TWI531425B - Biological sludge for the production of biomass fuels - Google Patents

Biological sludge for the production of biomass fuels Download PDF

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TWI531425B
TWI531425B TW104122184A TW104122184A TWI531425B TW I531425 B TWI531425 B TW I531425B TW 104122184 A TW104122184 A TW 104122184A TW 104122184 A TW104122184 A TW 104122184A TW I531425 B TWI531425 B TW I531425B
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biological sludge
sludge
biological
preparing
biomass fuel
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TW201701963A (zh
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chang-qing Lin
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chang-qing Lin
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Priority to US15/201,774 priority patent/US10099949B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
    • C02F1/78—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with ozone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/34—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with mechanical oscillations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
    • C02F11/06—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
    • C02F11/12—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
    • C02F11/121—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening by mechanical de-watering
    • C02F11/122—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening by mechanical de-watering using filter presses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
    • C02F11/12—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
    • C02F11/13—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening by heating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/34—Other details of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes
    • C10L5/36—Shape
    • C10L5/366—Powders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/46—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on sewage, house, or town refuse
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/06—Sludge reduction, e.g. by lysis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/26—Reducing the size of particles, liquid droplets or bubbles, e.g. by crushing, grinding, spraying, creation of microbubbles or nanobubbles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
    • C02F2305/02—Specific form of oxidant
    • C02F2305/023—Reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen, OH radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
    • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
    • C10L2200/0461—Fractions defined by their origin
    • C10L2200/0469—Renewables or materials of biological origin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
    • C10L2250/06—Particle, bubble or droplet size
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/06—Heat exchange, direct or indirect
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/08—Drying or removing water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/24—Mixing, stirring of fuel components
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/28—Cutting, disintegrating, shredding or grinding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/54—Specific separation steps for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel
    • C10L2290/547—Filtration for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Description

生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法
本發明是有關於一種製造燃料的方法，特別是指一種生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法。
生物污泥為(廢)污水處理系統之生物處理單元所產生的固體廢棄物，所述的生物污泥之主要成份有：具有活性的微生物群體、微生物代謝的殘留物質、污水挾帶的有機物質，及污水挾帶的無機物質。因此，若希望處理該生物污泥而形成可再利用的資源，主要必須消除所述之微生物可能造成的影響，才可安全地使用回收該生物污泥所製成的產品。
目前習知的廢棄物處理技術，通常是對廢棄物進行特定處理後，製成肥料、建築用材、燃料，或者人工土壤等等可供後續利用的產品。其中，在將廢棄物製成燃料的處理技術上，由於進行機械切割作業時需要使用切削油，而所述之切削油中具有石油餾出物、動物脂肪、植物油等等可再利用的成分，故通常是自收集機械切削作業所產生之廢棄物的油槽中，取用沉澱於底部的油泥為原料，並在另外添加木材、木屑、稻桿，或者稻草等等的介質後，與固化劑一同拌合混煉，製成可供燃燒的燃料。
然而，有關上述製成燃料的方法，除了必須額外添加木材、木屑、稻桿，或者稻草等等可用於其他用途的資源物之外，針對於所述的生物污泥而言，目前也並未有將該生物污泥進行處理而製成生質燃料的有效方法。
因此，本發明之目的，即在提供一種能將生物污泥製成生質燃料之生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法。
於是，本發明生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法，包含一溶胞步驟、一壓濾步驟、一乾燥步驟、一磨料步驟，及一混合步驟。
該溶胞步驟是利用臭氧的強氧化特性，及水力振盪，對一生物污泥中所含之微生物的細胞壁進行破壞，使生物污泥所含微生物的細胞壁破裂後，溶出細胞內的物質，以改變該生物污泥的物理及化學特性。
該壓濾步驟是將經過該溶胞步驟後的該生物污泥置入一壓濾機，利用直接加壓過濾的方式，對該生物污泥進行固液分離，分離該生物污泥中的固體物質及溶出液。
該乾燥步驟是將所分離出的固體物質予以乾燥，使該生物污泥形成一呈固體的乾燥物。
該磨料步驟是將該乾燥物研磨為細料，使該生物污泥形成呈細小顆粒狀的介質。所述的介質為呈乾燥狀態的有機物質(碳氫化合物)，具有細微顆粒、大比表面積、強疏水性、強吸油力，及高熱值的特性。
該混合步驟是將該細料與一油泥混合，藉由該 細料所具備的大比表面積及強力吸油特性，吸附油泥而製成細小顆粒的生質燃料。
本發明之功效在於：利用臭氧氧化以及水力振盪衝擊，協同對該生物污泥所含的微生物進行破壞細胞壁的作業後，再予以壓濾、乾燥，並磨細，改變其物理及化學特性，形成多孔、細小、大比表面積及強吸油力的介質。所述之介質與該油泥混合後，在不降低油泥本身具備熱值的條件下，即能將生物污泥製成細小顆粒的生質燃料，並達到資源有效再利用的目的。
11‧‧‧溶胞步驟
12‧‧‧壓濾步驟
13‧‧‧乾燥步驟
14‧‧‧磨料步驟
15‧‧‧混合步驟
21‧‧‧受限空間
22‧‧‧接觸空間
23‧‧‧反應空間
本發明之其他的特徵及功效，將於參照圖式的實施方式中清楚地呈現，其中：圖1是一流程圖，說明本發明生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法之一實施例；及圖2是一設備配置圖，說明該實施例的一溶胞步驟。
參閱圖1，為本發明生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法的實施例，該實施例包含一溶胞步驟11、一壓濾步驟12、一乾燥步驟13、一磨料步驟14，及一混合步驟15。
參閱圖1與圖2，該溶胞步驟11是在一受限空間21中，利用臭氧及水力對一生物污泥中所含之微生物的細胞壁進行破壞，以改變該生物污泥的物理及化學特性。以水力循環振盪的方式，將該生物污泥細化後，能使該生 物污泥細化為粒徑0.3公釐至0.6公釐的微細顆粒，大大的增加比表面積。接著在一接觸空間22中與負壓吸入的臭氧混合接觸。其中有關該臭氧的引入劑量，每1克該生物污泥的乾基重量，是與0.06至0.13克的臭氧進行反應。該生物污泥和臭氧一同注入一反應空間23後，產生水力振盪與臭氧氧化的協同作用，急遽破壞該生物污泥所含之微生物的細胞壁，使所述之微生物的細胞產生畸變而溶出細胞內的物質。
續參閱圖1，該壓濾步驟12是將該生物污泥置入一壓濾機(圖未繪示)，利用直接加壓過濾的方式，並在不需添加任何凝集劑的情況下，直接進行固液分離，分離該生物污泥中所含的固體物及溶出液。經過該壓濾機分離水分後的該生物污泥，也就是經過破壞細胞壁處理之固體物的含水率為55%至65%。
該乾燥步驟13是以60℃至105℃的溫度乾燥所述之固體物，使該固體物形成一含水率降至8%以下的乾燥物。該乾燥物的成分大部分為去除了微生物的碳氫化合物，並具有多孔、顆粒細小、比表面積大、吸油力強，及高熱值的特性，因此相當適合當作製造生質燃料的良好介質。
該磨料步驟14是以磨料機將該乾燥物研磨成一料徑在0.2公釐以下的細料，該細料具有多孔、顆粒細小、比表面積大、吸油力強，及高熱值的特性，因此相當適合當作製造生質燃料的良好介質。
該混合步驟15是將該細料與一油泥，以體積混合比為1：1至2：1的比例充分混合而製成生質燃料。其中，該油泥為石油化工業的油泥、除油處理所產生的油泥，或者切削油油泥等等的廢棄物油泥。而只要是具有一定熱值的油泥，皆可適用於該實施例，不以前述的油泥種類為限。由於當作介質的該細料具備高熱值，因此所述之油泥配合所述之介質而製成產品時的熱值會相對提升，以製成能充分利用該油泥及該生物污泥的一生質燃料。
要特別說明的是，經過該混合步驟15所製成的生質燃料是處理為粉末狀，便於依據燃燒需求微量添加或者減量，藉此調整燃燒時的各種參數。而為了配合各種不同的使用習慣，以及使運送更加方便，可經過後續處理，使該生質燃料呈現各種不同的型體。例如可在後續另外添加固化劑而使該固體燃料凝固成型為特定形狀，以便於堆疊運送，或定量使用。
藉由該實施例所製成的生質燃料，由於是利用該生物污泥製成添加的介質，故能省下可應用於其他用途的木材、木屑、稻桿，或者稻草等等的材料，以落實廢棄物資源化而再續利用的環保理念。其中，由於該生物污泥是(廢)污水生物處理系統所產生的廢棄生物污泥，因此製成介質時通常為無害的純天然有機成分，在回收廢棄物而續行利用的角度而言，較無使用安全上的疑慮。另外，所述之純天然有機成分的熱值，通常會高於習知使用的介質(木材、木屑、稻桿、稻草等等)，燃燒後能產生較大的能量， 故該實施例所製成的生質燃料也具有較好的燃燒效能。
綜上所述，該生物污泥經過該溶胞步驟11而破壞所含之微生物的細胞壁後，只要經過壓濾脫水、乾燥，並且磨細後，即能當作與該油泥混合的介質，並能與該油泥混合而製成燃燒效能高的生質燃料，故確實能達成本發明之目的。
惟以上所述者，僅為本發明之實施例而已，當不能以此限定本發明實施之範圍，凡是依本發明申請專利範圍及專利說明書內容所作之簡單的等效變化與修飾，皆仍屬本發明專利涵蓋之範圍內。
11‧‧‧溶胞步驟
12‧‧‧壓濾步驟
13‧‧‧乾燥步驟
14‧‧‧磨料步驟
15‧‧‧混合步驟

Claims (7)

  1. 一種生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法，包含：一溶胞步驟，利用臭氧及水力對一生物污泥中所含之微生物的細胞壁進行破壞，以改變該生物污泥的物理及化學特性；一壓濾步驟，利用直接加壓過濾的方式，對該生物污泥進行固液分離；一乾燥步驟，將所分離出的固體予以乾燥，使該生物污泥形成一乾燥物；一磨料步驟，將該乾燥物研磨為一細料；及一混合步驟，將該細料與一油泥混合，製成一生質燃料。
  2. 如請求項1所述生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法，其中，在該溶胞步驟中，每1克乾基重量的該生物污泥，是與0.06至0.13克的臭氧進行反應。
  3. 如請求項1所述生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法，其中，在該壓濾步驟中，分離水分後的該生物污泥之含水率為55%至65%。
  4. 如請求項1所述生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法，其中，在該乾燥步驟中，該乾燥物的含水率是在8%以下。
  5. 如請求項1所述生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法，其中，在該乾燥步驟中是在60℃至105℃的溫度下乾燥該生物污泥。
  6. 如請求項1所述生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法，其中， 在該磨料步驟中是將該乾燥物研磨成料徑在0.2公釐以下的細料。
  7. 如請求項1所述生物污泥製成生質燃料的方法，其中，在該混合步驟中，該細料與該油泥的體積混合比為1：1至2：1。
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