JP5198272B2 - 熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物 - Google Patents
熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5198272B2 JP5198272B2 JP2008535562A JP2008535562A JP5198272B2 JP 5198272 B2 JP5198272 B2 JP 5198272B2 JP 2008535562 A JP2008535562 A JP 2008535562A JP 2008535562 A JP2008535562 A JP 2008535562A JP 5198272 B2 JP5198272 B2 JP 5198272B2
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- Prior art keywords
- graphite oxide
- tego
- graphite
- thermally exfoliated
- oxide
- Prior art date
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Description
本発明は、変性されたグラファイト酸化物を基材とする高表面積材料に関する。
ナノ粒子を充填した重合体複合材料(NC)、特にナノ粒子が、重合体鎖の寸法に匹敵する寸法を有し、100を超えるアスペクト比を有し、重合体マトリックス中に一様に分散している複合材料、の分野に大きな関心が集まっている。重合体複合材料の機械的特性、電気的および熱的伝導性の改良に関して広範囲に研究されている幾つかの充填材料、例えばフラクタル(fractal)凝集ナノ粒子(シリカおよびカーボンブラック)、炭素ナノ粒子(CNT)、無機クレーおよびアルミナシリケートナノプレート、がある。
用できる。TEGOは、極性溶剤および重合体中に容易に分散させることができ、例えば複合材料中にナノ充填材として、超キャパシタに、分散剤として、および水素貯蔵材料として使用できる。
)]、ポリ[4,4'-メチレンビス(フェニルイソシアネート)-alt-1,4-ブタンジオール/ポリ(ブチレンアジペート)]、ポリ[4,4'-メチレンビス(フェニルイソシアネート)-alt-1,4-ブタンジオール/ポリ(ブチレンアジペート)]、ポリ[4,4'-メチレンビス(フェニルイソシアネート)-alt-1,4-ブタンジオール/ジ(プロピレングリコール)/ポリカプロラクトン、ポリ[4,4'-メチレンビス(フェニルイソシアネート)-alt-1,4-ブタンジオール/ポリテトラヒドロフラン、アミン末端を有するポリブタジエン、例えばHYCAR ATB2000X173、カルボキシル末端を有するポリブタジエン、例えばHYCAR CTB2000X162、ポリブタジエン、ブチルゴム、ジカルボキシ末端を有するスチレン/ブタジエン共重合体、ポリイソプレン、ポリ(スチレン−コ−ブタジエン)、ポリジメチルシロキサン、および天然ラテックスゴムがあるが、これらに限定するものではない。
Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc. (Texas, USA)から市販のSWCNT(BuckyPearls, lot no. CTU3-2005B-2)、Polyciences (Warrington, PA, USA)から市販のPMMA(Mw=350000, PDI=2.7)およびFisher Scientifics (Hanover Park, IL, USA)から市販の、全てHPLC等級の有機溶剤を、入荷した状態で使用した。Flake 1 Graphiteは、Asbury Carbon Co. (Asbury, NJ, USA)から入手した。
グラファイト酸化物は、Flake 1グラファイトから、Staudenmaierの方法(L.Staudenmaier, Ber. Dtsh. Chem. Ges, 31, 1481, (1898))により調製した。グラファイト(1 g)を、攪拌し、冷却した濃硫酸および硝酸(2:1 v/v, 27 ml)の混合物を含む500 mlの丸底フラスコに加えた。次いで、塩素酸カリウム(11 g)を、反応混合物の温度が確実に30℃より上に上昇しないように、少量ずつ徐々に加えた。塩素酸カリウムを加えた後、混合物を室温に戻し、攪拌を96時間続けた。次に、混合物を脱イオン水(1リットル)中に注ぎ込み、60 mlのフリット漏斗(粗)上で濾過した。生成物を漏斗上で、5%水性HClで硫酸塩が検出されなくなるまで(水性濾液5 mlが、飽和BaCl21滴の存在下で曇らなくなる時)、次いで、脱イオン水(2x50 ml)で洗浄した。得られたグラファイト酸化物を加熱炉中、100℃で24時間乾燥させた。元素分析(Atlantic Microlab, Norcross, GA):C53.37%、O39.45%、H1.62%、N0.14%。
Flake 1 Graphite(1 g)を、濃硫酸と硝酸の4:1 v/v混合物(50 ml)で、室温で24時間処理した。完了後、懸濁液を水(150 ml)で希釈し、濾過した。固体残留物を十分な量の水で、濾液が酸性でなくなるまで洗浄した。得られた材料を加熱炉中、100℃で一晩乾燥させた。次に、乾燥した材料を石英管の中に入れ、この菅を、中強度に設定したプロパンブロートーチ(Model TX9, BernzOmatic, Medina, NY)で、動的真空下で急速に加熱し、膨張グラファイトを製造した(図7)。
グラファイト酸化物(0.2 g)をアルミナボート上に載せ、一端で密封した25 mmID、長さ1.3 mの石英管の中に挿入した。石英管の他端をゴム栓で閉じた。次いで、アルゴン(Ar)入口および熱電対をゴム栓を通して挿入した。試料をArで10分間掃気し、次いで石英管を、1050℃に予備加熱したLindbergチューブ炉中に速やかに挿入し、炉中に30秒間保持した。96時間酸化させた試料の元素分析は、C/H/O比54/25/21(モルで)を示すのに対し、TEGOの元素分析は、C/O比のGOにおける6/4から8/2への増加を示す。
グラファイト酸化物(0.2 g)を、14/20擦り合わせ接合部を有する75 ml石英管中に入れた。この菅を排気し、窒素で3回掃気し、次いで窒素発泡装置に取り付けた。次に、GOを、中強度に設定したプロパンブロートーチ(Model TX9, BernzOmatic, Medina, NY)で、グラファイト酸化物の膨張観察されなくなるまで(典型的には15秒間)、急速に加熱した。元素分析:C80.10%、O13.86%、H0.45%、N0%。
TEGOの分散液は、TEGO(方法Bで調製、5 mg)を特定の溶剤(20 ml)に入れ、Fisher Scientific FS6超音波浴クリーナー(電力40ワット)で音波処理することにより、0.25 mg/mlで製造した。次いで、分散液を周囲条件下で放置した。
AFM画像は、AutoProbe CP/MT Scanning Probe Microscope (MultiTask), Veeco Instrumentsで撮影した。TEGOを1,2-ジクロロベンゼン中に超音波処理により(上記参照)分散させ、この分散液を新たに引き裂いたマイカ表面上に堆積させた。画像形成は、非接触モードで、V字形「ウルトラレバー」プローブB(Park Scientific Instruments、BドーピングしたSi周波数fc=78.6 kHz、スプリング定数k=2.0〜3.8 N/m、および公称チップ半径r=10 nm)を使用して行った。画像は全て、周囲条件下、50%相対湿度、23℃で、走査ラスター速度1 Hzで集めた。図8に示すAFM画像は、厚さ約2 nmのTEGOナノ積重構造を示す。
XPS測定は、Northwestern University's Keck Interdisciplinary Surface Science CenterにあるOmicron ESCA Probe (Omicron Nanotechnology, Taunusstein, 独国)を使用し、単色化したAl Kα放射線(hν=1486.6 eV)で行った。試料は、試料表面から45°の光電子発射角度で、半球形分析装置に向けた。データは、出力20 mAで15 kV加速電圧および10−9 mbarの真空を使用して集めた。1回の調査走査に、500 meV段階で分析装置通過エネルギー50 eVを使用した。高分解能スペクトルを、20 meV段階で分析装置通過エネルギー22 eVを使用し、3回の走査にわたって平均した。TEGO試料を、分析の前にXPSチャンバー(10−3 mbar)中で一晩脱気した。生のC1s XPSデータ(図9)をマルチパックおよびXPSピーク41付属ソフトウエアを使用して分析、相対的なピーク位置および既知の炭素官能基に関する標準結合エネルギー(Handbook of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy、J. Chestain、C. King Jr.編集、Physical Electronic, Inc., Eden Prairie, USA (1992))に対する面積を測定した。284.6 eVにおける主成分は、C−C結合におけるCに帰せられる。286.1 eVにおける追加成分は、−C−O−またはC−O−C部分中のCに帰せられる。
ナノ複合材料に使用するTEGOは、方法AおよびBの両方により調製した。TEGO調製方法に関わらず、一定した複合材料特性が得られた。複合材料の重量%に応じて、各種類のナノ充填材を先ずテトラヒドロフラン(THF、10 ml)中に室温で浴中超音波処理(Branson 3510, 335 W 出力)により分散させた。次いで、これらの溶液をPMMAのTHF溶液(10−30 ml)と混合した。次いで、TEGO/PMMAおよびEG/PMMA系に6000 rpmにおけるせん断混合(Silverson, Silverson Machines, Inc., MA. USA)を氷浴中で60分間作用させ、せん断混合により重合体中に発生する摩擦熱を下げ、一方、SWNT/PMMA系は、さらに60分間の浴中超音波処理を行った(SWNT/PMMAにはせん断混合を使用しなかった)。次いで、これらの複合材料溶液をメタノールで凝結させ、ポリカーボネートフィルター紙(Millipore, Cat. No. TCTP04700、10μm細孔径)を使用して減圧下で濾過し、80℃で10時間乾燥させ、固体のフレーク状材料を得た。機械的試験用のナノ充填材/PMMA複合材料試料を、ステンレス鋼板の間で、厚さ0.1 mmのスペーサーを使用し、Tetrahedron(San Diego, CA)油圧ホットプレス中、210℃、2 MPa下で、厚さ約0.12〜0.15 mmの薄いフィルムにプレス加工した。純粋なPMMA比較試料を同じ様式で調製した。
これらの複合材料の粘弾性応答を、Dynamic Mechanical Analysis(DMA 2980, TA instruments, DE, USA)を使用して測定した。幅が一様な細片(6 mm)を、レーザーブレードを使用してフィルムから切断した。予備負荷0.1-Nの引張力を、フィルム張力クランプを使用して試験試料に作用させ、動的振動負荷を、振動数1 Hz、振幅0.02%ひずみで作用させた。貯蔵弾性率(図10)およびタンデルタ(図13)は、3℃/分の温度変化で得た。複合材料の応力−ひずみ曲線および極限強度は、ASTM D882により、Minimat(TA Instruments, DE, USA)を使用して得た。
複合材料の熱劣化特性は、熱重量分析(TGA)により、TA Instruments SDT 2960 Simultaneous DTA-TGA計器で試験した。複合材料の断片(約10 mg)をTGA計器に載せ、N2雰囲気下で、40℃から800℃に10℃/分の速度で加熱した。データを図11に示す。
SEM画像形成を使用し、EGおよびTEGOのex situ形態ならびにナノ複合材料の破壊表面をLEO 1525 SEM(LEO Electron Microscopy Inc, Oberkochen、独国)を使用して検査した(図12)。ナノ複合材料試料を、両面炭素導電性テープを使用し、破壊表面を電子線に向けて標準試料ホルダーに取り付けた。加速電圧は、様々な画像形成目的および試料特性に応じて、1 kV〜20 kVの範囲内で変化させた。
各複合材料のガラス転移温度Tgは、SI-5に記載するDMA実験で得たタンデルタピークから得た(図13)。DMA結果(規格化されたタンデルタピーク)は、全てのナノ複合材料に対して1重量%装填量で、ならびにTEGO/PMMAに対しては2種類の低い重量%で示す。結果は、SWNT/PMMAではピークが広くなっているが、Tgのシフトは示さず、EG/PMMAでは適度のTg増加を示している。TEGO/PMMAナノ複合材料は、測定した最も低い0.05重量%でもレオロジー的パーコレーションを示し、測定した全ての重量%で35℃の、ほとんど一定したTgシフトがある。
複合材料試料を、2TorrのO2および出力350 Wで1分間マイクロ波プラズマエッチングした(Plasma-Preen II-862, Plasmatic Systems, NJ)。ACインピーダンス測定を、インピーダンスアナライザー(1260 Solarton, Hampshire, UK)を使用し、1296 Solarton誘電界面で行った。試料を、2個の、厚さ2 mmのポリカーボネート板で一つに堅く保持した2個の銅電極間に挟んだ。導電性コロイド状グラファイト(製品番号16053, Ted Pella Inc., Redding CA, USA)を試料と銅電極の間に塗布し、ナノ複合材料の表面粗さにより引き起こされる点接触を回避した。インピーダンス値は、ナノ複合材料に対して0.01〜106 Hzで測定した。重合体ナノ複合材料の導電率(図15参照)は、0.1 Hzの低周波数における平らな部分から得る。
厚さが約0.1 mmのホットプレス加工した複合材料試料を、幅1〜2 mm、長さ15〜20 mmの細片に切断した。これらの細片を、2TorrのO2および出力350 Wで1分間マイクロ波プラズマエッチングした(Plasma-Preen II-862, Plasmatic Systems, NJ)。続いて、厚さ25 nmの金被膜を試料表面上に、縦方向測定用に複合材料細片の片側上に4個のパッドを、横方向測定用に細片の2つの対向する側部に1個のパッドを熱的に堆積させた。縦方向測定用のパッド間隔は常に0.16 mm(堆積の際にマスク構造により決定)であった。横方向測定用のパッド間隔は、試料の厚さにより予め設定した。銅ワイヤをこれらの金堆積させたパッドに、銀充填したエポキシ(H2OE, EPO-TEK, MA)を使用して取り付けた。4点プローブDC抵抗測定をHPマルチメーター(HP34401A)を使用して行った。第一近似として、複合材料電気抵抗を、既知の試料幾何学的構造から計算した。これらの初期結果では、縦方向および横方向抵抗が、特にEG充填した複合材料では、著しく異なっていた。横方向抵抗は、常に縦方向抵抗より高かった。しかし、縦方向測定は、電気的リード線配置を考え、電流通路の縦方向成分Ilおよび横方向成分Itの両方を含む(図14)。これらの2成分を分離するために、試料を横切る電流分布を、有限要素法(Femlab 3.1, Cosmel AB)に基づいてモデル化した。測定したサンプルのそれぞれに対して、我々は、実際の試料および電気的パッド幾何学的構造、横方向抵抗および縦方向抵抗を入力し、本明細書に報告する計算された縦方向抵抗を得た。
グラファイト、GO、およびTEGOのXRDパターンをRigaku MiniFlex回折計で、CuKα放射線により記録した。初期、最終および段階角は、それぞれ5、30および0.02°であった。
グラファイト酸化物をグラファイトから、Staudenmaier法と呼ばれる酸化およびインターカレーション製法により製造した。この方法は、制御された温度条件下で、酸化剤およびインターカラント、すなわち硫酸、硝酸および塩素酸カリウム、の組合せを使用する。グラファイトと塩素酸カリウムの比1:8〜1:20(wt/wt)が好ましい。硫酸と硝酸の比は5:1〜1:1が好ましい。Staudenmaier法は、好ましい酸化方法である。
熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物(TEGO)の製造で、グラファイト酸化物(0.2 g)セラミックボートの上に載せ、ID25 mm、長さ1.3 mの、一端で密封した石英環の中に挿入した。石英管の他端をゴム栓で閉じた。アルゴン(Ar)入口および熱電対をゴム栓を通して挿入した。試料をArで10分間掃気し、次いで石英管を、予備加熱したLindbergチューブ炉中に速やかに挿入し、30秒間加熱した。
グラファイト、GO、およびTEGOのXRDパターンをRigaku MiniFlex回折計で、CuKα放射線により記録した。初期、最終および段階角は、それぞれ5、30および0.02°であった。TEGOの表面積は、77Kにおける窒素吸着により、Micromeritics FlowSorb装置およびキャリヤーガスとしてN2とHeの体積で30/70の混合物を使用して測定した。高分解能XPSスペクトルを、Omicron ESCA Probe(独国)を使用して得た。試料の分析前に、試料をXPSチャンバー(10〜3 mbar)中で一晩脱気した。データを、15 kVおよび20 mA電力を使用し、10〜9 mbarで集めた。生のXPSデータを解析し、実験データに最も良く適合する特定の結合エネルギーとの関係で、ピーク位置および面積を決定した。284.6 eVにおける主要C−Cピーク(C1s)が観察された。286.1 eVのより高い結合エネルギーピークに存在する別の光電子放出は、−C−O−またはC−O−C結合を表す。
グラファイト酸化物の固体状態マジックアングルスピニング(MAS)13CNMRスペクトルを、Chemagnetics CMX-II 200分光光度計を使用し、炭素振動数50 MHz、プロトン振動数200 MHz、および4000 Hzで回転する直径7.5 mmジルコニアローターで得た。固体GO試料の炭素ピークを分離できるように、いわゆる「Block pulse sequence」を使用した。これは、2.25 msの45°パルス角度による遅延パルス系列、高出力プロトンデカップリング(約50 kHz)、およびパルス間の20 s遅延を使用する。スペクトルを室温で、各4 Kデータ点で5120スキャンを得た。化学的シフトは、ヘキサメチルベンゼンの外部基準17.4 ppmにおけるメチルピークからppmで得た。
図1は、48、96、120および240時間酸化後のグラファイトフレークのXRD回折パターンを示す。酸化が進むにつれて、GOの新しいピーク特徴が約0.7 nm(2Θ=12.2°)のd-間隔で現れ、本来のグラファイト002ピーク(2Θ=26.7°)の強度が大きく低下することに注意する。また、96時間以上の酸化後、グラファイト002ピークは実質的に消失することにも注意する。この時点で、グラフェン層が(最初のように)最早約0.34 nm離れてなく、今や約0.71 nm離れているので、インターカレーションが達成されている。d間隔が約0.71 nmであるグラファイト酸化物試料は、約12%の吸着水に相当する。
酸化されているが、剥離されていない試料の制限視野電子回折法(SAED)パターンを図2に示す。SAEDパターンは、特定の区域に交戦を集中することにより観察し、問題とする構造に関する回折情報を得る。SAEDは、大きな面積にわたって記録したので、多くのGO粒子から得た情報を含む。典型的な鮮明な多結晶質リングパターンが得られている。第一リング21は(1100)面に由来し、第二リング22は(1120)面に由来する。さらに、リング上に強い回折点が観察された。リング中の(1100)反射に対応する明るい点は、[0001]回折パターンの六角形対称を残している。したがって、GOシートは、熱処理の前は、互いに不規則には配向してなく、この段階では層間凝集が破壊されていないことが推定される。
さらに、GOは、全体的にsp2炭素結合から構成された芳香族区域およびヒドロキシル、エポキシ、およびカルボキシル基を含む脂肪族sp3区域を含む。96時間酸化した試料の元素分析は、C/H/O比54/25/21(モルで)を示す。96時間酸化した試料に対する13C-NMRスペクトルを図3に示す。このスペクトルは、約60〜70、133、および210〜220 ppmの化学シフト(δ)に3個の区別できるピークを含む。60〜70 ppm間のピークは、ヒドロキシルおよびエポキシ基に帰せられる2個のピークから構成されると考えられる。133 ppmにおけるピークは、芳香族炭素に対応し、210〜220 ppmにおける第三のピークは、カルボニル酸素に付加した炭素に帰せられる。
代表的な実施態様で、TEGOを形成するために、96時間酸化させたグラファイト酸化物試料をアルゴン下で30秒間、様々温度で加熱する。部分的に剥離させるには、膨張させたGOを200℃で加熱するだけで十分であることが分かった。しかし、剥離程度は温度上昇と共に増加する。剥離により、見掛け体積が大きく膨張する(本来の体積の約200〜400倍)。完全に酸化させた試料から調製したTEGOは、綿毛状の「黒色氷状」の構造を有する。図4aおよび4bは、グラファイト、96時間酸化させたGO、およびGO試料を急速に加熱することにより調製したTEGO試料のXRDスペクトルを示す。TEGO試料は、グラファイト酸化物(2Θ=約12.2°)または本来のグラファイト(2Θ=約26.5°)に対する002ピークの痕跡を示さない。対照的に、部分的に酸化させた試料を加熱することにより、図4bに示すような、本来のグラファイトの002ピークを含むXRD回折パターンが得られる。
大面積SAEDパターン(図5)は、層の剥離が強化されたことを立証している。拡散リングは(51および52)、非常に弱く、散乱している。これらの、無秩序または無定形の材料で典型的に見られる、弱く、散乱した回折リングは、シート間の整列およびc方向に沿った長い範囲の凝集が、熱的剥離の際に実質的に失われたことを示唆している。
重合体ナノ複合材料特性の比較研究で、TEGO、SWCNT、およびEGを、溶剤系処理方法を使用してPMMA中に配合した。薄膜試料(厚さ約0.1 mm)を、ホットプレスを使用して調製し、熱的、電気的、機械的、およびレオロジー的特性に関して十分に試験した(図16A)。EG−PMMAおよびTEGO−PMMAナノ複合材料の破壊表面の試験(図16B、16C)により、これらの2つの系における重合体マトリックスとナノ充填材との間の界面相互作用に特に大きな差があることが分かる。多層EG充填材は、破壊表面から明らかに突き出ており、界面結合が弱いことを示しているのに対し、本発明の突き出たTEGOプレートは、吸着された重合体で厚く被覆されており、重合体−TEGO相互作用が強いことを示している。本発明者らは、EGとTEGOの2つの主な差が、これらの相互作用の違いをもたらしていることを示唆する。すなわち、第一に、「sp2」グラフェンシートの化学的官能化により引き起こされる捻れおよびナノ小板の極めて薄い性質が、ナノ尺度でのしわ形成された構造的特徴につながる。このナノ尺度表面粗さにより、重合体鎖との機械的な噛み合わせが強化され、その結果、密着性が良くなる。そのような効果は、最近の、ナノ粒子表面における幾何学的束縛のために重合体移動度が変化するという、分子の動的研究による示唆と一致している。第二に、EGの表面化学特性は比較的不活性であるが、TEGOナノプレートは、それらの表面全体にわたってペンダントヒドロキシル基を含み、それらの基がPMMAのカルボニル基と水素結合を形成することができる。TEGOの高い表面積およびナノ尺度の表面粗さと共に、この表面化学が、TEGOナノプレートとPMMAの強い界面結合をもたらし、従って、ホスト重合体の特性にかなり大きな影響を及ぼすと考えられる。
DC横方向導電率 DC縦方向導電率
(S/m) (S/m)
PMMA <1E−10 <1E−10
SWCNT/PMMA 4.7E−03 0.5
EG/PMMA 1.4E−03 33.3
TEGO/PMMA 2.9E−02 4.6
TEGO充填した重合体ナノ複合材料の機械的特性
様々な重量百分率、例えば0.25、0.5、1、2、および5%、を有するTEGO/PMMAを、溶液蒸発技術を使用して調製した。TEGO/PMMA複合材料薄膜を、ホットプレス成形方法を使用して製造した。これらの複合材料の粘弾性応答を、Dynamic Mechanical Analysis(DMA)を使用して測定した。幅が一様な複合材料フィルムの細片を、レーザーブレードを使用してフィルムから切断した。DMAで、予備負荷0.1-Nの引張力を、「フィルム張力クランプ」を使用して試験試料に作用させた。次いで、動的振動力を、振動数1 Hz作用させた。動的特性、例えば貯蔵弾性率(E')、損失弾性率(E")およびtan δ値を、速度3℃/分の温度変化で25℃〜170℃で測定した。貯蔵弾性率(E') vs. 温度応答を図17に示す。貯蔵弾性率は、TEGO0.25重量%に対する40%からTEGO1重量%に対する最大85%に増加した。TEGO濃度をさらに増加すると、貯蔵弾性率が低下した。貯蔵弾性率(各重量%に対して4または5個の試料で得た平均) vs. TEGOの重量百分率を図18に示す。
Claims (20)
- 変性グラファイト酸化物材料であって、
表面積が300 m2/g〜2600 m2/gである熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物(TEGO)を含んでなり、
前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物が、X線回折により測定して、グラファイトおよび/またはグラファイト酸化物の痕跡を示さない、変性グラファイト酸化物材料。 - 前記TEGOのかさ密度が40 kg/m3〜0.1 kg/m3である、請求項1に記載の変性グラファイト酸化物材料。
- 前記TEGOのC/O比が、高温膨張の後、60/40〜95/5である、請求項1に記載の変性グラファイト酸化物材料。
- 前記TEGOのC/O比が、高温膨張の後、65/35〜85/15である、請求項3に記載の変性グラファイト酸化物材料。
- 熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物であって、
(a)水および/または溶剤をグラファイトに添加し、それによって、空間的に膨張したグラフェン中間層を含むグラファイト酸化物を得ること、および
(b)前記グラファイト酸化物を加熱し、過熱および前記水および/または溶剤からのガス発生、および前記グラファイト酸化物の分解を引き起こすこと
を含んでなる方法により製造されてなり、
前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物の表面積が300 m2/g〜2600 m2/gであり、
前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物が、X線回折により測定して、グラファイトおよび/またはグラファイト酸化物の痕跡を示さない、熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物。 - 前記水および/または溶剤を前記グラファイトに添加することにより、グラファイトが実質的に完全にインターカレーションおよび酸化される、請求項5に記載の熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物。
- 前記グラファイト酸化物を加熱する前に、前記グラフェン中間層から酸および塩を除去することをさらに含んでなる、請求項5に記載の熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物。
- 前記グラファイト酸化物を加熱する前に、前記グラファイト酸化物を乾燥させて過剰の水および/または溶剤を除去することをさらに含んでなる、請求項5に記載の熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物。
- 前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物のかさ密度が40 kg/m3〜0.1 kg/m3である、請求項5に記載の熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物。
- 前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物のC/O比が、高温膨張の後、60/40〜95/5である、請求項5に記載の熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物。
- 前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物が、層状グラファイトを酸化してグラファイト酸化物を製造することを含む方法により製造される、請求項5に記載の熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物。
- 前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物が、酸化剤を使用して製造される、請求項5に記載の熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物。
- 熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物の製造方法であって、
(a)水および/または溶剤をグラファイトに添加し、それによって、空間的に膨張したグラフェン中間層を含むグラファイト酸化物を得ること、および
(b)前記グラファイト酸化物を加熱し、過熱および前記水および/または溶剤からのガス発生、および前記グラファイト酸化物の分解を引き起こすこと
を含んでなり、
前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物の表面積が300 m2/g〜2600 m2/gであり、
前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物が、X線回折により測定して、グラファイトおよび/またはグラファイト酸化物の痕跡を示さない、方法。 - 前記水および/または溶剤を前記グラファイト試料に添加することにより、グラファイトが実質的に完全にインターカレーションおよび酸化される、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記グラファイト酸化物を加熱する前に、前記グラフェン中間層から酸および塩を除去することをさらに含んでなる、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記グラファイト酸化物を加熱する前に、前記グラファイト酸化物を乾燥させて過剰の水および/または溶剤を除去することをさらに含んでなる、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物のかさ密度が40 kg/m3〜0.1 kg/m3である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物のC/O比が、高温膨張の後、60/40〜95/5である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物が、層状グラファイトを酸化してグラファイト酸化物を製造することを含む方法により製造される、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記熱的に剥離されたグラファイト酸化物が、酸化剤を使用して製造される、請求項13に記載の方法。
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