JP2022046714A - 金属空気電池 - Google Patents
金属空気電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2022046714A JP2022046714A JP2021215347A JP2021215347A JP2022046714A JP 2022046714 A JP2022046714 A JP 2022046714A JP 2021215347 A JP2021215347 A JP 2021215347A JP 2021215347 A JP2021215347 A JP 2021215347A JP 2022046714 A JP2022046714 A JP 2022046714A
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- JP
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- Prior art keywords
- negative electrode
- metal
- case
- battery
- positive electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Abstract
Description
図1~図6は本開示の実施形態1に係る金属空気電池を示す。実施形態1に係る金属空気電池1は、電池ケース2内に、電極活物質となる金属を含む金属負極3と、放電時に正極として用いられる放電用正極(空気極)4と、充電時に正極として用いられる充電用正極5と、金属負極3と充電用正極5との間、および充電用正極5と放電用正極4との間に介装されたセパレータ(隔膜)6とを備えている。
放電用正極4は、金属空気電池1の放電時に正極として働く電極である。放電用正極4は、酸素還元能を有する触媒を有し、かつ金属空気電池1の放電時に正極となる電極である。放電用正極4では、電解液としてアルカリ性水溶液を使用する場合、触媒上において電解液などから供給される水と大気から供給される酸素ガスと電子とが反応して、水酸化物イオン(OH-)を生成する放電反応が起こる。この放電用正極4においては、酸素(気相)、水(液相)、電子伝導体(固相)が共存する三相界面で放電反応が進行する。
充電用正極5は、金属空気電池1の充電時に正極として働く多孔性の電極である。また、充電用正極5は、酸素発生の触媒能を有する電極である。充電用正極5では、電解液としてアルカリ性水溶液を使用する場合、水酸化物イオン(OH-)から酸素と水と電子とが生成される反応が起こる(充電反応)。つまり、充電用正極5においては、酸素(気相)、水(液相)、電子伝導体(固相)が共存する三相界面で充電反応が進行する。
金属負極3は、活物質(負極活物質)を含む電極であり、放電時には活物質の酸化反応が起こり、充電時には還元反応が起こる。活物質としては、亜鉛、リチウム、ナトリウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、アルミニウム、鉄などの金属元素が用いられる。
セパレータ6は、電子的に絶縁性の材料で形成されて、放電用正極4と金属負極3、および充電用正極5と金属負極3の絶縁を確保しつつ、これらの部材間の電荷担体またはイオンの移動を可能とする。特に、セパレータ6は、電極間で電子伝導経路が形成されることによる短絡を防ぐ。例えば、充電時に金属負極3で還元析出した金属デンドライトが、充電用正極5に到達し、短絡することを抑制する。
電解液は、電池ケース2内の金属負極3、放電用正極4および充電用正極5を浸漬する。電解液は、イオン導電性を有する液体であり、溶媒に電解質が溶解している。電解液の種類は、金属電極に含まれる電極活物質の種類によって異なるが、水溶媒を用いた電解液(電解質水溶液)であることが好ましい。
電池ケース2は、電解液に浸漬された金属負極3を内包する負極ケース7、放電用正極4、および充電用正極5を収容する外装容器である。例示の形態では、図2および図3に示すように、電池ケース2として、略矩形状に形成された第1主壁21と第2主壁22とを備え、これらの第1主壁21および第2主壁22には、左右両側縁部と下縁部に側壁23が延設されている。
次に、金属空気電池1の製造方法について説明する。
図10は、実施形態2として、金属空気電池1に用いることができるタブリードを模式的に示す断面図であり、図11は前記金属空気電池1へのタブリードの適用例を模式的に示した金属空気電池の上方部分の断面図である。なお、以下に説明する実施形態2~5に係る金属空気電池1は、基本構成が前記実施形態1と共通していることから、各形態に特有の構成について詳細に説明し、その他の構成については前記実施形態1と共通の符号を用いてその説明を省略する。
図12~図14は、実施形態3に係る金属空気電池1を示し、図12は実施形態3に係る金属空気電池1を示す斜視図、図13は金属空気電池1における第1注液孔74を示す断面説明図、図14は金属空気電池1における第2注液孔25を示す断面説明図である。なお、図面を見やすくするため、図13、図14においては、金属負極3、放電用正極4、および充電用正極5の記載を省略している。
図15は、実施形態4に係る金属空気電池1を示す上面図であり、図16は、実施形態4に係る金属空気電池1の上方部分を示す断面図である。この形態に係る金属空気電池1は、実施形態3で示した金属空気電池1に、さらにガス抜き部9を備えて構成されている。
図17は、実施形態5に係る金属空気電池1を示し、金属空気電池1の負極ケース7の上方部分を示す断面図である。この形態では、負極ケース7は、電荷担体の移動が可能となるように、金属空気電池1のセパレータとして使用可能な材料から形成されている。
2 電池ケース
21 第1主壁
211 空気取込口
22 第2主壁
221 ガス排出口
23 側壁
24 上面
25 第2注液孔
3 金属負極
31 第1の負極表面
32 第2の負極表面
33 リード部
34 負極活物質層
35 負極集電体
4 放電用正極
41 放電用正極集電体
42 放電用正極触媒層
43 撥水膜
5 充電用正極
51 撥水膜
6 セパレータ
7 負極ケース
71 多孔質構造部
72 開口部
73 ヒートシール部
74 第1注液孔
101 熱融着性フィルム層
102 耐熱性基材層
8 タブリード
81 リード本体
82 耐熱絶縁部
83 正極タブリード
84 負極タブリード
9 ガス抜き部
91 ガス抜き孔
92 閉止膜
10 電池セルスタック
Claims (10)
- 電池ケースと、前記電池ケースに収容された正極と負極とを備える金属空気電池であって、
前記電池ケース内には、前記負極を内包した負極ケースが備えられ、
前記負極ケースは、絶縁性の多孔質構造部を含み、前記負極に導通するリード部が該負極ケースの一端から延伸した状態で封止されており、
前記負極と前記正極との間に前記多孔質構造部が配設され、
前記電池ケースには、ガス抜き部が設けられていることを特徴とする金属空気電池。 - 前記ガス抜き部は、前記電池ケース内外に貫通して開口されたガス抜き孔と、前記ガス抜き孔に閉止膜が融着されて形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の金属空気電池。
- 前記閉止膜は、撥水性樹脂を含有する多孔質フィルム材であることを特徴とする請求項2記載の金属空気電池。
- 前記撥水性樹脂は、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、あるいは、ペルフルオロアルコシキアルカンであることを特徴とする請求項3記載の金属空気電池。
- 前記電池ケースは第1主壁、および、第2主壁を備え、前記第1主壁、および、前記第2主壁は折曲され、
前記負極に交差する方向に上面が形成され、
前記ガス抜き部は、前記上面に設けられることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の金属空気電池。 - 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の金属空気電池において、
前記正極の一つとして、第1主壁側に配置された空気極と、
前記正極の一つとして、第2主壁側に配置された充電用正極と、
を備えたことを特徴とする金属空気電池。 - 前記ガス抜き部は、前記電池ケースのうち、前記第2主壁側に設けられることを特徴とする請求項6記載の金属空気電池。
- 前記ガス抜き部は、複数設けられることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の金属空気電池。
- 前記電池ケースは、熱融着性フィルム層と耐熱性基材層との複層構造を有することを特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の金属空気電池。
- 前記電池ケースは第1主壁、および、第2主壁を備え、前記第1主壁、および、前記第2主壁は、左右両側縁部と下縁部に側壁が延設され、前記第1主壁の側壁と、前記第2主壁の側壁が対向し、融着されていることを特徴とする請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の金属空気電池。
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