JP2016222671A - 3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸を送達するための方法、化合物、組成物および媒体 - Google Patents
3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸を送達するための方法、化合物、組成物および媒体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2016222671A JP2016222671A JP2016111832A JP2016111832A JP2016222671A JP 2016222671 A JP2016222671 A JP 2016222671A JP 2016111832 A JP2016111832 A JP 2016111832A JP 2016111832 A JP2016111832 A JP 2016111832A JP 2016222671 A JP2016222671 A JP 2016222671A
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2006年10月12日出願の米国仮特許出願番号60/851,039号、および2007年4月12日出願の米国仮特許出願番号60/911,459号からの優先権を主張し、それらは参照することにより本明細書に組み込まれる。
本発明は、対象、好ましくはヒト対象において3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸(3APS)を送達するための方法、化合物、組成物および媒体に関する。本発明は、体外または体内のいずれかで3APSを産出または生成する化合物を包含する。好ましい化合物としては、これに限定されるものではないが、アルツハイマー病の予防および治療に使用するための3APSのアミノ酸プロドラッグを含む。
[態様1]式Iの化合物であって、
B−L−A (I)
Bは、薬物動態的調節部分であり、直接的に、または間接的にさらなる連結基Lを介して任意にAにも結合し、
Aは、3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸部分(すなわち、L−Bに結合した3APS)であり、
Lは、共有結合的および解離的にBをAにカップリングするための開裂可能な連結(好ましくは、通常は、NH2基を介する)であるか、または存在せず、それによってLは、開裂可能な連結を提供する直接結合または追加の化学構造、
またはその医薬的に許容される塩もしくは溶媒和物となり得る、化合物。
[態様2]
Lは、体外または体内のいずれかにおいて代謝または加水分解される場合に、3APSを産生する連結であり、および/または
Bは、式Iの化合物の投与時に3APSの治療的脳生体内分布を増加させる部分である、態様1による化合物。
[態様3]Bは、3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸部分である、態様1による化合物。
[態様4]
Bは、アミノ酸またはペプチドであり、
Lは、加水分解性連結である、態様1による化合物。
[態様5]以下で説明される式(I)、(I−A)、(I−C)、(I−D)、(I−E)、(I−P)、(I−P2)、(II)、(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)、(VII)、(VIII)、(IX)、(X)、(XI)、(XII)、(XII−A)または(XIII)の化合物、またはそれらの医薬的に許容される塩である、態様1による化合物。
[態様6]態様1の化合物および医薬的に許容される媒体を含有する、医薬組成物。
[態様7]態様1の化合物の治療有効量を、それを必要とするヒト対象に投与するステップを含む、アルツハイマー病、軽度認識障害、ダウン症、オランダ型遺伝性アミロイド性脳出血、脳アミロイドアンギオパチー、他の変性認知症、血管性と退化性の両方が原因の認知症、パーキンソン病に関連する認知症、進行性核上麻痺に関連する認知症、皮質基底の退化に関連する認知症、またはレヴィー小体型の広範性アルツハイマー病を治療または予防するための方法。
[態様8]化合物を、体外または体内で前記化合物を3APSに代謝する酵素に接触させるステップを含む、態様1の化合物を3APSに変換するためのプロセス。
[態様9]化合物を血漿、血液および/または脳細胞に接触させるステップを含む、態様8によるプロセス。
[態様10]3APSがヒト対象に投与される場合に生じる、3APSの代謝、例えば、初回通過代謝を減少させるステップを含む、ヒト対象において3APSの治療的脳生体内分布を増加させるための方法。
[態様11]3APSがヒト対象に投与される場合に生じる、3APSの代謝、例えば、初回通過代謝を減少させるステップを含む、ヒト対象において3APSの副作用を軽減させる(例えば、胃腸不耐性を軽減または予防する)ための方法。
[態様12]3APSは、ヒト対象に投与された後に3APSを産出または生成する3APSのプロドラッグの形で投与される、態様10による方法。
[態様13]プロドラッグは、式Iの化合物であり、
B−L−A (I)
式中、
Bは、薬物動態的調節部分であり、直接的または間接的にさらなる連結基Lを介して任意にAにも結合し、
Aは、3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸部分(すなわち、L−Bに結合した3APS)であり、
Lは、共有結合的および解離的にBをAにカップリングするための開裂可能な連結(好ましくは、通常は、NH2基を介する)であるか、または存在せず、それによってLは、開裂可能な連結を提供する直接結合または追加の化学構造であり得る、化合物、
またはその医薬的に許容される塩もしくは溶媒和物である、態様10による方法。
[態様14]3APSは、呼吸器系を介して、気管内に、鼻腔内に、粘膜を介して、または粘膜下、耳を介して、経直腸的に、または経膣的に、または移植、スプレー、鼻腔用スプレー、チューインガム、点眼薬、点耳薬、坐薬、かん腸剤、または膣クリームもしくはローションによって投与される、態様10による方法。
[態様15]3APSのバイオアベイラビリティ、3APSのAUC、3APSの脳内レベル、3APSのCSFレベル、3APSのCmax、3APSのTmax、および/または3APSのバイオ吸収が増加する、態様10による方法。
[態様16]アルツハイマー病が治療または予防される、態様10による方法。
[態様17]選択されたヒト組織における3APSの効果的な治療的レベルが増加する、態様10による方法。
[態様18]前記ヒト対象の脳における3APSのレベルを増加させる、態様17による方法。
[態様19]3APSの治療有効性を増加させる、態様10による方法。
[態様20]3APSの初回通過代謝を減少させる、態様10による方法。
[態様21]3APSの副作用を軽減させる、態様10による方法。
[態様22]3APSの経口AUCが、少なくとも20%増加する、態様10による方法。
[態様23]3APSを、プロドラッグの形または3APSのジェミニ二量体の形で投与するステップを含む、ヒト対象において3APSの治療的脳生体内分布を増加させるための方法。
[態様24]3APSを、非経口または非経腸的に投与するステップを含む、ヒト対象において3APSの治療的脳生体内分布を増加させるための方法。
[態様25]3APSは、3APSの肝初回通過代謝を最小限にする経路(経皮的、皮下注射、鼻腔内、等)または媒体(貼布、移植、スプレー、製剤、等)を使用して送達される、態様10による方法。
[態様26]態様1による化合物であって、開裂可能な連結は、体外または体内のいずれかにおいて3APSまたは3APSの誘導体を産出または生成するために選択され、例えば、連結は、加水分解または酵素的に開裂可能である、化合物。
[態様27]薬物動態的調節部分は、ヒト対象への式Iの化合物の投与時に3APSの治療的脳生体内分布を増加させるために選択される、態様1による化合物。
[態様28]式Iのプロドラッグであって、
B−L−A (I)
式中、
Bは、薬物動態的調節部分であり、直接的または間接的にさらなる連結基Lを介して任意にAにも結合し、
Aは、3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸部分(すなわち、L−Bに結合した3APS)であり、
Lは、共有結合的および解離的にBをAにカップリングするための開裂可能な連結(好ましくは、通常は、NH2基を介する)であるか、または存在せず、それによってLは、開裂可能な連結を提供する直接結合または追加の化学構造であり得、
本明細書で使用される全ての技術および科学用語は、本発明が関連する当業者によって通常理解されるものと同様の意味を有する。便宜上、本明細書で使用される特定の用語および語句の意味を以下に提供する。
が、少なくとも1つ(アルケニルおよびアルキニルには2)、および6以下の炭素原子を有することを意味する。
(1)塩酸、臭化水素酸、ヨウ化水素酸、硫酸、スルファミン酸、硝酸、リン酸、炭酸塩形成剤、等の無機酸の付加によって、塩基性または正電荷の官能性に対して形成された、または酢酸、プロピオン酸、乳酸、シュウ酸、グリコール酸、ピバル酸、t−ブチル酢酸、β−ヒドロキシ酪酸、吉草酸、ヘキサン酸、シクロペンタンプロピオン酸、ピルビン酸、マロン酸、コハク酸、リンゴ酸、マレイン酸、フマル酸、酒石酸、クエン酸、安息香酸、3−(4−ヒドロキシベンゾイル)安息香酸、ケイ皮酸、マンデル酸、メタンスルホン酸、エタンスルホン酸、1,2−エタン−ジスルホン酸、2−ヒドロキシエタンスルホン酸、シクロへキシルアミノスルホン酸、ベンゼンスルホン酸、スルファニル酸、4−クロロベンゼンスルホン酸、2−ナフタリンスルホン酸、4−トルエンスルホン酸、カンフルスルホン酸、3−フェニルプロピオン酸、ラウリルスルホン酸、ラウリル硫酸、オレイン酸、パルミチン酸、ステアリン酸、ラウリン酸、エンボン(パモ)酸、パルモ酸、パントテン酸、ラクトビオン酸、アルギン酸、ガラクタル酸、ガラクツロン酸、グルコン酸、ヘプトグルコン酸、グルタミン酸、ナフトエ酸、ヒドロキシナフトエ酸、サリチル酸、アスコルビン酸、ステアリン酸、ムコン酸、等の有機酸で形成される酸付加塩、
(2)いずれかの親化合物に存在する酸性プロトンが、アルカリ金属イオン(例えば、リチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム)、アルカリ土類イオン(例えば、マグネシウム、カルシウム、バリウム)を含む金属イオン、またはアルミニウム、亜鉛、鉄、等の他の金属イオンによって置き換えられる、またはアンモニア、エチルアミン、ジエチルアミン、エチレンジアミン、N,N’−ジベンジルエチルエネジアミン、エタノールアミン、ジエタノールアミン、トリエタノールアミン、トロメタミン、N−メチルグルカミン、ピペラジン、クロロプロカイン、プロカイン、コリン、リジン、等の有機塩基と連携する場合に形成される、塩基付加塩。
「Cmax」は、対象への薬物またはプロドラッグのある量の投与の後の、対象の生体試料における薬物の最高濃度である。
「Tmax」は、対象への薬物またはプロドラッグのある量の投与の後の、対象の生体試料における薬物の最高濃度(Cmax)までの時間である。
本発明は、本明細書において3APSとも称される、3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸、またはその塩を、対象、好ましくは、ヒト対象において送達するための方法、化合物および組成物に関する。本発明は、体外または体内のいずれかにおいて3APSを産出または生成する化合物を包含する。
B−L−A (I)
およびその医薬的に許容される塩、代謝産物、および溶媒和物に関し、
式中、
Bは、薬物動態的調節部分であり、直接的または間接的にさらなる連結基Lを介して任意にAにも結合し、
Aは、3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸部分(すなわち、L−Bに結合した3APS)であり、
Lは、共有結合的および解離的にBをAにカップリングするための開裂可能な連結(好ましくは、通常は、NH2基を介する)であるか、または存在せず、それによってLは、開裂可能な連結を提供する直接結合または追加の化学構造である。
RxおよびRyは、水素および保護基から独立して選択され、RxおよびRyは、両方が共に水素になることはなく、
L1およびL2は、それぞれ開裂可能な連結であり、RxがHである場合、L1は存在せず、RyがHである場合、L2は存在しない。
好適な実施形態では、本発明の化合物は、ヒトに投与されると3APSを産出または生成するアミノ酸プロドラッグである。好ましいプロドラッグは、アミド結合を介して3APSのアミン基と連結したアミノ酸残基で構成される。アミノ酸残基は、ペプチダーゼ等の酵素、または任意の他のメカニズムによって体内で開裂され得、3APSのアミン基を遊離させる。
aa1は、天然もしくは非天然アミノ酸残基であり、
aa2およびaa3は、それぞれ独立して天然もしくは非天然アミノ酸残基であるか、または存在しない。
aa1は、天然もしくは非天然アミノ酸残基であり、
aa2は、天然もしくは非天然アミノ酸残基であるか、または存在しない。
R1およびR2は、H、およびC1−C12アルキル、C2−C12アルケニル、C2−C12アルキニル、C3−C15シクロアルキル、C3−C15ヘテロシクロアルキル、C6−C15アリール、C5−C15ヘテロアリール、NH(C1−C6アルキル)、N(C1−C6アルキル)2、およびC(O)(C1−C6アルキル)から選択される置換もしくは未置換基から成る群からそれぞれ独立して選択され、またはR1およびR2は、隣接する炭素原子と合わせて、置換もしくは未置換C3−C12ヘテロシクロアルキルを形成し、
R3は、H、およびC1−C12アルキル、C2−C12アルケニル、C2−C12アルキニル、C3−C15シクロアルキル、C3−C15ヘテロシクロアルキル、C6−C15アリール、C5−C15ヘテロアリール、C(O)(C1−C6アルキル)、およびC(O)(C6−C10アリール)から選択される置換もしくは未置換基から成る群から選択され、またはR3は、少なくとも2つのアミノ酸残基が存在する場合、2つのアミノ酸残基の間の結合であり、
R4は、H、およびC1−C6アルキル、C2−C6アルケニル、C2−C6アルキニルから選択される置換もしくは未置換基から成る群から選択され、またはR1およびR4は、隣接する炭素および窒素原子と合わせて、C3−C10ヘテロシクロアルキルを形成し、およびnは、1、2、または3、もしくはそれ以上の数字である。
本発明のある態様は、式(VII)の化合物、およびその医薬的に許容される塩、エステルもしくは溶媒和物に関し、
R5は、C1−C12アルキル、C2−C12アルケニル、C2−C12アルキニル、C3−C15シクロアルキル、C3−C15ヘテロシクロアルキル、C6−C15アリール、C5−C15ヘテロアリール、NH(C1−C6アルキル)、N(C1−C6アルキル)2、およびC(O)(C1−C6アルキル)から選択される置換もしくは未置換基であり、
R6は、水素、またはC(O)NH2、C(O)NH(C1−C6アルキル)、C(O)N(C1−C6アルキル)2、およびC(O)(C1−C6アルキル)から選択される置換もしくは未置換基であり、またはR5およびR6は、隣接する炭素原子と合わせて、置換もしくは未置換C3−C12ヘテロシクロアルキルを形成し、
Mは、酸素、硫黄、および窒素(NHまたはN(C1−C6アルキル))から成る群から選択されるか、または存在しない。
一部の好適な実施形態においては、本発明の化合物は、ヒトに投与されると3APSを産出または生成するカルバメートプロドラッグである。好ましいプロドラッグは、カルバメート結合(−OC(O)−NH−)を介して3APSのアミン基と連結したオキシカルボニル残留物(OC(O)−)を含有する。アミン残留物は、酵素、または加水分解を含む任意の他のメカニズムによって体内で開裂され得、3APSのアミン基を遊離させる。好適な実施形態では、本発明の化合物は、ヒトに投与されると3APSを産出または生成するカルバメートプロドラッグである。
R7は、C1−C12アルキル、C2−C12アルケニル、C2−C12アルキニル、C3−C15シクロアルキル、C3−C15ヘテロシクロアルキル、C6−C15アリール、C5−C15ヘテロアリール、C7−C12アリールアルキル、C7−C12ヘテロアリールアルキル、およびそれらの組み合わせから選択される置換もしくは未置換基である。
一部の好適な実施形態においては、本発明の化合物は、ヒトに投与されると3APSを産出または生成する非アミノ酸アミドプロドラッグである。好ましいプロドラッグは、アミド結合を介して3APSのアミン基と連結したカルボニル含有残基を含有する。カルボニル含有残基は、3APSのアミン基を遊離させるために、酵素、または任意の他のメカニズムによって体内で開裂され得る。
R8は、C1−C12アルキル、C2−C12アルケニル、C2−C12アルキニル、C3−C15シクロアルキル、C3−C15ヘテロシクロアルキル、C6−C15アリール、C5−C15ヘテロアリールから選択される置換もしくは未置換基であり、
R9は、水素、または置換もしくは未置換C(O)(C1−C6アルキル)、C(O)NH2、C(O)NH(C1−C6アルキル)もしくはC(O)N(C1−C6アルキル)2であり、または、R8およびR9は、隣接する炭素原子と合わせて、置換もしくは未置換C3−C12ヘテロシクロアルキルを形成する。
一部の好適な実施形態においては、本発明の化合物は、ヒトに投与されると3APSを産出または生成する炭水化物由来のプロドラッグである。本明細書で開示される本発明による好ましいプロドラッグは、例えば、アミド、カルバメート、尿素、または開裂可能なアルキル基は、炭水化物、または、例えば、アミド、カルバメート、尿素、または開裂可能なアルキル基等の連結を介して3APSのアミン基と連結するポリオール類似残留物を含有する。一実施形態においては、炭水化物由来の部分は、例えば、ヘキソース、ペントース等の炭水化物誘導体炭水化物由来のポリオール、イノシトールもしくはイノシトール由来の部分、炭水化物由来のカルボン酸、アスコルビン酸、核酸、またはヌクレオチドである。連結および/または炭水化物由来の残基は、酵素、または任意の他のメカニズムによって体内で開裂され得、3APSのアミン基を遊離させる。
R10は、−OH、−OAc、−CH2OH、−OCH3、−CH2OAc、および=Oからそれぞれ独立して選択される、3つから5つの置換基によって置換される、任意に、および好ましくは−O−基を含有する、例えば、C5−6飽和または部分的または完全不飽和シクロアルキル基等の炭水化物、炭水化物誘導体もしくは炭水化物由来のポリオールの残基である。
Lは、連結部分であるか、または存在せず、例えば、飽和もしくは不飽和しているかもしれないアルキル基、好ましくは、1つ以上の−O−および/または−NH−基によって任意に遮られ、1つ以上の=O、−OHおよび/または−NH2基によって任意に置換される低級アルキルである。
一部の好適な実施形態においては、本発明の化合物は、ヒトに投与されると3APSを産出または生成するプロドラッグとしての、N−ヒドロキシプロドラッグおよび誘導体、環状二重保護プロドラッグ、3APSの前駆体である。
特に、本発明のある態様は、式(XI)の化合物、およびその医薬的に許容される塩、エステルもしくは溶媒和物に関し、
R11は、水素、またはC1−C12アルキル、C2−C12アルケニル、C2−C12アルキニル、C3−C15シクロアルキル、C3−C15ヘテロシクロアルキル、C6−C15アリール、C5−C15ヘテロアリール、C(O)R12、およびC(O)OR13から選択される置換もしくは未置換基であり、
R12およびR13は、置換もしくは未置換C1−C12アルキル、C2−C12アルケニル、C2−C12アルキニル、C3−C15シクロアルキル、C3−C15ヘテロシクロアルキル、C6−C15アリール、C5−C15ヘテロアリールから独立して選択される。
特に、本発明のある態様は、式(XII)の化合物、およびその医薬的に許容される塩、エステルもしくは溶媒和物に関し、
Dは、カルボニル、アミノ酸残基、または置換メチレン基であり、
Xは、O、NHおよびSから選択される。
R14は、C1−C12アルキル、C2−C12アルケニル、C2−C12アルキニル、C3−C15シクロアルキル、C3−C15ヘテロシクロアルキル、C6−C15アリール、C5−C15ヘテロアリールから選択される置換もしくは未置換基である。
特に、本発明のある態様は、式(XIII)の化合物、およびその医薬的に許容される塩、エステルもしくは溶媒和物に関し、
R15およびR16は、水素、またはC1−C12アルキル、C2−C12アルケニル、C2−C12アルキニル、C3−C15シクロアルキル、C3−C15ヘテロシクロアルキル、C3−C15アリール、およびC5−C15ヘテロアリールから選択される置換もしくは未置換基から独立して選択される。
本発明の化合物は、以下の化合物を含む。
さらなる実施形態では、式Iの化合物は、互いに連結した2つの以上の3APS分子を含有し得る。したがって、本発明の他の態様は、3APSの重合体に関し、すなわち、開裂可能な連結と連結した3APSの2つの以上の分子を含有する、または本質的に含む、または含む分子に関する。したがって、本発明の他の態様は、式I−Pの化合物、
A−(Lx−A)p−Lx−A (I−P)
およびその医薬的に許容される塩、エステル、代謝産物、および溶媒和物に関し、
Aは、3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸部分であり、
Lxは、2つの隣接する3APS部分を共有結合的および解離的にカップリングする開裂可能な連結であり、
pは、0、または1から5、例えば、2、3、4、もしくは5と変化し得る整数である。
1)◆−*◆−*◆−、2)◆−*◆−*−◆、3)◆−*−◆*◆−、4)◆−*−◆*−◆
記号「◆」は、3APS分子のNH2基を表し、記号「−」は、3APS分子のSO3H基を表し、記号「*」は、連結の位置を表す。
代替として、本発明は、式I−P2の化合物、
Ly(A)m (I−P2)
およびその医薬的に許容される塩、エステル、および溶媒和物に関し、
mは、2から5の整数であり、
Aは、3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸部分であり、
Lyは、Aのアミノもしくはスルホン酸端のいずれかにおいて、2つから5つのA部分を共有結合的および解離的にカップリングするための多価担体部分である。
概して、本発明の全ての化合物は、容易に入手可能な、および/もしくは従来型の調整可能な出発原料、試薬、ならびに従来型の合成手順を使用して、後述の実施例で例示される方法、および/または他の従来型の方法により調製され得る。これらの反応において、それ自体既知であるが、本明細書では言及されない変異体を使用することもまた、考えられる。発明の化合物を調製する特定の新規および典型的な方法は、例証の項に記載される。そのような方法は、本発明の範囲内である。本化合物の本質的な性質または実用性に悪影響を及ぼさない、置換基の1つ以上の単純な変形物が形成される、本明細書に記載かつ同一の一般的性質を有する本化合物の機能的および構造的同等物もまた、含まれる。
以下のスキームは、例示目的であって、限定することを意図するものではない。3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸の第1のアミノ酸とのカップリングは、概してスキーム1により表すことができる。
スキーム2を使用して、3APSに付着した2つ以上のアミノ酸を含むプロドラッグを産生する。カップリング条件は、スキーム1に記載したものと概して同じである。その後のアミノ酸は、それぞれのカップリングステップの間にアミン基の脱保護を伴い、同じように添加される。他の保護基が残留物のヘテロ原子上に存在する場合、それらは最後の化学的ステップの間に取り除くことができる。
以上で示したように、本発明の一態様は、3APSの肝初回通過代謝を減少させるための、新規な投与経路(例えば、経皮、皮下、鼻腔内等)、および新規な医薬用媒体(例えばパッチ、移植片、スプレー、製剤(経口投与用を含む))に関係する。
経皮経路による薬物の送達は、関心が高まりつつある分野であり、薬物を血液中へ長期的かつ安定して投入することを可能にする利点を提供する。3APSの経皮的送達は、3APSの投与に関連する肝初回通過代謝を回避する可能性があり、したがって3APSの治療有効性を高める可能性があるため、本発明の好適な一実施形態である。経皮的送達はまた、注射に関連する痛みの回避にも役立ち得、用量の順守を向上させ得る。
「対象」という用語は、Aβ−アミロイド症を発症する、または例えばアルツハイマー病等のAβ−アミロイド病にかかりやすい生命体を含む。対象の例には、ヒト、ニワトリ、アヒル、ペキンダック、ガチョウ、サル、シカ、ウシ、ウサギ、ヒツジ、ヤギ、ネコ、マウス、ラット、およびそれらの遺伝子導入種を含む。「対象」という用語は、好ましくは、神経細胞死により特徴付けられる状態になりやすい動物、例えば哺乳動物、例えばヒトを含む。該動物は、例えばアルツハイマー型の神経病理を有する遺伝子導入マウスのような、疾患に関しての動物モデルであり得る。好適な実施形態において、対象は、哺乳動物、より好ましくはヒトヒト対象である。
好ましくは、本発明の化合物は、当技術分野において周知である技術および手順を使用して、投与前に医薬組成物に処方化される。したがって、別の実施形態においては、本発明は、有効量の、本明細書における式のいずれかによる1つ以上の化合物、および医薬的に許容される媒体、ならびにそのような医薬組成物の使用および製造方法を含む、医薬組成物(例えば、溶液、懸濁液、または乳剤)に関する。
剤形は、本発明による化合物を放出する際、ヒト患者への体内投与時に、対応する3APSを提供し得る。適切な用量は、通常の熟練した医師、獣医、または研究者の知識内である、多くの要因に依存することが理解される(例えばWells et al. eds., Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 2nd Edition, Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn. (2000); PDR Pharmacopoeia, Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2000, Deluxe Edition, Tarascon Publishing, Loma Linda, Calif. (2000)を参照)。本発明の化合物の用量は、例えば、用いられる特定の薬剤の活性、対象の年齢、体重、総体的な健康、性別、および食餌、投与時間、投与経路、排泄率、および任意の薬物の組み合わせ、該当する場合は、対象および本化合物の特性に対して、化合物が有することを施術者が望む効果(例えばバイオアベイラビリティ、安定性、効能、毒性等)を含む、様々な要因によって異なる。そのような適切な用量は、本明細書に記載のアッセイを使用して決定され得る。本発明の化合物のうちの1つ以上がヒトに投与される場合、医師は、例えば最初、比較的低用量を処方し、続いて適切な反応が得られるまで増加させることができる。
本発明の別の態様は、有効量の本発明の化合物を投与することにより、神経細胞死を阻害するための方法に関する。さらに別の態様では、本発明は、Aβ−アミロイド関連の疾病、例えばアルツハイマー病、を有する対象への神経保護を提供するための方法に関し、神経保護が提供されるように、有効量の本発明の化合物を対象に投与するステップを含む。本明細書で使用される「神経保護」という用語は、限定されるわけではないが、細胞骨格の不安定化、DNA断片化、ホスホリパーゼA2等の加水分解酵素の活性化、カスパーゼ、カルシウム活性化プロテアーゼおよび/またはカルシウム活性化エンドヌクレアーゼの活性化、マクロファージにより媒介される炎症、細胞中へのカルシウム流入、細胞における膜電位変化、細胞間連絡の減少または不在にいたる細胞間結合の崩壊、ならびに細胞死に関与する遺伝子の発現の活性化等の、プロセスの開始をもたらし得る細胞死からの、対象の神経細胞の保護を含む。
本発明の化合物および医薬組成物は、次の機序のうちのいずれかを使用し、β−アミロイド関連疾病の経過を改善するように作用し得る(本リストは例示的なものであって、限定する意図はない)。β−アミロイド線維形成または沈着速度の減速、β−アミロイド沈着の程度の軽減、アミロイド線維形成の阻害、軽減、または予防、β−アミロイドにより誘発される神経変性または細胞毒性の阻害、アミロイド誘発炎症の阻害、脳からのβ−アミロイドの排除の促進、脳におけるAβの分解の促進、またはアミロイドタンパク質が繊維状に組織化する前にその排除およびCSFまたは血漿中のAβ42:Aβ40の比率の減少。別の実施形態においては、本発明は、ADを罹患する対象における認知機能を改善するための方法に関する。該方法は、対象の認知機能が改善されるように、有効量の本発明の医薬化合物を投与するステップを含む。対象の認知機能は、臨床認知症評価(「CDR」)、簡易認知機能検査(「MMSE」)、認知症における機能障害評価(「DAD」)、およびアルツハイマー病認知機能評価尺度(「ADAS−Cog」)等の当技術分野において既知の方法を使用して、試験され得る。認知機能における改善は、本発明の方法を使用して治療された対象の成果に、プラシーボ群の構成員、歴史的対照と比較して、または同一対象に対して行われたその後の試験の間で、測定可能な差異がある場合、発明の枠内に存在する。本発明は、また、対象に有効量の本発明の医薬化合物を投与することにより、前述の試験のいずれかにより測定される、対象の認知機能の毎年の悪化が改善される、認知機能障害に関連するβ−アミロイド関連疾病を治療、減速、または停止するための方法にも関する。
[VIII. 併用療法]
ある実施形態においては、本発明による化合物および組成物は、少なくとも1つの他の治療薬との併用療法で使用され得る。本発明によるプロドラッグ化合物および少なくとも1つの他の治療薬は、付加的に、またはある実施形態においては、相乗的に作用し得る。ある実施形態においては、本発明の化合物は、別の治療薬の投与と併用投与され得る。ある実施形態においては、本発明の化合物は、治療薬の投与の前、またはその後に投与され得る。少なくとも1つの他の治療薬は、同一または異なる疾病、疾患、または状態の治療に効果的であり得る。
[IX. 本発明の化合物.を試験するための標準的な方法]
本発明による化合物は、様々な体外アッセイ、またはその安全性、バイオアベイラビリティ、神経保護、3APSを送達するそれらの能力等を確認するための体内アッセイを使用して、さらに分析、試験、または検証され得る。以下に、本化合物を調べるために行うことができる、生物学的アッセイの種類を例示する。
経口投与されたプロドラッグについて、プロドラッグは、胃腸管内では無傷(つまり、非開裂)のままであり、体循環中に開裂される(つまり、親薬物を放出する)ことが、概して望ましい。有用なレベルの安定性は、胃腸管によるプロドラッグの吸収の機序および動態により、少なくとも部分的に決定され得る。有用なレベルの不安定性は、体循環中のプロドラッグおよび親薬物の薬物動態により、少なくとも部分的に決定され得る。概して、Caco−2 S9および/またはパンクレアチンアッセイでより安定し、ラット血漿、ヒト血漿、ラット肝臓S9、および/またはヒト肝臓S9調製においてより不安定であるプロドラッグが、経口投与されるプロドラッグとして有用であり得る。体外でプロドラッグの酵素開裂を決定するための試験結果を使用して、体内試験用のプロドラッグを選択することができる。
同一経路(例えば経口投与)によって患者に投与される等モル用量の親薬物により提供されるバイオアベイラビリティよりも優れた、対応する親薬物のバイオアベイラビリティを提供するプロドラッグが、治療薬として有用であり得る。本発明の化合物および放出された3APSのバイオアベイラビリティは、当技術分野において周知の方法を使用して、体内(ヒトおよび実験動物)で測定され得る。本明細書の実施例3は、マウスにおけるバイオアベイラビリティを調べるための、典型的な方法を提供する。
様々な動物モデルが、本発明による化合物の薬効および/または効能に対して使用され得る。例えば、特定の遺伝子導入動物モデルが、例えば米国特許第5,877,399号、同第5,612,486号、同第5,387,742号、同第5,720,936号、同第5,850,003号、同第5,877,015号、および同第5,811,633号、ならびにGanes et al., (Nature 1995, 373: 523)に記載されている。好適なのは、ADの病態生理学に関連する特徴を呈する動物モデルである。本明細書に記載の、本発明の化合物の阻害剤の遺伝子導入マウスへの投与は、本化合物の阻害活性を明示する代替の方法を提供する。適切な治療量の、治療上有効な担体中、または標的組織に達する投与経路を介しての、本化合物の投与もまた、好適である。
毒素を調べるために、異なる様々なパラメータが、監視され得る。そのようなパラメータの例には、細胞増殖、遺伝子またはタンパク質の発現分析による、毒性反応のための細胞経路の活性化の監視、DNA断片化、細胞膜の組成の変化、膜透過性、デスレセプターまたは下流シグナリング経路の構成要素(例えばカスパーゼ)の活性化、一般的なストレス反応、NF−κB活性化、およびマイトジェンに対する応答を含むが、それらに限定されない。アポトーシス(プログラムされた細胞死のプロセス)および壊死を検定するために、cGMP形成およびNO形成を含む、関連アッセイが使用される。
以下に、阻害剤が神経損傷または疾病に対して保護効果を有するかどうかを調べるために行われ得る、生物学的アッセイの種類を例示する。
多くの細胞型におけるアポトーシスは、形態的外観変化と相関性がある。そのような変化の例には、原形質膜の小疱形成、細胞形状変化、基質付着特性の損失を含むが、それらに限定されない。そのような変化は、光学顕微鏡で容易に検知可能である。アポトーシスを受ける細胞は、染色体の断片化および壊変によってもまた、検知され得る。これらの変化は、光学顕微鏡検査および/またはDNAもしくはクロマチンに特異的な染料を使用して、検知され得る。
アポトーシスを受ける細胞膜は、しばしば透過性が増す。膜特性におけるこの変化は、生体染色色素(例えばヨウ化プロピジウムおよびトリパンブルー)を使用して、容易に検知され得る。染料を使用して、壊死細胞の存在を検知することができる。例えば、ある方法は、Molecular Probesから入手可能である、緑色蛍光LIVE/DEAD(商標) Cytotoxicity Kit #2を利用する。染料は、細胞のアミン基と特異的に反応する。壊死細胞では、遊離アミン含有量全体が、染料と反応することができ、したがって、強い蛍光染色をもたらす。対照的に、生存細胞の細胞表面アミンのみが、染料と反応することができる。したがって、生存細胞の蛍光強度は、壊死細胞と比べて有意に低下する(例えば、Haugland, 1996 Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals, 6th ed., Molecular Probes, ORを参照)。
ミトコンドリアは、高等生物の細胞において主要なエネルギー源として、様々な細胞プロセスの直接および間接的な生化学的調節を提供する。これらのプロセスには、アデノシン三リン酸(つまり、ATP)の形態で、代謝エネルギーを産生するための酸化的リン酸化を促進する、電子伝達系の活性を含む。ミトコンドリア活性化の変化または不全は、「透過性転移」またはミトコンドリア透過性転移と呼ばれるミトコンドリア崩壊をもたらし得る。ミトコンドリアが正常に機能するには、膜全体に確立された膜電位の維持を必要とする。膜電位の消失は、ATP合成を妨害し、したがって、不可欠な生化学的エネルギー源の産生を中断または制限する。
アポトーシスは、プログラムされた細胞死のプロセスであり、細胞が必要とされなくなる、またはひどい損傷を受けると、遺伝的プログラムの活性に伴って生じる。アポトーシスは、生化学的事象のカスケードを伴い、多くの異なる遺伝子の調節下で起こる。一群の遺伝子が、アポトーシスのエフェクターの役目を果たし、インターロイキン−1β変換酵素(ICE)遺伝子ファミリーと称される。これらの遺伝子は、その活性がアポトーシスで増す、システインプロテアーゼファミリーをコードする。ICEファミリーのプロテアーゼは、一般的にカスパーゼ酵素と称される。その名称の「C」は、その酵素がシステインプロテアーゼである事実を反映し、一方「カスパーゼ」は、これらの酵素のアスパラギン酸残基の後ろを開裂する能力を指す。
正常細胞において、ミトコンドリアの内膜は、巨大分子に対して不透過性である。したがって、細胞アポトーシスの一指標は、ミトコンドリアからのシトクロムCの放出または漏出である。シトクロムCの検知は、タンパク質固有の吸収特性のため、分光法を使用して実行することができる。したがって、本装置を用いた検知の一選択肢は、細胞を保持空間内に置き、シトクロムCに特徴的な吸収波長で吸収を監視することである。代替として、該タンパク質は、シトクロムCに特異的に結合する抗体を用いた、標準的な免疫学的方法(例えばELISAアッセイ)を使用して検知され得る(例えばLiu et al. (1996) Cell 86:147を参照)。
f.細胞溶解のためのアッセイ
細胞死の最終段階は、典型的には、細胞の溶解である。細胞が死ぬと、それらは典型的に、ヌクレオチドを含む、化学物質の混合物、および様々な他の物質(例えばタンパク質および炭水化物)をその周囲に放出する。放出される物質のいくつかには、ADPおよびATP、ならびに余剰なADPの存在下で、ADPのATPへの変換を触媒するアデニル酸シクラーゼ酵素を含む。したがって、特定のアッセイは、ATPの生成へ向けて均衡を促進し、その後多くの異なる手段を介して検知され得るように、アッセイ培地への十分なADPの提供を伴う。そのような一手法は、ルシフェラーゼ酵素が、測光法により分析可能な信号を生成するためにATPおよびルシフェリン基質を利用する、当業者には周知である、ルシフェリン/ルシフェラーゼシステムの利用である。実行することのできる特定の細胞溶解アッセイに関するさらなる詳細は、PCT刊行物第WO 00/70082号で説明されている。
化合物が虚血および卒中に対して保護的な神経学的影響を与えることができるかどうかを検定するための方法が、Aartsら (Science 298:846-850, 2002)により考察されている。概して、このアッセイは、比較的短時間の間(例えば約90分)、ラットの中大脳動脈の閉塞(MCAO)を伴う。MCAOは、腔内縫合法を含む、様々な方法を使用して誘発され得る(例えばLonga, E. Z. et al. (1989) Stroke 20:84およびBelayev, L., et al. (1996) Stroke 27:1616を参照)。推定阻害剤を含有する組成物を、従来の方法(例えば静脈注射を介して)を使用して、ラットに導入する。組成物の予防効果を評価するために、MCAOを実行する前に組成物を投与する。該化合物が、すでに起こった虚血性事象を緩和するその能力について評価される場合、MCAOが開始された後、該化合物とともに該組成物を導入する。そして、神経機能の様々な評価基準を使用して、脳梗塞の程度を評価する。そのような評価基準の例には、姿勢反射試験(Bederson, J. B. et al. (1986) Stroke 17:472)および前肢定置試験(De Ryck, M. et al. (1989) Stroke 20:1383)を含む。体外アッセイを使用してNMDA誘発興奮毒性の効果を調べたAartsらにもまた、方法が記載されている。
h.MTT細胞毒性アッセイ
細胞生存率は、トリパンブルー排除法を使用して測定され得る(Yao et al., Brain Res., 889, 181-190 (2001))。
細胞内ATPレベルは、細胞生存率を示すことができる。細胞内ATP濃度は、ATPLite−M(登録商標)発光アッセイ(Packard BioSciences Co.)を使用して測定され得る。例えばこのアッセイでは、細胞は、典型的に、黒色の96ウェルViewPlate(登録商標)上で培養され、ATP濃度は、製造会社の推奨に従って、TopCount NXT(登録商標)計測器(Packard BioSciences Co.)で測定される。
本発明による化合物または薬物は、所望であれば、腸管および/または腸によって吸収されるそれらの能力をさらに分析、試験、または検証することができる。
本発明による化合物または薬物は、胃腸(GI)毒性について、さらに分析、試験、または検証することができる。化合物の体内胃腸毒性は、標準的な、一連の総合毒物学的評価の実施を通して、確実に確立され得る。概して、EU、OECD、ICH、FDA、およびJMOHWからの規制的な試験指針が、そのような評価の研究プロトコルを準備するための参考材料として、使用される。北米では、毒物学的評価は、概して1978年12月22日発行の食品医薬品局、第21巻、連邦規則集、パート58、非臨床研究のための医薬品安全性試験実施基準、ならびに連邦公報およびその後の改正に従って行われる。
血液脳関門(BBB)は、上皮細胞の非常に特化した関門システムであり、基礎をなす脳細胞から血液を隔て、脳細胞を保護し、脳のホメオスタシスを保つ。脳の内皮細胞は、微分子の通過を制限する細胞間の密着結合の複雑な配列を有する。典型的には、BBBは、小さな、脂肪親和性の微分子を通すことができるが、能動輸送システムが利用できない限り、より大きな微分子は概して輸送されない。したがって、これは、薬剤送達にとって障害の1つである。さらなる問題は、細胞から薬剤を排出する、きわめて有効な薬剤流出系(P−糖タンパク質)である。
本発明による化合物または薬剤の脳および/または脳脊髄液(CSF)レベルは、多くのモデル、方法、およびアッセイを使用して評価、測定、または推定することが可能である(Potchoiba MJ, and Nocerini, MR (2004) DMD 32:1 190−1 198; Orlowska-Madjack M. (2004) Acta Neurobiol Exp 64: 177−188; and Hocht, C, Opezza, JA and Taira, CA (2004) Curr Drug Discov Technol 1 :269−85を参照)。
<アミノ酸プロドラッグの化学合成>
したがって、以下の例を、本発明に従いどのようにあるアミノ酸プロドラッグを調製し得るかを説明するために示す。
[N−ヒドロキシサクシンイミドエステルの調製]
手順AからDを異なる組み合わせで使用して、本発明の典型的な化合物を産生した。これらの手順を使用した化合物AからYの調製の結果を、以下の表2に要約する。
(i)固体物質を水(25mL)に溶解した。溶液は、Dowex(商標)Marathon(商標)Cイオン交換カラム(強酸性、110g(5eq.)、事前洗浄)を通過させた。強酸性部分を組み合わせ、濃縮HCl(10mL)で処理した。混合物を50℃で30分間攪拌し、その後濃縮乾固した。残留物を、EtOH(エタノール)で同時蒸発し、水を完全に取り除いた。EtOH(100mL)を残渣に加えた。混合物を還流で1時間攪拌した後、室温まで冷却した。固体物質を濾過により採取した。固体物質を水(10mL)に溶解した。溶液をEtOH(100mL)へ滴下で加えた。生成物はゆっくりと結晶化した。懸濁液を室温で30分間攪拌した。固体物質を濾過により採取し、真空オーブン(60℃)で乾燥させた。
(ii)固体物質を水(25mL)に溶解した。溶液は、Dowex(商標) Marathon(商標) Cイオン交換カラム(強酸性、110g(5eq.)、事前洗浄)を通過させた。強酸性部分を組み合わせ、減圧下で蒸発させた。残渣を逆相フラッシュクロマトグラフィー(Biotage(商標)SP−1、C18カラム)を使用し、精製した。エステル含有化合物については、最終生成物は、対応する部分から、溶媒を除去した後に得られた。そうでない場合は(iii)へ進む。
(iii)上記ステップ(ii)で得た残留物を、4N HCI(3mL)と、50℃で1時間攪拌した。白色固体の沈殿物が現れた。混合物を室温まで冷却した後、固体物質を濾過により採取し、洗浄し、真空で乾燥し、最終生成物を得た。
H2O/テトラヒドロフラン/CH3CN(10/10/10mL)の混合物中のN−ヒドロキシサクシンイミドエステル(3mmol)の攪拌溶液に、水(5mL)中の3APS(ナトリウム塩として)(3.3mmol)の溶液を加え、続いて炭酸カリウム(3mL)の1M溶液を加えた。反応混合物を2時間攪拌し、続いてEtOAcを加えた。水層を分離し、残渣まで濃縮した。残留物を、溶離剤としてCH2CI2−MeOH(80−20)を使用してシリカゲルカラムによって精製し、対応するN−Boc−保護生成物を得た。精製されたN−Boc−保護生成物を、ジクロロメタン(CH2Cl2、10mL)に溶解し、続いてTFA(トリフルオロ酢酸、5mL)を加えた。反応混合物を2時間攪拌し、その後減圧下で濃縮した。残留固体物質を最少量のエタノールに懸濁し、混合物を1時間還流下で攪拌した。混合物室温まで冷却した。固体物質を濾過により採取し、エタノールで洗浄し、高真空下で乾燥させ、最終化合物を得た。
2N HCI(500mL)およびMeOH(500mL)中の手順AまたはB(3.5mmol)で得たベンジルエーテル保護群を含有する精製された生成物に、10%Pd/C(2.15g)を加えた。混合物を水素(1atm)下で一晩攪拌した。懸濁液をろ過した(Celite(商標))。濾過ケーキを水(2x25mL)で洗浄した。濾過液および洗浄液を組み合わせ、減圧下で蒸発させた。残留物を逆相HPLC(C18カラム、0〜15%アセトニトリル/水)で精製した。所望の化合物を含有する部分を組み合わせ、凍結乾燥し、最終生成物を得た。
該手順を使用して、3APSとカップリングする1つ以上のアミノ酸を有する式IからVIのプロドラッグを産生する。ステップ(i)または(ii)は、所望の化合物を得るために必要に応じて繰り返される。
(ii)手順A、B、またはCで得た生成物を、以下の手順Bに従って別のN−ヒドロキシサクシンイミドエステルとさらに反応させた。
<カルバミン酸塩プロドラッグの化学合成>
したがって、以下の例を、本発明に従いどのようにあるカルバミン酸塩プロドラッグを調製することができるかを説明するために示す。
<非アミノ酸アミドプロドラッグの化学合成>
したがって、以下の例を、本発明によりどのようにある非アミノ酸アミドプロドラッグを調製することができるかを説明するために示す。
*(a)、HPLC;(b)、沈殿;(c)、フラッシュクロマトグラフィー;(d)、濾過;(e)、抽出、**手順B、N−グリシル−3−APSによって置換する3−APS;+化合物は、酸性型、またはナトリウム型として合成された。
<炭水化物由来プロドラッグの化学合成>
したがって、以下の例を、本発明に従いどのようにある炭水化物由来プロドラッグを調製することができるかを説明するために示す。
[化合物S1ナトリウム塩の合成]
保護グルコース誘導体の攪拌溶液に、NaOMe(ナトリウムメトキシド、MeOH中0.5M)の溶液を十分に加え、塩基性pH(8−9、pH紙)を得た。CH3CNの初期量を2回加える前に、得られた溶液を室温で反応が完了するまで攪拌した(反応は該してMSに続いた)。その後、得られた固体を濾過し、CH3CN、アセトンおよびジエチルエーテルで数回洗浄した。その後、得られた固体をC8カラム(H2O中0.5%NH4OH)を通し、凍結乾燥させ、所望の化合物を得た。
<イミン由来プロドラッグの化学合成>
したがって、以下の例を、本発明に従いどのようにあるイミン由来プロドラッグを調製することができるかを説明するために示す。
<体外安定性および代謝>
本発明の典型的なプロドラッグの体外安定性を、水中、酸性水溶液中(pH:1.5)、PBS中、ヒトおよびマウスミクロソーム中、ならびにヒトおよびマウス全血中で試験した。
典型的な化合物の安定性を、検知器としてESI−MS(エレクトロスプレーイオン化質量分析)を使用し、水中、酸性水溶液中(pH1.5、HCI)およびPBS(リン酸緩衝食塩水)溶液中で測定した。概して、1μg/mlIS(内部標準)を含有する2μg/mLプロドラッグ溶液を調製し、60分間培養した。水安定性について、培養を室温で行い、安定性については、酸溶液中および緩衝液中で行った。培養温度は37℃であった。MSを使用して、試料をプロドラッグについて、0分および60分の時点で分析した。試験した各試験化合物について60分後のピーク領域における比率の%変化を、6回繰り返し行った試験からの平均値を使用し、計算した。試験した化合物には、化合物A1からA19、化合物B5およびB6、ならびに化合物C1からC26が含まれる。pH1.5およびPBSにおいて不安定が確認されたC26を除き、全ての他の化合物は、60分後、約15%〜20%以下で試験された全ての条件下で安定していると判断された。
化合物A1、A2、A3、C17、C18、およびC19のミクロソーム安定性を、37℃で60分まで、プールしたマウスまたはヒトの肝臓ミクロソームの存在下で、2度繰り返して決定した。簡潔に言えば、3mMMgCl2および1mMEDTAを含有するPBS緩衝剤(pH7.4)中、1.0mg/mLの濃度になるようにミクロソームを希釈した。化合物(10μM)およびミクロソームを、共同因子(PBS緩衝剤中の1mM NADPH−および2mM UDPGA)の添加による酵素反応の前に、5分間、事前培養した。1時間の培養期間の後、反応を氷冷アセトニトリルの添加により止めた。0時間試料について、共同因子の添加の前に反応をアセトニトリルで止めた。抽出した試料の分析を、MS検出を有するHPLCを使用して行った。いくつかの種類のHPLCカラムおよび移動相を、化合物の極性に応じて使用した。化合物安定性を、60分(60分での化合物のピーク反応/0分×100でのピーク反応)で残留する化合物の%により決定した。4つの試験した化合物(3つのアミノ酸プロドラッグA1、A2、A3、およびカルバミン酸塩プロドラッグC19)は安定していることが確認され、90%以上の化合物がマウスまたはヒトミクロソームの存在において60分後に残留した(データは図示せず)。化合物C17は、マウスまたはヒトミクロソームの存在中60分後に残留する20から30%の間のプロドラッグで不安定であることが確認されたが、カルバミン酸塩C18は、同じ条件下で残留数r75から80%の間のプロドラッグで適度の安定性を示した。
試験化合物を、マウスおよびヒト全血において合計240分、37℃で培養した。化合物を0時点で加え、試料アリコートを各時点(通常0、60および240分)で回収した。試料を、タンパク質沈殿剤を使用して抽出した。抽出した試料の分析を、MS検出を有するHPLCを使用して行った。いくつかの種類のHPLCカラムおよび移動相を、化合物の極性によって使用した。化合物安定性を、240分(240分での化合物のピーク反応/0分×100でのピーク反応)で残留する化合物の%により決定した。結果を表8に要約する。
<マウスにおける薬物動態>
[A.典型的な化合物のバイオアベイラビリティ]
選択された典型的な化合物を、マウスにおけるバイオアベイラビリティについて試験した。バイオアベイラビリティ評価は、選択された化合物へのモル等量の投与の後に3APSについて行われる。薬剤の投与に続き、特定の時点で、下大静脈から、各3匹の動物より1つの血液試料(およそ1ml)を採取する。動物は、血液採取の前にイソフルレンで安楽死させる(およそ45秒)。試料を、静脈内投与の後5、30、60、120、180、240、および360分で採取し、経口投薬後15、30、60、120、180、240、および360分で採取する。1匹の動物を、基準試料を得るために使用する(投与前試料)。血液試料をSarstedt(商標)マイクロチューブ(EDTA KE/1.3ml)に採取し、10分間、3000rpm(1620G)の最少速度で、4℃で遠心分離するまで氷上に置かれる。血漿試料をEppendorf(商標)チューブに移し、直ちにドライアイス上に置き、−80℃で保管する。血漿試料を分析まで−20℃で冷凍保存する。
化合物A2および3−アミノプロパンスルホン酸を、マウスにおける薬物動態について試験した。薬物動態パラメータ(Cmax、Tmax、T1/2、AUC)を、各化合物のモル等量の投与の後、3APSについて評価した。血液試料(およそ1ml)および脳試料を5、15、30分、1、2、4、6、12、および24時間の時点でそれぞれ3匹の動物から採取した。結果を血漿試料から分析し、脳ホモジネートを表10に要約する。化合物A2および3−APSの相対的バイオアベイラビリティ(F%)は、それぞれ51%および、51%から32%であった。3−APSと比べ、化合物A2を経口投与した場合、3−APSの血漿濃度(Cmax)において、2倍の増加が観察された。3−APSの脳濃度は、化合物A2について0.18mmol/kqの経口投与の後に観察されたが、濃度は、2−APSの同じモル等量の経口投与後の濃度は測定されなかった。
該当なし:該当なし
<3APSの薬物動態分析および関連する代謝>
[実施例4A]
<マウス、ラット、およびイヌにおける14CSAPSの代謝プロファイリング>
血漿、尿および糞における14C−3APSの代謝プロファイルを測定するために、3回の単回投与研究をマウス、ラット、およびイヌに行った。第1の研究において、27匹の雄のCD−1マウスは、経口強制飼養により100mg/kg(20μCi/動物)の14C−3APSの単回投与を受けた。血液試料(3動物/時点)を、薬剤投与に続いて12時間で採取したが、尿および糞(3動物/時点)試料は、96時間で採取した。第2の研究において、8匹のSprague−Dawleyラットは、経口強制飼養により100mg/kg(50μCi/動物)の14C−3APSの単回投与を受け、第3の研究において、3匹のビーグル犬は、経口強制飼養により、100mg/kg(30μCi/kg)の14C−3APSの単回投与を受けた。ラットおよびイヌの研究について、血液試料は薬剤投与の後、24時間で採取したが、尿および糞試料は、72時間で採取した。全ての試料を、適した試料調製手順およびシンチレーション計数を使用し、全放射能について分析した。また、血漿および尿試料は、正規のHPLCおよびMS/MS方法を使用し、3APSおよび3APS代謝(2−カルボキシエタンスルホン酸、3−ヒドロキシ−1−プロパンスルホン酸および3−アセチルアミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸)濃縮について分析した。
NC:計算されず
†[排出量3APSまたは代謝産物/AUC全放射能]]として計算された
<ヒトにおける14C−3APSの吸収、排出および血漿動態>
3APS代謝産物の同定の後、本ヒトAME研究からの血漿および尿試料を、ヒトにおける14C−3APSの代謝プロファイルを測定するために、正規のHPLCおよびMS/MS方法を使用し、3APSおよび3APS代謝産物(2−カルボキシエタンスルホン酸、3−ヒドロキシ−1−プロパンスルホン酸および3−アセチルアミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸)濃縮について再分析した。
<ラットへの14C−3APSの単回経口投与およびIV投与の後の3APSおよび2−カルボキシエタンスルホン酸の比較薬物動態パラメータ>
本研究の目的は、ラットへの単回静脈内ボーラスおよび経口投与の後の14C−3APSの吸収、代謝、および排出プロファイルを調査することであった。36匹の雄のSprague−Dawleyラットは、IVボーラス注射(水、または等張食塩水溶液)による14C−3APSの100mg/kg(約50μCi/動物)の単回投与を受け、さらに36匹の雄のラットは、経口強制飼養(水中)により、同じ投薬レベルを受けた。血液、尿、糞、脳、およびCSF試料を、薬剤投与後72時間まで採取した。3APSおよび2−カルボキシエタンスルホン酸(3APS主要代謝産物)の血漿、尿、脳、およびCSF濃度をLCおよびMS/MS検出方法を使用して測定した。血漿、尿、糞、脳、およびCSF試料を、適した試料調製手順およびシンチレーション計数を使用し、全放射能について分析した。
*[(AUC0−∞2−カルボキシエタンスルホン酸/AUC全放射能)*100]として計算された
**[(AUC0−∞3APS+AUC0−∞2−カルボキシエタンスルホン酸)/ACU全放射能]*100として計算された
*[(AUC0−τ2−カルボキシエタンスルホン酸/AUC全放射能)*100]として計算された
**[(AUC0−τ3APS+AUC0−τ2−カルボキシエタンスルホン酸)/ACU全放射能]*100として計算された
<ラットにおける3APSの単回経口投与、静脈投与、および門脈投与後の3APSおよび2−カルボキシエタンスルホン酸の比較薬物動態パラメータ>
本研究の目的は、雄のSprague−Dawleyラットへの経口、静脈、または門脈中への単回投与の後の3APSの薬物動態特性を比較することであった。経口、静脈、および門脈経路の投与は、ラットにおける腸、および肝臓の初回通過を測定するために選択された。4匹の雄のSprague−Dawleyラットの3つのグループを、異なる投与経路で250mg/kgの3APSの単回投与を受けるために割り当てた。1つのグループは、IVボーラス(水、または等張食塩溶液中)投与として、もう1つのグループは、経口強制飼養(水中)により、残りのグループは、門脈中へのカテーテルを介して(水中、または等張食塩水溶液)、3APSを受けた。投与後、血液試料を24時間にわたり採取した。3APSおよび2−カルボキシエタンスルホン酸(3APSの主要代謝産物)の血漿濃度を、LCおよびMS/MS法を使用し、測定した。
<初代ラット神経細胞培養および器官海馬スライス培養における3APSの体外代謝>
3APSの代謝を、異なる種類の細胞モデルにおいても体外で研究した。ある例において、3APSの代謝を、そのγ−アミノ酪酸(GABA)と比較した。
Claims (1)
- a)式Iの化合物であって、
B−L−A (I)
式中、Bは、薬物動態的調節部分であり、直接的または間接的にさらなる連結基Lを介して任意にAにも結合し、
Aは、3−アミノ−1−プロパンスルホン酸部分であり、
Lは、NH2基を介して共有結合的および解離的にBをAにカップリングするための開裂可能な連結であり、それによってLは、開裂可能な連結を提供する直接結合または追加の化学構造となり得る、化合物または医薬的に許容可能な塩、
b)式I−Aの化合物であって、
L1およびL2は、それぞれ開裂可能な連結であり、RxがHである場合、L1は存在せず、RyがHである場合、L2は存在しない、化合物または医薬的に許容可能な塩、
c)式VIIの化合物であって、
R6は、水素またはC(O)NH2、C(O)NH(C1−C6アルキル)2、C(O)N(C1−C6アルキル)2、およびC(O)(C1−C6アルキル)から選択される置換もしくは未置換基であり、またはR5およびR6は、隣接する炭素原子と合わせて、置換もしくは未置換C3−C12ヘテロシクロアルキルを形成し、
Mは、酸素、硫黄、窒素から成る群から選択されるであるか、または存在しない、化合物または医薬的に許容可能な塩、
d)式VIIIの化合物であって、
e)式IXの化合物であって、
R9は、水素または置換もしくは未置換C(O)(C1−C6アルキル)、C(O)NH2、C(O)NH(C1−C6アルキル)、もしくはC(O)N(C1−C6アルキル)2であり、またはR8およびR9は、隣接する炭素原子と合わせて、置換もしくは未置換C3−C12ヘテロシクロアルキルを形成する、化合物または医薬的に許容可能な塩、
f)式Xの化合物であって、
Lは、連結部分であるか、または存在せず、例えば、飽和もしくは不飽和しているかもしれないアルキル基、好ましくは、1つ以上の−O−および/または−NH−基によって任意に遮られ、1つ以上の=O、−OHおよび/または−NH2基によって任意に置換される低級アルキルである、化合物または医薬的に許容可能な塩、、
g)式XIの化合物であって、
R12およびR13は、置換または未置換C1−C12アルキル、C2−C12アルケニル、C2−C12アルキニル、C3−C15シクロアルキル、C3−C15ヘテロシクロアルキル、C6−C15アリール、およびC5−C15ヘテロアリールから独立して選択される、化合物または医薬的に許容可能な塩、、
h)式XIIの化合物であって、
Xは、O、NHおよびSから選択される、化合物または医薬的に許容可能な塩、
i)式XIIIの化合物であって、
j)式I−Pの化合物であって、
Lxは、2つの隣接する3APS部分を共有結合的および解離的にカップリングするための開裂可能な連結であり、
pは、0、または1から5、例えば、2、3、4、もしくは5と変化し得る整数である化合物、またはその医薬的に許容される塩から成る群から選択される化合物。
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