JP2010530920A - 有機ソフトセグメントを有するポリジオルガノシロキサンポリアミドコポリマー - Google Patents
有機ソフトセグメントを有するポリジオルガノシロキサンポリアミドコポリマー Download PDFInfo
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- JP2010530920A JP2010530920A JP2010513321A JP2010513321A JP2010530920A JP 2010530920 A JP2010530920 A JP 2010530920A JP 2010513321 A JP2010513321 A JP 2010513321A JP 2010513321 A JP2010513321 A JP 2010513321A JP 2010530920 A JP2010530920 A JP 2010530920A
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- Prior art keywords
- formula
- copolymer
- alkyl
- independently
- alkylene
- Prior art date
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- Granted
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- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 title description 69
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 title description 69
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 103
- -1 polyoxypropylene residue Polymers 0.000 claims description 136
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 122
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 106
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 96
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 91
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 86
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 72
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 70
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 69
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 67
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 44
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 41
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 39
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 36
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims 10
- 229920006147 copolyamide elastomer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 38
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 37
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 33
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 29
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 29
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 28
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 26
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000004820 Pressure-sensitive adhesive Substances 0.000 description 20
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 18
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 description 17
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 17
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 17
- WTFAGPBUAGFMQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[2-[2-(2-aminopropoxy)propoxy]propoxy]propan-2-amine Chemical compound CC(N)COCC(C)OCC(C)OCC(C)N WTFAGPBUAGFMQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 14
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- WYACBZDAHNBPPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl oxalate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(=O)OCC WYACBZDAHNBPPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 9
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 125000004474 heteroalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 8
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004831 Hot glue Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 7
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000013536 elastomeric material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004987 plasma desorption mass spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002633 Kraton (polymer) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002396 Polyurea Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000004965 chloroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octamethyltrisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- LMBFAGIMSUYTBN-MPZNNTNKSA-N teixobactin Chemical compound C([C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H]1C(N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C[C@@H]2NC(=N)NC2)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O[C@H]1C)[C@@H](C)CC)=O)NC)C1=CC=CC=C1 LMBFAGIMSUYTBN-MPZNNTNKSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000013271 transdermal drug delivery Methods 0.000 description 4
- 0 CC(C(BC(N(*)*(*)N*)=O)=O)N*[S+](C)* Chemical compound CC(C(BC(N(*)*(*)N*)=O)=O)N*[S+](C)* 0.000 description 3
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920004482 WACKER® Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 3
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 3
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- AQFWNELGMODZGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-ethylhydroxylamine Chemical compound CCON AQFWNELGMODZGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229920005573 silicon-containing polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BMVXCPBXGZKUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexanamine Chemical compound CCCCCCN BMVXCPBXGZKUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-D Chemical compound OC(=O)COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000009261 D 400 Substances 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical group C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920013645 Europrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004609 Impact Modifier Substances 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- YIKSCQDJHCMVMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C(N)=O YIKSCQDJHCMVMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FDLQZKYLHJJBHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methanamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CC(CN)=C1 FDLQZKYLHJJBHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000005263 alkylenediamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011805 ball Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- UDSAIICHUKSCKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromophenol blue Chemical compound C1=C(Br)C(O)=C(Br)C=C1C1(C=2C=C(Br)C(O)=C(Br)C=2)C2=CC=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)O1 UDSAIICHUKSCKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002837 carbocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000006297 carbonyl amino group Chemical group [H]N([*:2])C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)Cl IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FFUAGWLWBBFQJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethyldisilazane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)N[Si](C)(C)C FFUAGWLWBBFQJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000010128 melt processing Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004370 n-butenyl group Chemical group [H]\C([H])=C(/[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003901 oxalic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- CTSLXHKWHWQRSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C(Cl)=O CTSLXHKWHWQRSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003452 oxalyl group Chemical group *C(=O)C(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001820 oxy group Chemical group [*:1]O[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 125000006353 oxyethylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- WTSXICLFTPPDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentane-1,3-diamine Chemical compound CCC(N)CCN WTSXICLFTPPDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000000467 secondary amino group Chemical group [H]N([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silanol Chemical compound [SiH3]O SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
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- GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-phenylenediamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1N GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Diphenylbenzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WZCQRUWWHSTZEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-phenylenediamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC(N)=C1 WZCQRUWWHSTZEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBCKQZAAMUWICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-phenylenediamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(N)C=C1 CBCKQZAAMUWICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNEGJTWNOOWEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-fluoropropane Chemical group [CH2]CCF HNEGJTWNOOWEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VILCJCGEZXAXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,2-tetramine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCN VILCJCGEZXAXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000453 2,2,2-trichloroethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(*)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl 0.000 description 1
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GVOYKJPMUUJXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(aminomethyl)aniline Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CC=C1N GVOYKJPMUUJXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanol Chemical compound NCC(O)C1=CC=CC=C1F MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G69/42—Polyamides containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K8/90—Block copolymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/42—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences
- C08G77/452—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing nitrogen-containing sequences
- C08G77/455—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing nitrogen-containing sequences containing polyamide, polyesteramide or polyimide sequences
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/48—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule in which at least two but not all the silicon atoms are connected by linkages other than oxygen atoms
- C08G77/54—Nitrogen-containing linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L83/10—Block- or graft-copolymers containing polysiloxane sequences
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
Description
用語「含む」及びこの変形は、これらの用語が現れる説明及び請求項を制限する意図を持たない。
少なくとも1個の式I−aの繰り返し単位と、
例示的方法A−1
一実施形態では、式I−a及び式VI−aの繰り返し単位を有するブロックコポリマーを、例えば以下のように調製することができる。かかる方法は、反応条件下で、a)式II−aの前駆体、
別の実施形態では、式I−b及び式VI−bの繰り返し単位を有するブロックコポリマーを、例えば以下のように調製することができる。かかる方法は、反応条件下で、a)式II−bの前駆体、
一実施形態では、式I−a及び式VI−aの繰り返し単位を有するブロックコポリマーを、例えば以下のように調製することができる。かかる方法は、反応条件下で、a)式VIII−aの前駆体、
別の実施形態では、式I−b及び式VI−bの繰り返し単位を有するブロックコポリマーを、例えば以下のように調製することができる。かかる方法は、反応条件下で、a)式VIII−bの前駆体、
アミド末端が保護された(例えば、オキサラート化)有機ソフトセグメントを有するポリジオルガノシロキサンポリアミドコポリマーは、ホットメルト処理可能な熱可塑性樹脂ポリマー(エラストマー又は非エラストマーであってよい)、ホットメルト処理可能なエラストマー熱硬化性ポリマー、シリコーンポリマー、及びこれらの混合物などの1種以上の別のポリマー(例えば、有機ポリマー成分)とブレンドできる。
本明細書で開示される組成物及び構成体は、当該技術分野において既知の溶媒系プロセス、無溶剤プロセス、又は2つの組み合わせにより製造できる。
本発明のポリマー及び組成物を、特定の処方により、例えば、剥離フィルム、光学フィルム、拡散光学物品、加工助剤、光学PSA、感圧性接着剤テープ、感圧性接着剤転写テープ、例えば経皮的薬物送達デバイスを含む感圧性接着剤医療テープ、ゴム強化物品、及び所望の物品上に直接コーティングされる感圧性接着剤として、使用可能な様々な物品の製造に用いることができる。
10グラム(正確に計量する)の前駆体化合物を瓶型容器に入れた。約50グラムのTHF溶媒(正確な計量ではない)を添加した。混合物が均質になるまで、電磁攪拌棒を使用して内容物を混合した。前駆体の理論当量を計算し、次に本当量数の3〜4倍の範囲の量のN−ヘキシルアミン(正確に計量する)を添加した。反応混合物を最低4時間撹拌した。ブロモフェノールブルー(10〜20滴)を添加し、内容物が均質になるまで混合した。混合物を黄色の終点まで1.0N(又は0.1N)塩酸にて滴定した。前駆体の当量数は、試料に加えたN−ヘキシルアミンの当量数から、滴定中に加えた塩酸の当量数を差し引いたものに等しかった。当量(グラム/当量)は、前駆体の試料重量を前駆体の当量数で割ったものに等しかった。
機械式撹拌機、加熱マントル、窒素導入用チューブ(ストップコック付き)、及び排出管を装備した2リットルの3つ口樹脂フラスコ内に、ジエチルオキサラート(145.00グラム)を入れた。フラスコを、激しく攪拌しながら窒素で15分間パージし、ハンツマン(Huntsman)のXTJ−576(500.00グラム、MW=2,018)を1分以上かけて添加した。この反応混合物を、室温で約1時間攪拌した。反応フラスコには、蒸留アダプタ及び蒸留レシーバを装着した。反応混合物を120℃まで減圧下(133Paパスカル、1トール)にて2時間、更なる留出物を集めることができなくなるまで加熱した。反応混合物を室温まで冷却し、オキサミドエステルで末端処理したポリプロピレンオキシド生成物を得た。エステル当量は、滴定により決定した(当量=1,191グラム/当量)。
シュウ酸ジエチル(241.10グラム)を、機械式撹拌機、加熱マントル、窒素導入用チューブ(ストップコック付き)、及び排出管を装備した3リットルの3つ口樹脂フラスコ内に入れた。フラスコを窒素で15分間パージし、5k PDMSジアミン(5,000g/モルの平均分子量を持ち、米国特許第5,214,119号(レイア(Leir)ら)に記載の様に調製されたポリジメチルシロキサンジアミン)(2,028.40グラム、分子量=4,918)を、撹拌しながらゆっくりと添加した。室温にて8時間後、反応フラスコに、蒸留アダプタ及び蒸留レシーバを装着し、内容物を撹拌し、減圧下(1トール)にて150℃まで4時間、更なる留出物を集めることができなくなるまで加熱した。残留液体を室温まで冷却し、オキサミドエステルで末端処理した生成物2,573グラムを得た。透明な流動性の液体ガスクロマトグラフィー分析は、検出可能濃度のシュウ酸ジエチルが残存していないことを示した。分子量は、1H NMR(分子量=5,477グラム/モル)及び滴定(2,547グラム/モル及び2,550グラム/モルの当量)によって決定した。
エチレンジアミン(63.00グラム)を、機械的撹拌機、加熱マントル、窒素導入用チューブ(ストップコック付き)、及び排出管を装備した3リットルの3つ口樹脂フラスコ内に入れた。フラスコを窒素で15分間パージし、調製実施例2、シリコーンポリオキサミド(63グラム、MW=5,100)を、撹拌しながらゆっくりと添加した。室温にて45分後、反応フラスコに、蒸留アダプタ及び蒸留レシーバを装着し、内容物を撹拌し、減圧下(1トール)にて150℃まで4時間、更なる留出物を集めることができなくなるまで加熱した。残留ワックス様固体を室温まで冷却し、アミン末端オキサミドポリジメチルシロキサン生成物2,573グラムを得た。分子量は、ブロモフェノールブルー指示薬のTHF溶液を用いて、アミン滴定によって決定した(2,176グラム/モルの当量)。
これは、エトキシアミドで末端保護された非シリコーンプレポリマー、及び同一の末端基を有するPDMSを用いて、ポリマー鎖に非シリコーンソフトセグメントを導入できることを例示する実施例である。有機ジアミンを用い、オキサミド結合を形成するためのポリマーを結合することができる。
これは、エトキシアミドで末端保護された非シリコーンプレポリマー、及び同一の末端基を有するPDMSを用いて、ポリマー鎖に非シリコーンソフトセグメントを導入できることを例示する実施例である。有機ジアミンを用い、オキサミド結合を形成するためのポリマーを結合することができる。
これは、エトキシアミドで末端保護された非シリコーンプレポリマー、及びPDMSセグメント上にオキサミド結合が形成された後にアミン末端を有するPDMSを用いて、ポリマー鎖に非シリコーンソフトセグメントを導入できることを例示する実施例である。追加の有機ジアミンを添加する必要はない。
Claims (41)
- 少なくとも1個の式I−aの繰り返し単位と、
それぞれのR1は、独立してアルキル、ハロアルキル、アラルキル、アルケニル、アリール、又はアルキル、アルコキシ若しくはハロで置換されたアリールであり、
Gは、価数qを有する残基であり、
R3は、水素若しくはアルキルであるか、又はR3はGと一緒にそれら両方が結合した窒素とともに複素環基を形成し、
それぞれのYは、独立してアルキレン、アラルキレン、又はそれらの組み合わせであり、
それぞれのBは、独立して、共有結合、4〜20個の炭素からなるアルキレン、アラルキレン、アリーレン、又はこれらの組み合わせであり、
Dは、有機ソフトセグメント残基であり、
nは、独立して、0〜1500の整数であり、
pは、1〜10の整数であり、
qは、2以上の整数である、コポリマー。 - Dが、ポリエーテル残基を含む、請求項1に記載のコポリマー。
- Dが、ポリオキシプロピレン残基を含む、請求項3に記載のコポリマー。
- 前記ポリオキシプロピレン残基が、450〜8000の平均分子量を有する、請求項4に記載のコポリマー。
- それぞれのR1が、メチルである、請求項1に記載のコポリマー。
- 少なくとも50パーセントのR1基が、メチルである、請求項1に記載のコポリマー。
- それぞれのYが、1〜10個の炭素原子を有するアルキレン、1〜10個の炭素原子を有するアルキレンに結合したフェニレン、又は1から10個の炭素原子を有する第1のアルキレン及び1〜10個の炭素原子を有する第2のアルキレンに結合したフェニレンである、請求項1に記載のコポリマー。
- Yが、1〜4個の炭素原子を有するアルキレンである、請求項1に記載のコポリマー。
- 前記コポリマーが、pが1に等しい第1の繰り返し単位及びpが少なくとも2である第2の繰り返し単位を有する、請求項1に記載のコポリマー。
- nが、少なくとも40である、請求項1に記載のコポリマー。
- R3が、水素である、請求項1に記載のコポリマー。
- 請求項1に記載のコポリマーの製造方法であって、該方法が、反応条件下で、
a)式II−aの前駆体、
c)平均して式G(NHR3)rを有する1種以上のアミン化合物、を混合することを含み、
式中、
それぞれのR1は、独立してアルキル、ハロアルキル、アラルキル、アルケニル、アリール、又はアルキル、アルコキシ若しくはハロで置換されたアリールであり、
それぞれのR2は、独立してアルキル、ハロアルキル、アリール、又はアルキル、アルコキシ、ハロ若しくはアルコキシカルボニルで置換されたアリールであり、
Gは、式G(NHR3)rからr個の−NHR3基を差し引いたものに等しい残基単位であり、
R3は、水素若しくはアルキルであるか、又はR3はGと一緒にそれら両方が結合した窒素とともに複素環基を形成し、
それぞれのYは、独立してアルキレン、アラルキレン、又はそれらの組み合わせであり、
それぞれのBは、独立して、共有結合、4〜20個の炭素からなるアルキレン、アラルキレン、アリーレン、又はこれらの組み合わせであり、
Dは、有機ソフトセグメント残基であり、
nは、独立して、0〜1500の整数であり、
pは、1〜10の整数であり、
rは、2以上の数である、方法。 - R3が、水素である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、式R2OHの反応副生成物を前記コポリマーから除去することを更に含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- R1が、メチルであり、かつR3が、水素である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記前駆体と前記1種以上のアミン化合物との混合が、バッチプロセス、半バッチ式プロセス、又は連続プロセスで行われる、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 請求項2に記載のコポリマーの製造方法であって、該方法が、反応条件下で、
a)式II−bの前駆体、
c)平均して式G(NHR3)rを有する1種以上のアミン化合物、を混合することを含み、
式中、
それぞれのR1は、独立してアルキル、ハロアルキル、アラルキル、アルケニル、アリール、又はアルキル、アルコキシ若しくはハロで置換されたアリールであり、
それぞれのR2は、独立してアルキル、ハロアルキル、アリール、又はアルキル、アルコキシ、ハロ若しくはアルコキシカルボニルで置換されたアリールであり、
Gは、式G(NHR3)rからr個の−NHR3基を差し引いたものに等しい残基単位であり、
R3は、水素若しくはアルキルであるか、又はR3はGと一緒にそれら両方が結合した窒素とともに複素環基を形成し、
それぞれのYは、独立してアルキレン、アラルキレン、又はそれらの組み合わせであり、
Dは、有機ソフトセグメント残基であり、
nは、独立して、0〜1500の整数であり、
pは、1〜10の整数であり、
rは、2以上の数である、方法。 - 過剰なオキサラートが、ポリジオルガノシロキサンジアミンとの反応後に除去される、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載のコポリマーの製造方法であって、該方法が、反応条件下で、
a)式VIII−aの前駆体、
b)式VII−aの前駆体、を混合することを含み、
それぞれのR1は、独立してアルキル、ハロアルキル、アラルキル、アルケニル、アリール、又はアルキル、アルコキシ若しくはハロで置換されたアリールであり、
それぞれのR2は、独立してアルキル、ハロアルキル、アリール、又はアルキル、アルコキシ、ハロ若しくはアルコキシカルボニルで置換されたアリールであり、
Gは、式G(NHR3)qからq個の−NHR3基を差し引いたものに等しい残基単位であり、
R3は、水素若しくはアルキルであるか、又はR3はGと一緒にそれら両方が結合した窒素とともに複素環基を形成し、
それぞれのYは、独立してアルキレン、アラルキレン、又はそれらの組み合わせであり、
それぞれのBは、独立して、共有結合、4〜20個の炭素からなるアルキレン、アラルキレン、アリーレン、又はこれらの組み合わせであり、
Dは、有機ソフトセグメント残基であり、
nは、独立して、0〜1500の整数であり、
pは、1〜10の整数であり、
qは、2以上の整数である、方法。 - R3が、水素である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、式R2OHの反応副生成物を前記コポリマーから除去することを更に含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- R1が、メチルであり、かつR3が、水素である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記前駆体の混合が、バッチプロセス、半バッチ式プロセス、又は連続プロセスで行われる、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 請求項2に記載のコポリマーの製造方法であって、該方法が、反応条件下で、
a)式VIII−bの前駆体、
b)式VII−bの前駆体、を混合することを含み、
それぞれのR1は、独立してアルキル、ハロアルキル、アラルキル、アルケニル、アリール、又はアルキル、アルコキシ若しくはハロで置換されたアリールであり、
それぞれのR2は、独立してアルキル、ハロアルキル、アリール、又はアルキル、アルコキシ、ハロ若しくはアルコキシカルボニルで置換されたアリールであり、
Gは、式G(NHR3)qからq個の−NHR3基を差し引いたものに等しい残基単位であり、
R3は、水素若しくはアルキルであるか、又はR3はGと一緒にそれら両方が結合した窒素とともに複素環基を形成し、
それぞれのYは、独立してアルキレン、アラルキレン、又はそれらの組み合わせであり、
Dは、有機ソフトセグメント残基であり、
nは、独立して、0〜1500の整数であり、
pは、1〜10の整数であり、
qは、2以上の整数である、方法。 - 請求項1に記載のコポリマーを含む物品。
- 請求項2に記載のコポリマーを含む物品。
- 基材を更に含み、請求項1に記載のコポリマーが、該基材に隣接した層内にある、請求項27に記載の物品。
- 第1の基材及び第2の基材を更に含み、請求項1に記載のコポリマーが、該第1の基材と該第2の基材との間に配置された層内にある、請求項27に記載の物品。
- 請求項1に記載のコポリマーを含む組成物。
- 請求項2に記載のコポリマーを含む組成物。
- 請求項1に記載のコポリマーとは異なるポリマー材料を更に含む、請求項31に記載の組成物。
- 粘着付与材料を更に含む、請求項31に記載の組成物。
- 前記粘着付与材料がシリケート樹脂又は有機粘着付与剤である、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が接着剤である、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- 1種以上の添加剤を更に含む、請求項31に記載の組成物。
- 光透過性材料を含む第1のフィルムと、
前記第1のフィルムに隣接する第2のフィルムであって、請求項1に記載のコポリマーを含む第2のフィルムとを含む、複合フィルム。 - 第1の屈折率を有する第1のポリマー材料を含む第1の層と、
前記第1の層に隣接する第2の層であって、第2の屈折率を有し、請求項1に記載のコポリマーを含む第2の層とを含む、フィルム。 - 前記第1の層又は前記第2の層に隣接する第3の層を更に含み、前記第3の層が第3の材料を含む、請求項39に記載のフィルム。
- 前記第3の層が、前記第1の層と前記第2の層との間に配置される、請求項40に記載のフィルム。
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PCT/US2008/066047 WO2009002681A1 (en) | 2007-06-22 | 2008-06-06 | Polydiorganosiloxane polyamide copolymers having organic soft segments |
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JP (1) | JP5351148B2 (ja) |
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JP2013505327A (ja) * | 2009-09-21 | 2013-02-14 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | シリコーンポリオキサミド及びシリコーンポリオキサミド−ヒドラジドコポリマー |
JP2014525518A (ja) * | 2011-08-11 | 2014-09-29 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | ポリジオルガノシロキサンポリアミドを含む、不織布ウェブ及び多成分繊維、並びに、メルトブローン方法 |
JP2016540060A (ja) * | 2013-09-30 | 2016-12-22 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | シリコーン−ポリエーテルコポリマー、これを含む接着剤及びこれらの製造方法 |
KR20220093259A (ko) * | 2019-12-19 | 2022-07-05 | 쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 컴파니 | 아민계 말단기를 갖는 실리콘 폴리옥사미드 공중합체 |
KR102540606B1 (ko) | 2019-12-19 | 2023-06-05 | 쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 컴파니 | 아민계 말단기를 갖는 실리콘 폴리옥사미드 공중합체 |
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JP5351148B2 (ja) | 2013-11-27 |
US20150197675A1 (en) | 2015-07-16 |
US8623988B2 (en) | 2014-01-07 |
CN101687998A (zh) | 2010-03-31 |
US20080318058A1 (en) | 2008-12-25 |
EP2167567A4 (en) | 2012-03-07 |
TW200909482A (en) | 2009-03-01 |
US20120027976A1 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
US9290684B2 (en) | 2016-03-22 |
US9018331B2 (en) | 2015-04-28 |
US20140094584A1 (en) | 2014-04-03 |
EP2167567B1 (en) | 2014-05-07 |
US20130109828A1 (en) | 2013-05-02 |
US8361626B2 (en) | 2013-01-29 |
EP2167567A1 (en) | 2010-03-31 |
US9527965B2 (en) | 2016-12-27 |
US20160159987A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 |
CN101687998B (zh) | 2012-11-21 |
US8063166B2 (en) | 2011-11-22 |
WO2009002681A1 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
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