABSOLUTE H)、ラベンダーアブソリュートMD(LAVENDER ABSOLUTE MD)、ラベンダーオイルクマリンフリー(LAVENDER OIL COUMARIN FREE)、ラベンダーオイルクマリンフリーオーガニック(LAVENDER OIL COUMARIN FREE ORGANIC)、ラベンダーオイルマイレッテオーガニック(LAVENDER OIL MAILLETTE ORGANIC)、ラベンダーオイルMT(LAVENDER OIL MT)、メースアブソリュートBB(MACE ABSOLUTE BB)、マグノリアフラワーオイル低メチルオイゲノール(MAGNOLIA FLOWER OIL LOW METHYL EUGENOL)、マグノリアフラワーオイル(MAGNOLIA FLOWER OIL)、マグノリアフラワーオイルMD(MAGNOLIA FLOWER OIL MD)、マグノリアリー車輪(MAGNOLIA LEAF OIL)、マンダリンオイルMD(MANDARIN OIL MD)、マンダリンオイルMDBHT(MANDARIN OIL MD BHT)、メイトアブソリュートBB(MATE ABSOLUTE BB)、モスツリーアブソリュートMD TEX IFRA43(MOSS TREE ABSOLUTE MD TEX IFRA 43)、モス−オークABS MD TEC IFRA43(MOSS−OAK ABS MD TEC IFRA 43)、モス−オークアブソリュートIFRA43(MOSS−OAK ABSOLUTE IFRA 43)、モスツリーアブソリュートMD IPM IFRA43(MOSS−TREE ABSOLUTE MD IPM IFRA 43)、ミルラレジノイドBB(MYRRH RESINOID BB)、ミルラレジノイドMD(MYRRH RESINOID MD)、ミルラレジノイドTEC(MYRRH RESINOID TEC)、マートルオイル鉄フリー(MYRTLE OIL IRON FREE)、マートルオイルチュニジア精留(MYRTLE OIL TUNISIA RECTIFIED)、ナルシスABS MD 20 PCT BB(NARCISSE ABS MD 20 PCT BB)、ナルシスアブソリュートフランス(NARCISSE ABSOLUTE FRENCH)、ネロリオイルチュニジア(NEROLI OIL TUNISIA)、ナツメグオイルテルペンレス(NUTMEG OIL TERPENELESS)、ウイエアブソリュート(OEILLET ABSOLUTE)、オリバナムレジノイド(OLIBANUM RESINOID)、オリバナムレジノイドBB(OLIBANUM RESINOID BB)、オリバナムレジノイドDPG(OLIBANUM RESINOID DPG)、オリバナムレジノイドエクストラ50PCT DPG(OLIBANUM RESINOID EXTRA 50 PCT DPG)、オリバナムレジノイドMD(OLIBANUM RESINOID MD)、オリバナムレジノイドMD50PC
T DPG(OLIBANUM RESINOID MD 50 PCT DPG)、オリバナムレジノイドTEC(OLIBANUM RESINOID TEC)、オポポナックスレジノイドTEC(OPOPONAX RESINOID TEC)、オレンジビガレードオイルMD BHT(ORANGE BIGARADE OIL MD BHT)、オレンジビガレードオイルMD SCFC(ORANGE BIGARADE OIL MD SCFC)、オレンジフラワーアブソリュートチュニジア(ORANGE FLOWER ABSOLUTE TUNISIA)、オレンジフラワーウォーターアブソリュートチュニジア(ORANGE FLOWER WATER ABSOLUTE TUNISIA)、オレンジリーフアブソリュート(ORANGE LEAF ABSOLUTE)、オレンジリーフウォーターアブソリュートチュニジア(ORANGE LEAF WATER ABSOLUTE TUNISIA)、ニオイイリスアブソリュートイタリア(ORRIS ABSOLUTE ITALY)、ニオイイリスコンクリート15PCTイロネ(ORRIS CONCRETE 15 PCT IRONE)、ニオイイリスコンクリート8PCTイロネ(ORRIS CONCRETE 8 PCT IRONE)、ニオイイリスナチュラル15PCTイロネ4095C(ORRIS NATURAL 15 PCT IRONE 4095C)、ニオイイリスナチュラル8PCTイロネ2942C(ORRIS NATURAL 8 PCT IRONE 2942C)、ニオイイリスレジノイド(ORRIS RESINOID)、オスマンサスアブソリュート(OSMANTHUS ABSOLUTE)、オスマンサスアブソリュートMD50PCT BB(OSMANTHUS ABSOLUTE MD 50 PCT BB)、パチョリハートN°3(PATCHOULI HEART N°3)、パチョリオイルインドネシア(PATCHOULI OIL INDONESIA)、パチョリオイルインドネシア鉄フリー(PATCHOULI OIL INDONESIA IRON FREE)、パチョリオイルインドネシアMD(PATCHOULI OIL INDONESIA MD)、パチョリオイルレジスト(PATCHOULI OIL REDIST)、ペニーロイヤルハート(PENNYROYAL HEART)、ペパーミントアブソリュートMD(PEPPERMINT ABSOLUTE MD)、プチグレン・ビガラーデオイルチュニジア(PETITGRAIN BIGARADE OIL TUNISIA)、プチグレン・シトロ二エオイル(PETITGRAIN CITRONNIER OIL)、プチグレンオイルパラグアイテルペンレス(PETITGRAIN OIL PARAGUAY TERPENELESS)、プチグレンオイルテルペンレスSTAB(PETITGRAIN OIL TERPENELESS STAB)、ピメントベリーオイル(PIMENTO BERRY OIL)、ピメントリー車輪(PIMENTO LEAF OIL)、ロジノールEXゲラニウムチャイナ(RHODINOL EX GERANIUM CHINA)、ローズABSブルガリア低メチルオイゲノール(ROSE ABS BULGARIAN LOW METHYL EUGENOL)、ローズABSモロッコ低メチルオイゲノール(ROSE ABS MOROCCO LOW METHYL EUGENOL)、ローズABSトルコ低メチルオイゲノール(ROSE ABS TURKISH LOW METHYL EUGENOL)、ローズアブソリュート(ROSE ABSOLUTE)、ローズアブソリュートブルガリア(ROSE ABSOLUTE BULGARIAN)、ローズアブソリュートダーマシーナ(ROSE ABSOLUTE DAMASCENA)、ローズアブソリュートMD(ROSE ABSOLUTE MD)、ローズアブソリュートモロッコ(ROSE ABSOLUTE MOROCCO)、ローズアブソリュートトルコ(ROSE ABSOLUTE TURKISH)、ローズオイルブルガリア(ROSE OIL BULGARIAN)、ローズオイルダーマシーナ低メチルオイゲノール(ROSE OIL DAMASCENA LOW METHYL EUGENOL)、ローズオイルトルコ(ROSE OIL TURKISH)、ローズマリーオイルカンファーオーガニック(ROSEMARY OIL CAMPHOR ORGANIC)、ローズマリーオイルチュニジア(ROSEMARY OIL TUNISIA)、サンダルウッドオイルインド(SANDALWOOD OIL INDIA)、サンダルウッドオイルインド精留(SANDALWOOD OIL INDIA RECTIFIED)、サンタロール(SANTALOL)、コショウボクオイル(SCHINUS MOLLE OIL)、セントジョンブレッドティンクチュア10PCT(ST JOHN BREAD TINCTURE 10 PCT)、スタイラックスレジノイド(STYRAX RESINOID)、スタイラックスレジノイド(STYRAX RESINOID)、タジェットオイル(TAGETE OIL)、ティーツリーハート(TEA TREE HEART)、トンカ豆ABS50PCTソルベンツ(TONKA BEAN ABS 50 PCT SOLVENTS)、トンカ豆アブソリュート(TONKA BEAN ABSOLUTE)、チューベローズアブソリュートインド(TUBEROSE ABSOLUTE INDIA)、ベチバーハートエクストラ(VETIVER HEART EXTRA)、ベチバーオイルハイチ(VETIVER OIL HAITI)、ベチバーオイルハイチMD(VETIVER OIL HAITI MD)、ベチバーオイルジャワ(VETIVER OIL JAVA)、ベチバーオイルジャワMD(VETIVER OIL JAVA MD)、スミレリーフアブソリュートエジプト(VIOLET LEAF ABSOLUTE EGYPT)、スミレリーフアブソリュートエジプトDECOL(VIOLET LEAF ABSOLUTE EGYPT DECOL)、スミレリーフアブソリュートフランス(VIOLET LEAF ABSOLUTE FRENCH)、スミレリーフアブソリュートMD50PCT BB(VIOLET LEAF ABSOLUTE MD 50 PCT BB)、ワームウッドオイルテルペンレス(WORMWOOD OIL TERPENELESS)、イランエクストラオイル(YLANG EXTRA OIL)、イランIIIオイル(YLANG III OIL)およびこれらの組み合わせ。
なお、本発明には以下の態様が含まれることを付記する。
[1]
材料加工処理機器を保護する方法であって、
電子ビーム下で、コンベヤー上でバイオマス材料を運搬することと、
放射線不透明性機器筐体にモーター構成要素を封入することと
を含む方法。
[2]
前記放射線不透明性機器筐体がガスでパージされる、[1]に記載の方法。
[3]
10分ごとに1回未満の交換率で前記機器筐体内の前記ガスを交換することをさらに含む、[1]または[2]に記載の方法。
[4]
前記ガスが、空気、酸素低減空気、窒素、アルゴン、ヘリウム、二酸化炭素、およびそれらの混合物からなる群から選択される、[1]〜[3]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[5]
前記コンベヤーがボールト内に配置される、[1]〜[4]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[6]
前記ボールトが照射機器も含む、[5]に記載の方法。
[7]
前記ガスがボールト内部から供給され、前記方法が、前記機器筐体を前記ガスでパージする前に前記ガスを濾過することをさらに含む、[1]に記載の方法。
[8]
前記ガスがオゾンを除去するために濾過されている、[7]に記載の方法。
[9]
前記方法が、前記モーター構成要素にアクセスするために前記機器筐体を移動することをさらに含む、[1]〜[8]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[10]
前記機器筐体が移動可能であるように構成されている、[9]に記載の方法。
[11]
前記機器筐体が鉛を含む、[1]〜[10]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[12]
前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体が無い場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも10%低減される、[1]〜[11]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[13]
前記コンベヤーが振動コンベヤーである、[1]〜[12]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[14]
使用中に前記振動コンベヤーの構成要素の動きに対応するために、前記機器筐体と前記振動コンベヤーとの間に隙間を提供することをさらに含む、[1]〜[13]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[15]
振動コンベヤーのモーターおよび他のモーター構成要素を保護するためのシステムであって、
構造上に取り付けられたモーター構成要素を有する振動コンベヤーと、
前記モーター上に配置されるように構成され、前記機器筐体が所定の位置にある時に、前記機器筐体と前記構造との間に隙間を提供するように寸法決めされている開放端を有する、実質的放射線不透明性機器筐体と
を含むシステム。
[16]
前記隙間が、ストップ、溝、スペーサーおよび/または留め具を使用して、前記コンベヤーに対して前記機器筐体を固定することにより維持される、[15]に記載のシステム。
[17]
前記機器筐体にパージガスを流すために構成された導管をさらに含む、[15]に記載のシステム。
[18]
前記コンベヤー構成要素上の位置の内外に前記機器筐体を移動させるための機器をさらに含む、[15]〜[17]のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
[19]
前記機器が、前記機器筐体に取り付けられた車輪、前記機器筐体をスライドさせるためのトラック、前記機器筐体の下方に配置された(例えば、地面に取り付けられた)車輪、スライダー(例えば、スライドレール)、リニアガイドおよびこれらの組み合わせから選択される、[17]に記載のシステム。
[20]
前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体を含まない場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも20%低減される、[1]〜[14]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[21]
前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体を含まない場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも30%低減される、[1]〜[14]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[22]
前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体を含まない場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも50%低減される、[1]〜[14]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[23]
前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体を含まない場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも70%低減される、[1]〜[14]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[24]
前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体を含まない場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも90%低減される、[1]〜[14]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[25]
前記ガスが空気を含む、[2]に記載の方法。
[26]
材料加工処理機器を保護する方法であって、
電子ビーム下で、コンベヤー上でバイオマス材料を運搬することと、
放射線不透明性機器筐体に構成要素を封入することと
を含む方法。
[27]
前記構成要素が、前記コンベヤーおよび前記補助コンベヤー部分を含む、[26]に記載の方法。
Claims (17)
- 放射線から材料加工処理機器を保護する方法であって、
放射線下で、コンベヤー上でバイオマス材料を運搬することと、
放射線不透明性機器筐体にガスを流して前記機器筐体をパージしながら、前記機器筐体に前記コンベヤーのモーター構成要素を封入することと
を含み、
前記放射線が電子ビームであり、
前記ガスが、空気、酸素低減空気、窒素、アルゴン、ヘリウム、二酸化炭素、およびそれらの混合物からなる群から選択され、
前記方法が、前記モーター構成要素にアクセスするために前記機器筐体を移動することをさらに含む、方法。 - 10分ごとに1回未満の交換率で前記機器筐体内の前記ガスを交換することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記コンベヤーがボールト内に配置される、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記ボールトが、前記バイオマス材料を照射する照射機器も含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記ガスが前記ボールト内部から供給され、前記方法が、前記機器筐体を前記ガスでパージする前に前記ガスを濾過することをさらに含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記ガスがオゾンを除去するために濾過されている、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記機器筐体が移動可能であるように構成されている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記機器筐体が鉛を含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体が無い場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも10%低減される、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記コンベヤーが振動コンベヤーである、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 使用中に前記振動コンベヤーの構成要素の動きに対応するために、前記機器筐体と前記振動コンベヤーとの間に隙間を提供することをさらに含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体を含まない場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも20%低減される、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体を含まない場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも30%低減される、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体を含まない場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも50%低減される、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体を含まない場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも70%低減される、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記モーター構成要素の放射線への曝露が、前記機器筐体を含まない場合に生じる放射線曝露と比較して少なくとも90%低減される、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記ガスが空気を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
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